Gymnasium of Pastor Gluck
At the very end of 1701, Russian troops under the command of Boris Petrovich Sheremetev finally won their first victory over the Swedes. The Swedish general Schlippenbach was utterly defeated at Erestfer, and Peter, delighted with this unexpected victory, made Sheremetev a field marshal general and sent him the Order of St. Andrew and his portrait, showered with diamonds.
Inspired by the victory, Sheremetev with his army rapidly advanced across Livonia, devastating everything in its path. In July 1702 he won a second victory at Gummelshof, and in August he approached Marienburg. The frightened residents of Marienburg partly fled, and partly went out of the city gates to meet the Russian troops, pretending to be completely submissive and hoping for the mercy of the victor. Among those who met the victorious army was the pastor's family Johann Ernst Gluck (Glick).
Johann Ernst Gluck was born in 1652 in Wettin, near Magdeburg (Saxony), into a priest's family. He studied theology and oriental languages at Wittenberg and Leiden Universities. In 1673 Gluck settled in Livonia, preached the word of God, studied the Latvian language and decided to translate the Holy Scriptures for Latvians. But, realizing that he did not know Hebrew and Greek well enough, Gluck went to Hamburg to improve his knowledge of these languages. In 1680, Gluck returned to Livonia and three years later became a pastor in Marienburg and Seltingof, and then a senior priest (probst) of the eastern lands of Livonia, bordering the Moscow state.
In 1685, with the participation of Gluck, the New Testament in Latvian was published in Riga, and in 1689 - the Old Testament. Gluck also devotes a lot of effort to educational activities: he establishes a public school in Marienburg, schools for training teachers at church parishes.
Concerned about the problems of education, in 1684 he visited King Charles XI of Sweden, under whose rule Livonia was at that time. Among other things, Gluck introduces the king to his projects for the translation of textbooks into Russian and the establishment of Russian schools in Livonia for schismatics living in eastern Livonia. Charles XI showed interest in Gluck's projects (possibly for political reasons), but the death of the king prevented their implementation.
Gluck himself, who studied Russian well thanks to his acquaintance with the monks of the Pskov-Pechersk Monastery, did not abandon his plans. In 1699, he sent a letter to Moscow that he had prepared school books in Russian and was translating the Slavic Bible into simple Russian.
So in 1702, when Marienburg was captured, Gluck was already known in Russia. B.P. Sheremetev informed Peter I of the capture of Gluck, and the Emperor ordered to bring him to Moscow, apparently deciding to use his knowledge. And together with Gluck, the servant Marta Skavronskaya, who lived in his family, arrived in Moscow, who is destined to play an important role in the history of Russia. It was she who would become the wife of Peter, and then the autocratic Empress Catherine I.
On January 6, 1703, the prisoners were taken to Moscow in the building of the Discharge Order, and already on January 19, the "swineman Apt" was ordered (such a title is given to Gluck by documents of that time), who is able to "many school and mathematical and philosophical sciences in different languages", to take for the "sovereign affairs" in the Ambassadorial Prikaz.
Under the Ambassadorial Prikaz there was a "German school" in which Russian youths preparing for public service were taught "rosy European languages." The rector of this school, located in the Nemetskaya Sloboda, was the translator of the Ambassadorial Prikaz, a native of Saxony, Nikolai Schwimmer. In February 1703, six former students of Schwimmer were sent to Gluck to study. The training went so well that already in 1703 Gluck replaced Schwimmer as the rector of the school. If Schwimmer taught his students only foreign languages, then Gluck significantly expanded the training program. Addressing the head of the Ambassadorial order, Count F.A. Golovin, Gluck writes that he can “serve his tsarist majesty in science with various tricks, namely: Latin, German, Hebrew and other oriental languages; also in the Slavic language of rhetoric, philosophy, geometry, geography and other mathematical parts and politics ... ”, and even healing, in which he is also skilled. To this message Gluck added a request to provide him with a house in the German settlement, where he could teach various sciences to Russian youths. In March 1704, the "German apt with teachers and students" was transferred from the Nemetskaya Sloboda to Bolshaya Pokrovskaya Street (now Maroseyka) to the courtyard of the deceased boyar V.F. Naryshkina, which is at the corner of Pokrovskaya Street and Zlatoustineky Lane. In its place nowadays there is a house number 11, where at the beginning of the XX century. housed the Elizabethan gymnasium.
Gymnasium building
The wards, however, were in a deplorable state: it was necessary to repair windows, ceilings, floors, doors, fix stoves and chimneys, and arrange a room for teachers. Gluck filed a petition for the allocation of 278 rubles for repairs, which was a significant amount at that time.
By a decree of February 25, 1705, a new educational institution, which went down in history as the grammar school of Pastor Gluck, was officially established. The decree contained the following words: “... and in that school of boyars, and okolnichy, and duma, and neighbors, and every servant and merchant rank of their children, who, by their desire to come to that school, will enroll, learn Greek, Latin, Italian , French, German and other pink languages and philosophical wisdom. "
According to the decree of March 7, 1705, the school accepted those who were eager to learn, ignoramuses of "any condition." When registering, the applicant had to name the language chosen for study. Education was free, and it was ordered to give out annually 3 thousand rubles for the maintenance of the school. By this time, the school had eight foreign teachers and thirty students.
