Comfortable living conditions in a country cottage cannot be created without a high-quality heating system. It should be sufficiently effective and economical so that during the heating period it is warm in the living rooms, and the energy consumption does not go out too high. To achieve this, you need to choose the right type of heating system, and then choose the most suitable option for connecting heating radiators in a private house.
Types of heating systems
The heating system in a private house can be:
air;
electric;
Air system
This option operates without a coolant. The air in the house is heated directly from heating devices - ovens or convectors. With such a system, heating radiators are not used. Air heating is convenient for heating compact country houses. It is rarely used for large cottages.
Electrical system
In such a system, heat is transferred through the current conductors. An electric underfloor heating works according to this principle. Heating with an electrical system can be quite convenient. But its arrangement requires increased attention to safety rules, and in the process of operation it costs dearly to the owners of the house.
Water system
A type of heating system in which heat is transferred through water (sometimes steam) as a heat carrier. The coolant flows from the heating device through the pipes to the heating radiators. This option is considered the most convenient and practical. Most often, in country houses, heating is equipped in this way.
Types of heating boilers
The central element of the heating system is the boiler - a heating device in which the coolant reaches the required temperature. The heating connection diagram in a private house largely depends on what kind of boiler is used in it.
By design, boilers are divided into double-circuit and single-circuit. The first option is equipment designed for both heating and water heating. A single-circuit boiler only heats the heating medium for heating. According to the method of installation, they are divided into floor and wall.
Boilers also differ in the type of fuel with which the coolant is heated. There are boilers of the following types:
-
electrical;
solid fuel;
liquid fuel;
combined.
For the operation of solid fuel boilers, coal, firewood, less often peat and other options for solid combustible materials are used. Diesel or waste oils are used as liquid fuel for boilers of the corresponding type.
Most of the country cottages are heated by gas boilers. In non-gasified areas, heating with electricity is often used. Solid fuel and liquid fuel boilers are completely independent from communication networks. The first option is more attractive in that it requires traditional firewood and coal, rather than hazardous flammable liquids.
The most prudent homeowners install combi boilers in their homes that are designed to operate on different types of fuel. For example, you can install an electric boiler, supplemented by a combustion chamber for solid fuels, so that in the event of a power failure, you can switch to wood heating.
Double-circuit boilers, which provide the home with warmth and warm water, are mainly gas devices. They are versatile as they save homeowners from having to buy and install a separate water heating boiler.
On our website you can find contacts of construction companies that offer the service of house insulation
Heating radiator device
The heating radiator consists of several heat exchange sections. The more sections, the, respectively, the higher the battery power. There are such models of radiators that can be "extended" with new sections, if necessary, already during operation.
All sections are crossed by one collector at the top and one at the bottom. Each section has a vertical duct connecting the upper and lower manifolds. This applies to all sections, including the extreme ones. Therefore, the radiator has 4 outputs, but only two of them are used. One is connected to the coolant supply pipe, and the second serves to drain the cooled water back into the boiler. Unused outputs are closed with plugs. This is how most radiators work.
Types of pipe system
In the heating system diagram, the interposition of the coolant supply inlet and the "return" outlet is of fundamental importance. It depends on the direction of the heating medium and on the type of piping system.
One pipe system
This is a simplified version of the heating arrangement in the cottage. This option is quite economical, since it requires fewer pipes for wiring and is performed with less labor costs for installation work. The system is a chain of radiators connected by a single pipe. The coolant heated in the boiler enters each radiator in turn, flowing from one to the other. That is, the "return" from one battery becomes the supply for the next, etc.
A single-pipe connection diagram for heating radiators in a private house has one significant drawback - with it, the radiators heat up unevenly. The first radiator will always be the hottest, and further from the battery to the battery the temperature will gradually decrease. Therefore, it is impossible to maintain the same temperature in all rooms with one-pipe heating.
For certain planning considerations, a one-pipe system may be quite suitable. So, if in a small house the radiator chain starts from living rooms and ends with technical rooms, this option may be optimal. But in spacious cottages it is better to install two-pipe heating.
Two-pipe system
More expensive to equip, but simple and easy-to-use option. In this system, two pipe lines function simultaneously. The first supplies hot water to each battery. That is, there is one pipe entering each radiator. The coolant, before entering the radiator, regardless of its location in the circuit, does not enter adjacent radiators, but goes directly. The second pipe collects return flow from all radiators and delivers it to the heating manifold.
The advantages of the bottom type of distribution are that practically the same temperature is achieved at all points of heat exchange. Such a system lends itself better to regulation and provides uniform heating of the entire building.
Beam (collector) system
The collector circuit is a variant of a two-pipe connection, but with more complex wiring. It is used when pipes need to be hidden, for example, under flooring. In this case, two collectors are equipped - for the supply and for the return, and one pipe extends from each radiator to the first collector, and one more to the second.
