How is the heating system in multi-storey buildings. The standard scheme of the Khrushchev heating system and its device: the possibility of modernization and installation of autonomous complexes

Constructive varieties of heating systems of multi-storey residential buildings arose as a result of the gradual development of building technologies, an increase in the number of storeys and the desire of developers to obtain the best performance at the lowest construction costs.

Most residents are usually not interested in the device and principles of operation of the central heating of an apartment building. This issue may become relevant only in the event of a decrease in the level of comfort in the premises and the need for adjustment or when carrying out repairs with the replacement of pipelines and batteries.

General classification

Heating systems in large urban buildings can be classified according to the type of heat source and the piping scheme used to connect the heating appliances. Heat supply to apartments can come from:

centralized urban heating networks;
an autonomous boiler house serving only one building;
individual boilers installed in each individual apartment.

To distribute heat to individual rooms, the heating scheme of an apartment building may provide for the following general house piping schemes:

single-pipe;
two-pipe;
collector or beam.

Each of these schemes and their advantages and disadvantages will be discussed in more detail below.

The heat carrier used for heat supply

As a heat carrier circulating through pipelines and radiators, hot water. In central heating networks and autonomous boiler houses, it is treated in a special way to remove dissolved oxygen, hardness salts and insoluble impurities. This makes it possible to make less corrosive effect on metal pipes, to avoid scale deposits and the formation of silty blockages.

Prepared water is more expensive than ordinary tap water, and therefore its discharge to repair the heating system of an apartment building and its subsequent filling in order to start it can only take place with the permission and under the control of the heat supply or operating organization. Unauthorized draining of the coolant from the heating entails an administrative penalty in the form of a fine.

In individual apartment heating, such preparation is not provided due to the small amount of circulating water and the guarantee that there is no leakage.

Supply from city networks

We have inherited district heating of multi-storey residential buildings as a legacy of planned management from the time of the existence of the Soviet Union. Today, this method of providing the housing stock with thermal energy is still the most common.

The main advantage of central heating is that residents of houses do not have to deal with issues related to the operation and repair of equipment and pipelines. The annual launch and necessary overhaul of networks is the responsibility of the city heat supply organization. With centralized and autonomous heating individual elements can be repaired or redone only in agreement with the heat supply organization.

The disadvantages of such engineering systems are considered to be large heat losses in distribution networks, the dependence of the population on the quality of work of the heat supply organization and the impossibility of providing individual conditions comfort.

The design supply temperature in urban networks can be in the range of 90-115˚C, and existing equipment safety regulations prohibit heating accessible hot surfaces above 60˚C to prevent possible burns.

Therefore, a special elevator assembly was installed at the pipe entry into the building. It mixes the hot coolant from the supply with chilled water from the return, returning from the consumer, changing the temperature to an acceptable one. Calculation of elements, maintenance of elements and change of the control nozzle of the elevator is carried out only by employees of the heat supply organization.

Autonomous boiler room for one building

Heat sources serving only one city house have been built in the last two decades. Boilers are installed in a special room on the roof, in an annex or in a separate building near the residential building. The level of automation of such a boiler house does not require the constant presence of maintenance personnel and can provide central dispatch control over the operation of the equipment.

The absence of large distribution networks eliminates the use of superheated water, which reduces heat loss and increases the level of comfort. The coolant is supplied to the apartments through the main risers located at each entrance or immediately through the pipes of the upper wiring if the boiler room is installed on the roof.

Boilers in apartments

This option for heating an apartment in an apartment building has been used relatively recently in modern new buildings and residential buildings after reconstruction. Autonomous apartment structures provide the most high level comfort in the apartment. The owners themselves determine the temperature schedule for the operation of the boiler, regardless of third-party heat supply organizations. Such a system starts and stops only when necessary, avoiding unnecessary consumption of energy resources.

Among the disadvantages of individual heating are the need to provide maintenance and repair of installed equipment and dependence on stable electricity in the network. Many tenants found themselves faced with the necessary choice of a company for professional after-sales service and development of means of additional protection.

Types of in-house distribution systems

For the quantitative distribution of the coolant inside the MKD, pipes are used, through which water moves:

from the bottom up from the basement or underground;
from above from the attic or upper floor;
along the main riser of the entrance with the subsequent connection of each apartment.

The adopted method of distribution affects the uniformity of the operation of heaters and the level of accessibility for regulation and implementation of current repair work.

Bottom heat supply

The central heating system with the lower distribution of the coolant usually works in apartment buildings up to six floors high, while they can be structurally one-pipe or two-pipe.

Schemes with single pipe supply

In this case, heating water is supplied through one vertical riser with successive passage through all installed radiators. On the last floor, the pipe passes horizontally into the next room and again falls vertically. The risers themselves are connected to an organized wiring of distribution decks in the basement of the building, running along the outer wall.

The advantage of such a design lies in minimum flow required for pipe installation. Therefore, such thermal schemes were widely used in Soviet design developments, when design organizations received awards for saving materials. However, the main disadvantage single pipe system is the uneven distribution of heat between consumers. The first battery of water is the hottest, and the last one will not be heated enough.

To change the situation, an improved Leningradka scheme was developed. It provides for the presence of a closing jumper between the two pipes for connecting the heater, which allows you to adjust the flow. In this case, part of the hot coolant passes by the radiator, and the heat distribution is more correct. However, as practice has shown, many enterprising residents began to install taps on these lintels and close them, which again led to the previous situation.

Two-pipe system

By the name of this scheme, it can be understood that the supply in the risers is carried out through one pipeline, and the chilled water is discharged through another. The heat in this case is supplied more evenly, since the supply temperature is the same on all batteries. However, the installation of a second riser almost doubles the consumption of pipes for installation, compared with single-pipe circulation. That is why in Soviet times two-pipe wiring was not widely used.

Operational practice has shown that the use of two pipes is not ideal and does not completely solve the problem of proper heat distribution. Hydraulic flow distribution gives the first hike of water to appliances clear advantage and launches more coolant into them. As a result, the lower floors are heated more efficiently, while the upper ones are worse. Performing forced adjustment does not give any effect in practice. After a while, the tenants will independently return everything to its original state.

Top heat supply

It is used in houses with a height of more than seven floors. In each entrance, the coolant is supplied upwards to the attic or the last floor through the main riser large diameter. After that, it is diverted to single-pipe risers through distribution pipes and goes down with the successive passage of each heater.

For high-rise buildings over 12 floors, the entire structure can be divided into two or three separate blocks vertically and a separate distribution of water flows for each of them. In this case, the building design often provides for the presence of a special technical floor or distribution wiring is carried out inside the apartments. In the basement or technical underground, all risers are again connected to one return pipeline.

The advantages and disadvantages of such systems are fully consistent with the traditional one-pipe systems described above, with an even greater difference in the quality of heating between the upper and lower floors. Quite often, the residents of the first floors are forced to live in the cold.

Separate connection for each apartment

The principle of operation of heat supply schemes with individual heat distribution provides for the installation of a supply and return pipeline of large diameter, passing through the entrance or located in a technical niche. All apartments are connected to this main riser separately. At the pipe inlet, a meter can be installed to organize the accounting of consumed energy, and control valves to organize the necessary temperature conditions in the premises.

The heat carrier inside the apartment can be distributed according to a horizontal one-pipe, two-pipe or beam scheme. The last version of water heating provides for a separate connection of each heating radiator to the distribution manifold. This allows not only to ensure uniform distribution of heat, but also to supply the required amount of hot water to each radiator, maintaining a minimum coolant temperature.

Apartment beam or collector circuits are by far the most efficient and reliable in operation and maintenance. The presence of a heat meter allows residents to independently control their expenses for heating the apartment. However, high capital costs for installation are not yet satisfactory for most companies and significantly limit the widespread use of beam distribution systems in residential construction.

Residents of city apartments are usually not interested in how the heating works in their house. Need for similar knowledge may arise when the owners wish to increase comfort in the house or improve the aesthetic appearance of engineering equipment. For those who are going to start repairs, we will briefly talk about the heating systems of an apartment building.

Types of heating systems for apartment buildings

Depending on the structure, characteristics of the coolant and piping layouts, the heating of an apartment building is divided into the following types:

According to the location of the heat source

Apartment heating system, in which the gas boiler is installed in the kitchen or in a separate room. Some inconveniences and investments in equipment are more than offset by the ability to turn on and regulate heating at your discretion, as well as low operating costs due to the absence of losses in heating mains. If you have your own boiler, there are practically no restrictions on the reconstruction of the system. If, for example, the owners wish to replace the batteries with warm water floors, there are no technical obstacles to this.
Individual heating, in which its own boiler room serves one house or residential complex. Such solutions are found both in the old housing stock (stokers) and in new elite housing, where the community of residents decides for themselves when to start the heating season.
Central heating in an apartment building is most common in typical housing.