In an effort to attract the attention of society, Gluck compiled an ornate proclamation "An invitation to Russian youths, like soft clay to any image." The "Invitation" was followed by the "Catalog of Teachers and Sciences" that could be studied in the new school. Thus, the son of the director Christian Bernard Gluck taught the Cartesian philosophy and the "hunters of theological sweets" the languages of Greek, Hebrew, Syrian and Chaldean; Stephane Ramburg, "a dance master, teaches bodily beauty and complements by rank in German and French"; Johann Strumevel, "horse teacher", taught riding and horse training.
Tsar Peter I inspects gymnasium students
It can be seen from the program that the main place in it is given to the study of foreign languages, although no less attention was paid to other subjects. General education subjects (geography, philosophy, history, arithmetic, which included algebra, geometry, trigonometry), as well as dancing, fencing, horse riding, "complements", were obligatory for all students, regardless of their chosen language. The schedule of classes has survived to this day, from which one can learn that the pupils who lived at the school got up at 6 o'clock in the morning, and began the day with prayer and reading church books. From 9 to 10 o'clock in the classroom studied "Pictures of the World" by Jan Amos Komensky; from 10 to 12 o'clock they studied Latin and Latin grammar; from 12 to 1 o'clock the pupils had breakfast; from 1 to 2 o'clock we went through spelling and prepared for the next lessons; from 2 to 3 pm there were lessons of calligraphy, French and German grammar; from 3 to 4 o'clock the younger students were engaged in arithmetic, translation of proverbs, read Virgil, Cornelius Nepot, and the older ones improved in rhetoric and phraseology; from 4 to 5 o'clock the younger students had French lessons. The next hour was devoted to history and homework.
After 6 pm, some of the students (the younger ones) were allowed to go home, the rest were engaged in arithmetic, rhetoric, "philisophia" or prepared the assigned lessons. The "invitation", of course, aroused interest in the new school, and the number of its students increased significantly, reaching 75 in 1710. Among the pupils of the gymnasium were the children of officials, wealthy merchants, foreigners, as well as the court nobility (princes Golitsyn, Prozorovsky, Bestuzhev-Ryumin, Buturlin, Golovin).
But in his activities for the benefit of education, Gluck was not limited to teaching. He also worked hard on translating books for the school. He also compiled a geography textbook in Russian and German (dedicated to Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich) and a Russian grammar textbook.
Ernst Gluck was in charge of the school from February 1703 to May 1705. On May 5, 1705, he died. Gluck was buried at the Lutheran cemetery in the German settlement. Later, when this cemetery was destroyed, the pastor's ashes were transferred to the old German cemetery in Maryina Roshcha. In the 30s of the XX century. and this cemetery was destroyed, although the grave of Pastor Gluck was already lost then.
Under Gluck's successors, the gymnasium gradually lost its general educational character. In 1710 the gymnasium actually split into four language schools - Latin, German, French and Swedish. Many students left the gymnasium. In 1711, four former students enrolled in the Mathematical School; ten students were referred to "engineering science"; in 1713 two students transferred to the Hospital School.
And soon the school finally ceased to exist. In just 14 years, about 250 pupils came out of its walls, who spoke Latin, German, French, Swedish. As a rule, high school graduates went to government service. So, Samoilo Kopyev in 1709 was sent as an interpreter to the Ambassadorial field office. In July of the same year, Abraham Veselovsky, the future Russian ambassador to Austria, left for Hamburg to study the "naive sciences". The second of the Veselovsky brothers - Fedor - was ambassador to England, the third was admitted to the Ambassador's military chancellery and in January 1710 was sent to Copenhagen to the Russian ambassador to Prince V.L. Dolgorukov. Other graduates of the school also served Russia faithfully.
Gluck's merits were highly praised by the Russian government. His descendants were not forgotten either. Gluck's eldest son, Christian Bernard, was a teacher at his father's school for some time, and later became the chamberlain of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich, an assessor and adviser to the Chamber Collegium. The youngest, Ernst Gottlieb, studied at European universities, returned to Russia and rose to the rank of actual state councilor. In 1741 he asked Empress Elizaveta Petrovna: "so that, as a sign of the Highest favor to him and to his descendants and all his surnames, according to the strength of the points attached to the table of ranks, a proper diploma and coat of arms, as if you are very merciful." The Emperor's daughter Elizaveta Petrovna satisfied the heirs' request, elevating the family of the German pastor to the Russian nobility. So the modest German pastor Gluck, by the will of fate, entered the annals of the history of our homeland forever.
Vesti Segodnya, 07/15/2013
Ask who Pastor Gluck is, and any more or less well-read person will answer that this is the one who translated the Bible into Latvian and raised the Russian Empress Catherine I.
Few will say that Gluck is also a great Russian educator, the founder of the first gymnasium in Russia. And very few people will say that Gluck is the author of a textbook on the grammar of the Russian language ... Know ours!
