Turning directly to the consideration of the goals, tasks and functions of the internal affairs bodies, it is extremely important to briefly dwell on some basic general theoretical concepts.
As already mentioned, the goal determines the content of management. For this reason, the starting point of all management activities and an extremely important prerequisite for the effective functioning of the management system is the definition of goals as the main system-forming feature of any organization, in this sense, management is a process of goal setting and goal realization.
Under problem in the science of management, it is customary to understand the discovered difference between the actual and desired state of the system. The formulated problems are reflected in specific goals. Target the same is the future desired state of the control object or its individual parameters, ĸᴏᴛᴏᴩᴏᴇ in the control process allows you to solve the problem. The goal in this case acts as a unity of motives, means and results. It is necessary to distinguish between the goals of the system (what the system was created for) and the goals of management (organizational sustainability and development of systems and management processes)
Task- there is a concretization of the goal, through the solution of which it is achieved. Under functions in this case, it is customary to understand work regularly performed in any area in one of the areas that have arisen as a result of the division of labor, in order to solve the tasks assigned to the system, aimed at achieving the goals of the system.
ʼʼFunctional responsibilitiesʼʼ are personified, that is, the duties lying on a specific person to carry out certain work to solve the set tasks and achieve goals.
ʼʼThe criterion for achieving goalsʼʼ is the basis for assessing management effectiveness. It is carried out using pre-developed criteria and relevant indicators to determine the degree of achievement of the goal.
One of the specific internal functions of the state is its protective function, aimed at ensuring the protection of law and order. It is formed from public needs for law enforcement and comes from existing legislation.
By delegating much of this function Ministry of the Interior, the state entrusts it with the implementation, within its powers, of public administration in the field of protecting the rights and freedoms of man and citizen, protecting law and order, ensuring public safety and directly implementing the basic areas of activity of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation and the internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia.
This is the purpose of the functioning of the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in the field of its external administration.
Tasks systems are derived from goals and reveal the main directions of its activities. This is:
Development and adoption, within its competence, of measures to protect the rights and freedoms of man and citizen, protect objects regardless of ownership, ensure public order and public safety;
Organization and implementation of measures for the prevention and suppression of crimes and administrative offenses, detection and investigation of crimes;
Management of internal affairs bodies and internal troops in order to fulfill the tasks assigned to them and take measures to improve their activities;
Improving the legal framework for the activities of internal affairs bodies and internal troops, ensuring the rule of law in their activities;
Improving work with personnel, their professional training, ensuring the legal and social protection of employees and military personnel of the Ministry's system: developing and strengthening the material and technical base of the internal affairs bodies and internal troops.
As can be seen from this list, the tasks of the system are associated not only with the control impact on the objects of the external environment, but also with the presence of internal control tasks related to the ordering of the system and the organization of its functioning.
The functions of the system of internal affairs bodies reflect the direct content of their activities in the field of both external and internal management, aimed at solving their goals and objectives.
The vast majority functions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia is aimed at solving the problems of intra-organizational management of the system of internal affairs bodies of Russia and ensuring its functioning. According to the general classification of the functions of control systems, these are the so-called staff and support functions. These include such specific functions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia as:
Determination of the basic directions of the system's activities;
Analysis of the state of law and order and development of long-term and operational forecasts for the development of the criminal situation in the country;
Summarizing the practice of applying the legislation of the Russian Federation on issues within the competence of the Ministry and submitting proposals to the legislative and executive authorities for its improvement;
Participation in the development of federal and regional programs in the field of protection of human and civil rights and freedoms, law enforcement and the fight against crime;
Organization of the activities of the internal affairs bodies in the main areas of their functioning (operational-search, forensic, inquiry and preliminary investigation, prevention, detection and suppression of crimes, search for persons who have committed crimes, hiding from the bodies of inquiry, investigation or court, identification of unidentified corpses, ensuring security personality, public order and public safety, protection of various forms of ownership, licensing, traffic safety, etc.)
Goals, objectives and functions of the ATS system. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Goals, tasks and functions of the ATS system." 2017, 2018.
Turning directly to the consideration of the goals, tasks and functions of the internal affairs bodies, it is necessary to briefly dwell on some basic general theoretical concepts.
As already mentioned, the goal determines the content of management. Therefore, the starting point of all management activities and a necessary prerequisite for the effective functioning of the management system is the definition of goals as the main backbone feature of any organization, in this sense, management is a process of goal setting and goal realization.
Target the same is the future desired state of the control object or its individual parameters, which, in the control process, allows solving the problem posed. The goal in this case acts as a unity of motives, means and results. It is necessary to distinguish between the goals of the system (what the system was created for) and the goals of management (organizational sustainability and development of systems and management processes)
Task- there is a concretization of the goal, through the solution of which it is achieved.
Under functions in this case, we mean work regularly performed in any area in one of the areas that have arisen as a result of the division of labor, to solve the tasks set for the system, aimed at achieving the goals of the system.
“Functional responsibilities” are personified, that is, the duties lying on a specific person to carry out certain work to solve the set tasks and achieve goals.