The device of central heating of an apartment building, heat transfer from the CHP is carried out through a local heat point.

According to the characteristics of the coolant

Water heating, water is used as a heat carrier. In modern housing with apartment or individual heating, there are economical low-temperature (low-potential) systems, where the temperature of the coolant does not exceed 65 ºС. But in most cases and in all typical houses, the coolant has a design temperature in the range of 85-105 ºС.
Steam heating of an apartment in an apartment building (water vapor circulates in the system) has a number of significant drawbacks; it has not been used in new houses for a long time, the old housing stock is being transferred to water systems everywhere.

According to the wiring diagram

The main heating schemes in apartment buildings:

Single-pipe - both the supply and return selection of the coolant to the heating devices is carried out along one line. Such a system is found in "Stalinka" and "Khrushchev". It has a serious drawback: the radiators are arranged in series and, due to the cooling of the coolant in them, the heating temperature of the batteries drops as they move away from the heat point. In order to maintain heat transfer, the number of sections increases in the direction of the coolant. In a pure one-pipe circuit, it is impossible to install control devices. It is not recommended to change the configuration of the pipes, install radiators of a different type and size, otherwise the operation of the system may be seriously impaired.
"Leningradka" is an improved version of a one-pipe system, which, thanks to the connection of thermal devices through a bypass, reduces their mutual influence. You can install regulating (non-automatic) devices on radiators, replace the radiator with a different type, but with a similar capacity and power.

On the left is a standard one-pipe system, to which we do not recommend making any changes. On the right - "Leningrad", it is possible to install manual control valves and correctly replace the radiator

The two-pipe heating scheme of an apartment building has become widely used in Brezhnevka, and is still popular to this day. The supply and return lines are separated in it, so the coolant at the entrances to all apartments and radiators has almost the same temperature, replacing radiators with a different type and even volume does not significantly affect the operation of other devices. Batteries can be equipped with control devices, including automatic ones.

On the left - an improved version of the one-pipe scheme (analogous to the "Leningrad"), on the right - a two-pipe version. The latter provides more comfortable conditions, accurate regulation and gives more opportunities for replacing the radiator

The beam scheme is used in modern non-standard housing. The devices are connected in parallel, their mutual influence is minimal. Wiring, as a rule, is carried out in the floor, which allows you to free the walls from pipes. When installing control devices, including automatic ones, accurate dosing of the amount of heat in the premises is ensured. Technically, both partial and complete replacement of the heating system in an apartment building with a beam scheme within the apartment with a significant change in its configuration is possible.

With a beam scheme, the supply and return lines enter the apartment, and the wiring is carried out in parallel by separate circuits through the collector. Pipes are usually placed in the floor, radiators are connected neatly and discreetly from below

Replacement, transfer and selection of radiators in an apartment building

We will make a reservation that any changes in apartment heating in an apartment building must be coordinated with the executive bodies and operating organizations.

We have already mentioned that the fundamental possibility of replacing and transferring radiators is due to the scheme. How to choose the right radiator for an apartment building? Consider the following:

First of all, the radiator must withstand pressure, which is higher in an apartment building than in a private one. How more quantity floors, the higher the test pressure can be, it can reach 10 atm, and in high-rise buildings even 15 atm. Exact value can be obtained from the local operating authority. Not all radiators sold on the market have the corresponding characteristics. A significant part of aluminum and many steel radiators are not suitable for an apartment building.
Is it possible and how much to change thermal power radiator, depends on the applied scheme. But in any case, the heat transfer of the device must be calculated. For one typical section of a cast-iron battery, the heat transfer is 0.16 kW at a coolant temperature of 85 ºС. Multiplying the number of sections by this value, we get the thermal power existing battery. The characteristics of the new heater can be found in its technical data sheet. Panel radiators are not assembled from sections, they have fixed dimensions and power.

Average heat transfer data of various types of radiators may vary depending on the specific model

The material also matters. Central heating in an apartment building is often characterized by poor quality of the coolant. Traditional cast-iron batteries are the least sensitive to pollution, aluminum batteries react the worst to aggressive environments. Bimetallic radiators showed themselves well.

Installing a heat meter

A heat meter can be installed without problems with a beam wiring diagram in an apartment. As a rule, in modern houses already have metering devices. As for the existing housing stock with standard heating systems, this is not always possible. This depends on the specific scheme and configuration of pipelines, advice can be obtained from the local operating organization.

An apartment heat meter can be installed with a beam and two-pipe wiring diagram, if a separate branch goes to the apartment

If it is not possible to install a metering device for the entire apartment, you can place compact heat meters on each radiator.

An alternative to an apartment meter is heat meters placed directly on each of the radiators

Note that the installation of metering devices, the replacement of radiators, and other changes to the heating device in an apartment building require prior approval and must be carried out by specialists representing an organization that has a license to carry out the relevant work.

Video: how heating is supplied in an apartment building

teploguru.ru

Heating system of an apartment building: one-pipe and two-pipe

AT Russian Federation most of the heating system multi-storey buildings are centralized, that is, they operate from a thermal power plant or a central boiler house. But the water circuits themselves are mounted differently, that is, they can be made both single-pipe and two-pipe.

For passive users, this does not matter, but in the case of a major overhaul of an apartment with your own hands, you will have to learn how to understand these nuances.

Two-pipe and one-pipe radiator connection system

Scheme of independent central heating

First, let's pay attention to the local or autonomous heating system, used mostly in the private sector and in rare cases (as an exception) in multi-storey buildings. In such cases, the boiler house is located directly in the building itself or near it, which allows for correct adjustment of the coolant temperature.

But the price of autonomy is quite high, so it is easier to build a thermal power plant or one powerful boiler house to heat an entire residential area with it. The coolant from the center is supplied through the main pipes heat points, from where it is already distributed among the apartments. Thus, it is possible to make additional adjustment of the coolant supply at the TP using circulation pumps, that is, such a supply principle is called independent.

Scheme of dependent central heating

There are also dependent heating systems, as in the photo above, this is when the coolant enters the apartment radiators directly from the CHP or boiler house, without additional distribution. But the temperature of the water does not depend on whether there are distribution points or not. Such nodes basically serve as something like an additional circulation pump in an autonomous heating system.

It is also possible to divide the systems into closed and open ones, that is, in a closed hot water supply system, the coolant from the CHP or boiler room enters the distribution point, where it is separately supplied to the radiators, and separately to the DHW (hot water supply). Open heating systems do not provide for such distribution, and the selection for hot water supply occurs directly from the main. Therefore, in open systems outside the heating season, it is impossible to provide residents with hot water.

Connection types

It is not in your power to change the scheme of the centralized water circuit, therefore, the heating system of an apartment building can only be adjusted at the level of your apartment. Undoubtedly, there are situations when, in a single building, residents completely redo the system, but here the so-called “location to the area” comes into force, and the principles of heating with one or two pipes remain unchanged.

On this page you can also watch a video clip that will help you understand the topic.

Single pipe heating system

Scheme single pipe connection multi-storey buildings

Single-pipe heating systems for apartment buildings, due to their economy, have many disadvantages, and the main one is a large heat loss along the way. That is, water in such a circuit is supplied from the bottom up, getting into the radiators in each apartment and giving off heat, because the water cooled in the device returns to the same pipe. The coolant reaches the final destination already pretty cool, so complaints are often heard from the residents of the upper floors.

Scheme for connecting radiators of a single-pipe heating system

But sometimes such a system is simplified even more, trying to raise the temperature in the radiators, and for this they are cut directly into the pipe. It turns out that the radiator itself is a continuation of the pipe, as shown in the diagram below.

Scheme of connecting radiators through a pipe

Only the first users benefit from such a connection, and the water gets even colder into the last apartments. In addition, the ability to adjust the radiators is lost, because by reducing the flow in a single battery, you reduce the flow throughout the pipe. It also turns out that during the heating season you will not be able to change the radiator without draining the water from the entire system, therefore, in such cases, jumpers are installed to turn off the device and direct water through them.
For single pipe heating systems ideal solution there will be an arrangement of radiators in size, that is, the first batteries should be the smallest and, gradually increasing, at the end you need to connect the largest devices. Such a distribution could solve the problem of uniform heating, but, as you understand, no one will do this. It turns out that the savings on the installation of the heating circuit translates into problems with the distribution of heat and, as a result, into complaints from residents about the cold in the apartments.

Two-pipe heating system

Scheme of two-pipe connection of multi-storey buildings

A two-pipe heating system in an apartment building can be open and closed, but it allows you to keep the coolant in the same temperature regime for radiators of any level. Take a look at the heatsink wiring diagram below and you'll see why.