The pastor who couldn't sit still
The entrance of the Livonian Gluck to the Russian historical proscenium was lightning fast! In 1702, Russian troops under the command of Field Marshal Sheremetev were rapidly advancing across Livonia, devastating everything in their path, and in August they approached Marienburg (the present city of Aluksne). Frightened residents partly fled, partly went outside the city gates to meet the Russians, hoping for the mercy of the victors. Among those who came out was the family of Pastor Johann Ernst Gluck.
The colorful family was noticed by a Russian officer who agreed to take them to the tent of the field marshal Count Sheremetev himself. The count made a quick decision: the educated pastor, who spoke excellent Russian, with his family - to Moscow, and the pastor's adopted daughter, who liked the count, to the field marshal's camp bed.
Johann Ernst Gluck was born in 1652 in Saxony into a priest's family. Studied theology and oriental languages at two universities. Then he settled with us in Livonia, preaching the word of God. I learned Latvian and got fired up with the idea of making a translation of the Holy Scriptures for Latvians. However, not knowing well enough Hebrew and Greek, he went to Hamburg to improve these languages.
In 1680, Gluck returned to Livonia and in the same year was ordained to the garrison pastors of the Dinamünde fortress (in present-day Bolderaja). Three years later, he was appointed pastor in Marienburg, and then senior priest (probst) of all the eastern lands of Livonia, bordering Russia.
For five years of titanic labors, the pastor translated the New Testament into Latvian. And four years later - and the Old Testament. At the same time, Gluck devoted a lot of effort to educational activities: he founded a school in Marienburg, schools for training teachers in church parishes ...
Hitting the top ten
Concerned about the problems of education, he visits King Charles XI of Sweden, under whose rule Livonia was at that time. Introduces His Majesty to the project of translation into Russian (!) Of Swedish and German textbooks and the establishment in Livonia of Russian schools (!) For children of Russian Old Believers who fled here. Charles XI showed an unexpected interest in the projects, looking at them, of course, from a political point of view, and only the death of the king prevented the implementation of those projects.
But Gluck was already unstoppable. He did not abandon his plans. To implement them, he sent a letter to Moscow with a proposal to translate school textbooks used in Livonia into Russian. And besides, he announced that he began to closely engage in the translation of the Bible, written in Old Church Slavonic, into understandable modern Russian.
So in 1702, when Marienburg was taken, our active pastor was already well known in Russia. Therefore, when he was taken to Moscow, Tsar Peter ordered to send Gluck for the "sovereign affairs" to the Ambassadorial Office, under which there was a "German school", where Russian youths were taught European languages, preparing them for public service.
The rector of this school was Nikolai Schwimmer, a native of Saxony. He gave Gluck six students for trial. And their training went so successfully that a year later Gluck replaces Schwimmer as rector.
And here an important point should be noted. If Schwimmer taught his students only foreign languages, then Gluck decided to significantly expand the training program. In a letter to the head of the Ambassadorial Office, Count F.A.Golovin, Gluck writes that he can teach not only Latin, German, Hebrew and other oriental languages, but also philosophy, geography, geometry and "other mathematical parts." And even healing, "in which he is also skilled." And here our pastor with his letter falls right into the top ten!
Untold virgin soil
It must be admitted that at the very beginning of the 18th century, the centers of education in the East Slavic lands were present-day Ukraine and Belarus. But in Russia, education was bad. It is with education.
In Moscow, 2,500 primers, 3,000 Books of Hours and 1,500 Psalters were published annually. Of course, this number of books was not enough for the 15 million population of Russia, but literacy in Russia was. Alas, the census was not carried out, so no one knows the true situation. However, in the monograph by A.I.Sobolevsky "Education of Moscow Russia in the 15th - 17th centuries." an official document is given, from which it follows that out of 22 boyars, four did not know literacy, out of 22 stolniks - 8, out of 115 princes and children of the boyars, 47 people could sign their names, other crosses were put down. And this is the Russian elite. As for the lower classes, there was untouched virgin soil ...
As for education, Russia did not give it to its youth at all. Because there was no one to give it to. And at the very beginning of the Peter's reforms, education and completely dropped to zero. And that's why.
Peter started a revolutionary turn from church education to secular education. The old educational system turned out to be unusable at once, but the new one did not yet exist, it had to be created from scratch. For a better understanding of the situation at that time, modern historians cite such an intelligible example: let's imagine that from January 1, 2014, Russia decided to replace the Cyrillic alphabet with Latin or Arabic. They decided to make theosophy and palmistry with phrenology the primary sciences, and to recognize mathematics and physics with biology as useless. What will be the level of education of the population in the first decade?
True, some historians recall that at the end of the 17th century. in Russia there was already "the time of the first, though rare, lessons in practical arithmetic and geometry." Perhaps it was. But we must remember that in Europe it was the time of Descartes, Fermat, Newton, Leibniz ... In accordance with the education of the people, publishing was also established in Russia. In the middle of the 17th century, an average of 11 editions were published in Russia per year, while in Holland there were 80 editions, in England - 100, and in Germany - 450.