"The criterion for achieving goals" is the basis for assessing the effectiveness of management. It is carried out with the help of pre-developed criteria and relevant indicators to determine the degree of achievement of the goal.
One of the specific internal functions of the state is its protective function, aimed at ensuring the protection of law and order. It is formed from public needs for law enforcement and comes from existing legislation.
By delegating the execution of a large part of this function Ministry of the Interior, the state entrusts it with the implementation, within its powers, of state administration in the field of protecting the rights and freedoms of man and citizen, protecting law and order, ensuring public safety and directly implementing the main activities of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation and the internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia.
This is the purpose of the functioning of the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in the field of its external administration.
The tasks of the system are derived from the goals and reveal the main directions of its activity. This is:
Development and adoption, within its competence, of measures to protect the rights and freedoms of man and citizen, protect objects regardless of ownership, ensure public order and public safety;
Organization and implementation of measures for the prevention and suppression of crimes and administrative offenses, detection and investigation of crimes;
Management of internal affairs bodies and internal troops in order to fulfill the tasks assigned to them and take measures to improve their activities;
Improving the legal framework for the activities of the internal affairs bodies and internal troops, ensuring the rule of law in their activities;
Improving work with personnel, their professional training, ensuring the legal and social protection of employees and military personnel of the Ministry's system: developing and strengthening the material and technical base of the internal affairs bodies and internal troops.
As can be seen from this list, the tasks of the system are associated not only with the control impact on the objects of the external environment, but also with the presence of internal control tasks related to the ordering of the system and the organization of its functioning.
The functions of the system of internal affairs bodies reflect the direct content of their activities in the field of both external and internal management, aimed at solving their goals and objectives.
The vast majority functions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia is aimed at solving the problems of intra-organizational management of the system of internal affairs bodies of Russia and ensuring its functioning. According to the general classification of the functions of control systems, these are the so-called staff and support functions.
These include such specific functions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia as:
Definition of the main directions of activity of the system;
Analysis of the state of law and order and development of long-term and operational forecasts for the development of the crime situation in the country;
Summarizing the practice of applying the legislation of the Russian Federation on issues within the competence of the Ministry and submitting proposals to the legislative and executive authorities for its improvement;
Participation in the development of federal and regional programs in the field of protecting the rights and freedoms of man and citizen, protecting law and order and combating crime;
Organization of the activities of the internal affairs bodies in the main areas of their functioning (operational-search, forensic, inquiry and preliminary investigation, prevention, detection and suppression of crimes, search for persons who have committed crimes, hiding from the bodies of inquiry, investigation or court, identification of unidentified corpses, personal security, public order and public safety, protection of various forms of ownership, licensing, traffic safety, etc.)
The main tasks of the ATS
- 1. ensuring the security of the individual on the territory of the municipality;
- 2. prevention and suppression of crimes and administrative offenses on the territory of the municipality;
- 3. detection, disclosure and investigation of crimes;
- 4. protection of public order and ensuring public safety on the territory of the municipality;
- 5. participation in ensuring road safety on the territory of the municipality;
- 6. participation in the organization on the territory of the municipality of the protection of property of individuals and legal entities under contracts;
- 7. providing, within the competence of the internal affairs bodies, assistance to individuals and legal entities in protecting their rights and legitimate interests;
- 8. consideration and resolution of written and oral appeals of citizens.
Under any socio-political system, regime of power, the internal affairs bodies, no matter how they are called, performed, among others, general tasks: the protection of public order, public safety, and the fight against crime.
One of the tasks is to optimize the management of internal affairs bodies. The administrative vertical in each subject of the Federation should be closed to one leader who takes responsibility for the state of affairs in the entrusted administrative territory. The second is the strengthening of accounting and registration discipline, and the third is a set of measures to increase the authority of the police and trust in it among the population.
At present, the improvement of the management of city railroad authorities is carried out in the following areas.
- 1. Clear setting of goals, objectives, identification of priority areas of activity.
- 2. Differentiated delimitation of powers and responsibilities for the management of subordinate units by the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Central Internal Affairs Directorate, the Internal Affairs Directorate, the constituent entities of the Federation, and the city district authorities.
- 3. The optimal ratio of the beginnings of centralization and decentralization in the management of ATS.
- 4. Strengthening the legal foundations for the organization and functioning of the police department.
- 5. Optimization of the organizational forms of building the police department, expanding the rights of ministers, chiefs of the Central Internal Affairs Directorate, the Internal Affairs Directorate, city railing agencies to adjust organizational structures and redistribute staffing.
- 6. Improvement of management processes.
- 7. Creation of a reliable information support system for all levels of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, especially the lower level, provision of financial and material and technical resources in accordance with the standards.
- 8. Maximum use of positively proven forms and methods of operational, service, organizational activities.
- 9. Improving the style and methods of management.
At present, many priorities of the state-legal policy are radically changing in Russia, including those that determine the role and significance of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, primarily as a repressive and punitive body, there is a process of reorientation of law enforcement agencies towards social services to society. Varguzova A.A. Administrative and legal regulation of the activities of internal affairs bodies in the field of ensuring public security of the Russian Federation: Monograph. M., 2007.