Scheme for connecting radiators to a two-pipe heating system

In a two-pipe heating circuit, the cooled water from the radiator is no longer returned to the same pipe, but is discharged into the return channel or into the "return". Moreover, it does not matter at all whether the radiator is connected from a riser or from a lounger - the main thing is that the temperature of the coolant remains unchanged throughout its entire route through the supply pipe.
An important advantage in a two-pipe circuit is the fact that you can regulate each battery separately and even install thermostatic taps on it to automatically maintain the temperature. Also in such a circuit, you can use devices with side and bottom connections, use dead-end and associated movement of the coolant.

DHW in the heating system

Scheme of a single-pipe DHW system

Hot heating systems in Russia for multi-storey buildings are mainly centralized, and water for hot water supply is heated by a heat carrier in central heating points. Hot water supply can be connected from a single-pipe or two-pipe heating circuit.
Depending on the number of pipes in the line (one or two), in the morning you can get either warm or cold water. For example, if you have a single-pipe heating system in an apartment building with 5 floors, then by opening a hot tap, during the first 20-30 seconds you will get cold water from it.

In a one-pipe system, hot water may not appear immediately

This is explained very simply - at night there is practically no analysis of hot water, and the water in the pipe cools down. When you open the faucet, water from the central heating system is supplied to your house, that is, a breakdown appears and the cooled water is drained until hot water appears. This disadvantage also causes water overspending, because you simply drain unnecessary cold water into the sewer.
In a two-pipe system, the circulation of water is continuous, so there are no such problems. But sometimes a riser with heated towel rails is looped through the hot water system, then this turns into a problem - they are hot even in summer!
Many people have a question, why does hot water disappear with the end of the heating season, and sometimes for a long time? The fact is that the instruction requires post-heating tests of the entire system, and this takes time, especially if you are in a damaged area. But here it is possible to characterize public utilities very positively, as they try by any means, even by changing the supply scheme, to provide citizens with hot water - after all, this is their income.
Also, in the middle of summer, the entire heating system is waiting for current and major repairs, when certain sections have to be turned off. With the onset of autumn, the repaired sections are being tested and some places may not withstand, and this is again a shutdown. Do not forget that the system is still centralized!

Radiators for centralized heating system

Columnar cast iron radiator

Many of us have become accustomed to cast iron radiators, installed since the construction of the house, and even, if the need arises, they are replaced with similar ones. For centralized heating systems, such batteries are good enough because they can withstand high pressure, so the battery has two digits in the passport, the first of which indicates the working pressure, and the second - pressure testing (test). For cast iron appliances, this is usually 6/15 or 8/15.

Sectional bimetallic radiator

But in a nine-story building, the working pressure usually reaches 6 atmospheres, so the batteries described above are quite suitable, but in a 22-story building the pressure can reach 15 atmospheres, so devices made of steel or bimetal are more appropriate here. Only aluminum radiators are not suitable for central heating, as they will not withstand the operating state of the centralized circuit.

Recommendations. If you started a major overhaul in the apartment and want to also replace the radiators, then if possible, replace the wiring pipes. These ½ or ¾ inch pipes are probably also not in very good condition and it is better to use ecoplastic instead. Steel and bimetallic (sectional or panel) radiators have narrower waterways than cast iron ones, so they can become clogged and lose power.

To prevent this from happening, put a regular filter on the water supply to the battery, which is installed in front of the water meter.

Conclusion

If the heating system of a multi-storey building does not live up to our expectations, then we often scold utilities or even a particular plumber, but in 99% of cases they do not deserve it. The main problems with heat arise due to the design of the water circuit and the maintenance personnel are no longer able to change anything.

heating-gid.ru

Heating system in an apartment building: types, pressure testing, calculation and drain

A very serious place in creating a pleasant atmosphere in apartments in apartment buildings is occupied by high-quality heating. Now the heating system of an apartment building is somewhat different in design from an autonomous one, it is it that provides heat in apartments even in the most severe cold. Below we will talk about what are the types of systems, what is in them optimum temperature how repairs are made.

The heating system of any modern multi-storey building requires mandatory compliance with the conditions specified in the regulatory documentation - SNiP and GOST. According to these standards, the temperature in the apartment should be maintained with the help of heating in the range of 20–22 ° C, and humidity - 30–45%.

It is possible to achieve such indicators with the help of a special design, installation of high-quality equipment. Even during the design of a heating system in an apartment building, that is, the creation of a scheme, professional heat engineers calculate all the necessary characteristics, achieve the same coolant pressure in the pipes on both the first and upper floors.

One of key features modern centralized heating system of a high-rise building - operation on superheated water. It goes from the combined heat and power plant with a temperature in the range of 130–150 ° C to the heating system of an apartment building and a pressure of 6–10 atm. Due to the high pressure, steam formation does not occur in the system. In addition, it allows you to direct water even to the highest point of the house.

The temperature of the water going back through the system (return) is approximately 60–70 ° C. In winter and summer, this indicator may differ, since the values \u200b\u200bare dependent only on environment.

temperature graph heating systems

Types of heating systems in an apartment building

In our country, the central heating system of an apartment building is widely used. Here, the city boiler house (CHP) supplies the coolant. However, water circuits are built according to two different schemes: one-pipe and two-pipe. In most cases, consumers are rarely interested in such issues. However, as soon as it is time to make repairs and install new modern heating radiators, these details need to be known.

Individual heating in residential buildings

This type of heat supply is not often used, but over the past few years it has become more common in new homes. In addition, local heating systems are installed in the private sector. If there is an individual heating system in an apartment building, the boiler room is located in a separate room located in the same building, or in close proximity, since it is important to control the degree of heating of the coolant.

The price of this type of heating in an apartment building is quite high, that is, it is more profitable to launch one boiler house that can warm and provide hot water to an entire microdistrict.

Central heating system of an apartment building

The coolant goes from the central boiler house through the main pipelines to the heat unit of the MKD, after which it is distributed to the apartments. Its additional adjustment according to the degree of supply is carried out at the heat point itself by means of circular pumps.

Various schemes for organizing central heating developed in our time make it possible to figure out which heating system is in an apartment building, to make several classifications into certain categories.

According to the mode of consumption of thermal energy:

seasonal, heat supply is necessary only during the cold season;
year-round, requiring constant heating.

Type of coolant used:

Water - the most widely used type in MKD. The advantages of the operation of such heating systems in an apartment building are ease of use, the ability to transfer the coolant from afar (while not compromising quality indicators, centrally adjusting the temperature if necessary), good sanitary and hygienic qualities.
Air - such heating systems of apartment buildings are capable of both heating and ventilation of buildings; due to the high cost, this system is less widely used.
Steam - are recognized as the most profitable, since pipes of small diameter are taken for heating, the hydrostatic pressure in the heating system in an apartment building is small, which facilitates its maintenance. True, this variety is recommended for objects that require, in addition to heat, the supply of water vapor (this includes mainly industrial facilities).

By connection method heating system to the heat supply:

An independent heating system of an apartment building - the water circulating through it or steam in the heat exchanger transfers heat to the coolant (water) in the heating system.
Dependent heating system of an apartment building - the coolant heated by the heat generator is directly supplied to consumers through networks.

According to the method of connection to the hot water heating system:

Open heating system of an apartment building - heated water comes from the heating network.
Closed heating system of an apartment building. Here, water is taken from the general water supply, the transfer of thermal energy to it is carried out in the network heat exchanger of the central.

The device of the heating system in an apartment building

One-pipe heating system of an apartment building

Single-pipe heating systems for apartment buildings, due to their economy, have many disadvantages, and the main one is a large heat loss along the way. The water in this circuit is directed from the bottom up, getting into the radiators of all apartments and transferring heat to them. The water cooled in the device goes into the same pipe. She comes to the last apartments having already lost significant amounts of heat. For this reason, residents of the upper floors often complain about the cold.

In some cases, this scheme is made even simpler, trying to increase the temperature in the radiators - they are cut directly into the pipe. Then the battery becomes part of the pipe.

From such an intervention in the heating system of an apartment building, users whose apartments are closest to the beginning of the circuit benefit, while the water reaches the last consumers even more cooled. In addition, now it is impossible to regulate the level of heat in the apartment, because if you reduce the flow in such a radiator, the water flow in the entire system will decrease.

While the heating season is in progress, the owner will not be able to replace such a battery without invading the intra-house heating system of an apartment building and without draining the coolant. For such cases, jumpers are installed that make it possible, by turning off the device, to save the coolant flow.

