The apartment is 38 sq. meters at first glance does not seem spacious enough. However, modern materials, variety of styles and creativity can create a piece of paradise out of a small space. You just need to carefully plan each meter, paying attention to even minor details.
For planning a one-room apartment, they often choose the option of combining a kitchen with a living room. This idea has gained popularity thanks to the ability to get more rooms: no need to choose between a living room and a bedroom. Combining is a great way to achieve both.
Just a few years ago, proper attention was not paid to the creation of a layout, and developers rented out apartments of the same type with the same arrangement of rooms and communications. As a result, I had to adjust my habits and needs under a single system. Today, planning is an opportunity to get an apartment "for yourself", because the placement of each piece of interior is always individual. Convenience and beauty are too subjective concepts to be ignored.
This area allows you to successfully implement different ideas: a studio apartment, a living room and a bedroom, or even two bedrooms, if a couple with a child will live. One large living room combined with a kitchen is more suitable for a bachelor man. This design is usually used if the owner does not plan to spend time at the stove. And the living room and bedroom are perfect for a couple.
If the interior of the apartment is created for one or two owners, it is better to make a combined bathroom. In a small family, this solution has some advantages.
In a more spacious and functional room of 4-5 sq. m will fit everything you need and will not be too cramped.
Placing the working area in the form of a small office can be perfectly arranged both in the living room and in the bedroom. The choice depends on personal preference and the need to retire at the computer desk.
Design project
The creation of a design project is an important component of any renovation. A modern computer program has many more functions than the ability to see the result in a picture.
The project helps to fully plan the entire process and monitor its exact execution: calculate costs, choose a style and select all the pieces of furniture.
The cost of creating a stylish design depends entirely on the choice of materials, because the difference in price for any building material can vary quite significantly. Also, the volume of repair work plays a huge role. Creating an interior from scratch in a new building with a rough finish requires the most complete project. While small changes in a residential apartment will not become global and so costly.
You can use ours or one of the programs that are on the Internet and see a 3D model of the project.
The main tasks that the design project performs are as follows:
- Creation of schemes for the construction or demolition of partitions, walls with a mandatory analysis of the ergonomics of moving around the rooms.
- Detailed measurement of the entire apartment for calculating materials and drawing up a plan for subsequent changes.
- Planning the placement of communications and wiring.
- Work with finishing materials, choice of style and colors.
- Selection of furniture, arrangement of all decor items, selection of accessories.
For an apartment with a small area, it is better to choose minimalist styles - Scandinavian, hi-tech or eclecticism. They meet all the requirements of modern design and look stylish enough even in small spaces.
Zoning
Most modern designers successfully use the main technique when creating an interior - zoning. This method is especially relevant in one-room apartments and studios, when you need to create functional areas in one room. In addition, this technique allows you to abandon the doors, which take away precious meters and narrow the space.
Most often, zoning is conditional and is implemented by arranging furniture or using color filling. The construction of extra partitions for zoning is not required at all, because the main task is to expand the space, and not reduce it. This technique will help make even a small apartment more functional, while maintaining a uniform style and comfortable placement.
The zoning process begins with the designation of a list of necessary zones for owners:
- Hallway
- Living room
- Cabinet
- Rest zone
- Canteen
- Kitchen
The list is compiled individually, taking into account the wishes and needs of the owners. It can and should be different, as some people need an office to work, and others need a place to practice yoga. The main thing is to determine for yourself how many zones you plan to place in the apartment and what area you need to give for them.
For effective zoning, different methods can be used: dividing space with furniture, color, decoration. It is not necessary to use only one option, they can be combined and matched, striving for the golden mean.
Furniture and textiles
Light colors of decoration are still in trend, especially for apartments with a small area. The less space, the more tricks it takes to visually expand the space. Do not be afraid of excessive "sterility" of white walls, because bright details in the form of curtains, pillows, paintings and houseplants can effectively revive any interior.
Furniture is important in creating an interior, since, in addition to its direct purpose, it helps in the zoning of space. The perimeter arrangement has long lost its relevance.
One of the best options is to separate the kitchen and dining room with a dining table or bar counter. And the bedroom from the guest room can be perfectly separated by a tall wardrobe. This will save space and expand the area by mirroring the light.
