Mushrooms occupy an important place in human life. Without penicillin and yeast, our existence would be more difficult. The tradition of eating them is not common in all countries, since they are a difficult product for digestion. There are more than 100,000 species of them, some of which are dangerous to humans.
Accurate global statistics on the number of people affected by fungi are not kept. So it is impossible to say for sure which of them is the most dangerous, with complete certainty. Even spoiled pickled edible mushrooms pose a threat. At the slightest suspicion, they should be thrown away, in extreme cases, boil over low heat for at least 30-40 minutes. Botulinum toxin, which is destroyed under such conditions, is one of the most toxic substances in the world, and was previously used as a biological weapon.
In addition, they can absorb harmful substances, so you should not pick mushrooms near roads and industrial facilities. Some members of the list 10 most poisonous mushrooms in the world and during heat treatment do not lose their dangerous properties. And drinking alcohol only worsens the situation in case of poisoning, despite the prevailing opinion. So the main rule is: "Do not try unfamiliar mushrooms!".
10. Waxy talker
The waxy talker is rare. But at the same time, it has a pleasant taste and is similar to edible pods. Its main difference is the presence of watery circles on the cap. The waxy talker contains the substance muscarine, which is found in fly agaric and other types of talkers. Symptoms of poisoning appear within 20-30 minutes. This is vomiting, pain in the abdomen, confusion, etc. Depending on the situation, the lethal dose is from 10 to 80 grams of this fungus.
9.
Approximately half of cases of fly agaric poisoning are fatal. It is difficult to confuse it with edible mushrooms. But young specimens of this species are similar to champignons, from which they differ in an unpleasant odor and the presence of a volva (a bag-shaped cover located at the very base of the fruiting body of the fungus), often hiding in the ground. With increased humidity, this fly agaric begins to secrete mucus, which does not add to its attractiveness. Signs of poisoning appear within half an hour. This is profuse sweat, heat, salivation and vomiting. If timely medical care is not provided, most often death occurs from cardiac arrest.
8.
This member of the list of the 10 most poisonous mushrooms in the world is very insidious. The action of its toxins begins to manifest itself after a long period of time, from 2 to 24 days, with a high probability leading to death. Therefore, until the 1960s, it was considered edible, and only a whole series of poisonings forced scientists to carefully study the composition. This mushroom is found in Europe, Ukraine and Russia. It is very difficult to distinguish it from other varieties of cobwebs, so it is easier not to collect them at all.
7.
This fungus is one of the most dangerous mushrooms on the planet from the entire genus of fibres. Most often found in deciduous and mixed forests of Europe and Asia, in the European part of Russia and the Caucasus. Usually it is confused with russula and champignons, which leads to poisoning. Visual impairment, chills, vomiting and other signs appear within 20-30 minutes. A person can die if first aid is not provided in time. This effect is given to mushrooms by the substance muscarine, which is also found in red fly agaric. But in Patuillard's fiber box, it is about 20 times more.
6.
Compared to the red fly agaric, it has a less flashy appearance. So it can be completely confused with edible mushrooms. This is especially true for young specimens. It is so poisonous that there are usually no insects near it. The amount of muscarine and muscaridine in it is several times greater than in the red fly agaric. In addition, it contains other dangerous substances: scopolamine, hyoscyamine. For these reasons, the panther fly agaric is included in the ranking of the most poisonous mushrooms on the planet. Most often, the use of these mushrooms in food leads to death due to paralysis of the respiratory muscles and cardiac arrest.
5.
The genus of cobwebs includes about 40 species of mushrooms, only a part of which is edible. They are similar to each other, so it is better to walk past them if you cannot reliably determine the edibility of the mushroom. The cobweb beautiful contains orellanin. It destroys the kidneys, lungs and locomotor system. Moreover, symptoms usually appear one or two weeks after poisoning, when the changes are irreversible, which leads to death even with medical assistance. This fungus is found quite rarely, mainly in coniferous moist forests, especially along the outskirts of swamps.
4.