Gluck is a blacksmith of personnel for the Russian state
The head of the Ambassadorial Office, Count F.A.Golovin, carefully read Gluck's letter, after which in March 1704 the rector with teachers and students was transferred from the German settlement to Maroseyka Street - to the spacious chambers of the recently deceased boyar V.F. Naryshkin, who did not leave offspring ... House No. 11 today still stands in the same place ...
The chambers, however, were in a deplorable state: it was necessary to change windows, ceilings, floors, doors, stoves, pipes. It took a year.
On February 25, 1705, a new educational institution, which went down in history as Pastor Gluck's Gymnasium, was officially opened. The school accepted "those who are eager for learning, ignoramuses of any state." By this time, eight foreign teachers and 30 students were working in the wards on Maroseyka. Education was free; Gluck was given 3 thousand rubles annually for the maintenance of the school.
From the curriculum that has come down to us, it is clear that the main place in it was given not only to the study of foreign languages, but also to general education subjects. Namely: geography, philosophy, history, arithmetic, algebra, geometry, trigonometry. And besides, the school taught dancing, fencing, horse riding, and for dessert - "compliments", probably for successful promotion and conquering ladies' hearts ... All these subjects were required for all students.
The schedule of classes has survived to this day, from which you can find out that the students who lived at the school got up at 6 o'clock in the morning, the day began with prayer and reading theological books. And then from 9 a.m. to 7 p.m. the high school students studied natural sciences, studied Latin, mastered spelling, studied foreign languages, mathematics, read Virgil and Cornelius, improved their rhetoric and so on ... Rector Gluck so mercilessly forged highly educated personnel for the Russian state.
But in tireless work for the benefit of Russian education, Gluck did not confine himself to the organization of teaching. He also worked hard on translating textbooks. He himself compiled a geography textbook in Russian and (just don't fall out of your chair!) Wrote a Russian grammar textbook! He also managed to translate the Bible from Old Church Slavonic into everyday Russian! True, after the death of the pastor, the translation “was lost” ...
The capital turned out to be cooler
Ernst Gluck died in May 1705. They buried him at the Lutheran cemetery in Maryina Roshcha. In the 30s of the XX century. the cemetery was destroyed, although the grave of Pastor Gluck was already lost even then ...
After the departure of such a demanding mentor as Gluck, the gymnasium began to gradually lose its general educational character. It split into four language schools - Latin, German, French and Swedish. Many students left. And soon the school finally ceased to exist.
Nevertheless, in the most difficult years for the reformed Russia, about 250 well-educated and well-educated pupils, fluent in several languages, emerged from its walls. As a rule, they immediately fell into government service.
The merits of Rector Gluck were highly appreciated by the Russian government, and his descendants, who also served the state excellently, were not forgotten. Empress Elizabeth elevated the entire family of the pastor to the Russian nobility. So Livonian Glitches entered the annals of the Russian elite.
But "gymnasium number one" eventually became a completely different school. The Academic Gymnasium, founded in 1726 in the capital of St. Petersburg, was considered the oldest Russian gymnasium. Its first inspector was the German Gottlieb Bayer from Konigsberg, with him there were only 18 students in the gymnasium, and even those were on the run ...
And then the president of the Academy of Sciences, Count Razumovsky, entrusted the management of the gymnasium to M.V. Lomonosov. He first of all started a boarding school in it for 40 talented pupils recruited from all over Russia and studied for free. Business immediately went uphill, and the name of Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov gradually gave the capital's gymnasium its primary sound ...
House on Maroseyka
Pastor Gluck's school on Maroseyka later became the palace of Prince Cantemir, then went to Field Marshal Repnin ... In the middle of the 19th century, an almshouse and a school for poor girls were located here. At the beginning of the last century, the building was expanded and added on, establishing an Elizabethan women's gymnasium for 600 students, but not poor ones, but vice versa.
Then the chambers changed their exterior more than once, but they still retained some of their past life: in the courtyard you can still see window frames and consoles of the 17th century - exactly the same as in the time of Ernst Gluck ... Now at 11 Maroseyka Street, it is located secondary school № 330 with in-depth study of mathematics, physics and computer science.
Bible and oaks
In the city of Aluksne there is the only Bible museum in Europe (and perhaps in the world). It contains a copy of the very first Holy Scripture in Latvian, translated by pastor Ernst Gluck. It is a thick tome weighing four kilograms, in which there are 4874 pages.
In honor of the beginning of the work, the pastor planted an oak near his house. After finishing the translation, in 1689, he planted the second one. Both historical giant trees have survived. That's what they call them - Gluck's oaks. A memorial stone is installed near them.
Martha from Marienburg
When Gluck and his family went to Field Marshal Sheremetev, their servant Marta, a tall, stout girl, walked behind them. Seventeen years ago, the pastor took up a one-year-old girl who was left without parents, raised her, and then made her a servant. However, he did not expect that his own son would look at her. Without hesitation, the pastor gave the girl in marriage to the Swedish dragoon Johann Kruse. But he was sent to war, and the former pupil returned to the pastor's house ...
Sheremetev noticed the stately girl from afar ... Then he boasted of his "trophy" to the guests. But even His Serene Highness Prince Menshikov liked it. And Sheremetev conceded. Then Peter liked Marta too. And he took her away from his lordship without asking. And he did not concede to anyone, making our countrywoman from Aluksne a sovereign-empress.