In some connection schemes, two types of system are used. The whole house can be heated according to the two-pipe principle, but for a separate area, for example, a veranda or a large living room, a bunch of several radiators are used according to the one-pipe principle. When developing a two-pipe scheme for connecting heating batteries in a private house, the main thing is not to get confused in the supply and return collectors.
Diagram of connecting radiators to the heating system
The coolant moves through the pipes and channels of the batteries due to two factors. The first is the fluid's tendency to fill the voids. In the absence of air locks, a natural dynamic head of the coolant is created. The second factor is the movement of streams of different temperatures. Hot water tends upward, displacing cold water into the lower stream.
Diagonal top connection
Diagonal connection of radiators with top flow allows you to equip the most efficient space heating. Hot water is supplied to the upper inlet, inside it spreads through the sections, and, while cooling down, goes down, after which it is displaced into the lower inlet to the return manifold located on the other side of the radiator.
Bilateral bottom connection
The supply is carried out to the lower inlet on one side, and the return flow exits from the lower inlet on the other side of the battery. The efficiency in this case is lower than in the previous version. But such a connection allows you to hide the pipes as much as possible.
One-way bottom top connection
It is mainly used in multi-storey buildings. In cottages with 2 or 3 floors with one-pipe heating is also sometimes used. The difference between the bottom and top connections is that in the first case, hot water is supplied to the lower inlet, and is discharged under pressure through the upper inlet, and in the second case, the opposite happens. In both cases, the plant and the coolant outlet are located on the same side. It is worth noting that of all the existing options, one-way bottom connection is the most ineffective.
Video description
Which radiator connection system to choose
Other options
In theory, it is also possible to use a diagonal connection with a bottom feed or a double-sided connection with a top feed. These two options will work too if done correctly. However, the functioning of the system will be very difficult due to the intersection of streams. Therefore, it is better not to experiment and take a diagonal top connection or a two-way bottom connection as a basis.
Radiator location
For high-quality heating of a cottage, it is necessary not only to correctly choose a heating scheme, but also to correctly position the batteries in the premises. The installation of heating batteries in a private house is carried out on the basis of calculations made by specialists. The number of radiators and sections for each radiator is determined taking into account various factors:
volume of premises;
the level of heat loss of the building;
radiator inset diagram;
at what height the batteries will be installed, and much more.
Video description
Typically, radiators are located under windows. This creates a barrier to the cold air flow coming from the window. In addition, the air coming from the window opening is "dried" by the heat from the radiator, as a result of which condensation does not collect on the surfaces in the room. The battery should be slightly narrower than the window and should be centered in relation to the window opening.
The radiator should not adjoin the upper part to the window sill, as this complicates the process of heat propagation. The distance from the floor to the bottom level of the battery should be about 100 mm. A higher location will cause the air directly above the floor to warm up poorly. If the radiators are installed too low, it will be difficult to remove the accumulated dust under them.
When planning the installation of batteries, it is necessary to take into account the features of the wall. Modern batteries are not very heavy, but in some cases the characteristics of the wall require reinforcement of the surface on which the bracket for the heating elements will be mounted.
Video description
Installation of heating radiators
On our website you can find contacts of construction companies that offer water supply installation services, sewerage and heating... You can communicate directly with representatives by visiting the Low-Rise Country exhibition of houses.
Conclusion
The process of calculating, designing and installing a heating system can only be trusted by qualified specialists. But every homeowner should know the simplest rules for connecting radiators. The effective principle of connecting and locating heating equipment is a guarantee that a favorable and comfortable microclimate will always reign in the house.
What does the correct connection of a heating radiator look like? We will analyze the connection diagrams used in private houses and city apartments, and pipes, fittings and valves used for this purpose. In addition, we will find out what mistakes can be made when designing and installing a heating system.
Outline diagrams
If in a city apartment the circuit of the heating system as a whole or its separate loop does not depend on our efforts, then in a private house the circuit is designed from scratch.
Two fundamentally different schemes can be distinguished:
- One-pipe, which is the only filling along the perimeter of the heated building. Heating devices cut parallel to the filling.
Note: Sequential battery installation is also practiced; it is inconvenient in that it does not allow independent adjustment of devices.
- Two-pipe- independent feeding and return filling. Each radiator acts as a jumper between them.
The advantages of a one-pipe system are low cost, ease of installation and exceptional fault tolerance. Disadvantages - a significant variation in temperatures between the first and last heating device, as well as the problem of laying around the perimeter of the house in the presence of high openings and panoramic windows.
The two-pipe scheme is devoid of these disadvantages, however, under certain conditions, it can create much more serious problems for the owner. Batteries closest to the boiler extinguish the difference between fillings, which slows down circulation in distant devices. That is why the two-pipe system requires mandatory balancing - throttling of the supply lines and adjusting their throughput to equalize temperatures.
This problem is gracefully bypassed in a passing two-pipe system - the Tichelman circuit, all of whose loops are of equal length.