The law enforcement policy of the Russian state is aimed at improving the fundamental areas of law enforcement. When determining its content, Russian legislators proceed from the most modern methods of organizing the entire system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. It should be noted that generally recognized international standards are taken into account.
Thanks to the measures taken, a single centralized vertical of control has been restored in the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, disunity and unreasonable duplication in the work of various services and departments of internal affairs bodies, both at the federal and regional levels, have been eliminated. The ministry is consolidating, getting rid of structural redundancy and imbalance. The staffing of the service is being strengthened.
In accordance with the current legislation, the local administration, within its competence, manages the internal affairs bodies and, with their help, ensures the protection of public order in the territory under its jurisdiction.
Public order is maintained by the local administration using the forces of the public security police (local police). The local police is part of the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia and operates at the local level as an independent unit of the relevant internal affairs body. In its activities, it is subordinate to the relevant body of internal affairs, as well as local governments within their competence.
The apparatus of the public security police includes various services and divisions: duty units, divisions of the patrol service (including detachments of the special police, the state automobile inspection, district inspectors, isolation wards for the temporary detention of detainees and persons taken into custody, special administrative arrests). It also includes units for the protection of objects under contracts, protection and escort, detained and arrested, licensing and permitting work and control over private detective and security activities, for the implementation of administrative legislation, for the prevention of juvenile delinquency, for the disclosure of crimes, in cases of which the proceedings preliminary investigation is not necessary, specialized units of inquiry, as well as other units and services necessary for the successful solution of the tasks facing it.
Within its competence, it has the right to receive from citizens and officials the necessary explanations, information, certificates and documents, to call them on cases and materials that are in the production of the police.
In accordance with the law, the police have the right to detain persons who have committed administrative offenses, draw up protocols on offenses and, within their competence, impose administrative penalties on the perpetrators; carry out the necessary criminal procedure actions in accordance with the law.
Based on the analysis of the causes and conditions for the commission of various kinds of offenses, the police have the right to submit to state authorities, public associations, enterprises, institutions and organizations, submissions and proposals to eliminate the causes and conditions conducive to the commission of offenses that are mandatory for consideration.
In the process of ensuring the protection of public order and public safety, the police have the right to detain and detain persons suspected of committing crimes, evading the execution of criminal punishment and administrative arrest; servicemen suspected of committing a crime or an administrative offense until they are handed over to military patrols, a military commandant, commanders of military units or military commissars.
In the performance of their duties, police officers have the right to freely enter residential and other premises of citizens, land plots belonging to them, the territory and premises of enterprises, institutions and organizations and inspect them when pursuing persons suspected of committing a crime. This right can also be used if there are sufficiently serious data that a crime has been committed or is being committed in the named premises and territories, an accident has occurred, as well as for the personal safety of citizens and public safety in case of natural disasters, catastrophes, etc. At the same time, it should be borne in mind that in all cases when the entry into the dwelling was carried out by police officers against the will of citizens living in it, the police are obliged to notify the prosecutor of the actions committed by it within 24 hours.
For travel to the place of a natural disaster, delivery to medical institutions of citizens in need of urgent medical care, prosecution of persons who have committed crimes, etc., the police have the right to use vehicles of enterprises, institutions, organizations, public associations and citizens, except for transport, belonging to diplomatic, consular and other representations of foreign states, international organizations and special vehicles.
In cases prescribed by law, the police have the right to use physical force, as well as special means (rubber sticks, tear gas, handcuffs, light and sound distractions, means of destroying obstacles, forcibly stopping vehicles, water cannons and armored vehicles, special coloring agents, service dogs).
In the list of police rights, a special place is occupied by the right of its employees to use firearms. This right is used by police officers to protect citizens from an attack that is dangerous to their life or health; in case of repelling an attack on a police officer, when his life or health is in real danger; to free the hostages; to prevent escape from custody and in other cases strictly stipulated in the Law of the RSFSR "On the Police".
Service in the police has its own characteristics arising from the specifics of its tasks and activities. With this in mind, the procedure and conditions for serving in the police are regulated by the Regulations on Service in the Internal Affairs Bodies of the Russian Federation.
Topic 2. Organization of the management system of internal affairs bodiesIntroduction
The systematic approach to management, which was developed in the second half of the 20th century, proceeds from the fact that an organization is a set of interrelated elements, such as people, structure, tasks, technologies, which are focused on achieving various goals in a changing environment. A systematic approach is a way of thinking in relation to organization and management that considers the organization as a multifaceted phenomenon that links the goals, resources and processes that take place in the organization and outside it into an organic whole.
Consideration of the internal affairs bodies as a management system obliges us to turn to such concepts as a system, a management system, signs of a management system, goals, objectives and functions of management, organizational management structures.
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1. Internal affairs bodies as a control system
The concept of a system. System (Greek word) - means something integral, made up of any parts. At present, in the most general form, system
is understood as an ordered set of elements interconnected and forming an integral unity.
A system is not just a total sum of elements, but a complex structural formation with a certain arrangement of these elements. Thus, the system is characterized presence of structure. Structure is the internal structure of the system, the form of ordering of its interacting elements.