In the presence of single-pipe systems, the most reasonable approach would be to install batteries in size: small ones should be placed at the beginning of the system, and, gradually increasing in size, in recent apartments you need to connect the largest devices. Such a move would overcome the difficulties of uniform heating, but, obviously, it is not used in practice. Thus, saving money on the installation of a heating circuit is followed by difficulties with heat distribution and complaints about cold apartments.

Two-pipe heating system of an apartment building

A two-pipe heating system in an apartment building can be open and closed, but it allows you to keep the coolant in the same temperature regime for radiators of any level. Look at the connection diagram of the radiators, then it will become clear what this feature is connected with.

The principle of the heating system in an apartment building with a two-pipe circuit is as follows: the fluid that has lost thermal energy from the radiator is not sent to the pipe through which it came, but goes into the return channel. It does not matter how the radiator is connected: from the riser or from the lounger. The bottom line is that the level of heating of the coolant is stably maintained throughout the entire supply pipe.

Another important plus of a two-pipe circuit is that residents can regulate each battery individually or install thermostatic taps that automatically maintain the required temperature. In addition, such a circuit allows you to choose batteries with side and bottom connection, dead-end and associated movement of the coolant.

Adjustment of the heating system in an apartment building

Adjustment of this system in MKD is necessary, since it consists of pipes of different diameters. The speed and pressure of the liquid together with the steam, and hence the level of heat, vary in direct proportion to the diameter of the pipe opening. In order for this procedure to be carried out correctly, products of different diameters are used.

Pipes of the heating system of an apartment building maximum size(100 mm) are located in the cellars. With them, the connection of the entire system begins. Pipes with a diameter of no more than 50-76 mm are installed in the entrances for uniform distribution of thermal energy.

Unfortunately, such an adjustment does not always contribute to the desired heating effect. This affects the inhabitants of the upper floors, where the temperature drops dramatically. This process can be balanced by starting the hydraulic heating system. This step involves the connection of circulation vacuum pumps, which ensures that the automatic pressure control system starts working. Installation and start-up take place in the collector of a separate building. Accordingly, the heating distribution system changes along the entrances, floors of an apartment building. When the number of floors exceeds two, the start-up of the system is necessarily accompanied by pumping for water circulation.

What is the procedure for calculating the payment for heating by metering devices

How is the payment for heating in an apartment building calculated?

Very often, having paid bills for heating, tenants complain about the management company. In some apartments, people are constantly freezing, in others, on the contrary, they open windows to cool the room. These examples clearly demonstrate how imperfect the heating system of an apartment building is (its principle of operation, scheme), and the payment for heat is unfairly high.

You can deal with these problems by installing apartment heating meters. The maximum benefit will then be received by the owners who are also going to install a thermal energy controller as the final stage of preparing the premises for insulation.

Which meters are suitable for the heating system in an apartment building under different schemes?

Single-pipe schemes with a vertical type of wiring - one meter is installed per riser and a separate temperature sensor for all batteries.
Two-pipe schemes with a vertical type of wiring - it is necessary to install a meter, a temperature sensor on each radiator.
Single-pipe schemes with a horizontal type of wiring - one meter per riser is enough.

In houses with the first two wiring diagrams, residents usually prefer the installation of a common house meter. When the wiring is done according to the third type, the choice of one device per apartment is more justified.

In the form of measuring instruments that allow determining the volume of coolant passed through each of the radiators, ultrasonic or mechanical controllers for the flow of thermal energy act.

Structurally and functionally, mechanical type meters are considered the simplest. Their principle of operation in the heating system in an apartment building is based on the conversion of the translational energy of the coolant movement into the rotation of the measuring elements.

Ultrasonic models measure the time difference during the passage of ultrasonic vibrations in the direction and against the flow of the liquid. Preferential number similar devices powered by independent energy sources - lithium batteries. They are enough for more than a decade of uninterrupted service.

To install a separate meter in an MKD, the owner needs:

obtain information about the technical conditions from the heat supply organization or from the balance holder of the building;
create an installation project together with licensed masters in this field;
install the heat meter in full compliance with the technical specifications and the project originally developed;
sign an agreement with the supplier of thermal energy on payment according to the readings of the meter.

The most widely used option for a multi-storey building is the installation of a common meter to calculate the heat energy used.

In the case of installing one device on the riser of an apartment building, the formula is used for calculation:

Po.i = Si * Vt * TT,

where Si is the total area of an apartment building; Vt - the average volume of heat energy consumed per month based on the readings of the previous year (Gcal / sq. m); TT - tariffs for the consumption of thermal energy (rubles/Gcal).

divide the meter reading for the previous year by 12;
divide the resulting number by the total area of \u200b\u200bthe house, taking into account all heated premises: basements, attics, porches. You will receive the average amount of thermal energy consumed per square area per month.

However, several legitimate questions follow from the foregoing.

Where can I get the indicators of energy consumption for the previous year, given that the total meter has just appeared? There is nothing complicated here. During the first year from the date of installation of the metering device, the owners pay, as before, according to the tariffs. Only after a year will it be possible to use this formula to calculate the monthly payment.

How to calculate the required amount of heat, starting from the area of \u200b\u200bthe apartment

There is an easy formula for this. For 10 square meters of living space, on average, no more than 1 kW of heat is needed. The value is adjusted according to coefficients depending on the region:

for houses in the south of the country, the required amount of energy is multiplied by 0.9;
for the European zone of the country (for example, the Moscow region) take a coefficient of 1.3;
for the Far North, eastern regions, the need increases by 1.5–2 times.

Let's do a simple calculation. Let's imagine that it is important for us to find out the amount of heat energy for an apartment in an MKD in the Amur Region. This region is characterized by a rather cold climate.

The area of this room in a multi-storey building is 60 m2. We take into account that approximately 1 kW of thermal energy is spent on heating 10 m2 of housing. According to the climate features of the area, a coefficient of 1.7 is selected.

We translate the area of the apartment from units to tens, this gives us the number 6, multiply it by 1.7. Eventually required value- 10.2 kW, otherwise 10 200 watts.

The calculation method described here is very easy. But it entails significant errors associated with such situations:

the amount of heat energy required directly depends on the volume of the apartment. Obviously, to warm a living space with ceilings 3 meters high, it will need more;
a large number of windows, doors, which increases the consumption of thermal energy, when compared with monolithic walls;
the location of apartments at the ends or in the middle of the building also greatly affects the heat costs if standard batteries of the heating system of an apartment building are installed.

The basic, standardized value of sufficient heat output per 1 cubic meter of living space is 40 watts. Based on this figure, it is easy to find out how much heat is required for the entire apartment or for individual rooms.

If you want to calculate the required amount of thermal energy most accurately, you will not only have to multiply the volume by 40, but also throw about 100 W on all windows and 200 W on doors, after which the same regional coefficients are used as in the calculation by area apartments.

What is pressure testing of the heating system in an apartment building

Pressure testing of a heating system is a hydraulic (or pneumatic) test of its components, which allows you to find out its tightness, ability to work at the design working pressure of the coolant, as well as during water hammer. This procedure allows you to detect potential leaks, strength, quality of installation, to ensure stable operation throughout the cold season.

Pressure testing, that is, hydraulic (water), in some cases, and pneumatic (compressed air) tests of heating systems are launched:

immediately after the heating system of an apartment building is installed and put into operation;
in systems that have already been used;
as a result of repair work, replacement of any part;
during inspections before all heating seasons;
at the end of the heating season (in MKD).

In multi-apartment residential buildings, industrial, administrative premises, pressure testing is carried out by certified employees of services that operate and Maintenance systems data.

The course of pressure testing of the heating system of an apartment building varies in accordance with the type and number of floors in the building, the complexity of the system (the number of circuits, branches, risers), the wiring diagram, the material, the wall thickness of the elements (pipes, batteries, fittings), etc. Typically, such tests are hydraulic - carried out by pumping water. However, pneumatic ones are also possible - with excess air pressure. Since the hydraulic type is more common, let's talk about it first.

Hydraulic pressure testing in an apartment building

Before starting such tests, preliminary work is carried out:

inspection of the elevator (feed unit), main pipes, risers and other parts of the system;
examination of the presence and integrity of thermal insulation on heating mains.

For a system that has been operating for more than 5 years, it is recommended to flush with a compressor to flush the heating system of an apartment building before pressure testing.

Hydraulic pressing works like this:

the system is filled with water (if it was just installed, flushing was carried out);
excess pressure is pumped in it by an electric or manual pump;
using a manometer, it is checked whether the pipes retain pressure (within 15–30 minutes);
if the pressure is maintained (the readings of the pressure gauge do not change) - the system is tight, without leaks, the elements cope with the crimping pressure;
if there is a decrease in pressure, all parts (pipes, connections, batteries, accessories) are checked to detect water leakage;
after determining this place, it is sealed or the entire element is replaced (part of the pipe, connecting fitting, shutoff valve, battery, etc.), the tests are duplicated.