Ernst Gluk- (1652-1705), German pastor, theologian and teacher. From the beginning of the 1670s. was a preacher in Livonia. He translated the Bible, the Lutheran catechism into Latvian, and compiled the alphabet for Latvian children. He owns the translation of the Bible into Russian (in the Protestant version). He owns the first experiments (a hundred years before Lomonosov and Trediakovsky) in the field of Russian versification.
Ernest Gluck was born on November 10, 1652 in Wettin near Magdeburg (Saxony). The son of a pastor, he himself studied theology at the Universities of Wütenberg and Leipzig. Gluck also devoted a lot of time to the study of oriental languages. As a young man in 1672 he ended up in Livonia, in Berzeme, where he intended to conduct preaching work. Communication with the Old Believers allowed G. to more clearly imagine the specifics of Russian. church service books.
The timing was well chosen. In 1672, the independent reign of the Swedish king Charles XI begins (Vidzeme at that time belonged to the Swedish crown), the commemoration and flowering of absolutism. 
In 1673, the king invites Johann Fischer (1633-1705), who had previously worked in Germany, to become the superintendent (cleric at the head of the district) of Vidzeme. At this time, the activity of Lutheran circles increased, acting with a wide program of cultural activities aimed at religious education. The task of quickly and reliably translating the Bible is of particular importance. Fischer receives a large sum of 7,500 thalers from the Swedish authorities to translate the Bible into Latvian and Estonian. In 1675 a printing house headed by Vilken was organized in Riga. Under these conditions, it was natural to pay attention to the theologian Gluck, who, having arrived in Livonia, for five years stubbornly studied the Latvian language. But apparently at this time Gluck himself was not ready for this task. It is interesting that the weak point was not the knowledge of the Latvian language, but the biblical exegesis (interpretation of the Bible) associated with a specific knowledge of the Hebrew and Greek languages. It was this that prompted Gluck's departure to Germany, where he studied ancient languages in Hamburg with the famous orientalist Ezard. In 1683 he returned to Livonia, to Riga. From this year he was a pastor in the garrison of the Daugavgriva fortress, from 1683 to 1702 - in Aluksne (since 1687 he was also a probationer in Koknese). But back in 1681, he made the decision to translate the Bible. Gluck was now ready for the task. A year earlier, he had translated the Great Catechism.
Gluck fully justified the imposed on him in connection with the translation of the Bible hope. Having begun work in 1680, he already in 1683 completed the translation of the New Testament, and in 1692 - the additional book of Aspocryphas. In 1694, the printing of this edition was completed, and at the same time a decree of the Swedish king appeared on the distribution of the Latvian Bible. The book was printed in the amount of 1,500 copies, a sixth of them (250) were distributed free of charge to churches, schools and important persons, the rest went on sale. Edition itself Latvian Bible was of an exceptional nature. The book, printed in Vilken's printing house in Riga, consisted of 2500 pages, nothing like it was printed in Latvia either before or after (except for new editions of the Bible) - the flesh until the beginning of the twentieth century. 
It is significant that Gluck was assisted by two students - Vitens and Clemkens.
The translators were provided with a special room, food was allocated, and they were supplied with paper. The work was organized rationally and proceeded, apparently, without serious problems.
The glitch, on the whole, did its job well.- both in terms of the authenticity of the Latvian text to the original, and in terms of linguistic accuracy. The translation of the Bible into Latvian was a feat and the main work of Gluck's life, for whom life and work were merged. Gluck's educational work was not limited to the translation of the Bible. It is known that in Aluksne, where he was a pastor, he organized Latvian schools, whose pupils he sent as teachers to church parishes, where he was a probst. In the same years, Ernest Gluck created one Russian school, one German, and several other schools.
In Marienburg, Marta Skavronskaya, the future wife of Peter I and the future Russian Tsarina Catherine I lived in his house as a pupil (adopted daughter) or a nanny for the children.
The Great Northern War begins. Russian troops enter the territory of Livonia and begin to conquer castles. On January 6, 1703, captured in Marienburg (Aluksne) and transported to Pskov, Gluck ends up in Moscow. Where was B.P. Sheremetyev sent, and soon headed the Schwimer school in Novonemetskaya Sloboda.
About Moscow life of Gluck quite a lot is known. The first weeks were worrying. Gluck was kept as a prisoner in the courtyard of the Kostroma Itatsvsky monastery (in the city of China). The clerk T. Shishlyaev was instructed to strenuously protect the prisoner. Gluck himself entered the charge of the discharge, and two weeks later - of the Ambassadorial Prikaz, "for the sovereign's affairs." At the same time, it was indicated that he “ knows how to do many school, mathematical, and philosophical sciences in various languages. " Gluck's second Moscow "residence permit" is a German settlement, the courtyard of Pastor Fagezia. Here he was settled (from the end of January 1703) without a guard, but on the receipt of the pastor.
In February, he was given to teach the first Russian students - the three brothers Vyaselovsky. They were ordered to be taught "Diligently" to teach them not in a long time "German, Latin and other languages."