Radiator insert
What can be the ways to connect heating radiators to spouts and risers?
| Name | Description | Peculiarities |
| Lateral one-sided | The pipes are connected to the upper and lower collectors on one side of the heater | Provides maximum heat transfer with a small number of sections. With the number of sections over ten, the edge of the radiator farthest from the connections will cool down. Sludge accumulates in the outer sections over time |
| From bottom to bottom | Lines are connected to both plugs of the lower manifold | The heat dissipation of the device is slightly reduced due to slow circulation through the upper manifold. The radiator does not require flushing: the sections are not silted up |
| Diagonal | The inlets are connected from the upper plug on one side of the radiator and the lower one on the other side | Heat dissipation is maximum for any radiator length. The bottom of the sections is silted up from the side of the blind bottom plug |
Please note: in a closed autonomous heating system, you can forget about the problem of siltation of batteries.
A small amount of suspended solids contained in the coolant quickly collects in the sump and does not create problems in the future.
Accordingly, it makes sense to choose those types of connecting heating radiators that will provide maximum heat transfer.
Errors
Incorrect connection of heating radiators can lead to malfunctions of the central heating system, an autonomous circuit, or seriously reduce the heat transfer of the device.
What mistakes can be made when installing batteries?
- Placing your radiator between the supply and return risers on any floor except the upper one will freeze your neighbors in the riser. The coolant will circulate in a small ring - through your battery, but the heat transfer of all devices above the impromptu jumper will drop sharply.
- Radiator insert with any shut-off or throttling fittings on the connections without a bridge in front of the taps or throttles. In this case, a closed tap will stop circulation in the entire riser.
- Lateral connection of a multi-section radiator, as already mentioned, will lead to a drop in heat transfer from the outer sections.
- The connection of heating radiators with a connection of a reduced diameter will also lead to a drop in thermal power relative to the nominal one. The norm is DN15 (1/2 ") pipe with up to seven sections and DN20 (3/4") with more sections.
Choice of materials
The choice of pipes, batteries and fittings affects the efficiency and safety of the heating system at least no less than its scheme. What materials should be preferred in different cases?
Central heating
The standard parameters of the central heating (4-6 kgf / cm2, 40-95 C) seem to allow the use of any modern pipes, batteries and fittings in it.
However, practice shows that it is better to refuse some of their types:
- The calculated value of the coolant temperature is often exceeded in severe frosts. In case of mass complaints about the cold in apartments, it is sometimes practiced to operate the elevator units without a nozzle, with a muffled suction. In this mode, the batteries can heat up to 130 - 140 C.
- An abrupt closure of any element of the valves due to the incompetence of a locksmith or a breakdown will lead to a water hammer with a short-term pressure increase up to 20-25 atmospheres.
Cast iron radiators are designed for a pressure of 9 - 15 atmospheres and can collapse with a water hammer.
It is the probability of emergency situations that leaves its mark on the choice of equipment for the central heating.
Pipes
For the installation of connections the following can be used:
- Steel VGP (water and gas) pipe with welded joints;
- VGP galvanized pipe with threads. Welded seams are contraindicated in its anti-corrosion coating: zinc burns out at high temperatures;
- Corrugated stainless steel pipe with compression fittings.
The last option is attractive in that it is easily assembled by hand using the simplest tool - a pair of adjustable wrenches. The price of a corrugated pipe with a diameter of 1/2 inch is about 200 rubles per running meter.
Radiators
Central heating systems use:
- , which are a coil of a pipe with ribbing that increases heat transfer;
- Bimetallic radiators. The steel core makes them resistant to pressure surges up to 25 - 40 kgf / cm2;
- In rooms in which aesthetics does not play a decisive role, the installation of homemade all-welded tubular radiators (registers) is practiced. As a rule, the connection of steel heating radiators is carried out with a black steel pipe on welded joints.
Heating system
Pipes
Fully controllable parameters of autonomous circuits allow the use of inexpensive and durable polypropylene and multilayer pipes in them.
A couple of subtleties are associated with their installation:
- For metal-plastic, it is preferable not compression, but press fittings, which better tolerate multiple heating and cooling cycles;
- For polypropylene, reinforcement is desirable to reduce pipe elongation when heated.
Radiators
Everything is simple here: our choice is cheap, aesthetic and high heat dissipation aluminum batteries.
Aluminum sectional batteries are an excellent choice for a stand-alone circuit.
Armature and fittings
In recent years, American women have been massively used to connect the heating device to taps and connections - fittings with a union nut, which make it possible to make the connection quick-disconnect.
The following can be used as control and shut-off valves:
- Ball Valves;
- Cone taps (chokes), allowing to regulate heat transfer in manual mode;
- Thermostatic valves with thermal heads, allowing automatic maintenance of the set air temperature.
On the upper floors of apartment buildings and in cases where the upper radiator collector is the upper point of a separate loop of the circuit, the radiator plug is equipped with a Mayevsky crane - a simple device for bleeding air congestion.