On the fourth line in the ranking of the most dangerous and poisonous mushrooms on the planet is Galerina fringed. It is dangerous primarily due to its similarity with edible summer mushrooms and is able to deceive even experienced mushroom pickers. In Russia, the bordered galerina began to appear more often due to climate change. Before that, she met in countries where mushrooms are collected very little: Japan, North America, Iran. It grows mainly in coniferous forests, so for safety reasons it is better not to collect mushrooms in them at all. Moreover, it may well get into a cluster of edible mushrooms, so caution should be exercised when collecting them. Symptoms of poisoning with bordered galerina are thirst, the appearance of convulsions, etc. They appear 10-14 hours after it enters the body. The greatest damage is done to the liver, without timely medical care, the likelihood of death is high.
3.
The unsightly appearance of this mushroom most often makes mushroom pickers simply walk past it. But still, cases of poisoning are recorded, and half of them end in the death of a person. The brown-red lepiota is extremely poisonous, its cap alone is enough to get a lethal dose of toxins. It contains cyanides and nitriles, for which there are no specific antidotes. The first signs of poisoning appear after 10 minutes, and within half an hour a person can die from cardiac arrest. Ambulance most often for such a period simply does not have time to get. Some sources claim that the main distinguishing feature of this fungus is an odor similar to that of orange syrup.
2.
This mushroom is definitely not to be confused with others. It is also called the devil's tooth, and in appearance it simultaneously resembles a confectionery product and an ordinary mushroom splattered with blood. The Bleeding Tooth is found mainly in Europe and North America, but it can occasionally be found in our forests. It feeds both on substances from the earth and on insects attracted by its sap. In the future, it may find application in medicine, as it has antibacterial properties and thins the blood. Some sources claim that just licking it is enough to get a lethal dose of toxins, so this is one of the most poisonous mushrooms in the world.
1. Pale grebe
Death cap - the most poisonous mushroom in the world. It rightfully ranks first among the most dangerous mushrooms on the planet. Compared to other mushrooms, exactly. This is due to its similarity with many edible mushrooms: champignons, russula, etc. It contains several poisonous substances. Symptoms of poisoning appear within 6 to 24 hours. Usually it is vomiting, colic, muscle pain and diarrhea. Only 30 grams of this fungus is enough to cause severe consequences for adults and guaranteed death for children.
For a picture of poisoning with a pale grebe, a false period of relief is characteristic. After a few days, the symptoms disappear and it seems to the person that everything has passed. At this time, the destruction of the body continues. It is better to refrain from picking young champignons, as it is extremely difficult to distinguish them from the pale grebe.
The most poisonous mushroom on the planet | Video
Mushrooms- unique products that cannot be attributed to plants or animals. This is a separate species, the composition of which includes both animal proteins and plant components. For this reason, they are nutritious and healthy commodities. Well, there is also the other side of the coin. The fact is that not every mushroom is edible. There are many dangerous mushrooms on earth, which are distinguished by a high concentration of poison. In order not to face an upset stomach, malfunctions in the intestines, even death, you must be sure of the correct choice. For this reason, we will look at the most poisonous mushrooms of our world, which definitely cannot be called edible!
Inedible and deadly mushrooms
10
The most poisonous mushrooms on the planet include Omphaloth olive. It usually grows in wooded areas. Sometimes it can be found among rotten stumps, rotten deciduous trunks. Mostly in the Crimea. However, in Europe there are many forests where this poisonous mushroom resembling a fox lives. The difference lies in an unpleasant odor and a toxin called illudin S. Once ingested, this poison provokes severe pain, vomiting and diarrhea. Thus, if you notice a delicious chanterelle, as it seemed to you, check the "catch" for the smell!
A dangerous mushroom growing in the northern hemisphere of the planet. Often, burning-caustic russula can be found in deciduous and coniferous forests. It is worth noting that with proper processing, this product is suitable for food, by no means, not many people have enough knowledge to cook russula. In addition, even with proper processing, this mushroom is quite bitter and not pleasant. The pronounced sharpness still attracts many gourmets and connoisseurs of delicacies. The raw mushroom contains a high concentration of the poison muscarine. Even a small ingestion leads to disruption of the stomach and vomiting.
In coniferous and deciduous forests, another of the most poisonous mushrooms grows, called fly agaric. This species is most common in temperate climates. That is, in the Northern Hemisphere of the Earth. It is worth noting that the panther fly agaric is so poisonous that no treatment is terrible for him. Contains several poisons at the same time, including mycoatropine and muscarine. After entering the stomach, it paralyzes the nervous system. It is worth adding that the presence of alkaloid toxins leads to hallucinations.