The water pressure during these tests depends on the operating pressure of the system. It can change due to the material of pipes, batteries. For new systems, the pressing pressure should exceed the working pressure by 2 times, for already used ones - by 20–50%.

All types of pipes and radiators are produced under a certain allowable pressure. With this in mind, the maximum working pressure and pressure for testing are established. For cast iron batteries, the operating pressure in the heating system of an apartment building is a maximum of 5 atm. (bar), but remains within 3 atm. (bar). The check is carried out here, pumping up to 6 atm. And systems with convector-type batteries (steel, bimetallic) are subjected to greater pressure, up to 10 atm.

Pressure testing of the input unit is carried out separately, with a pressure of at least 10 atm. (1 MPa). This requires electric pumps. The tests are considered successful if the indicator fell by no more than 0.1 atm in half an hour.

Pressurization of the heating system of an apartment building with air

Air system checks are rarely performed. They are possible in small buildings, when hydraulic tests are not suitable for some indicators. Let's say we want to know if the system is installed with high quality, but water, injection equipment is not available.

Then an electric air compressor, a mechanical (foot, manual) pump with a pressure gauge are connected to the make-up or drain valve, and excess pressure is created. It can be no more than 1.5 atm. (bar), because if there is a depressurization of the connection, a rupture of the system at high pressure, there is a possibility of injury to the inspectors. Plugs are used instead of air valves.

Pneumatic tests are associated with a longer exposure of the system under high pressure. Since air is compressed, which is not the case with liquid, therefore, long-term stabilization and equalization of pressure in the circuit are necessary. At the first stage, the pressure gauge may show a decrease in performance, even if everything is tight. After the air pressure has stabilized, it is important to maintain it for another half an hour.

Pressure testing of open heating systems

For pressure testing of the heating system in an open-circuit apartment building and the principle of operation, it is necessary to seal the connection point of the open expansion tank. This can be done with a ball valve installed on a pipe with water. When pumping fluid, it plays a role air valve, and as soon as the system is filled, that is, before the pressurization itself, the valve is closed.

Operating pressure similar heating systems of an apartment building usually varies depending on the height of the expansion tank: for 1 m of its deviation from the level of input to the return boiler, 0.1 atm of overpressure is given in this place. In one-story houses, it is placed under the ceiling, in the attic. The water column then corresponds to 2–3 m, and the excess pressure to 0.2–0.3 atm. (bar). If the boiler room is located in the basement or in two-storey houses, the difference between the level of the expansion tank and the boiler return reaches 5–8 m (0.5–0.8 bar). A lower liquid overpressure (0.3–1.6 bar) is then created for hydraulic testing.

In addition to this feature, pressure testing of open systems (one-pipe and two-pipe) does not differ from testing closed ones.

Repair of the heating system of an apartment building

There are three main types of repair of heating systems.

Emergency. It is necessary to restore the functioning of the heating system after an accident: a break in the riser, a break in the battery supply, defrosting the heating in the entrance.
Current. Allows you to identify minor faults, conduct a scheduled check of the shut-off valves, its revision and installation of a new one instead of an already used one. Some of these problems are detected by residents, the latter make themselves known during planned detours, the rest - when preparing the system for winter.
Overhaul is associated with a complete or partial change of equipment. Here, all pipes can be dismantled, replaced with metal-plastic ones, and radiator plates installed instead of those that have worked out their due date.

Now let's talk about the malfunctions that each type of repair of the heating system of an apartment building struggles with.

Emergency repair of the heating system of an apartment building

Let's take a look at the most common "diseases" of the system faced by emergency locksmith teams and their normal methods of treatment.

There is no heating on the riser. They look at valves, discharges of the heating system of an apartment building: uncoordinated repairs are often to blame. If no faults are found here, the risers are distilled for discharge in both directions, which makes it possible to localize the fault. A malfunction can be provoked by a piece of slag in a pipe bend, a sunken screw valve valve. If the problem is fixed, and the water flows without a hitch through the riser, the air must be bled on the top floor.

Fistula in the heating pipe. It happens that there is no risk of complete destruction of the riser, the liner, then the emergency team makes a bandage that eliminates the leak. Then the current repair team welds the place.

Leaking lock nuts in front of the radiator. The riser is dropped, the thread is rewound. If it has suffered due to corrosion, the squeegee on the eyeliner is replaced by welding, manual threading.

Strong leakage between sections of radiators. The reason here is a burst nipple. The risers are dropped, the battery is removed and moved.

The flush valve does not close after flushing the radiator. The riser is dropped, the valve gasket is replaced.

Driveway heating is defrosted. The riser is turned off, the affected sections are removed, the working radiator is started. The emergency team restores connections, registers, etc. by welding.

Defrosted driveway heating radiator. You just need to disconnect the last sections.

Current repair of the heating system of an apartment building

Below we will talk about the repair of heating systems carried out by housing and communal services workers in preparation for the cold season.

Revision of shut-off valves in the elevator heating unit. Here they watch the work of all relief, control valves, valves (if necessary, they are repaired). Periodic maintenance is in progress: seals are stuffed, rods are lubricated.

Repair of valves consists of replacing the gasket. Even a beginner can do it himself without having serious skills, but the revision, repair of valves will be more difficult.

If necessary, the spacer wedge between the cheeks is replaced, it is welded on, the mirrors are lapped in the body, on the cheeks, the stem is restored, the pressure ring on the stuffing box is replaced, and other work is carried out in the heating system of an apartment building.

Revision of the cast-iron valve on the stand. By the appearance of this part, it is difficult to understand the need for repair.

Revision and repair of stop valves on risers is an equally important task. Even with a small leak, you have to dump the whole house. In frosts, this can lead to defrosting of the contour sections, which is most important in the entrances.

The rewinding of the locknuts on the risers should also take place periodically.

Replacement of heating risers, elimination of various small pipe leaks and welds between them. A solution to this problem is chosen according to the situation: a small fistula in the apartment is welded, and a heavily corroded section of the pipe of the heating system of an apartment building is replaced. In the basement, small fistulas are most often bandaged with a collar with a gasket, dense rubber and annealed wire.

Maintenance crews also carry out maintenance of the heating system: starting, stopping heating, removing air congestion (if the inhabitants of the upper floors themselves cannot) and annual hydropneumatic flushing of heating.

Overhaul of the heating system of an apartment building

There is a certain sequence of signing contracts for the overhaul of the heating system.

A defective statement is written for the planned overhaul with an approximate list necessary work and consumables.
A tender is announced for the supply of equipment, repairs. Any municipal, private enterprise that has among the services offered “repair of the heating system” (OKDP code 453) can participate in it - it is paid during registration.
An agreement is signed with the winning company, which includes a list of necessary services, the procedure for calculation and control, guarantees and liability of the parties, and a dozen more points.
Further work is completed by the satisfaction of the parties or litigation.

But in practice, the contract is often concluded with a service organization and its teams of emergency, current repairs, which repair the heating systems of apartment buildings in their free time. This method justifies itself: the performer strives to do everything perfectly, because troubleshooting after a poor-quality repair will fall on his own shoulders.

What works fall under the term "overhaul"? Their list is short:

full or partial replacement of risers and heating pipes;
complete or selective replacement of heating devices;
replacing everything elevator node or shutoff valves in it;
full or partial replacement of heating spills.

All works are carried out during the warm season, after the heating season.

How to get rid of overpayment for heating

Why do I need to flush the heating system in an apartment building

The efficiency of the heating system of an apartment building is declining for two unavoidable reasons.

1. Radiators and horizontal sections of pipes become silted over time. This becomes a disaster for places where the coolant flows slowly: spills, connections to the radiator and directly to the radiators.

Where does sediment come from? It includes sand, rust crumbs, scale from welding, everything that is carried by heating mains. CHP constantly takes and heats such large volumes of liquid that it is impossible to clean them to an ideal state.

2. Illness steel pipes without anti-corrosion coating - mineral deposits. Salts of calcium and magnesium narrow the lumen, forming a hard coating on the inner walls. This is only a problem with steel pipes. Galvanized and lines with internal polymer coated are not subject to such deposits.

Silt, sand and other suspensions reduce the speed of water movement in the heater. Gradually, their volume grows, and water enters only the first sections. Deposits are sometimes the cause of the inoperability of a section of the circuit when the pipe lumen is clogged.

Therefore, flushing this system, documented by the act, restores the required efficiency. It is important to remember that for MKD, the frequency of flushing this system is indicated in SNiP 3.05.01-85 and is equal to 1 year.

How to flush the heating system in an apartment building

Chemical flushing of the heating system of an apartment building

Chemical flushing works in the following situations.