The elements of the system of internal affairs bodies are its structural divisions, which are interconnected and the entire system as a whole. Their construction is influenced by:
- the versatility of the functions performed;
- federal structure;
- administrative-territorial division.
An indispensable feature of the system is that its properties are not reduced to the properties of individual elements of the system, i.e. in their unity, the elements give rise to a qualitatively new formation. Thus, the activities of individual services (investigation department - investigation of crimes, criminal police - detection of crimes, police of public security - protection of public order and ensuring public safety) in their totality form a systemic quality of the internal affairs bodies - namely, the ability to solve complex law enforcement tasks.
^ Control system . Management requires subject of management(the one who controls, or the control subsystem), control object(the one who is managed, or the managed subsystem), straight(for transmission of control - command information) and reverse(for the transmission of informing information) links between them. The listed elements form control system(see fig. 1).
Management provides a continuous and purposeful impact of the subject of management on the object of management, which can be a technological installation, a team or an individual. Management is a process, and the management system is a mechanism that ensures this process.
Depending on the type of management (technical, biological, social), there are also three types of management systems - technical, biological and social. The term "social management system" refers to a set of people, methods and means of management that purposefully influence society or a particular social group in order to preserve or improve them.
AT
quality subjects of social management act: the state and its bodies, officials, public organizations and their bodies, citizens endowed with appropriate powers.
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Objects of social management
- these are enterprises, institutions, organizations, officials, public organizations, citizens of the Russian Federation, foreign citizens, stateless persons.
By channels direct connection there is directive information, through feedback channels - informing (about the progress of execution of commands, management decisions, about failures in work). Feedback its value is not inferior to a straight line. With a temporary absence of feedback, the subject of control can no longer issue commands, but can transmit information of a recommendatory nature through the active direct connection, because the manager does not know what results the previous commands led to
So, from the standpoint of a systematic approach control can be defined as the process of influencing a system in order to transfer it from one state to another, give it new qualities and properties, or maintain it in the established optimal mode.
^ Signs of a social management system :
1. Hierarchy or level building a system means that there are managing and managed levels of the system and each of the levels is, as a rule, part of a system of a higher level (district departments of internal affairs, together with the city departments, form a system of internal affairs bodies of the city; then they, together with the police department of other municipalities, form a system Departments of internal affairs of the subject of the Russian Federation, and in their totality create the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation).
Moreover, each level has a connection with both higher-level systems and lower-level systems. In fact, the internal affairs body simultaneously acts both as a control system (in relation to lower bodies) and as a controlled system (in relation to higher systems).
2. determinism elements of the system - the relationship between them and the system as a whole, in which the state and activity of one structural element of the ATS is reflected in the state and activity of other elements and the body as a system as a whole.
3. ^ System interaction with external environment functioning. The system environment is a set of objects (conditions, phenomena, relations, etc.) external to the system, among which it functions, which determine its necessity and create the conditions for its existence and development. For internal affairs bodies, the external environment of functioning is predetermined by criminal and other manifestations threatening society. The system responds to various kinds of fluctuations in the external environment with appropriate actions.
4. ^ Dynamism (dynamic) or ability to adapt , i.e. flexibility, the ability to change under the influence of both external and internal factors, the ability to quickly respond, restructure activities in accordance with new conditions. This property is due to the system's desire for self-preservation and ensures the success of the system's opposition to various kinds of disruptive influences (increased migration of the population, mass violations of public order, etc.). At the same time, the system must be stable, not fall apart, not be reborn, quickly redistribute and include new funds. For these purposes, the subject of management takes measures to improve the activities of units. For example, functions are redistributed, separate divisions are created and abolished, etc.
5. Purposefulness- the presence of the general goals of the system, to which it strives through the performance of the functions assigned to it. The overall goal of the system is the goal for the achievement of which a systemic education is created, i.e. future result of its activities. Once the objectives of the system have been achieved, the need for a management system is no longer needed.
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2. Goals and objectives of the management of internal affairs bodies
Goals of management. One of the hallmarks of a management system is purposefulness. Before any system there is some specific goal, for the achievement of which this system is created. Thus, the content of management depends on the goals of management. There are various approaches to determining the purpose of the organization, but almost all authors admit that the goal is the core around which management activity is formed.
Target can be defined as the future desired state of the control object, the expected end result of the activity. In any area of social management, its goals and criteria for evaluating management activities are determined, through which the degree of approach to the goal is determined.
The goals facing the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation as a specific systemic entity are a debatable issue. There are no clearly defined goals of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in the regulations, therefore, in theory, this category is very actively discussed, different authors offer their own formulations of the goals of the ATS, and also make proposals for the development and regulatory consolidation of the mission of the ATS.
Often the goals of the internal affairs bodies are determined by analogy with the goals of the police (Article 1 of the Law of the Russian Federation “On the Police”): the police in the Russian Federation is a system of state executive bodies designed to protect the life, health, rights and freedoms of citizens, property, the interests of society and state from criminal and other unlawful encroachments.
^ Tasks of ATS management . The goal is specified in the tasks facing the Department of Internal Affairs, which are enshrined in the Regulations on the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation (Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of July 19, 2004 No. 927).