Conclusion
We hope that our review of connection diagrams and materials used in heating systems will help the reader make the right decision when planning their own repair or construction. The video in this article will offer him additional thematic information. Good luck!
In addition to the two-pipe heating system, which is quite common in our country, one-pipe system can also be found. This will provide significant savings by reducing the need for pipes, but a number of measures will have to be taken to ensure that the heating of the home is uniform. In particular, special attention will have to be paid to the methods of connecting radiators.
Should I use a one-pipe heating system?
When laying pipes, a 2-pipe heating system is often used. Schematically, it can be represented in the form of 2 circuits, one is responsible for supplying hot water to the radiators, and the second for removing the cooled coolant and supplying it to the boiler. This approach allows you to organize the circulation of water of the same temperature in all batteries.
A significant disadvantage of this method of organizing heating is considered to be the financial cost of pipes (the price of such a heating device will be approximately 1.5-2 times higher than that of a single-pipe one), and the labor intensity increases. In addition, the pipes will be more difficult to mask.
The one-pipe scheme does not imply the presence of a separate riser for the removal of the cooled heat carrier, that is, approximately half the pipes will be required. Schematically, it can be represented in the form of a closed loop, and the connection of radiators with a one-pipe heating system is performed sequentially.
Such a system began to be widely used during the construction boom even under the USSR, at the same time its significant shortcomings were revealed:
- the main thing can be considered the fact that the last batteries in the circuit receive a coolant with a temperature about 30-50% lower than those nearest to the boiler, this leads to the fact that the rooms are heated extremely unevenly;
Note!
This disadvantage can be easily solved by increasing the number of sections of the last radiators.
But when building a large number of objects, this will lead to an increase in calculations, which is not very convenient.
- a rather powerful pump will be needed, it will not work to organize the movement of the coolant by gravity;
- it is characterized by large heat loss;
- system start-up takes longer than in the case of a two-pipe system;
- when doing work with your own hands, the risk of air jams during operation is especially high. It is just that quite often it is not possible to withstand the necessary slopes along the entire length of the pipes.
The listed list of disadvantages is typical for a conventional one-pipe heating system. Nowadays, most of the listed disadvantages are successfully eliminated by installing simple devices. For example, it is already possible to regulate the temperature in individual batteries, and the installation of balancing valves will allow to achieve almost the same operating conditions for all batteries in the circuit.
Considering the significant savings on materials, such a heating system scheme definitely deserves attention.
How to properly connect radiators
Not only the reliability of their operation, but also the efficiency of heating in general depends on the correct connection of radiators. For example, when the radiator is connected at the bottom, it will warm up slightly worse than with a diagonal one.
Features of installing a radiator
Connecting heating radiators with a one-pipe heating system can be done in 2 ways:
- without using a bypass (flow-through circuit). In this case, the maximum heat transfer of the radiator is guaranteed, but the operation of the system cannot be called flexible and reliable. With such a scheme, the failure of even one battery will require the shutdown of the entire heating system; it will not be possible to turn off only one radiator;
- installation of a radiator with a bypass. This somewhat reduces the flow of the coolant into it, as a result of which the heat transfer of the heating device decreases by up to 10-15%, but such losses cannot be called critical (especially since a margin is always laid down in the calculation, the same 10-15%). But the landlord will be able not only to turn off any battery at any time, but also to regulate the temperature in it.
In the photo - bypass
Note!
To avoid problems with, the diameter of the bypass must be selected 1 step less than the diameter of the supply pipe.
Also, when installing radiators, you will need:
- a pair of ball valves, installed on both sides of the radiator and used to instantly shut off the water supply to it;
- in principle, the instructions do not require this, but it is advisable to install a simple automatic thermostat at the entrance to the battery. A couple of hundred rubles will not affect the budget, but the ability to regulate the heat transfer of the heater is expensive;
- fittings for connecting the bypass to the pipeline. It is advisable to do without welding, but to use any other type of detachable connection, for example, an American;
- also, during installation, it is extremely necessary to have a Mayevsky crane, situations often arise when one section of the battery suddenly becomes cool, the blame for everything is air congestion. The Mayevsky valve allows you to manually release air from the radiator.
Note!
In the section of the pipeline under the battery, a ball valve can be installed in order to circulate the coolant (adjustable bypass).
When the battery is disconnected, it opens.
How to properly connect a radiator
The heat transfer from the heater largely depends on how the supply and discharge pipes are connected to it. The difference between different connection methods can be up to 20-25%.
Connecting a heating radiator to a one-pipe system can be carried out according to one of the following schemes:
- one-sided... In this case, the supply and discharge pipes are connected to the radiator from the bottom side or the supply from above, and the discharge from the bottom);
- diagonal(it is also cross), the supply pipe is connected to the upper part of the battery, the outlet pipe is connected to the lower one;
- bottom- in this case, the pipes are connected from the lower side of the battery, the connection can be made from one or from different sides.