1. It is necessary to restore the functioning of the MKD heating system, which has been in operation for several decades. Silting, which cannot be avoided, overgrowing of steel pipes leads to a frightening decrease in efficiency during this time.

But ungalvanized steel pipes corrode so badly over decades that the benefits of treatment may not be visible. The fact is that chemical substances corrode rust, and during pressure testing, many new leaks are found.

2. It is necessary to remove deposits from the gravity system, consisting of steel pipes. Most of them accumulate in the heat exchanger of the boiler or furnace; sludge is distributed throughout the spill, large volumes are observed at its lower part.

When flushing, a chemical is poured into the heating circuit instead of water. It is a solution of alkali (usually caustic soda) or acid (phosphoric, orthophosphoric, etc.). Then the pump, which is part of the equipment for flushing the heating system of an apartment building, starts continuous circulation in the circuit, lasting several hours. After this reagent is drained, and a new pressure test is carried out.

The cost of a flushing reagent starts from five to six thousand rubles per 25 liters. According to the rules of housing maintenance, it is impossible to drain the used substance into the sewer, although if there is no other way out, this composition is neutralized with a special agent.

Hydropneumatic flushing of the heating system of an apartment building

Such flushing of the heating system has long been widely used by domestic housing and communal services and has managed to prove itself well. But it is only effective when used correctly.

The instructions for flushing the heating system are not so complicated: the circuit is discharged into the sewer, first from the supply to the return, then in the opposite direction. At the same time, a powerful pneumatic pump pumps air into the water. The pulp, passing along the entire contour, washes out part of the scale, silt.

The flushing of the heating system used in housing and communal services works as follows:

on the return pipeline, the house valve is closed;
a compressor for flushing the heating system of an apartment building is connected to the metering valve at the supply after the house valve;
the reset on the return line opens;
when the pressure in the ballast tank of the compressor has reached 6 kgf/cm2, the valve connected to it opens;
groups of risers alternately overlap so that ten, no more, are open at the same time. So flushing the heating risers and the heating devices connected to them will give a good result.

The time of the procedure can be chosen by checking the contamination of the water leaving after it by eye. If the liquid becomes transparent, you can proceed to another group of risers.

When all risers are flushed, the heating switches to reset in the opposite direction:

the discharge, the valve to which the compressor is connected, closes;
the house valve is closed on the supply and opens on the return;
the discharge from the supply opens, the compressor is connected to the metering valve on the return pipeline, it opens.

Flushing of riser groups takes place again, but with the reverse direction of the pulp flow.

Where can I get the program for flushing the heating system in the MKD?

At whose expense is the discharge of the heating system of an apartment building

A well-functioning heating system is essential for a fulfilling and pleasant life in any type of dwelling. It happens that residents need to install new batteries, eliminate leaks, move the riser to the wall.

Such actions with the system, obviously, should not be carried out without draining the water inside - it is impossible to open the pipes when the network is full. Therefore, before repair, maintenance work, it is required to drain the water from the riser of the heating system of an apartment building.

The correct operation of communications in the MKD is the responsibility of the management company. This means that the drain is coordinated with it in advance. For this reason, residents have such questions.

1. Does the owner have the right to set the day of this procedure independently?

Doesn't have. The term is chosen by the CC. But it will be possible to ask to do the work at a specific time, having coordinated this with several specialists of the Criminal Code.

2. Who pays for draining the riser?

Owner. Funds are charged for coordination and for the activities of the masters. Tariffs differ depending on regions and companies. It is impossible to name the price in advance: in some settlements it will cost 1,000 rubles, in others - 5,000 rubles. This includes shutting down the system, draining fluid, refilling.

If there is a need for repairs during the heating season, the owner will have to spend time persuading the management company to pay a much more serious amount. When it is cold outside from -30 ° C, the procedure will not be allowed. This rule does not apply to accidents.

3. Is it always necessary to drain the riser?

Minor repairs and the installation of a new battery instead of the old one are not related to draining the water in the entire heating system of an apartment building. In almost any apartment, it will turn out, without affecting the circuit itself, to block a specific radiator. This is done like this:

turn the tap on the riser, shut off the water flow;
open the outlet cock on the battery / unscrew the cap with a wrench, drain the water into any container.

It happens that the system is not equipped with either a plug or a drain valve, then disconnect the radiator and drain the liquid.

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What are the heating systems of an apartment building - schemes

The heating systems of most multi-storey buildings in our country, as a rule, are connected to a thermal power plant or a central boiler house, that is, they are centralized. Depending on how the water circuits are installed in the heating system of an apartment building, it can be either one-pipe or two-pipe.

Let us consider in more detail what heating systems exist for multi-storey buildings, and what are their advantages and disadvantages.

Centralized heating systems

First of all, it is worth mentioning the local or autonomous heating system. The advantage of this system is that it functions from a boiler house located inside the apartment building itself, or next to it. This allows you to independently regulate the temperature of the coolant.

The disadvantages of autonomy include its high price, because of which it is extremely rarely used in multi-storey buildings (mostly, owners of private houses choose such a system).

Much more often, they build a thermal power plant or arrange one powerful boiler house to heat an entire residential area. In this case, the coolant flows through the main pipes from the center to the heating points, and from there to the apartments. This principle of supply is called independent, since it allows you to additionally regulate the supply of coolant using circulation pumps.

In a dependent heating system of a residential apartment building, the coolant is supplied to apartment radiators directly from a CHP or boiler house. However, there is no significant difference between these two systems, since the heat points perform a function here comparable to that performed by additional circulation pumps in an autonomous heating system, and they do not affect the temperature of the coolant itself.

Also, the heating systems of an apartment building are divided into closed and open (you can find options for schemes on the Internet).

In a closed system, the heat carrier from the CHP or boiler room enters the distribution point, from where it is separately supplied to hot water supply and apartment radiators.

In an open system, such distribution is not provided, that is, it does not allow providing residents of the house with hot water outside the heating season.

Connection types

As mentioned above, according to the type of connection, the systems of an apartment building are single-pipe and two-pipe.

The single-pipe heating system of an apartment building has great amount shortcomings, the most significant of which is considered to be a large heat loss along the route. In such a heating system of an apartment building, the scheme of which is simple, the coolant is supplied from the bottom up. Getting into the apartment radiators of the lower floors, and giving off heat, the water returns to the same pipe and, being pretty cool, continues its way up. Hence the frequent complaints of the residents of the upper floors that the radiators in their apartments do not warm up well.

The two-pipe heating system in the apartment (the diagram can be viewed on the Internet) is most widely used in construction. Basic distinctive feature such a system is the presence of two highways: supply and return.

Through one pipe (supply), the coolant is transported from the heating boiler to heating devices. The second line (return) is necessary to withdraw the already chilled water and return it back to the boiler room.

The main advantage of the two-pipe heating system of an apartment building is that the coolant is supplied to all heating devices evenly with the same temperature, regardless of whether the apartment is located on the ground floor or on the sixteenth.

It is also important that the presence of two pipes greatly simplifies the process of flushing the heating systems of an apartment building.

There are two ways to arrange pipes combined into a single heating network: horizontal and vertical.

A horizontal heating network, which implies constant circulation of the coolant, is usually mounted in low-rise buildings with a large length (for example, in production workshops or warehouses), as well as in panel-frame houses.

vertical two-pipe system heating of an apartment building is used in multi-storey buildings, where each floor is connected separately. The indisputable advantage of such a network is that it practically does not form air jams.

Two-pipe heating network and types of wiring

Both pipe layouts (both vertical and horizontal) allow the use of two types of wiring - lower and upper. However, in heating systems multi-storey buildings, where the pipes are arranged in a vertical pattern, the bottom wiring is usually used.

What is the difference between the lower wiring and the upper one?

When installing the lower wiring, the supply line is laid in the basement or basement, and the return line (the so-called "return") is even lower.

To remove excess air when using the bottom wiring, an upper air line is required. For uniform distribution of the heat carrier throughout the system, it is recommended to place the boiler as low as possible relative to the heating radiators.

The upper wiring is most often done in the attic, which must be well insulated. With this method of wiring, an expansion tank is installed at the highest point of the heating system. The main advantage of the upper wiring is the high pressure in the supply lines.

As you know, most of the housing stock in Russia is carried out through centralized heating. Recently, this scheme for supplying heat to apartments and houses of our compatriots has been increasingly criticized due to imperfection, the use of outdated equipment and the lack of self adjustment. Over the years of its existence, the centralized heating system has proven its effectiveness and right to life. This article will consider the structure, principle of operation, advantages and disadvantages of the central heating of apartment buildings.

Purpose and structure

Central heating is a rather complex and branched engineering network, a feature of which is the generation and supply of heat and hot water from a source to a group of buildings and structures through a main pipeline.