One of the most common and dangerous, along with the fly agaric, is wrinkled foliotina. We are talking about a mushroom that grows in Asia, Europe and North America. The danger of this fungus lies in the presence of a poison called amatoxins. Sufficiently braided pigment has caused many deaths on the planet. The thing is that many connoisseurs of forest attractions confuse this mushroom with the edible blue psilocybe. As a result of this error, a huge amount of harmful substances enter the body that affect the cells of the gastrointestinal tract.
These natural "poisoners", worthy of being among the most poisonous mushrooms on the planet, grow in groups, in a heap. It is from this fact that one should build on the suspicion of greens. As a rule, greenbacks are found in the sandy soils of American and European forest zones. It is worth noting that until recently, mushrooms were considered edible, but in 2001, news of poisoning began to appear. As a result of experiments and studies, it became known that an excess of toxins from eating greenfinches leads to terrible consequences. According to statistics, out of 12 poisonings, 3 are recorded with a fatal outcome.
It is impossible to underestimate the danger to human life from the sulfur-yellow false honeycomb. It is not in vain that it belongs to the most poisonous mushrooms. Contains many toxins that cause severe poisoning. In some cases, not timely medical care leads to death. False honey fungus grows, as a rule, in coniferous forests. From the name it is clear why the mushroom is so dangerous. The fact is that it is difficult to distinguish it from edible ones. Even skilled and experienced foresters sometimes make mistakes. As a result of poisoning, vision is impaired and paralysis overtakes.
Another poisonous and inedible mushroom that causes fear is the thin pig. Despite the harmless name, this plant can cause severe poisoning. As in the case of greenfinches, this mushroom has long been considered edible. Not at all, it has now been scientifically proven that an excess of the fungus in the intestines leads to terrible consequences. Fatal cases are most often associated with impaired renal function. This fungus causes kidney failure, shock and affects the internal organs. Due to intravascular coagulation, it is impossible to help!
Among the most poisonous mushrooms on Earth is a parasite called Ergot purpurea. A unique species, usually found in herbs and rye. It has a unique purple coloration. It is shaped like a tooth. The spores of this parasite contain many psychotropic neurotoxins that affect the human nervous system. After entering the intestines, this fungus can cause convulsions, spasms, as well as mental illness. Quite often, lethal outcomes are recorded! The fact is that alkaloids are difficult to remove from the body.
Since ancient times, gathering, along with hunting, have been the main occupations of man, and today, at the end of summer and autumn, dozens of mushroom pickers go out to “hunt” for mushrooms. But among the whole variety of mushrooms, there are those that are better not to be eaten, as this can lead to serious illness, and often death. Therefore, consider the category of poisonous mushrooms, and find out which is the most poisonous mushroom in the world.
Poisonous mushrooms of Russia
In Russia, messages about mushroom poisoning in the summer-autumn period are received at the operational points of the Ministry of Emergencies almost daily. To avoid trouble, the "enemy", as they say, you need to know in person, and know how to distinguish poisonous mushrooms from edible ones.
Pale Grebe / Amanita phalloides
One of the most poisonous mushrooms in the vast expanses of Russia, it is better not to allow poisoning by this representative of the large genus Amanita.
The danger lies in the fact that outwardly pale toadstool strongly resembles edible forest mushrooms, and therefore can easily fall into the basket of an inexperienced mushroom picker.
On top of the cap of the toadstool is a white ring, which is a characteristic feature of the pale toadstool.
Red fly agaric / Amanita muscaria
Amanitas look very beautiful and appetizing, but it is strictly forbidden to eat them, and the name itself should scare away those who want to feast on a forest dweller.
Amanitas are widespread almost everywhere, growing in groups or alone. Mostly give preference to birch forests.
Not considered deadly poisonous, but can cause hallucinations and severe poisoning.
False Chanterelle / Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca
Poisonous mushrooms also include the so-called “twins of edible mushrooms”, which, despite their external similarity, contain poison dangerous to health and life.
False chanterelle and hat shape and bright orange color resembles its edible relative. It grows in families, and rarely singly.
But still, the edible chanterelle has a lighter color, the hat is flat, but the edges are slightly wavy. The false chanterelle also has an empty leg.