They can be divided into two groups:
1) main or external, reflecting the social order, i.e. the needs of society in the fight against crime, the protection of public order, the provision of public safety, the provision of assistance and services to the population. These are the tasks for the implementation of which the internal affairs bodies were created :
- development of a general strategy of state policy in the established field of activity;
- ensuring, within the limits of their authority, the protection of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen;
- organization within its powers of prevention, detection, suppression, disclosure and investigation of crimes, as well as prevention and suppression of administrative offenses;
– ensuring the protection of public order;
- Ensuring road safety;
- organization and implementation of state control over the circulation of weapons;
– organization in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation of state protection of property and organizations;
2) providing or internal, the emergence of which is associated with the need to create certain conditions and prerequisites for the proper implementation of the main tasks. These are the tasks, in fact, of managing the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation and the internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, organizing their activities (tasks of improving legal regulation in the established field of activity; personnel and logistics).
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3. Functions of management of internal affairs bodies
The solution of the designated tasks is carried out through the implementation functions
management. Function from lat. “execution, activity, duty, work”. The most common interpretation of a function is a direction of activity. Control tasks are manifested in functions.
The classification of management functions is based on the content of the work performed. On this basis, they differ:
1. general functions management inherent in the entire management system as a whole and its individual links. This group includes: forecasting, planning, organization, regulation, accounting, analysis, control.
Forecasting- this is a scientifically based judgment about the possible states of the control object in the future or the ways and timing of achieving these states. In practice, a forecast is a document that fixes the possible degree of achievement of certain goals, depending on the method of future actions. Forecasting acts as a stage of pre-planned development and selection of a planned solution.
Planning - this is the development of a general concept for the development of the management system, the rationale for specific tasks, deadlines, goals and ways to implement them, i.e. action programs (measures) for the prospective period.
Organization- its essence lies in the development and implementation of specific measures to implement the decision. These include: selection of performers; bringing tasks and deadlines for their implementation to each performer; special training or retraining of executors for the implementation of new tasks assigned to them; choice of methods (methods) to achieve the goals; material, financial and other support of performers.
Regulation- these are actions aimed at establishing, changing or terminating certain managerial relations. Thanks to the regulation, the established organization is preserved, the existing links between the various elements of the control system are maintained, and possible deviations from the program of tasks in the behavior of the control object are eliminated in a timely manner. With the help of regulation, direct operational management of the system is carried out, constant maintenance, preservation and improvement of the relationships that exist between the subject and the object of management.
Accounting- this is a systematic collection of information about the statics (structure) and dynamics (changes) of the control object, carried out by registering, comparing and comparing specific facts (parameters) that characterize the state and development of social processes from the quantitative and qualitative sides. By means of accounting, the subject of management is provided with information on the progress of achieving management goals, the implementation of plans, management decisions, orders, etc. Thanks to accounting, it is possible to monitor the state of the management system.
Analysis. The data obtained as a result of the implementation of accounting functions are subject to analysis, which is understood as a cognitive type of activity for processing and comprehending information, carried out for the purpose of in-depth study and understanding of the state of the control object, in order to timely provide the appropriate managerial impact on the control object. Positive and negative phenomena and their cause-and-effect relationships, factors influencing management efficiency are analyzed. Thanks to the analysis, an objective assessment of reality is achieved.
The control- this is an action that establishes the compliance of the result of the execution with the decision made by comparing the actually achieved intermediate or final results and the tasks (tasks) provided for by the plan.
2. special control functions provide an organizing impact on certain areas of social activity. The types and content of special functions are determined by the relevant area of management. So, for example, in the sphere of internal affairs, special (basic) functions are: ensuring the personal safety of citizens and public safety, protecting public order and property, solving crimes, etc.
The lower the level of management at which the relevant structural unit is located, the more it is characterized by the direct implementation of special functions. At a higher level of management, for example, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, these functions find their expression mainly in the general management of this work, control and coordination.
3.providing (auxiliary) control functions, service processes for the implementation of general and special functions. This type of functions includes: personnel, material and technical (economic), financial, office work, legal, etc.
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General, special (basic) and supporting functions
exist side by side and in interaction with each other. In this regard, the underestimation of a particular function, its unscrupulous performance will inevitably have a negative impact on the entire system of functions and management results.
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4. Organizational and structural construction of the internal affairs bodies
Before any social management system, a goal is set, which is specified in the tasks solved through the implementation of management functions. Functions in turn determine the structure of the organization. Thus, the management system is built according to the following formula: goals - tasks - functions - structure.
Structure (lat. - structure, arrangement, order) - a set of stable connections of an object that ensure its integrity and the preservation of basic properties. Structurality is an indispensable condition for the existence of any system. Those. all social management systems have their own structure, which is a set of certain and in a certain way located and interconnected elements.
Organizational structure of the Department of Internal Affairs - this is a set of structural subdivisions of the Department of Internal Affairs, a certain order of their subordination and forms of distribution of functions. In other words, it is a set of structural units and their interconnections.