The choice of textiles directly depends on the style of the apartment. For example, oriental influences can be complemented by flowing draperies, while the Japanese style is often created with bamboo blinds. Special attention should be paid to storing things, as clutter can ruin the look of even the most modern finishes.
Arranging a modern kitchen requires household appliances. In addition to the standard set in the form of a refrigerator and a stove, a dishwasher, a coffee maker and an extractor hood are increasingly being added. Without the latter, it will be especially difficult in the kitchen combined with the living room. With this layout, the hood is especially important. To store your kitchen utensils, you will need a sufficient number of shelves and cabinets. Better to choose headsets with a smooth surface or frosted glass.
In a one-room apartment, it is better not to use too contrasting or bright color transitions. Also, the cardinal differences of different finishes will work against free space. It is best to do zoning in more neutral ways, such as curtains or rug on the floor.
Video: The interior of the apartment is 38 square meters
Photo gallery: Types of apartments with an area of 38 sq. meters
Individual Design One Room Apartment (30 Photos) with Bed In One Room Apartment - Goopos
Design of a One-Room Apartment 35 Sq M - 50 Photos of Ideas & New Products within 83 Exciting Design of a One-Room Apartment 35 Sq.m - Goower
Small apartment of 38 sq. m is located in a typical block-panel house of the II-18/9 series widespread in Moscow, directly at the Dynamo metro station. The design project was developed for a young couple without children.
Our main task was to use every square meter as functional as possible. The owners outlined a number of requirements: keep the bedroom and living room separate; isolate the hallway from the rest of the premises; make the entrance to the bathroom from the living area and install a shower cabin instead of the bath. Customers gave their preference to a modern style with a slight hint of Loft, and also wished that the color and light solutions of the project would visually expand the available space.
Apartment remodeling
The key advantages are the absence of load-bearing partitions and the presence of windows in every room; the apartment has a fairly large kitchen, and the living room has a balcony. The disadvantage of the original layout was a small combined bathroom with a sit-down bath and an exit to the corridor. It was with him that we started: after the relocation of the partitions, the kitchen area increased due to the former bathroom, which in turn turned into a comfortable bathroom that occupied part of the former corridor. For the kitchen, an L-shaped arrangement of furniture was proposed, along one of the walls there was a refrigerator, a stove, an oven, a dishwasher on the other side - a washing machine, while a compact dining table was located on the wall opposite to the furniture.
In the bathroom, a spacious walk-in shower was built, a toilet bowl and a sink were installed.
The entrance area, in accordance with the wishes of the owners, is completely isolated from the rest of the premises. There is an open hanger for outerwear and shoes, as well as a mezzanine and a wardrobe for outdoor seasonal clothes, as well as a utility section for an ironing board and a vacuum cleaner. We moved the partition between the living room and the bedroom, thanks to which it was possible to place in the extended bedroom not only a large bed with bedside tables, but also a wardrobe and a chest of drawers; additional storage space is equipped under the bed, in the form of roll-out boxes.
In addition, there is enough free space in the room to install a baby cot here in the future. The bedroom, as well as the kitchen and bathroom can now be accessed from the living room. She herself slightly decreased in size, but became lighter and visually more spacious due to the replacement of the standard balcony block with solid glazing, as well as the glazing of the balcony itself from floor to ceiling. In the living room we have placed a sofa with a coffee table and a long work table for two workstations; the balcony has been converted into a recreation area.
Apartment interior design
The color scheme of the project is based on a combination of white, milky, shades of gray with the addition of bright accents in the form of rich turquoise, yellow and green. All these colors are combined with bleached wood of different saturations on floors and furniture. Particular attention was paid to different textures and "zest" in each separate room.
So, in the living room, an interesting solution was a white brick wall behind the sofa, and a bright yellow designer heating radiator, textiles and decor elements served as color accents. In the kitchen, the light range of walls and ceilings is balanced by the original prints of curtains, rich gray-brown facades with a pattern of natural wood and a wall painted with black graphite paint. For the bedroom, the accents were turquoise tones of textiles and a wall at the head of the bed. In the bathroom the same range, in a colder solution, is used for a shower cabin and mosaics that surround the entire room.