Poisonous mushrooms of Ukraine
In the vastness of Ukraine, due to geographical proximity and a similar climate, almost the same mushrooms grow as in Russia, but there are also some specific differences, which we will present.
Entoloma poisonous / Entoloma sinuatum
The most dangerous mushroom from the genus Entomola grows in the Carpathian region, mainly in the expanses of virgin steppes, but can also be found in deciduous forests.
It develops throughout the summer, and disappears by the beginning of autumn. This is one of the largest representatives of this genus, and the hat sometimes reaches 25 cm.
It was first discovered and described in 1788, and in 1871 it received its modern name, and is listed in reference books as poisonous. In Russia, they grow in the North Caucasus and some regions of Siberia, but these are quite rare mushrooms.
Fiberglass Patuillard / Inocybe erubescens
The Russian name for this dangerous fungus is reddening fibre, and in the genus Inocybe it is one of the most deadly species.
In Ukraine, it grows from July to November, mainly in coniferous and deciduous forests. Locally found in Europe and Asia. The hat is umbrella-shaped with a diameter of 3 to 9 cm, and the leg reaches a height of up to 10 cm.
Fibers contain a toxic alkaloid - muscarine, which can cause severe poisoning and lead to death.
Thin pig / Paxillus involutus
According to Wikipedia, this species was considered conditionally edible for a long time, but then it was listed in the category of poisonous harmful mushrooms.
It occurs in almost all types of forests, choosing moist shady places, and can also grow on tree trunks. The hat reaches a diameter of 15 cm, and the color of the pig varies from light brown to rusty-brown.
For the first time, poisoning from eating a thin pig was recorded in 1944.
Poisonous mushrooms of the world
Our list will continue with mushrooms that grow in different parts of the globe, and are considered the most poisonous.
By the way, on our website there is another interesting article about! We advise you to read and see these enemies "in person"!
Smith's Fly Agaric / Amanita smithiana
It grows in the mixed forests of North America, and the toxins contained in this fly agaric affect the liver and lead to death.
The hemispherical cap grows from 5 to 17 cm, and the stem is thin with a flocculent ring. The color of the cap is completely white or cream, and the cap itself is covered with tubercles.
By chance, the spores were brought to the islands of Japan, where the fungus has taken root and grows in deciduous and coniferous forests.
Spring Amanita / Amanita verna
In appearance, the spring fly agaric looks like a pale grebe, but belongs to an independent species from the Amanitaceae family.
It is widely distributed in the forests of Europe and is considered deadly. It is noteworthy that the symptoms of poisoning are the same as those of the pale grebe.
In Russia, it is called white fly agaric or spring grebe, but in Russian forests it is much less common than its red counterpart.
Bordered Galerina / Galerina marginata
One of the most poisonous mushrooms of the Strophariaceae family has a brown cap and a lighter stem with a characteristic ring.
It is found mainly in the Northern Hemisphere, but has also been found in Australia. It is noteworthy that it grows in the subarctic and arctic places of Canada.
The body contains poisonous amatoxins, and when it enters the human body, they cause death.
Yellow-skinned mushroom / Agaricus xanthodermus
There are poisonous mushrooms in the Champignon family, and the Russians call it false champignon or yellowing champignon.
Distributed in Europe and North America, but was brought to Australia by accident. It can be found not only in forests, but also in city parks, gardens, forest plantations.
You can distinguish it from edible in the process of cooking. The fact is that, unlike ordinary mushrooms, it begins to smell bad when boiled.
Brown-Red Lepiota / Lepiota brunneoincarnata
Another mushroom from the genus Lepiot is considered one of the most deadly. It grows in the countries of Western and Eastern Europe, but does not occur in Russia.
The semi-circular bell-shaped cap is up to 7 cm in diameter, and the color is usually pale gray with dark concentric circles. The leg is slightly curved and has a cylindrical shape.
Long studies have shown that it contains the strongest poisons from the cyanide group, so any ingestion will lead to death.
Satanic Mushroom / Boletus satanas
This species from the genus Borovik is also called the Satanic Bolet, and it is common in the deciduous forests of Southern Europe and the Middle East.
The diameter of the cap on average grows from 8 to 25 cm, but specimens up to 30 cm in size have been found, the stem is spherical and has a reddish color.