With lateral connection, the heat transfer of the battery is not much less than the maximum, a fairly uniform heating of the sections is ensured, the best option for vertical wiring.
But the connection diagram for heating radiators with a one-pipe system in which pipes are connected from the bottom side is far from ideal. The heat transfer of the radiator can be lower by about 10-20%, depending on the length of the sections, the circulation of the coolant is difficult, respectively, the distant sections warm up poorly.
Note!
If you need to mask the pipes in the floor or wall and make them completely invisible, then you can purchase radiators in which the connection is made from the bottom side.
Heat transfer, of course, is not up to par, but the pipes are not visible.
Diagonal connection of a heating radiator with a one-pipe system can be considered the best option in terms of efficiency. In this case, the coolant passes diagonally through the entire battery and the sections are heated as evenly as possible. Practice shows that optimal heat transfer is observed when the number of sections is about 15 pieces.
With a cross (diagonal connection), it is the supply pipe that must be connected to the upper part of the radiator, and the outlet pipe to the lower one. If you swap them, then the heat transfer will almost halve.
How to get the most out of your heating
The correct connection of heating radiators with a one-pipe system, of course, affects the heating efficiency, but you should not forget about the shut-off and control valves. And the choice of location also plays a role.
In order to achieve the microclimate in the house was stable in any weather, and the batteries did not work idle, it is recommended to adhere to the following tips:
- do not place them close to the wall. Typically, radiators are installed in niches under windows, in which case it is necessary to maintain the distance to the walls and floor (the distance from the walls should be about 5 cm, and from the floor - from 10 cm);
Note!
Heating efficiency can also be affected by ordinary curtains, if the batteries are covered with a thick cloth, then the heating efficiency will drop sharply.
- as for thermostats, it is best to choose an automatic model, after the initial calibration it will maintain the temperature in the room itself. One-pipe connection of heating radiators will not be a problem if a bypass is used, in which case the circulation will be carried out partly through it, and partly through the pipe.
Summarizing
A single-pipe heating system is extremely attractive from the point of view of economy, the costs for pipes alone will be almost 2 times less. A number of problems associated with a series connection of batteries can be solved with simple thermostats, balancing valves and choosing the optimal way to connect the radiator.
The video in this article describes the advantages and disadvantages of different types of battery connections.
One of the reasons for the insufficiently good operation of the heating system in the house is an illiterate installation of heating batteries, an incorrect calculation of the number of sections in a battery, or an incorrect location of radiators in the room and throughout the building. Therefore, the technical characteristics of the battery indicated in the passport will not be met. Correct installation of heating radiators involves the use of several schemes, and you need to know them before choosing the most optimal one.
How the radiator works
Structurally, any radiator is an assembly of heating sections combined into one unit (items No. 1 and No. 2 in the figure below) by a manifold. There can be as many such sections in one radiator, but usually the maximum number is 10-12 pieces. Sections can be added or removed as they are connected by a thread. Some models of radiators are made non-separable, which complicates their maintenance-free operation.
- 1 - top collector;
- 2 - a collector from the bottom;
- 3 - vertical sectional channels in the radiator;
- 4 - a radiator housing that acts as a heat exchanger.
Vertical channels are connected to each other (position No. 4), and hot water flows through them. Both collectors have an input and output (in the diagram, for the collector on top it is B1 and B2, for the collector below it is B3 and B4). 
The heated water supply from the heat generator is connected to the inlet, the return pipe ("return") is connected to the outlet. Unnecessary holes are closed with threaded plugs. When buying a new radiator, all the necessary parts for assembly, including plugs, are included in the basic configuration. It is the correct installation of heating radiators and the connection diagram of the collectors that determine the efficiency of the heating system. A Mayevsky crane is usually installed on one free exit, which is also included in the kit. An effective installation of heating batteries includes two main schemes - 1-pipe and 2-pipe methods for connecting heating radiators. The choice of the circuit depends on how the supply and "return" will be connected to the system. Within the framework of the chosen scheme, the connection of pipes with a coolant can be top, bottom, diagonal or lateral.
Note: The figure shows a simplified diagram of the heat sink design. The specific model will differ in design features.
One-pipe heating system
Such schemes for connecting heating radiators in a private house are considered the simplest and are used even in multi-apartment high-rise buildings, despite their low efficiency. The popularity of the one-pipe scheme is due to its cheapness and simple installation. Therefore, connecting the batteries according to this principle is one route that runs from the supply to the "return" connected to the boiler. For one floor, a one-pipe heating connection diagram in a private house is as follows: 
It is clear from the figure that the return pipe of the previous battery is the supply pipe of the next radiator. There is only one drawback of such a scheme - in each next radiator the temperature will be lower than in the previous one. In addition to the horizontal connection of the hot water pipe, there is also a vertical scheme, and this is also a good connection. Such a scheme is usually implemented in an apartment building, it is mounted in two versions - "a" and "b": 
- According to the "a" scheme, the pipe with the coolant is supplied from above, and the water is directed downward.