Third and Ernest Gluck's last Moscow address, with which his educational activities are most connected. On Pokrovka, where the school was opened, in which Gluck became the director. Teachers are recruited from among Moscow and visiting Germans, among them is Gluck's loyal student and assistant, Pauls, who has learned a lot from him.
In 1703, the school became the first Moscow gymnasium (it ceased to exist in 1715).
At school, Gluck translates the New Testament into Russian, the Lutheran catechism with ritual, the prayer book in rhymed verses. Gluck himself also wrote poetry. 
Gluck is developing the Russian alphabet for schools.
Gluck dies on May 5, 1705. He was buried in an old German cemetery, not far from Maryina Roshcha.
Gluck's widow received a pension in 1711 and was released to Riga.
In September 1741, Ernest Gottlieb Gluck, counselor of the College of Livonian and Estonian Affairs, submitted a petition to the Senate for the issuance of his diploma for nobility and the coat of arms to him and his descendants.
The petitioner personally showed in the King's Office that he was 43 years old, that he was a natural Livonian and was born in Livonia, in the fortress of Marienburg. And his father, Ernest Gluck, was in this fortress "prepositus", and in the past, de 704, when he was in Moscow, died. And his mother, "Christening, was a von Rextern family, the Livonian gentry." “And to his mother, the petitioner, according to the decree of E. I. V. Emperor Peter the Great, for the service of his father mentioned, his monetary salary was determined at 300 rubles per year, and in common possession with his son-in-law, Rear Admiral Nikita Petrovich Vilboim , in Livonia, in the Derpt district, the village of Ayia, in which, in the past 1740, the mother of the petitioner Krestina will die ”.
For Ernest Gottlieb Gluck, the following coat of arms was designed: “Golden winged ball; on the ball standing Happiness or Fortune. "
For some reason, the coat of arms and diploma made were not confirmed, and only in 1781 the Senate passed the following resolution: “In 1745, on March 15, the diploma composed by Gluck was ordered to be offered for signing by Her Imperial Majesty, when she deigns to be in the Senate. And as at the present time this diploma no longer serves, then this matter should be sent to the Archives. "
| Mysei of the Bible was opened on 18 November 1990. Its foundations contain no small 300 bibles, spiritual literature, collections of choruses and sermons, and other publications of religious literature in the Latin language and other languages. The recurrent exhibition of the museum dedicated to Ernst Johann Gluck (1654-1705), who in 1682-1702 was a pastoralist of the Alyksinsky community and entered the publisher's language The Bible was printed in 1694 in Riga, in the Vilken printing house, in 1500 copies. The original of the Bible is kept in the Aluxensky Church. | 
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| Dyby Gluka are located near the former farmhouse. EI Gluck left these trees of the Alyksnensky community in 1685, having completed the translation of the New Testament, and in 1689 - after the end of the translation. The boom of the oaks has been set up with a memorable stone. |
(today is the 316th anniversary)
Detailed description:
Johann Ernst Gluck is a German Lutheran pastor and theologian, teacher and translator of the Bible into Russian. On August 25, 1702, during the Northern War and the entry of Russian troops into Swedish Livonia, Pastor Gluck was captured and transported to Pskov, and on January 6, 1703, he was taken to Moscow. He was held as a prisoner in Kitai-Gorod, in the courtyard of the Ipatiev Monastery. Then he was settled in the house of Pastor Fagetius in the Nemetskaya Sloboda, without a guard, on the receipt of the pastor. In Moscow, he is given to teach the first Russian students to study German, Latin and other languages. A house on the street was allocated for the Gluck school. Maroseyka. Foreign teachers were invited. Peter I encouraged this undertaking. He introduced physical training to school as a subject, which included: fencing, horse riding, rowing, sailing, pistol shooting, dancing and games. The tsar's decree said that the school was opened for "general nationwide benefit", for the education of children of "any service and merchant rank of people ... who, by their desire to come and enroll in that school,". However, after the death of Gluck, only foreign languages were studied at the school, and in 1715 it was completely closed. During its existence, 238 people were trained.
11. In this building, which at the beginning of the 18th century belonged to the Naryshkin boyars (relatives of Peter I), the first classical gymnasium in Russia was opened by Pastor Gluck. Later, the Elizabethan gymnasium settled here.