In some European countries, it is eaten, but in reference books it is listed as inedible. It is believed that even 1 gram of the satanic mushroom causes severe food poisoning.
Sulphur-yellow honeycomb / Hypholoma fasciculare
False honeysuckle, called gray-yellow because of its characteristic color, is very poisonous, and grows in mixed forests of Europe and North America.
In appearance, it resembles summer honey agaric, so you need to be careful not to confuse it with an edible fellow. The hat is small, only 1.5-7 cm in diameter, and the stem does not grow more than 10 cm and 0.5 cm in diameter.
After eating, after a couple of hours, nausea begins, severe vomiting and the person loses consciousness.
Cobweb / Cortinarius gentilis
The name of this mushroom should not be misleading, as its body contains toxins that are deadly to life. Its poisonousness was proved by experiments on rats.
It grows in mixed and coniferous forests, rather small, since the hat is 1.5 to 5 cm in diameter. The color is yellowish-brown or orange.
When it enters the human body, it primarily affects the activity of the kidneys, and without medical intervention a person may die.
Facts about poisonous mushrooms
In conclusion, we present a few facts related to poisonous and terrible mushrooms:
- The most poisonous mushroom, growing both in Europe and in Asia, is considered a pale grebe.
- Mushroom Bloody tooth is considered by many to be poisonous, and that even breathing its spores is deadly to the body. But while science does not know the facts of poisoning with this mushroom, but maybe its frightening appearance scares away mushroom pickers and it is not eaten.
- Most animals in the body have enzymes that easily break down mushroom poisons, so animals eat poisonous mushrooms and do not get poisoned.
- Pale toadstool, mixed in food, was poisoned by the Roman Emperor Claudius and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV.
- Poisonous mushrooms are widely used in folk medicine, as well as in official pharmacology for the production of certain types of drugs. TopCafe does not recommend that you engage in such "medicine".
- Fly agaric is the most recognizable mushroom in the world. Of the respondents in Europe, 96% of the respondents recognize it in the photo, while only 53% recognized the edible white mushroom.
- On our sites you can learn about the most unusual and in the world.
In nature, getting poisoned is quite easy, because poisonous plants and mushrooms grow in almost any region of the globe, so you need to be careful and better avoid unfamiliar plants, and especially mushrooms. It is unrealistic to describe all poisonous mushrooms in one article, but we tried to highlight the most dangerous for human health and life. The editors of TopCafe are waiting for interesting and useful comments from you. Tell our readers about the most poisonous mushrooms, based on your experience. Perhaps you know and tell us even more toxic mushrooms.
Be sure to watch this video!
Many people know the differences between poisonous and edible mushrooms, but there are conditionally poisonous mushrooms. Even, at first glance, an experienced mushroom picker needs this information in order to prevent sad consequences.
Mushrooms are valuable representatives of plant communities of meadows and forests. Many of us know how to distinguish poisonous mushrooms from non-poisonous ones, this is especially important for mushroom pickers. But their toxicity is not always obvious, there are many mushrooms that look like non-poisonous ones, but are very dangerous, and poisoning with them should be feared.
Many different types of mushrooms grow in the forests of Russia. Among the edible are many known to us from an early age: white, mushrooms, boletus, champignons, chanterelles, and many others. And among the inedible, deadly poisonous mushrooms are often found, the appearance of which, as a rule, is familiar to us firsthand. These are grebes, fly agarics, false chanterelles and false mushrooms.
Fly agaric is one of the most famous mushrooms in general and the most famous of the poisonous ones. However, among his relatives there are more toxic ones. :
- fly agaric;
- smelly fly agaric;
- fly agaric red;
- (fly agaric green).
Fly agaric red
The most common poisonous mushroom is the red fly agaric. Its appearance seems to be familiar to every inhabitant of our country. Fly agaric is poisonous, but cases of fatal intoxication are extremely rare. Timely first aid measures and treatment to medical institutions will ensure full recovery and recovery.
Tincture from the pulp of the red fly agaric is even used in some folk recipes for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes. From Scandinavian legends, we can also learn that some warriors (berserkers) were given a piece of fly agaric before the battle. They went into a fighting rage and felt no pain when they engaged in hand-to-hand combat. The analgesic effect is due to the content of bufotetin, an alkaloid that has a psychotropic and hallucinogenic effect.