Floor coverings deserve special attention. In the guest and sleeping area, we used a laminate with a wood grain pattern and diagonal laying, due to which the rooms visually seem more spacious. In addition, a laminate with a white wood pattern, covered with inscriptions and stamps, was also used in the decoration of one of the walls of the entrance area, which added originality to the hallway. As a floor covering, here, as well as in the kitchen, tiles with several pattern options were used. At the same time, in the hallway between the entrance door and the door to the living room, the floor colors smoothly pass from dark to light shades, which has become a practical solution and at the same time a "highlight" of this room.
The low ceilings in the houses of the II-18/9 series require particularly careful lighting work. In this case, the lighting solution is based on the use of several light sources, and if in the living room and bedroom the main lighting is provided by compact chandeliers that almost do not protrude above the ceiling surface, and small wall sconces are additional light sources, then a wide variety of lamps are used in the rest of the rooms. For example, in the hallway these are compact spots, in the bathroom there is built-in spot lighting, and in the kitchen there are hidden lighting for cupboards and a suspension with three colored shades.
Decorating a small apartment and not overfilling it with pieces of furniture, color and style is not easy, but still real. Typically, a design project for a one-room apartment of 38 square meters involves a large selection of finishes and designs. The color scheme is perhaps the most important aspect of the renovation. Light shades and pastel colors will visually increase the space of the room. And so that the atmosphere does not seem boring - add bright accents. Rich colored curtains, pillows, lamps, décor and bedspreads will liven up your room and make it more colorful. The best option for a one-room apartment is pastel colors, sand, cream, gray, blue, turquoise and pink. Our company offers modern solutions for finishing your premises. We will select high-quality materials for decoration, create a cozy space that will appeal to the whole family.
Composition of the design project for a one-room apartment of 38 square meters
What is included in the design project for a one-room apartment with an area of 38 square meters? Interior design professionals argue that renovations cannot begin without a plan. We will develop a project for your renovation, make an estimate, calculate all costs, determine the stages of finishing, create a style, highlight the zones, select beautiful furniture, arrange it. All stages of our cooperation take place taking into account the wishes of the customer. How much does a design project for a one-room apartment of 38 squares cost? The complexity of the design of the premises depends on the complexity of the renovation. If you need to do the finishing from scratch, then the project must be very detailed. If you need to make several changes to the layout of the apartment, for example, to allocate a children's area, then our work will be partial.
Important stages of the project:
1. The design project of the interior of a one-room apartment of 38 square meters begins with drawing up a plan. It is necessary to measure the room, highlight its nuances. This is necessary for calculating materials, choosing lighting, making changes.
2. If demolition of partitions is planned, then an appropriate scheme is made.
3. Layout of wiring and communication system.
4. Purchase of materials, choice of style, color, at this stage we determine the type of finishing.
In the project of a one-room apartment, you need to use zoning techniques. With their help, a small space can be made cozy and comfortable. Zoning is often done with the help of furniture, color, sometimes it is appropriate to arrange partitions. The zones are different. For example, living room, children's room, library, dining area, wardrobe, sports area. It is important for someone that there is an office in the apartment, and someone needs a children's corner. Interior design lives on the details. A one-room apartment is a large canvas on which a picture comes to life, taking into account your principles and preferences. We bring to your attention a modern approach to apartment renovation - a well-thought-out plan or design project at the best price.
The cost of the project of a one-room apartment is 38 sq.m.
You can order a design project for a one-room apartment 38 m2 at any time from our specialists. Your renovation will become individual, since we do not use templates, but we apply original ideas together with you and our specialists in practice. Your plan will be drawn up after careful analysis of the client's individual preferences. Price for design - project of one-room apartment 38 sq.m. - is optimal and is 1200 rubles per square meter.
To decorate the interior of a 1-room apartment, fit everything you need into it and not "overload" it, is not an easy task, but it is quite feasible. The average area of a one-room apartment is 37-38 sq. m. offers a wide variety of layouts and designs.
Modern design of a studio apartment
Usually, in the renovation of one-room apartments, the main problem lies in the size and seeming limited space. It is twice as difficult for families with children. Therefore, the primary task is to increase the size, at least visually. A more radical option would be a complete change of appearance - the demolition of walls and redevelopment. Studios are becoming more and more popular, in which the kitchen, living room and hall become a single whole. Of course, it is fashionable, practical, but very expensive. A less time-consuming option would be to demolish one wall, for example, combining a kitchen with a hallway or a room with a balcony.