This system includes several structural elements:

The source of thermal energy is a boiler house or CHP. The first, to transfer heat to heated rooms, heat water by burning gas, fuel oil, coal. In heating plants, initially, steam is produced, which, by rotating turbines, becomes a source of electricity, and after cooling, it is used to heat the coolant. Thus, heated water is supplied to the heating systems of consumers.
The main pipeline is used to transport the coolant from the source to the consumer. This system is a complex and extended network of two large-diameter heat pipes (supply and return), which are laid underground or above ground.
Consumers of thermal energy are considered to be equipment that uses a coolant to transfer heat to a heated room.

All modern heating systems (CO) can be classified according to the following criteria:

the type of coolant they use;
work schedule;
method of connection to a source of heat and hot water.

There are the following types of heating systems:

Water.
Steam.
Air.

Each of them has its own characteristics, advantages, disadvantages and characteristics, which will be discussed below.

Water heating systems for apartment buildings are most common in the Russian Federation. They are easy to operate and allow you to move the coolant over long distances without a significant deterioration in its performance. The temperature of the coolant in these COs can be controlled centrally.

Air COs are less common due to high operating costs. A huge plus is the possibility of using hot air for space heating and organizing a ventilation system.

The steam heating system is most often used in industrial facilities. This is primarily due to the need for this coolant for production needs. Since this steam does not create a large hydrostatic pressure when moving steam, pipes of smaller diameter are used in steam COs.

All types of CO can be divided into two groups according to the schedule of thermal energy consumption: year-round or seasonal cycle.

According to the method of connecting CO to the heat supply source, heating systems can be dependent and independent.

Firstly, the coolant is supplied directly from the source to the consumer. In the second case, the heated coolant enters the heat exchanger through which water circulates. It is the water heated in this way that enters the CO of an apartment building.

According to the method of connecting hot water to the heat supply system, all COs are divided into open and closed. In open, hot water is taken directly from the heating system. In a closed water heating system, hot water is heated in source heat exchangers.

Principle of operation and design features

In centralized heating, everything is arranged quite simply: the source produces the coolant of the required temperature and delivers it through the heating network system to the central heat receiving point, where the water temperature is corrected. From the central heating station, the coolant flows directly to the heated facilities, at the inlet of which house valves and filter elements are installed.

Important! Shut-off valves on the water of the coolant to the house CO allows you to turn off the common house heating circuit from central system heat supply in case of emergencies and in the summer, when the heating system of the house is not functioning.

After entering the common house CO, the coolant enters the elevator, which brings the temperature of the coolant to the standard values that allow it to be used by heating devices. Today, as part of the thermal modernization of houses, elevator systems are being replaced with automated heating system control units.

Stop valves are usually installed behind the elevator to control the supply of coolant to the entrances. According to the latest requirements, heat meters are mounted on the heating inputs to the entrance. Further, through the risers, the coolant is supplied directly to consumers.

Advantages and disadvantages

District heating has its pros and cons. Among the advantages are:

Reliability, which is ensured by special services subordinate to municipal authorities.
Environmentally friendly, thanks to the use of environmentally friendly equipment.
Simplicity due to the lack of the ability to independently adjust the pressure and temperature of the coolant.

The disadvantages of this heating system are:

Seasonality, which does not allow the end user to use CO in the off-season.
The inability to independently adjust the temperature of the radiators.
High heat losses due to the length of heating networks.

And as a conclusion: the imperfection of the system district heating became one of the reasons for the high tariffs for heating and hot water. That is why many of our compatriots, by hook or by crook, are trying in every possible way to abandon this CO and switch to an autonomous heating option with an individual gas boiler.

Advice: central heating is an important engineering system of the house. That is why any intervention in it carries penalties. If you have problems with space heating, do not use self-repair or modernization of CO, contact the managing organization.

Today, the lion's share of our compatriots lives in. Of course, they do not have to think about how to maintain a high temperature in each of the rooms: central heating easily and without hassle solves this problem for them. Yes, you have to pay a decent amount every month for such comfort, however, it's worth it.

Heating scheme of an apartment building

Still, residents do not have to think about spending a lot of money on installing necessary equipment and many forces to maintain the temperature in each of the rooms at the right level.

After all, the standards for heating apartment buildings in 2019 allow each of the inhabitants to feel comfortable. For example, an acceptable minimum for living rooms is a temperature of +20 degrees Celsius. For a bathroom or a combined bathroom, this figure rises to +25 degrees. In the kitchens, the temperature does not fall below +18 degrees.

In troubled side apartments, of which strong wind able to quickly blow out the heat, the normal temperature is +22 degrees. Indoor temperatures are often 3 to 7 degrees warmer than those listed above, allowing occupants to feel quite comfortable without warm sweaters and trousers.

But all this is achieved through the application of considerable effort! Dozens and hundreds of people go to work every day to ensure quality heating residential buildings.

It has already been said above that most modern houses in cities are heated using a centralized heating system. That is, there is a thermal station at which (in most cases with the help of coal) heating boilers heat water to a very high temperature. Most often it is more than 100 degrees Celsius!

Therefore, in order to avoid boiling and evaporation of water, the pressure in the pipes is very high - about 10 Kgf.

Water is supplied to all buildings connected to the heating main. When connecting the house to the heating plant, inlet valves are installed to control the process of supplying hot water to it. A heating unit is also connected to them, as well as a number of specialized equipment.

heating system scheme

Water can be supplied both from top to bottom and from bottom to top (when using a one-pipe system, which will be discussed below), depending on how the heating risers are located, or simultaneously to all apartments (with a two-pipe system).

Hot water entering the radiators heats them up to desired temperature, providing its necessary level in each room. The dimensions of the radiators depend both on the size of the room and on its purpose. Of course, the larger the radiators are, the warmer it will be where they are installed.

What is heating

Considering the heating of an apartment building, you can not boast of a large selection. All houses are heated approximately according to the same scheme. Each room has a cast-iron heating radiator (its dimensions depend on the size of the room and its purpose), which is supplied with hot water of a certain temperature (heat carrier) coming from a thermal station.

cast iron radiator example

However, the entire water supply scheme may vary depending on which heating distribution is provided in a particular building - one-pipe or two-pipe. Each of these options has certain advantages and disadvantages. To better understand this issue, you need to know exactly everything about the first and second. So let's briefly describe them.

Of course, it is impossible to change the type of heating system in an apartment, it requires titanic efforts and a lot of work that will affect the whole house. But still, it will be useful for every apartment owner to know about the pros and cons of different types of heating systems.

This video provides a broad overview of various heating systems.

Development of a heating system project

The heating device, starting from the introductory system and ending with heating radiators, is created immediately after the frame is built. Of course, by this time, the heating project for an apartment building must be developed, tested and approved.

And it is at the first stage that a number of difficulties often arise, as in the performance of any other, very complex and important work.
In general, the heating system of an apartment building is complex.

The power of the heating system may depend on the strength of the wind in your area, the material from which the building is built, the thickness of the walls, the size of the premises and many other factors. Even two identical apartments, one of which is located on the corner of the building, and the other in its center, require a different approach.

After all, a strong wind in the winter season quickly cools the outer walls, which means that the heat loss of a corner apartment will be much higher.

Therefore, they must be compensated by installing larger heating radiators. Take into account all the nuances, choose optimal solutions Only experienced specialists who know exactly how all the equipment is arranged and how it works can do it.

A beginner who decides to calculate the heating system in an apartment building will be doomed to failure from the very beginning. And this will lead not only to a significant overspending of resources, but also put the lives of the inhabitants of the house in danger.

How Radiators Can Affect Room Temperature

Speaking about the heating of an apartment and a house as a whole, it is impossible not to pay attention to heating radiators. Still, they are the main suppliers of heat to most of the premises of the apartment. Most people are accustomed to cast iron radiators, which began to be installed in homes almost a century ago.

These massive, slowly heating "monsters" still stand in most apartments today.

Homeowners paint them, cover them with curtains and tulle, and even install special screens to hide them.

But any obstacles reduce heat transfer, due to which the temperature in the room can drop by several degrees. That is why many apartment owners prefer to install more modern views radiators. They can be made from different materials.

This is what the main market for heating radiators looks like today. A large selection allows you to choose the right solution for even the most picky buyer who is not satisfied with outdated massive cast iron radiators.

Initially, the houses of Khrushchev's projects were conceived as temporary, to solve the housing problem. However, to this day, they occupy a fair share of the fund. The main problem of living is the scheme of the Khrushchev heating system and its device. Given the natural wear and tear, it often does not fully perform its functions.