^ Types of structural divisions of internal affairs bodies . In accordance with the three functions that implement the ATS (general, special and providing), three types of structural units can be distinguished:
1. industry (special)- these are the services that implement special functions (criminal police and public security police units, as well as preliminary investigation bodies). The branch services are entrusted with the main functions: the protection of public order, the prevention, detection and investigation of crimes, the fight against economic crimes, administrative practice, etc., for the sake of which the internal affairs bodies were created;
2. providing- these are the so-called "auxiliary services", which create the conditions for the implementation of special functions. These include the following units: personnel, financial planning, logistics, technical services (communications, special, forensic, computer equipment), information, medical, documentation support, etc.;
3. headquarters units. Headquarters provide continuous monitoring and response to changes in the operational situation, a comprehensive analysis and forecasting of the criminogenic situation, organizing interaction and coordinating the activities of services and divisions in solving system-wide, intersectoral and regional tasks of combating crime and protecting public order, planning performance, etc. . All these general functions are carried out by duty units, information and analytical units, organizational and inspection units (headquarters).
In their totality, branch, support and headquarters units form the organizational structure of the internal affairs body.
^ Type of organizational structure shows the nature of the relationship between structural units. All existing organizational management structures can be divided into two types: hierarchical and organic.
essence hierarchical type comes down to this:
- clearly defined hierarchy;
- the type of leadership is monocentric constant;
- the existence of rules and regulations that clearly define duties and rights;
– a clear separation of functions;
- the efficiency of this type is determined by a rationally designed structure.
^ organic type :
- lack of hierarchy;
- polycentric type of leadership - change of leaders depending on the situation;
- relations are built on the basis of a changing system of norms and values;
- organization of labor on the basis of temporary assignment of functions to individual groups;
- the source of efficiency is in the development of personnel, self-organization and initiative of employees.
The organizational structure of the ATS has features of a hierarchical type. The hierarchical type of organizational structure has several varieties (linear, functional and linear-functional) :
a) linear structure characterized by the direct influence of the leader on the managed link in all management functions and subordination on all issues to a higher boss, i.e. direct subordination "superior manager" - "leader" - "performer". With this type, the unity of management is ensured, so the leader is personally responsible for the work of subordinate units in all areas (Fig. 1).
E 
This structure has a number of advantages that make it possible to manage quickly and efficiently. It is the simplest: it has one communication channel (vertically), each subordinate has only one boss. This contributes to clear and efficient management, increases the responsibility of the manager for the efficiency of the work of the link he leads.
However, the optimality of leadership: 5–9 subordinates (up to 15 people if the functions are similar). This structure is used for small volumes of work and the number of employees. In the ATS system, this type of organizational structure is used in the management, for example, of a patrol service.
When the scale of work is larger, and the range of problems to be solved is increasing, the technical and organizational level is increasing, the linear structure is ineffective, since the manager cannot know everything, and therefore cannot manage well. The management of large-scale work with complex relationships is built on a functional structure.
b) functional type management organizations - general management is carried out by the line manager through the heads of functional bodies. That. the line manager transfers his management rights to several functional managers, each of which manages one of the specialized functions. As a result, performers have several functional managers. The performers are in double subordination. So, the employee is obliged to simultaneously fulfill the instructions of his line manager and the functional one. With a functional management structure, the line manager has the opportunity to deal more with operational management issues, since functional managers free him from solving special issues.
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However, this type of governance structure is not without its drawbacks. Because management commands come from many functional services to one unit or to one performer, the problem of mutual coordination of these commands arises, which creates certain difficulties. As a result, this is fraught with the loss of centralized principles in leadership, the emergence of several leaders for each of the subordinates, each of which can give binding orders that may contradict each other, hence conflicts, etc. In connection with these, this type of organizational structure of management in the internal affairs bodies is not used.
To avoid the shortcomings of both the linear and the functional structure, the linear-functional (staff) type helps to a large extent.
in) line-function type- derivative of linear and functional. It consists in the fact that line managers carry out their activities on the principles of unity of command (the head of the internal affairs body), but to ensure the necessary competence of managerial decisions, functional units are created under the head (criminal police, public security police, investigative department). They are headed by leading experts in certain areas (deputy chiefs in these areas). They act as assistants to the head for individual functions, prepare decisions, but their leader, the one-man leader, makes them. Accordingly, functional managers give commands that relate to the activities of the entire organization, only through the line manager.
Naturally, in this state of affairs, the load on the line manager, who must play the role of an intermediary between functional services and subordinate units, increases sharply. For all its positive aspects, the linear-functional management structure also has a number of disadvantages, which become especially noticeable in connection with an increase in the scale of work. The larger the body, the more difficult it is for the line manager to coordinate the work. In addition, there are no strong links between functional services in the structure (everything goes through the line manager), as a result of which poor interaction and parallelism in work can be observed.
But despite all these problems, of all the varieties of structures of the hierarchical type of management organization, it is the linear-functional type that has found the greatest application in the management of ATS.
However, the specifics of the work of the internal affairs bodies makes it necessary to improve the existing organizational structures and find the most optimal types for solving emerging problems. So, in practice, the program-target type of management structure (PCU - program-target management) began to be used, which is a kind of not a hierarchical, but an organic type of organizational management structure.