The choice of color scheme is perhaps one of the most important points. Probably everyone knows that light shades visually increase the space. Even if the odnushka does not seem too small to someone, it is better to give preference to pastel colors. In the long term, the atmosphere will not look too monotonous or neutral, because it will definitely contain brighter accents: curtains, pillows, furniture upholstery, decor. Their bright colors are enough to liven up even white-painted walls.
The optimal solution for a modern one-room apartment would be light green, sand, cream, gray, brown, blue or yellow.
Thinking over the design, it is important to determine the original style and take into account that some of them simply cannot be fully reproduced in a small area. Immediately it is worth abandoning the classics, country, antique or American. Minimalist directions will become optimal: Scandinavian, aka Swedish, style, hi-tech, eclecticism. A modern apartment should also use modern materials for decoration and decoration. Swing doors can be replaced with sliding partitions or completely abandoned in favor of arches.
Design project of a one-room apartment
Interior design professionals are confident that no renovation work should be started without preparing a design project. This is not just a picture that will show what the interior will look like in the future. This is a multi-stage work that takes into account absolutely everything, makes it possible to draw up an estimate, calculate the cost of repairs, the optimal sequence of work, determine the style, highlight functional areas, select the necessary furniture, and arrange its arrangement.
The complexity of the design of a one-room apartment with an area of 38 square meters depends on the amount of renovation work. If you need to equip an apartment in a new building from scratch, the project should be as complete as possible. If this is a residential apartment that requires only small changes, for example, the arrangement of a children's area, the work will accordingly not be so global.
The main tasks of the design project:
- Detailed measurement of the premises of the apartment, drawing up a plan. This information will be needed for a more detailed study of further changes, calculation of materials, illumination, etc.
- Schemes for demolition and erection of partitions, if any are planned. At this stage, it is important to think over the ergonomics of moving around the apartment, taking into account the current rules and regulations;
- Layout of communications and wiring;
- The choice of finishing materials, the definition of style, the choice of colors and finishing materials;
- Selection and arrangement of furniture, decor, accessories.
Design projects today are rarely drawn by hand; the work is done in special computer programs. Many of them are freely available on the Internet. They allow you to create a 3D model of the future interior of photographic quality.
The basis of the basics - zoning
Zoning is the main technique of decorating designers. It allows you to visually divide the space into separate functional areas without affecting the overall style. In one-room apartments, zoning is indispensable. Only with its help an apartment with a high functional load can be made comfortable and convenient.
It is important to understand that zoning is most often conditional, determined by furniture, color and other content, and does not imply dividing a room with partitions into many tiny nooks.
Regardless of the area, the work begins with compiling a list of the required zones:
- Living room;
- Bedroom;
- Children's;
- Working (office, hobby corner);
- Recreation area (library);
- Canteen;
- Sports;
- Wardrobe.
This is only a rough list, it is not at all necessary for all zones to be present. Someone needs an office, and someone needs a children's corner or a secluded place to relax.
Zoning methods in a one-room apartment
You can divide a room in different ways, and it is not necessary to use all at once or just one. It is important to find a middle ground.
Furniture and textiles
It just so happened that we are used to arranging furniture around the perimeter, but sometimes it is worth reconsidering conservative views. Arranging furniture is one of the easiest and most convenient ways to zoning a room. A tall narrow wardrobe with doors facing the bed can separate the guest room from the bedroom. The recreation area with the kitchen will be divided by a sofa or a bar counter, and a rack or a table with a bookcase can serve as a limiter of the workplace.
Zoning with curtains is not the last technique of designers, but not in every interior this option will be suitable. The choice of textiles that will act as partitions often depends on the style. In classic interiors, it can be a dense canopy on the ceiling cornice, the oriental style will be complemented by multi-layer flying draperies, and the Japanese style will be emphasized by bamboo blinds.
Colors and finishing materials
In terms of its execution, this is one of the most difficult and not always successful techniques when it comes to a one-room apartment. Here, zoning principles and tips for visually increasing space clash and contradict each other. In a small area, too bright color transitions and multi-textured finishes will not be appropriate. The border can be drawn on the floor, for example, add a carpet, highlighting the desired area.