The red fly agaric is distributed almost everywhere. The ripening period is from late June to mid-November. It has a characteristic protective bright color, warning of the poisonous properties of the fungus.
Poisoning with this mushroom is most often caused by the desire of people to cure all their diseases with a healing tincture of fly agaric. However, improper preparation or an error in dosing the ingredients often causes intoxication.
The active substances of the fungus adversely affect the central nervous system. The use of fly agaric can lead to falling into a lethargic sleep, the appearance of hallucinations. The fly agaric contains the following active substances:
- Muscimol. Destroys the cells of the brain and spinal cord.
- Muscarine. It causes general intoxication of the body.
- Muscason. A substance that stimulates the nervous system.
However, these compounds are extremely small in a particular fruiting body. A lethal outcome will occur only with the use of 10-12 mushrooms or exposure to a weakened body, or in an increased personal susceptibility to these substances.
Due to the characteristic bright color of the poisoning with the red fly agaric, it occurs rather through the negligence of people who specifically use it as a medicine or psychotropic substance. Fly agaric is almost impossible to confuse with an edible mushroom. However, if a person nevertheless consumed a certain amount of the toxin, then the poisoning will manifest itself with the following symptoms, which will appear in just a few hours:
- general weakness and malaise;
- nausea and vomiting;
- profuse salivation;
- dizziness and headache;
- bradycardia;
At high doses:
- delirium, hallucinations;
- muscle cramps, loss of consciousness;
- a sharp decrease in visual acuity;
- if help is not provided, motor excitation develops, followed by apathy after 6-8 hours;
- decrease in body temperature to 34-35 degrees;
- liver failure develops, manifested in yellowing of the sclera of the eyes and mucous membranes, yellowness of the skin.
Death in case of fly agaric poisoning occurs due to paralysis of the respiratory muscles, as a result of which a collapse occurs, and the person suffocates.
Assistance should be started even before the arrival of the ambulance team, the call of which, by the way, is the first step (even if you have doubts about the source of the poisoning). If you have a certain skill, start gastric lavage with saline or warm water. Rinsing is carried out until the outgoing waters are clear.
Adsorbents should be used. For example, activated carbon, enterosgel. Read the instructions carefully to choose the correct dose. These drugs will prevent further absorption of the toxin into the blood capillaries and therefore into the bloodstream.
Arriving doctors will administer an antidote to the patient. The most common is atropine. After that, the patient will be taken to a hospital, where doctors will carry out a set of measures aimed at removing the toxin from the body, combating the consequences of intoxication, and starting supportive and restorative therapy. In particular, they will prescribe glucocorticoids, replenish fluid loss and restore electrolyte balance. Other drugs are prescribed according to the identified symptoms.
Fly agaric smelly
Representatives of this species are closest in terms of poisonous properties to the pale grebe. However, cases of intoxication with this fungus are extremely rare. It's all about the unpleasant smell of decaying potatoes, which exudes fly agaric, for which, by the way, it got its name. The ripening period is from early June to mid-October.
Forms mycorrhiza with various types of trees in mixed and coniferous forests. More often chooses sandy soils in spruce and pine forests with high humidity, blueberries. Also found in fully deciduous forests. Distributed in the temperate zones of Eurasia (from Northern France to Siberia and the Far East), in the mountains of Central and Southern Europe.
Mushroom pickers with little experience can confuse this mushroom with champignon, which can lead to the use of a dangerous fly agaric in food and, as a result, fatal intoxication. Champignons are easy to distinguish from the poisonous fly agaric by the absence of a volva (“skirt” at the base of the mushroom leg) and colored plates of mature fruiting bodies. However, the fly agaric Volvo may well be hidden by earth or moss. The symptoms of fly agaric poisoning are similar to those of the pale grebe. They will be described below.
Toadstool pale
Pale grebe is the most poisonous mushroom in Russian forests. For poisoning, which will lead to death, it will be enough for an adult man to use only half of the cap of the fruiting body. Surprisingly, those who have suffered severe poisoning with pale toadstool claim that the mushroom is amazingly tasty. Despite its appearance, it also belongs to the fly agaric.