The OCU focuses on achieving a specific result in solving a particular problem within a predetermined period of time. The main stage of the OCU is the formation of the goal of the program. Further, the goal is divided into subgoals, target directions 1, 2, etc. are outlined. level. Each type of program has a specific form of completion. The program is managed by the manager. The Program Manager is the head of all coordination matters and is responsible for the execution of the program as a whole. He has the right to turn to any unit for help. An example of such a program-target management is investigative-operational groups for the investigation of certain criminal activities.
Thus, we can conclude that the linear-functional type of organizational management structure is the most optimal, but not the only type. There is a constant search and creation of new types of organizational structures of the Department of Internal Affairs.
Basic principles of building organizational structures of management :
1. Striving for a minimum of steps in the hierarchical structure.
2. Organizational security of functions (human and material resources).
3. The structure should not be complex (pattern: with the development of the system, it tends to become more complex, and this leads to an increase in the number of members, an increase in the cost of the system, slowing down the flow of information, reducing the responsiveness, etc.).
4. Achieving the optimal combination of centralization and decentralization.
5. Elimination of duplication of functions in management structures. Multiple services cannot be held responsible for performing the same function.
6. Ensuring relative uniformity of loads on each structural unit.
findings
Considering the internal affairs bodies as a social system, it must be borne in mind that it is a complex, dynamically developing, hierarchically built, multifunctional systemic formation of a state-legal nature that performs a set of tasks to protect public order, ensure personal and public security, prevent, suppress and solving crimes. The ATS system should be considered as a structural and functional unity of its individual interrelated elements that implement the assigned functions in a specific external environment.
Among the features of the management system that are inherent in the internal affairs bodies in full, we can name: the presence of a certain structure; determinism (interdependence of system elements); ATS interact with the external environment, and such a property as dynamism helps them to resist its influences, i.e. the ability to change; in addition, ATS have the property of purposefulness.
The goal is specified in the tasks: the main ones (i.e. external, reflecting the social order and determining the external activities of the Department of Internal Affairs) and internal, aimed at organizing activities from the inside. Tasks are implemented through functions (areas of activity): general, special and providing. Functions allow you to formulate the functional responsibilities of officials and determine the structure of the organization. The management system is always built in accordance with the formula: goal - tasks - functions - structure. A structural element is created to perform a specific function (and never vice versa).
Topic 3. Information and analytical work in the internal affairs bodies
A.A. BABANOV, Head of the Department of Social and Humanitarian Disciplines of the Volga Institute of Economics, Pedagogics and Law, Candidate of Philosophical Sciences, Associate Professor The rapid process of Russia's entry into the market economy has led to new qualitative changes in all spheres of public life. The criminogenic situation sharply aggravated, manifestations of various forms of negative social deviations began to acquire a mass character, significantly complicating the functioning of social institutions and organizations. As an instrument of political power to ensure the internal security of the individual, society and the state, the internal affairs bodies are a kind of social organization in the power system, and in the structure of law enforcement agencies - the central link in law enforcement and the fight against crime.
A.A. BABANOV,
Head of the Department of Social and Humanitarian Disciplines of the Volga Institute of Economics, Pedagogy and Law, Candidate of Philosophical Sciences, Associate Professor
The rapid process of Russia's entry into the market economy led to new qualitative changes in all spheres of public life. The criminogenic situation sharply aggravated, manifestations of various forms of negative social deviations began to acquire a mass character, significantly complicating the functioning of social institutions and organizations. As an instrument of political power to ensure the internal security of the individual, society and the state, the internal affairs bodies are a kind of social organization in the power system, and in the structure of law enforcement agencies - the central link in law enforcement and the fight against crime.
Changing economic, social, political, legal, spiritual and moral conditions are a feature of the functioning of social institutions and organizations, including internal affairs bodies. Living conditions make adjustments to the goals and objectives of their activities, cause a change in the mechanism of functioning, evaluation of the effectiveness of work. The Concept of the National Security of the Russian Federation and the Concept for the Development of the Internal Affairs Bodies and Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, developed by the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, have become a reflection of the objective need for reforming the internal affairs bodies.
Internal affairs bodies have a complex, multi-level structure. Determining its role and place in the system of ensuring national security, establishing the starting positions from which the process of its qualitative transformations begins, the reasons that caused them, as well as the very course of introducing innovations become the subject of study for specialists in the field of management theory, administrative law, theory and history of the state and law, as well as philosophy, sociology of organizations, political science.
At present, the development of the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia lags behind the requirements that are imposed on it in connection with the general change in the political, economic and social situation in Russia. Characteristic in the activities of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia are still the predominance of a repressive orientation, disregard for the rights and interests of citizens and entrepreneurs. This is primarily due to the fact that the selection of personnel for internal affairs bodies is still not carried out at the proper level.