Elizabethan Gymnasium
The Elizabethan Gymnasium was opened at the expense of Elizaveta Fedorovna Romanova, a Russian princess of German origin. Elizabeth was born in 1864 in the German city of Darmstadt. In 1884, she married Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich (1857-1905), brother of Emperor Alexander III (1845-1894), and became Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna. The gymnasium was founded in 1880 to educate orphans left after the end of the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878. In 1884, a boarding school for girls who had lost their fathers was opened under him. In 1887, this gymnasium was named after the Elizabethan school. In addition to 70 girls-orphans of the House of Education, at the beginning of the 20th century, a large number of girls who lived in families studied at the gymnasium. The Elizabethan Gymnasium was supported by charitable funds, including donations from numerous concerts by composers A.G. Rubinstein and P.I. Tchaikovsky. For the construction of an additional building for the Elizavetinskaya women's gymnasium in Bolshoy Kazenny lane, a land plot was purchased from the landlord Lazareva. The artist-architect I.I.Rerberg (1869 - 1932) was invited to develop the building project and supervise the construction, who later became an honored worker of science and technology of the RSFSR, the author and builder of the Kiev railway station in Moscow, the building of the Central Telegraph and many other projects. In 1911 - 1912, a four-storey gymnasium building with a classical-style facade was built. The gymnasium had its own home church, storerooms, kitchen, dining room, as well as apartments for the administration and service personnel. On August 16, 1912, the school year began in the new building of the Elizabethan women's gymnasium. She still had a boarding house, in which 70 pupils lived; in total, about 600 people studied in the 14 classes of the gymnasium. Education in the gymnasium was paid - 300 rubles a year - an amount at that time available only to the wealthy class. The Elizabethan gymnasium was famous for its brilliant teachers, such as A.N. Voznitsyna - the first headmistress of the gymnasium; M.N. Pokrovsky - a famous historian, Lunacharsky's deputy; S.G. Smirnov is an outstanding philologist. Highly educated and talented teachers worked in the gymnasium, from whose composition such scientists as full members and corresponding members of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences V.N. Kornilov, A.A. Rybnikov, D.D. Galanin, professor A.M. Vasyutinsky, V.P. Boltolon. At the women's gymnasium, in addition to the staff, there were many employees who offered their services free of charge - doctors, lawyers, teachers of arts, dance, and music. This kind of service was considered state and was always rewarded with ranks and insignia. The educational process in the gymnasium was so well established and generally recognized that a number of higher educational institutions of that time, such as the Higher Courses for Women, accepted the graduates of the Elizabethan gymnasium without competition. After the revolution of 1917, the former Elizabethan gymnasium became a labor school No. 64 in the city district and co-education was introduced. Since 1922, the school has become the second grade school No. 34 of the Bauman district of Moscow. A whole galaxy of talented teachers worked here: I.V. Mitrofanov - the first director of the school; T.V. Zyryanova - teacher of the Russian language, K.Kh. Mankov, A.K. Mankov. Over the years, the school was taught by talented teachers who became widely known to pedagogical science: the authors of textbooks - Professor V.F. Kapelkin, V.A. Krutetsky, V.S. Gribov, A.P. Averyanov, A.I. Nikityuk, V.E. Turovsky; honored teachers of the RSFSR A.T. Mostovoy, N.I. Gusyatnikov. An art studio was organized at the school, from which such artists and art workers as the Honored Art Worker of the RSFSR A.M. Mikhailov, the Frolov brothers, the artists, a member of the Union of Architects and the painter Yu.S. Popov. Since 1930, the school became known as the School of Factory Training No. 30. There was a printing house at the school, where students were trained in printing and printing. In 1936, the school was assigned the number 330. This year the number of students increased significantly - up to 1200 people, which made it necessary to build on another - the fifth floor. In 1943, the school became a men's gymnasium. In 1962, school №330 was one of the few that received the right to an in-depth study of mathematics. Now the specialization of the school is in-depth study of physics, mathematics and computer science.
Gluck's Gymnasium
At the same time, Gluck's gymnasium was opened in this building. Here is how the "Course of Russian History" describes this gymnasium - "The dawn of Russian school enlightenment was so vaguely engaged. pastor went to Livonia, to the town of Marienburg, learned in Latvian and Russian in order to translate the Bible directly from the Hebrew and Greek text for local Latvians, and for the Russians who lived in Eastern Livonia, from Slavic they hardly understood into simple Russian, he was busy on the establishment of Latvian and Russian schools and translated textbooks into Russian for the latter.In 1702, when Marienburg was captured by Russian troops, he was captured and was escorted to Moscow. invited foreigners to his service or instructed them to teach Russian foreign languages. So, in 1701, the director of a school in the German settlement Schwimmer was invited by the Ambassadorial order to the position of an interpreter, and he was instructed to teach the languages of German, French and Latin to 6 clerks' sons, who were intended to serve as translators in this order. And pastor Gluck, placed in the settlement, was given to teach languages several of Schwimmer's students. But when it was discovered that the pastor could teach not only languages, but also "many school and mathematical and philosophical sciences in different languages," in acts. Peter appreciated the learned pastor, in whose house, I will note in passing, lived schones Madchen von Marienburq, as the local inhabitants called a Livonian peasant woman, later Empress Catherine 1. Three thousand rubles were allocated for the maintenance of Gluck's school, about 25 thousand for our money. Gluck began the business with a magnificent and tempting appeal to the Russian youth, "like soft clay that pleases any image"; the appeal begins with the words: "Hello, fertile ones, but only backs and stamens that require didivines!" The program of the school was also published with a list of teachers, all discharged from abroad: the founder was invited to teach geography, ifics, politics, Latin rhetoric with oratorical exercises, Cartesian philosophy, languages - French, German, Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Syrian and the Chaldean art of dance and the tread of German and French