The mushroom contains amanitotoxin - the strongest poison. Its danger also lies in the fact that it is not destroyed during heat treatment. Another danger is in the delayed manifestation of symptoms, the first of which may appear only a few days after the use of a poisonous mushroom. The chances of survival depend on the general condition of the body and the dose of poison that has got into it, in which there are two types of toxins:
- Phalloidins. Fast-acting, less toxic than amanitins. Not destroyed by heat treatment.
- Amanitines. More toxic than phalloidins. They act slowly.
Both toxins are not subject to enzymatic cleavage in the stomach and intestines, therefore, when absorbed into the blood, they retain their original form and enter the liver in full combat readiness. It is this organ that suffers most from poisoning with a pale toadstool.
Plus, poisons cause acute inflammation of the stomach and small intestine, destroy hepatocytes, after which they are replaced by adipose tissue (toxins trigger fat involution), violate the integrity of the capillaries of the small intestine and other hollow organs. Poisons greatly reduce the overall level of glucose in the blood, adversely affecting metabolism, which is why the central nervous system suffers in the first place.
Clinicians distinguish 4 periods of the course of the disease in case of poisoning with toxins contained in the pale toadstool. Symptoms depend on the degree of poisoning, which is determined by the dose of poison and the general functional state of the body. So, 4 periods of poisoning:
- Latent period. It is characterized by the absence of external manifestations. It lasts 8-40 hours, the average length is 12-14 hours. This is a distinctive feature of the poisons of the toadstool pale, which allows you to differentiate the poisoning. The same trait determines the severity of the manifestation of the disease, since this time the poison managed to get into the blood and spread throughout all organs and tissues;
- period of primary injury. It lasts 24-48 hours, occasionally it can last up to one week. It is characterized by the appearance of frequent and violent diarrhea with yellow-green or clay-colored feces, which after a few hours becomes almost transparent, resembling mucus. It may contain traces of blood.
Strong indomitable vomiting, hellish thirst that cannot be quenched, because the intake of water again leads to the implementation of the gag reflex. There are intestinal colic of terrible strength, abdominal pain, spasms;
As a result of dehydration of the body, blood pressure decreases, pallor of the skin is noted, and the pulse becomes thready. Perhaps the appearance of cluster headaches and dizziness, reduced visual acuity. Due to the loss of electrolytes by the body, muscle cramps develop (calf muscles are especially affected). Practically no urine is excreted.
- Pseudo-recovery period. Another characteristic feature of poisoning with pale grebes. Duration - no more than 24 hours. At this time, there is an improvement in the general well-being of the patient. However, all this is an illusion, if we do a biochemical blood test during this period, we will see a clear violation of liver function. With severe intoxication, after 12-14 hours, against the background of a semi-conscious state, collapse occurs, followed by respiratory arrest, which can lead to death. This is the crisis of the disease, which most often occurs on the third day;
- The period of damage to internal organs. It is characterized by yellowing of the sclera and mucous membranes, yellowness of the skin of the poisoned person. There is pain in the right hypochondrium. Diarrhea and intestinal colic reappear. Toxic inflammation of the liver develops, the kidneys become inflamed. Often, heart failure is added to them, as a result of which death most often occurs.
The time from the entry of the toxin into the body until its death is approximately 10 days. It all depends on the dose and the functional state of the cardiovascular system of the poisoned person. With a mild severity of intoxication and timely measures taken, recovery occurs quite quickly. With moderate and severe severity, in the case of a favorable outcome of the disease, a long course of rehabilitation will be required - an average of 2-4 months. Usually, the internal organs restore their functions to the same extent.
Poisonous mushrooms of the world
Among the deadly poisonous forest mushrooms, the most poisonous mushroom in the world is the bloody tooth. It is believed that it even poisons the air around it. For fatal poisoning with a bloody tooth, only 10 mg of the toxin contained in the fungus is enough.
The rumor about its supertoxicity is caused by an eccentric appearance. For your understanding, it is also called strawberries and cream. Its appearance is very similar to this delicacy, there is something similar in the thinning aroma. The bloody tooth has a velvety white surface, generously strewn with red drops. These drops are secreted by the fungus itself to lure the insects that it feeds on. That is, strawberries with cream are a predatory mushroom.
With age, the mushroom loses its attractive appearance. The color of the cap becomes brown, spiny outgrowths appear along its edge. Spores ripen in them - a means of reproduction of fungi. It is the appearance of these outgrowths that determines the name "tooth".