The system of subdivisions for working with personnel that currently exists in the internal affairs bodies does not have the proper impact on the morale of employees, strengthening discipline and the rule of law. Many employees have lost confidence in the necessity and usefulness of the profession they have chosen for society, and their interest in the conscientious performance of their duties. The prestige of the internal affairs bodies and the public's confidence in their work have drastically declined. The priority direction in work with personnel was occupied by material incentives. A significant number of employees began to combine service in the internal affairs bodies with work in commercial organizations, government agencies, which had a negative impact on their attitude to the performance of official duty, executive discipline and compliance with the law.
HR departments are facing new challenges associated with fundamental changes in the forms and methods of working with personnel. Many tasks related to the protection of society and the state cannot be solved without appropriate moral prerequisites and conditions. It is important not only to correct the state and public criteria for ensuring the rule of law with moral criteria, but to give a humanistic content to this entire process, means and methods, that is, to bring their content in line with moral requirements. The rating of confidence in the police on the part of the population remains one of the lowest in comparison with other law enforcement agencies, state and public institutions. This disappointing conclusion is confirmed by the results of numerous surveys of citizens conducted by independent sociological centers in almost all regions of the country.
According to the results of polls by the independent research center ROMIR and the All-Russian Public Opinion Research Center, the last surge in trust in the police was recorded in October 2000: the number of those who trusted by 0.1% exceeded the number of those who did not trust (47.5 and 47.4%, respectively). ), and six months later, the trust rating dropped sharply. From November 1996 to September 2002, the rating of trust in the police practically does not change and fluctuates at the level of 35-40%.
However, one problem is clearly ignored in scientific research and journalism. Meanwhile, it concerns the formation of the personality of an employee of the internal affairs bodies, the psychological content of his life, the motivation and meaning of professional activity in new sociocultural conditions, as well as emerging professional deformations.
Due to the high social significance of the activity, the policeman for the main categories of citizens appears only as the bearer of a certain social function. This function is studied, analyzed and evaluated, and the person himself, as a rule, remains in the background.
At the same time, each person, regardless of the uniformity of the form, is still an individual, having his own unique inner content, associated with the desire to assert himself in life. The idea of one's individual significance in society gives rise to a contradiction between individual needs and social conditions.
One of the distinguishing features of the activities of employees of the internal affairs bodies is that the contradiction gives rise to the phenomenon of duty as a necessary condition for maintaining its social significance. The development of this phenomenon, the formation of a legal system of values should become the main tasks.
The activity of employees of internal affairs bodies is an organized practical interaction of people in a social system, partially closed from the rest of society, which limits them to strict legal and moral standards. A special place in the regulation of service relations in the internal affairs bodies is occupied by service discipline. In accordance with Art. 35 of the Regulations on Service in the Internal Affairs Bodies, responsibility for the state of service discipline among subordinates rests with the head. Along with high demands on subordinates, he is obliged to:
create the necessary conditions for work, rest, advanced training of subordinates;
To instill in subordinates a sense of responsibility for the performance of official duties; ensure transparency and objectivity in assessing the performance of subordinates;
respect the honor and dignity of subordinates;
Prevent protectionism in work with personnel, persecution of employees of the internal affairs bodies for personal reasons or for criticizing shortcomings in the activities of the internal affairs bodies.
The internal regulations in the internal affairs bodies are established by the immediate supervisors in accordance with the law and based on the characteristics of their activities. When determining the working hours, the manager must take into account that the employees of the internal affairs bodies are subject to the length of working hours established by labor legislation. Employees of the internal affairs bodies may, if necessary, be involved in the performance of official duties beyond the established time, as well as at night, on weekends and holidays. In these cases, compensation must be provided in the manner prescribed by labor legislation.
The criminal situation in the country, armed conflicts, acts of terrorism, etc. make it necessary to maintain a constantly increased combat readiness of the personnel of the units and services of the internal affairs bodies. The introduction of enhanced service options has become a normal phenomenon. Overtime continues to take place, significantly exceeding the annual limit, the regime of work and rest is violated. Due to the unsatisfactory material support of the internal affairs bodies, it is not possible to compensate for work in excess of the established duration in monetary terms, it is not possible to provide additional days of rest during the introduction of the enhanced version of service.
Service relations are regulated by Federal Law No. 119-FZ of July 31, 1995 “On the Fundamentals of Public Service in the Russian Federation”. The law also applies to employees serving in the internal affairs bodies, although it does not mention such a type of public service as civil service in the internal affairs bodies. It contains the main provisions on the passage of public service. Features of the civil service in individual state bodies are established by federal laws (clause 2, article 4). Unfortunately, there is no regulatory framework governing the civil service in the internal affairs bodies, which implies some difficulty in determining the place and role of this type of public service, as well as the legal status of employees of the internal affairs bodies.
In its content, the civil service is one of the activities of the state in the formation of a professional personnel core in order to fulfill the tasks of the state in the implementation of the function of protecting the rights and freedoms of citizens, ensuring law and order. In more detail, service relations in the internal affairs bodies are regulated by a set of regulations. The process of forming the legislative base for the legal support of the functioning of the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, the procedure for serving in the internal affairs bodies has not yet been completed and needs to be improved.
The successful professional activity of employees of internal affairs bodies largely depends on their legal position (status) in the public service system. The effectiveness of the functioning of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia depends on the nature of the legal framework.
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