Stationary partitions and screens, doors
Movable screens and stationary partitions, in addition to zoning, perform a decorative function, therefore, they must meet the general style of the interior. There are a lot of options for their execution. If there are no definite ideas, you will have to devote not a single hour to viewing photos on the Internet. It is also worth considering that in a one-room apartment, the partition should take up a little space and visually expand the space. Most often they use plastic, drywall, mirror surfaces.
A whole cozy room can be hidden behind a thin screen door. Various materials can be used for the canvas: wood, plywood, MDF, plastic, glass.
Different levels of floor and ceiling, lighting
If the height of the walls allows, you can equip a podium to separate the working, sleeping area or nursery.
From the point of view of convenience, lighting should be organized so that each separate functional area is as independent as possible. They use multilevel lighting, lamps of different light spectrum, backlighting and so on. As a selection of individual functional areas, light alone is not enough; it can only be an additional tool.
The choice of furniture and the basic principles of placement
After furnishing the rooms, the furniture should look as spacious and comfortable as possible, and not resemble the vestibule of a train. Oddly enough, but the main thing in arranging an apartment is order. No newfangled things can make it comfortable and clean anymore. All boxes and shelves must be in their places, and their contents must be accessible at any time. That is why the furniture is always selected individually, taking into account the wishes of all residents. To make it easier for yourself, you can make a list of necessary things in advance, a place for them, a way of storage.
- The interior is filled with only the most necessary things. Furniture should be compact and functional.
- 2 large elements visually take up less space than 3-4 small ones, therefore, dressers and bedside tables are abandoned in favor of cabinets.
- There is also no room for bulky, massive furnishings.
- Multifunctional transforming furniture will allow you to expand the space of the room, if necessary. At a minimum, this could be a sofa bed, a fold-out table in the kitchen, or an ironing board outside the door.
- For a family with a child, an excellent solution would be bunk furniture, which combines a work area on the first "floor" and a bed on the second.
- A built-in wardrobe will help to make the most of the space.
You can use the wall above the bed to place furniture. This is a great place for open shelves and shelving. In the corridor, you can occupy the ceiling space for niches. A built-in cabinet is often arranged under a wide window sill. A common mistake many people make is to keep the corners of a room open. This is a great place to put a corner cabinet, bookcase or closet.
Every free centimeter is taken into account in the kitchen. Modern interiors, in addition to standard equipment (refrigerator, stove, microwave), provide for an additional one (hood, dishwasher, coffee maker), it is good if it is built-in.
For storing various small things in the kitchen, a rack or pantry with drawers is perfect. If the furniture is custom made, it is worth considering the optimal depth. Perhaps, it may be slightly less than that of the factory one. It is better to give preference to smooth deaf facades or frosted glass.
In the bathroom, as in other rooms, the zoning principle applies. There should be at least two zones here: a washbasin with a cabinet, a mirror and a bathtub or shower, a towel rack. If there is room, the washbasin area can be supplemented with a pencil case, put a laundry basket.
Interior design begins to live only thanks to the details. A one-room apartment is a kind of canvas on which a picture is created, taking into account personal requirements and preferences. Templates and individual ideas that have already been implemented will greatly simplify the artist's task.
Contemporary interiors continue to prove that there are no small spaces or bad layouts. All imperfections in space can be hidden using the principles of zoning, as well as by correctly choosing colors, decor and furniture. To inspire you, we've created a selection of 10 beautiful studio apartment designs. Happy viewing!
This "odnushka" with an area of 43 sq.m. located in a Stalinist building and was supposed to be rented out. Project designer Daria Nazarenko decided to move away from the universal design typical for this type of real estate and created an interior with individual features. Small details, such as panels or patterned textiles, reflect the tastes of the hostess, turning into bright accents against the background of restrained finishes.
Naturally, one of the main tasks was to save precious square meters, of which there are so few in the apartment. All partitions were dismantled, transforming the space into a kind of studio.
Multifunctional furniture played an important role. So, in the middle of the room there is an object that simultaneously serves as a table, a console behind the sofa and a small partition that smoothly divides the room. The spacious bed was built into a special niche, and the bathroom was hidden behind a sliding door.
This project is an excellent example of how to make modern housing for a bachelor out of an apartment that was inherited from a grandmother, killed over the years. And it is also proof that even a loft that loves a lot of free space can fit into the interior of a one-room apartment of 38 sq.m.