The fungus grows in the forests of North America, Australia and Southern Europe. However, there are references to a bloody tooth in the forests of Russia, in particular, in the Komi Republic.
Before you put a mushroom in your mouth, you must be sure that you are eating an edible mushroom, as there are a small number of species in the world that are poisonous. Most of them will only cause an upset stomach, but there are those that, if ingested, will cause no small harm to it and can even cause death. Below is a list with photos of the ten most poisonous and deadly species of mushrooms for humans.
10. Olive omfalot
Olive omfalot is a poisonous mushroom that grows in wooded areas on rotten stumps, rotten trunks of deciduous trees in Europe, mainly in the Crimea. Notable for its bioluminescence properties. In appearance, it resembles a fox, but unlike it, the olive omphalot has an unpleasant odor and contains the illudin S toxin, which, when ingested, leads to very severe pain, vomiting and diarrhea.
9. Russula stinging
Russula stinging is widespread in the northern hemisphere in deciduous, coniferous and mixed forests. With proper processing, this mushroom is conditionally suitable for food, but it tastes bitter, with a pronounced pungency. Raw is poisonous, it contains the poison muscarine. The use of even a small amount of raw mushroom leads to disruption of the gastrointestinal tract, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting.
8. Panther fly agaric
Panther Amanita grows in coniferous, deciduous and mixed forests in the temperate climate of the Northern Hemisphere. The mushroom is highly poisonous and contains poisons such as muscarine and mycoatropine that act on the central nervous system, as well as a number of toxic alkaloids that cause gastrointestinal disorders, hallucinations and can lead to death.
7. Foliotina wrinkled
On the seventh line in the list of the most dangerous and poisonous mushrooms in the world is Foliotina wrinkled - a poisonous mushroom that grows in Europe, Asia and North America. Contains a strong poison called amatoxins, which is very toxic to the liver and is the cause of many deaths. Sometimes these mushrooms are confused with blue psilocybe.
6. Zelenushka
Greenfinch grows in small groups in dry coniferous forests on sandy soils in North America and Europe. Until recently, it was considered a good edible mushroom, but after the publication in 2001 of a report of poisoning when eating a large number of greenfinches (12 cases, 3 of them fatal), it is suspected of being poisonous. Symptoms of poisoning include muscle weakness, pain, cramps, nausea, and sweating.
5. False honeysuckle sulfur-yellow
Sulphur-yellow honey fungus is a highly poisonous mushroom found on all continents except Africa and Antarctica. Grow on old stumps of deciduous and coniferous trees in August-November. When eaten, the fungus causes severe, sometimes fatal poisoning. Symptoms appear after a few hours and are accompanied by abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, sweating, diarrhea and bloating, sometimes blurred vision and even paralysis.
4. Thin pig
The thin pig is a poisonous mushroom common in moist deciduous, coniferous and mixed forests, gardens, forest belts of the Northern Hemisphere in regions with a temperate climate. The mushroom has long been considered conditionally edible, but now its toxicity has been proven. Prolonged use of thin pigs in food leads to severe poisoning, especially in people with diseased kidneys. Potentially fatal complications include acute renal failure, shock, respiratory failure, and disseminated intravascular coagulation.
2. Amanita ocreata
Amanita ocreata, also known as the "angel of death", is a deadly poisonous mushroom from the Amanita family. Distributed in mixed forests mainly in the northeastern part of North America from Washington to Baja California. Contains alpha-amanitin and other amatoxins that cause the death of liver cells and other organs, as well as a violation of protein synthesis. Complications of poisoning include increased intracranial pressure, intracranial hemorrhage, sepsis, pancreatitis, acute renal failure, and cardiac arrest. Death usually occurs 6–16 days after poisoning.
1. Pale grebe
Pale grebe is the most poisonous mushroom in the world. It is the cause of most fatal poisonings that occur after eating mushrooms. It grows in almost all types of forests in Europe, Asia, North America and North Africa. Likes dark, damp places. Contains two types of toxins, amanitin and phalloidin, which cause liver and kidney failure, and often the only way to avoid death is to transplant them. It is estimated that even half of the pale grebe contains enough toxin to kill an adult human. In addition, the toxicity of the mushroom does not decrease after it has been cooked, frozen, or dried. Sometimes they are mistakenly collected instead of champignons and green russula.