- According to the scheme "b", the bottom connection of heating radiators is realized.
Option "b" is used to save materials, since this scheme has the main disadvantage - the temperature on each next radiator drops even more than in option "a".
Two-pipe scheme
Before connecting a heating radiator, you need to study the 2-pipe version, which is considered more efficient, simpler and capable of adjusting the temperature in each heating device. But connecting a heating radiator to a two-pipe system will require more consumption of building materials and higher labor costs. 
The plus of the implementation of such a scheme is obvious - in each radiator the temperature is maintained as efficiently as possible, at a constant and stable level, and the location and distance of the heating devices from the heat generator does not matter. Two-pipe connection of the heating battery is also carried out in multi-apartment high-rise buildings. The supply and "return" are muffled from above, and the connection of two vertical collectors running in parallel is obtained.
In practice, other two-pipe heating schemes are also used - collector, it is also "radial" or "star". But such complex wiring is mainly used for the installation of hidden wiring, for example, under the floor. From the figure it is clear that it is necessary first to assemble the collector itself, and from it to dissolve the heating pipes throughout the premises of the house. 
Before connecting the heating battery correctly, you need to understand which scheme will be most effective for a particular room and its geometry. Often the batteries are connected in two ways - 1-pipe and 2-pipe - even in the same room.
Diagonal radiator connection with top flow
Option "A" (see figure below) is considered the most effective. If the batteries are connected according to this option, then in the calculations of the heating system for the circuit, a correction factor of 1 is introduced, and for other connection options - corrections in one direction or another. The heated water passes through the pipe line without hindrance, the pipes are filled to 100%, there is no air in them. As a result, the heat exchanger heats up evenly over the entire area, which leads to maximum heat transfer to the room. 
- A - diagonal connection of heating radiators with top flow;
- B - one-sided scheme with top feed.
Option "B" is traditionally implemented in a 1-pipe scheme. This scheme was most widespread when connecting risers with a coolant supply from above in high-rise buildings or when connecting pipes with a supply from below on descending heating lines.
On the positive side: the circuit works as efficiently as possible if there are few sections in the battery.
Negative point: with a large number of heat exchange sections, the pressure in the system may not be enough to push water along the uppermost ring. Therefore, water can flow along the near vertical sections of the battery, which will provoke stagnation in certain sections of the heating main.
The approximate number of radiator sections per room - table:
| Brand | Heat output, | Room area, m 2 (ceiling height 2.7 m) | ||||||||||||||||
| 8,0 | 10,0 | 12,0 | 14,0 | 16,0 | 18,0 | 20,0 | 22,0 | 24,0 | 26,0 | 28,0 | 30,0 | 32,0 | 34,0 | 36,0 | 38,0 | 40,0 | ||
| Required number of sections | ||||||||||||||||||
| Aluminum radiator A350 | 0,14 | b | 7 | 8 | 9 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 |
| Radiator made of aluminum A500 | 0,186 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 |
| S500 aluminum radiator | 0,201 | 4 | 5 | b | 7 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 |
| Bimetal radiator L350 | 0,14 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 |
| Bimetal radiator L500 | 0,19 | b | 7 | 8 | 9 | AND | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 |
Even the standard sizes of the radiator will give heat losses of up to 5%. And with an increased number of sections, heat losses on each radiator can reach 10%. Therefore, when connecting heating radiators of the piping circuit, it is better to install batteries according to the first method - "A".
Radiator connection options
Bottom water supply with one-sided pipe connection
The circuit has a low efficiency, but with the lower connection of the coolant supply pipe, it is used very often, even in high-rise buildings. The option justifies itself by the simplicity of installation, economical use of building materials and low labor costs.
Cons of connection for this option:
- The appearance of a zone of stagnant water, which will lead to cooling of the farthest radiator.
- Heat transfer losses can rise up to 20-25%.
Double-sided bottom feed
The option is used both in private houses and in multi-apartment high-rises. This scheme allows you to mask the pipe line in the wall or under the floor. The efficiency is low, but it is precisely because of the possibility of covert pipe laying that the option is popular.
Disadvantages:
- Heat transfer losses can rise up to 10-15%.
- The upper sections of the battery sections will warm up less due to the counter flows of the cooled coolant, since hot water will tend to move along the lower collector.
Bottom connection diagonally
The most ineffective installation of heating batteries, but there may be cases of forced installation of just such a scheme.
Disadvantages:
- As mentioned above, the pressure in the line may not be enough to warm up the upper rings of the heating system as much as possible.
- In addition, resistance and temperature differences play a role. Therefore, if a radiator with more than the calculated number of sections is installed, a stagnation zone may appear under the coolant return pipe.
- Heat losses during installation of heating according to a similar scheme are ≤ 20%.