Khrushchev centralized heating scheme

The houses of this project are characterized by a single-pipe scheme, when the distribution of the coolant starts from the upper (5th) floor and ends with the entry of cooled water into the basement. Such heating systems in Khrushchev have one significant drawback - the uneven distribution of heat throughout the apartments.

This is due to the successive passage of the coolant through the floors, i.e. the highest degree of its heating will be on the 5th, 4th, and on the 1st the amount of heat is not enough to heat the room. In addition, the heating scheme of the five-story Khrushchev has the following disadvantages:

Poor condition of heating elements. Lime buildup on the inner surface of pipes and batteries leads to a decrease in diameter, and as a result, a decrease in heat transfer;
No battery temperature control system. It is impossible to reduce the flow of coolant with devices, as this will affect the hydraulic pressure in the entire system. The way out is to install a bypass for each radiator.

To solve these problems, it is necessary to carry out modernization - to install modern radiators and pipes. Metal heating devices and pipelines made of polymers have proven themselves best. They possess increased performance heat dissipation, which contributes to the fastest heating of rooms. However, to create a truly efficient heating system in Khrushchev, it is necessary to replace all floors. If old pipes and radiators are left on the upper ones, then the rate of passage of water in the system will be unsatisfactory as before.

The implementation of such modernization can be carried out not only by the residents, but also by attracting the resources of the housing office. This organization is obliged to carry out planned replacement of pipelines. They also know how the heating system in Khrushchev is arranged - the scheme and location of pipelines for a particular house.

Auxiliary heating in Khrushchev

What to do if, even after the improvement and replacement of elements, the temperature in the apartment is far from ideal. The best option is autonomous heating in Khrushchev. However, this is not always possible - the installation of a gas boiler is not allowed due to low pressure in the line or due to inappropriate chimney channels.

Then they begin to develop alternative ways to increase the temperature in the room. The negative point is that the heating scheme of the five-story Khrushchev house does not provide for the connection of additional radiators. This can lead to a decrease in pressure in the pipes and a significant loss of heat for residents living below. To avoid unpleasant moments, you can perform a number of actions that contribute to energy saving in the apartment.

Insulation of the outer walls of Khrushchev

It is recommended to install a heat-insulating layer on the outer walls. It will help reduce heat losses and will not affect the current state of the heating system in Khrushchev. It is also necessary to replace old wooden windows with new ones made of PVC or glued beams. Particular attention should be paid to the thickness of the double-glazed windows. For effective thermal insulation, this parameter must be at least 28 mm.

Warm floor in Khrushchev

This is one of the best mechanisms for raising the temperature in an apartment. It can be installed not only in the bathroom and kitchen, but also in living quarters. It is best to choose infrared floor heating models, since their installation requires a minimum increase in thickness. floor covering. The Khrushchev heating scheme is not designed to connect a water heated floor. Its installation can lead to improper operation of the entire heating circuit of the house.

Apartment heaters

They can solve the problem with the rate of air heating in the apartment and do not affect the operation of the main heating system of apartments in Khrushchev. Along with traditional oil and converter-type electric heaters, infrared models have become very popular. They increase the temperature not of the air, but of objects, heating their surface. However, the disadvantage of such devices is the increase in financial costs for electricity.

Before connecting the heaters, it is necessary to check the wiring. Often the cross section of the wire is not designed for large loads. The heating scheme for a five-story Khrushchev building is designed only for a water coolant.
Therefore, it is first recommended to replace it, only after that install powerful electrical appliances.

Autonomous heating systems in Khrushchev: choosing a boiler and proper piping

Contrary to popular belief, you can make individual heating in Khrushchev. To do this, it is necessary to select a boiler that meets the standards and provide the management company with the developed project. Previously, she gives the technical conditions on the basis of which an autonomous heating system in Khrushchev is compiled.

What should be taken into account when solving this problem? Consider the main components autonomous heating in Khrushchev - a boiler, a piping system and radiators.

Heating boiler for Khrushchev

Average area two-room apartment in Khrushchev does not exceed 60 m2. Therefore, the optimal power of a gas boiler should be 7-8 kW. The next condition is the type of burner - it must be closed. Since the installation of the heating system in Khrushchev according to the scheme does not provide for the installation of a boiler, normal air exchange should be ensured for its operation. This is necessary for air intake from the street using a coaxial chimney. In some cases, it is possible to install carbon monoxide exhaust systems into the air ducts of the building. But before that, you need to get the approval of the fire department. Often this is precisely the obstacle to the installation of individual heating in Khrushchev.

Heating pipes and radiators

For laying the highway, it is best to use reinforced pipes made of polypropylene. They are characterized simple installation, affordable cost. Their advantages include the possibility of hidden installation. It can only be performed in the floor, since strobing bearing walls forbidden. The scheme of the heating system in Khrushchev is arranged in such a way that the place of installation of radiators is most often located under the windows. When designing autonomous system heating, it is possible to provide for the installation of additional batteries. Most often they are installed in the bathroom.

Khrushchev heating project and schemes

When developing a Khrushchev heating scheme, all the nuances must be foreseen. In particular, the provision of hot water. Therefore, it is best to purchase double-circuit heating boilers.

The requirements for the scheme are no different from the standard ones.

Compliance of the temperature regime and pressure with the operational characteristics of pipes, radiators;
Connection to a water supply system for feeding heating;
Installation of expansion tank and circulation pump.

In this case, it is possible to install a water heated floor. For this, the Khrushchev heating scheme provides for the installation of a collector. It will distribute the heat carrier through the floor heating pipelines, the built-in system for mixing hot and cold water flows (two-way valve) will automatically adjust the temperature.

To minimize the increase in floor thickness, it is recommended to use decorative coating designed for installation directly on water heating pipes. The package must be labeled accordingly.

In addition to upgrading the autonomous heating installation, a number of actions can be taken, the result of which will lead to a decrease in current operating costs and payment for housing and communal services. Given the specific scheme of the heating system in Khrushchev, the installation of heat meters in the apartment is impractical. This is due to the lack of a central riser, i.e. even for one-room apartment you will have to put at least three counters - in the bathroom, in the kitchen and in the living room.

The total cost of installing one device can range from 25 to 30 thousand rubles. The way out of this situation is to install a common house meter. It will take into account the amount of heat energy consumed for the entire building. Fortunately, the centralized scheme, characteristic of all types of Khrushchev heating, allows this to be done. As an additional function, a mode for adjusting the supply of coolant depending on the outside temperature can be provided.

For the central heating circuit of a five-story Khrushchev building, you can install a balancing riser. It will perform the functions of evenly distributing the coolant over all floors of the house. However, which project is carried out only in agreement with the housing office, as it belongs to the category of changing the principle of supplying hot water.

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How is the heating system in multi-storey buildings. The standard scheme of the Khrushchev heating system and its device: the possibility of modernization and installation of autonomous complexes

General classification

The heat carrier used for heat supply

Supply from city networks

Autonomous boiler room for one building

Boilers in apartments

Types of in-house distribution systems

Bottom heat supply

Schemes with single pipe supply

Two-pipe system

Top heat supply

Separate connection for each apartment

Types of heating systems for apartment buildings

According to the location of the heat source

According to the characteristics of the coolant

According to the wiring diagram

Replacement, transfer and selection of radiators in an apartment building

Installing a heat meter

Video: how heating is supplied in an apartment building

Heating system of an apartment building: one-pipe and two-pipe

Connection types

Single pipe heating system

Two-pipe heating system

DHW in the heating system

Radiators for centralized heating system

Conclusion

Heating system in an apartment building: types, pressure testing, calculation and drain

Types of heating systems in an apartment building

The device of the heating system in an apartment building

Adjustment of the heating system in an apartment building

How is the payment for heating in an apartment building calculated?

How to calculate the required amount of heat, starting from the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe apartment

What is pressure testing of the heating system in an apartment building

Repair of the heating system of an apartment building

Why do I need to flush the heating system in an apartment building

How to flush the heating system in an apartment building

At whose expense is the discharge of the heating system of an apartment building

What are the heating systems of an apartment building - schemes

Centralized heating systems

Connection types

Two-pipe heating network and types of wiring

What is the difference between the lower wiring and the upper one?

Purpose and structure

Principle of operation and design features

Advantages and disadvantages

What is heating

Development of a heating system project

How Radiators Can Affect Room Temperature

Khrushchev centralized heating scheme

Auxiliary heating in Khrushchev

Insulation of the outer walls of Khrushchev

Warm floor in Khrushchev

Apartment heaters

Autonomous heating systems in Khrushchev: choosing a boiler and proper piping

Heating boiler for Khrushchev

Heating pipes and radiators

Khrushchev heating project and schemes

How to calculate the required amount of heat, starting from the area of \u200b\u200bthe apartment