courtesy, knightly horseback riding and the breeder's training of horses. According to surviving and recently published documents dating from the beginning of 1705; when the school was approved by decree, a rather detailed history of this curious, albeit short-lived, educational institution can be compiled. I will confine myself to just a few features. According to the decree, the school was intended for free teaching in different languages and "philosophical wisdom" for the children of boyars, okolnichy, Duma and neighbors, and any service and merchant rank of people. Gluck prepared for his school in Russian a short geography, Russian grammar, a Lutheran catechism, a prayer book, set out in bad Russian verses, and introduced into teaching a manual for the parallel study of languages by a Czech teacher of the 17th century. Comenius, of which Orbis pictus, The World in Persons, bypassed almost all elementary schools in Europe. On the death of Gluck in 1705, one of its teachers, Paus Werner, became the "rector" of the school; but for his "much fury and corruption", for the sale of school textbooks in his favor, he was rejected from the school. Gluck was allowed to invite foreign teachers as much as he needed. In 1706 there were 10 of them; they lived in the school in state furnished apartments, forming a drinking partnership; the widow of Gluck fed them for a special reward; in addition, they received a salary with canteens from 48 to 150 rubles a year (384-1200 rubles for our money); while all asked for a raise. In addition, the school relied on servants and horses. From the magnificent program of Gluck, only languages were taught in practice - Latin, German, French, Italian and Swedish, whose teacher taught "history", Gluck's son was ready to expound the philosophy to all hunters of "theological sweets", if any, and the teacher Rambour , a dance master, volunteered to teach "bodily beauty and complements by the ranks of German and French." The course consisted of three classes: elementary, middle and upper. The pupils were promised an important advantage: those who graduated from the course "involuntarily will not be hired", they will be accepted into the service whenever they wish, according to their condition and skill. The school was declared free: people are enrolled in it "by their own desire." But the principle of academic freedom soon shattered on scientific indifference: in 1706 there were only 40 students in the school, and the teachers found that they could add 300 more. "they were brought to that school without any serving time and learned on their own food and drink." But this measure does not seem to have replenished the schools with the desired set. At first, among her students are Prince Baryatinsky, Buturlin and other noble people, children on their own; but then all people with shady names enter the school and, for the most part, are "feed pupils," on state scholarships of 90-300 rubles for our money. Probably, these were in the majority the sons of clerical people, who studied at the behest of their fathers' superiors. The composition of the students was very variegated: in it there are children of homeless and irresponsible nobles, majors and captains, soldiers, townspeople, people in general are not enough; one student, for example, lived on Sretenka with a deacon, hired a corner with his mother, and his father was a soldier; pupils "ruthless", their own were a minority. In 1706, a staff of 100 pupils was established, who were "given a certain salary", increasing it with the transition to the upper class, "so that they would learn more willingly, and in that, try as much as possible, so that they would learn hastily." For pupils who lived far from the school, the teachers asked to arrange a hostel by building 8 or 10 small huts in the schoolyard. The students were considered a kind of corporation: their collective petitions were taken into account by the bosses. There are few indications on school teaching progress in the stationery; but according to the decree on its establishment, those who enrolled in it could study "what sciences who want". Obviously, the idea of a subject system was not alien to that time either. The school did not establish itself, did not become a permanent institution: its students gradually spread out, some went to the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy, some to the medical school at the Moscow military hospital, established in 1707 on the Yauza River under the leadership of Dr. Bidloo, the nephew of the famous Leiden professor ; others were sent abroad for further science or settled in a Moscow printing house; many of the landlord's children left without permission to go to the villages, that is, fled, missing their mothers and sisters. In 1715, the last teachers who remained in the school were transferred to St. Petersburg, it seems, to the naval academy that was opening at that time. Afterwards, Gluck's school was recalled as a ridiculous undertaking of the Marienburg pastor, the uselessness of which was finally noticed by Peter. Gluck's gymnasium was our first attempt to establish a secular general education school in our sense of the word. The thought turned out to be premature: not educated people were required, but translators of the Ambassadorial Prikaz, and the Gluck school was exchanged for the school of foreign correspondents, leaving behind a vague memory of the "academy of different languages and cavalry sciences on horses, on swords", etc. , as Prince B. Kurakin described the school of Gluck. After this school, only the Greek-Latin Academy remained in Moscow as an educational institution with a general educational character, designed for church needs, although it had not yet lost its all-class composition. The Braunschweig resident Weber, who in 1716 no longer found Gluck's school, spoke very favorably of this academy, where up to 400 students studied under scholarly monks, "sharp and sensible people." An upper-class student, a prince of some sort, spoke to Weber in a rather skilful, pre-learned Latin speech, which consisted of compliments. Curious is his news about the mathematical school in Moscow that the teachers in it are Russian, with the exception of the main one, an Englishman, who has excellently taught many young people. This is, obviously, the Edinburgh Professor Farvarson, already familiar to us. This means that the foreign educational parcels were not completely unsuccessful, they made it possible to supply the school with Russian teachers. But the successes were achieved not easily and not without sin. The foreign students by their behavior drove the supervisors assigned to them into despair; those who studied in England found it so much that they were afraid to return to their fatherland. In 1723, an approving decree followed, inviting the mischief-makers to fearlessly return home, forgiving them in everything and graciously encouraging them with impunity, promising even rewards with "salaries and houses."