Top connection on both sides
Before connecting the radiator correctly, you must understand that this option is ineffective. Disadvantages:
- The coolant is supplied through the upper collector, which means that it will not flow down, and the lower part of the battery will always be cold.
- This option is also used in exceptional cases when there are no other solutions. Connecting high radiators according to this scheme can be considered more or less effective.
Optimizing Battery Connections - Options
If you already have piping, you don't want to change it, but often this option is more profitable than replacing the radiator or changing the entire battery connection diagram in the system. It is possible to optimize the connection of pipes directly connected to the battery if the piping of the heating radiator is changed geometrically (see the figure below): 
Companies that manufacture heating batteries and radiators almost always produce models designed for connection according to different tie-in options, but the diagonal option is considered the most optimal connection solution, at least in Moscow, which is indicated as the most effective device in the passport. Also, the operating instructions (and possibly on the device itself) indicate the correct direction of flow and other useful parameters. If it is not possible to purchase the above radiator, heat transfer optimization is carried out using a valve. 
Such a valve is mounted between the sections, overlapping the intersection nipple. A heating pipe is inserted inside the valve, supplying or removing heat carrier - this depends on the selected battery connection option.
Another option for optimizing heat transfer is a flow extension. This is a special pipe Ø 16 mm, which is inserted into the upper manifold of the radiator. If the thread Ø 16 mm does not fit the radiator or the battery, then you can buy an extension cord with a different thread diameter or connect it to the battery through an adapter sleeve. 
An extension cord is most effective when connected diagonally to the top of the battery in one direction. In this version of the connection, the coolant enters the upper remote edge of the battery through the extension cord cavity and from there moves diagonally to the lower opposite end of the radiator. Thus, a variant of the coolant is implemented diagonally from top to bottom, in which all sections of the heating device are evenly heated.
Video about the operation of a 1-pipe heating system
Video about the operation of a 2-pipe heating system
Location of the radiator in the room
Even the most expensive radiator will not give the desired effect if it is incorrectly connected or incorrectly installed on the wall. Standard options for mounting radiators are under window openings, next to entrance doorways, in places where there are uncleanable drafts. But there are also standard requirements regarding the mounting of heating batteries on walls and other surfaces:
- Under the windowsill. There is always a place under it for a battery, since other interior items are simply not needed there. All drafts from the window are minimized by the heat flow from the radiator. With this arrangement of the device, its total length should not exceed ¾ the width of the entire window. If this rule is followed, the heat output will be maximized. The radiator should be mounted in the center of the window, the tolerance to the left or right should not be more than 2 cm.
- There must be a height distance of at least 10 cm between the window sill and the radiator (or at least ¾ of the thickness of the radiator), but not more than 15 cm, otherwise the plane of the window sill will retain the entire heat flow or not reflect it when mounted high.
- The distance between the battery and the wall on which it is mounted should not be less than 2 cm. A smaller distance provokes the accumulation of debris and dust, which, in turn, reduces the heat transfer of the device.
These requirements are not enshrined in GOST, therefore they are recommendatory. Unless there are other recommendations from the manufacturer, it is best to take these tips into account when attaching any radiator. But most often the manufacturer in the radiator passport indicates the optimal scheme for its installation on the wall, which should be used.
Conclusion
After considering the main options for connecting heating devices to the heating system, their main disadvantages, as well as the advantages of each connection option, clearly emerge. In addition, the considered options for optimizing heat transfer can be applied to any scheme, and recommendations for mounting radiators are always needed when installing a heating system in an apartment or in a private house.
In order for an autonomous heating system to work as efficiently and efficiently as possible, it is important not only to choose the right heating devices included in its design, but also to connect them accordingly, using the optimal connection diagrams for heating radiators in a private house.
The comfort of living in the house directly depends on how competently and professionally it will be done, therefore it is best to entrust the calculations and installation of the system to specialists. But, if necessary, you can perform the installation work yourself, paying attention to the following points:
- Correctness of wiring installation.
- The sequence of connection of all elements of the system, including pipelines, shut-off and control valves, boiler and pumping equipment.
- Selection of the optimal heating equipment and components.
Before connecting a heating radiator in a private house, you must familiarize yourself with the following installation and placement standards for these devices:
- The distance from the bottom of the battery to the floor is 10-12 cm.
- The gap from the top of the radiator to the window sill is at least 8-10 cm.
- The distance from the rear panel of the device to the wall is at least 2 cm.
Important: Failure to comply with the above standards can lead to a decrease in the level of heat transfer from heating devices and incorrect operation of the entire heating system.
Another important point to consider before installing heating radiators in a private house: their location in the premises. It is considered optimal when they installed under windows... In this case, they create additional protection from the cold entering the house through the window openings.
Please note that in rooms with several windows, it is better to install radiators under each of them, connecting them in sequential order. It is also necessary to install several heating sources in corner rooms.