The designers from the studio "Odnushechka" had to deal with a room with a complex geometric shape, as well as an angular arrangement. Removing the extra partitions, three large windows appeared in the small room at once, which let in a large amount of light and make it more spacious. The small bathroom has been enlarged by a corridor.
Almost all furniture is made to order, adjusting to the specifics of the interior. They decided to replace the table with a bar counter, which separates the living space from the kitchen. Different wall finishes make the design of the apartment more varied and complex.
One-room apartment with an area of 42 sq.m., designed by Evgenia Ermolaeva, is located in the Moscow region. The hostess prefers environmental friendliness, so the designer has added as many trees and plants as possible to the interior. The bedroom is hidden in a kind of glass dome, bringing a sense of lightness.
To save space, it was decided to minimize the dining room, which is limited to small chairs and a bar counter. Also in the apartment there was a place for a home theater and a spacious built-in wardrobe in the hallway area.
Another project from Evgenia Ermolaeva, which clearly demonstrates that even bright and eccentric pop art can look beautiful in a one-room apartment with an area of only 37 sq.m. "Odnushka" is designed for a young couple, which doubles the complexity of the initial requirement: to accommodate everything you need for life.
The redevelopment included dismantling the balcony, expanding the opening between the kitchen and the corridor, and allocating the working area with a podium-step. The designer wanted to keep the double bed, while creating space for a full living room. The transforming bed, which is in the closet, helped to cope with this task. A large wardrobe was placed along the wall, serving as the main storage place in the apartment. Mirrors on its sliding doors help to visually expand the area.
The color palette is built on the contrast of muted and bright hues. The floor pattern helps in the zoning of the space, highlighting each zone. Despite its small size, the interior looks stylish and aesthetically pleasing.
The designers from the Novosibirsk studio Artugol managed to combine in a small one-room apartment with an area of 40 sq.m. rationality, individuality and aesthetics, decorating it all with notes of brutality.
The layout includes a living room, a bedroom with a large bed, a kitchen, a bar area, and a separate bathroom. The contrast of cold and warm colors with deep textures gives the space a special style.
It was possible to select a niche for the bedroom with the help of a built-in wardrobe, which divided the hallway and the room. The bed is located on the podium, which acts as an additional storage space.
Horizontal wooden panels seem to frame the space, making it visually wider and more comfortable. Using one palette of three colors enhances this effect, creating a cohesive and complete look.
6. One-room apartment in the style of minimalism
The customers wanted to transform this small one-room apartment of 40 sq.m. into a modern apartment filled with lightness and air. Oksana Tsymbalova from the "House of the Sun" studio worked on the project, who managed to embody all the smallest nuances in the interior.
The dwelling consists of a bedroom, living room, kitchen, small dining room, bathroom and ample storage space. To achieve this result, the designer took the principle of functionality as a basis, using every square meter, while maintaining the same desired space and lightness.
After the redevelopment, a small utility block appeared in the apartment, which was created by increasing the bathroom and moving the door.
The kitchen area includes a corner kitchen. To save space, the furniture creates a single line, leaving free space. The height of the ceilings made it possible to organize storage space at the full height of the walls. At the same time, stylistic unity and light colors smooth out all the corners, leveling the clutter.
In the bedroom area there is a workplace, which is separated from the living room by a wooden partition with an interesting texture.
This apartment is very suitable for the presence of only one, but spacious room with an area of 45 sq. M. Thanks to multifunctional furniture, the space looks very stylish, and each zone flows smoothly into another.
A small partition divides the kitchen area and the work area, which fits into a niche next to the window. The layout is L-shaped, while the dining area is made in the form of a corridor. The bedroom, which includes a bed and two bedside tables, was placed behind a translucent rounded partition, thereby hiding it from prying eyes.
The interior of the apartment has benefited from the use of modern style, which is embodied here in the flowing forms of furniture, natural colors and smooth surfaces. This combination expands the area and does not overload the room with unnecessary details.
Designed by Martins Architects, this studio apartment has virtually no boundaries, even where they are needed. Here it was also decided to hide the bedroom behind a glass partition, but this time transparent, in which you can retire with the help of curtains.
Zoning is provided by different colors and materials. So, the kitchen area is highlighted with black brickwork walls, as well as light glossy furniture, which stand in contrast to the white, green and brown colors of the rest of the interior. These varied designs are brought together by a light wood floor and a white ceiling.