Radiators connected to the system must have an automatic or manual heating control function. For this purpose, they are equipped with special ones designed to select the optimal temperature regime depending on the operating conditions of these devices.
Types of pipe routing
Heating radiators in a private house can be connected by one-pipe or two-pipe scheme.
The first method is widely used in multi-storey buildings, in which hot water is first supplied through the supply pipe to the upper floors, after which, passing through the radiators from top to bottom, it flows to the heating boiler, gradually cooling down. Most often, in such a scheme, there is a natural circulation of the coolant.
The photo shows a one-pipe connection diagram with a bypass (jumper) Its main advantages:
- Low cost and material consumption.
- Relative ease of installation.
- Compatible with underfloor heating systems and various types of radiators.
- Possibility of installation in rooms with different layouts.
- Aesthetic appearance due to the use of only one pipe.
Minuses:
- The complexity of the hydro and heat calculation.
- The inability to adjust the heat supply on a separate radiator, without affecting the rest.
- High level of heat loss.
- Increased pressure of the heat carrier is required.
Please note: During the operation of a one-pipe heating system, difficulties may arise with the circulation of the coolant through the pipeline. However, they can be solved by installing pumping equipment.
Two-pipe scheme connecting heating batteries in a private house is based on a parallel method of connecting heating devices. That is, the branch supplying the coolant is supplied to the system, in this case it is not connected with the branch through which it returns, but their connection is carried out at the end point of the system.
Advantages:
- Possibility of using automatic temperature controllers.
- Serviceability. If necessary, flaws and mistakes made during installation can be corrected without damaging the system.
Disadvantages:
- Higher cost of installation work.
- Longer installation time in comparison with one-pipe type of wiring.
Radiator connection options
To know how to properly connect the heating battery, you need to take into account that in addition to the types of piping, there are several schemes for connecting batteries to the heating system. These include the following options for connecting heating radiators in a private house:
- Lateral (one-sided).
In this case, the connection of the outlet and supply pipes is made from one side of the radiator. This method of connection allows you to achieve uniform heating of each section with minimal equipment costs and a small amount of coolant. Most often used in multi-storey buildings with a large number of radiators.
Useful information: If a battery connected to the heating system according to a one-sided scheme has a large number of sections, the efficiency of its heat transfer will significantly decrease due to poor heating of its remote sections. It is better to ensure that the number of sections does not exceed 12 pieces. or use a different connection method.
- Diagonal (cross).
It is used when connecting heating devices with a large number of sections to the system. In this case, the supply pipe, as in the previous connection option, is at the top, and the return pipe is at the bottom, but they are located on opposite sides of the radiator. Thus, heating of the maximum area of the battery is achieved, which increases heat transfer and improves the efficiency of heating the room.
- Lower.
This connection scheme, otherwise called "Leningrad", is used in systems with a hidden pipeline laid under the floor. In this case, the connection of the supply and discharge pipes is made to the lower branch pipes of the sections located at opposite ends of the battery.
The disadvantage of this scheme is heat loss, reaching 12-14%, which can be compensated by the installation of air valves designed to remove air from the system and increase the battery power.
For quick dismantling and repair of the radiator, its outlet and supply pipes are equipped with special valves. To adjust the power, it is equipped with a temperature control device, which is installed on the supply pipe.
What they have, you can find out from a separate article. In it you will also find a list of popular manufacturing companies.
And about what it is, read another article. Volume calculation, installation.
Tips for choosing an instantaneous water heater for a tap. Device, popular models.
Installation
As a rule, the installation of the heating system and the installation of heating radiators are carried out by invited specialists. However, using the listed methods of connecting heating radiators in a private house , You can install the batteries yourself, strictly observing the technological sequence of this process.
If you perform these works accurately and competently, ensuring the tightness of all connections in the system, there will be no problems with it during operation, and installation costs will be minimal.
The photo shows an example of a diagonal installation method The procedure for this will be as follows:
- We dismantle the old radiator (if necessary), having previously blocked the heating main.
- We mark the installation site. The fixing of the radiators is carried out on brackets, which must be attached to the walls, taking into account the regulatory requirements described earlier. This must be taken into account when marking up.
- We fix the brackets.
- We collect the battery. To do this, we install adapters on the mounting holes in it (come with the device).
Attention: Usually two adapters have a left-hand thread, and two - a right-hand one!
- To plug unused collectors, we also use locking caps. To seal the connections, we use sanitary flax, winding it counterclockwise on the left thread, clockwise on the right thread.
- We fasten the ball valves to the joints with the pipeline.
- We hang the radiator in place and connect it to the pipeline with the obligatory sealing of the joints.
- We carry out pressure testing and trial run of water.
Thus, before connecting a heating battery in a private house, it is necessary to determine the type of wiring in the system and its connection diagram. In this case, installation work can be performed independently, taking into account the established norms and process technology.
How the installation of heating batteries in a private house is carried out will show you clearly the video.