Pavel Petrovich Anosov (1797-1851). Pavel Petrovich Anosov (1799-1851)

With the author This article began my correspondence not so long ago. Of course, I knew about the works of Alexander Veniaminovich Kozlov, because I quoted him in my first publication about the Anosovs, but there was no personal communication. Maybe because my husband's cousin, Andrei Nikolayevich Alekseev, corresponded with him ... I didn't want to overload the author of the article with correspondence with the relatives of another St. Petersburg descendant of the Anosovs. Moreover, with A.N. Alekseev, I maintained a systematic relationship and he shared with me all the news about her husband's ancestors - the Anosovs. And so Alexander Veniaminovich himself wrote to me and sent me his recently published book "The Age of Anosov". He wrote that he thanks me for using some of my materials posted on the Internet for the chapter on the descendants of P.P. Anosov. I will not put the whole book here, but with some chapters (with the permission of the author) I will definitely introduce you.

I.M. Yakovleva

ANOSOV PAVEL PETROVICH

editor-compiler of the "Zlatoust Encyclopedia",

Honorary Citizen of Zlatoust

Although versions of the biography of Pavel Petrovich Anosov are given in all major Russian encyclopedic publications (from the famous Brockhaus and Efron dictionary to the modern Great Russian Encyclopedia), they all sin, perhaps inevitable in encyclopedic affairs, but, alas, with annoying inaccuracies.
First, it concerns the date and place of birth: in most publications of the second half of the 20th century, it was indicated that Anosov was born in 1799 in St. Petersburg (in earlier editions - 1797 or 1798). The exact date and place of birth of P.P. Anosov - June 29, 1796, Tver - was established relatively recently on the basis of the metric record of the Simeonov Church (Tver), and has not yet managed to supplant the early inaccurate versions.
Secondly, the indication that Anosov was born into the family of the secretary of the Berg Collegium is also not entirely correct: at the time of the birth of his second son Pavel, his father P.V. Anosov was the secretary of the Tver Treasury Chamber (he was transferred to St. Petersburg only in 1798) ...
A significant mistake was made in the third edition of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (and this is a very authoritative and hitherto cited source), where in the biography of P. P. Anosov it is written that in 1817 he “entered the Zlatoust state-owned factories founded under Peter I”. In fact, the Zlatoust plant was founded by the Tula industrialists Mosolovs in 1754 during the reign of Empress Elizaveta Petrovna, daughter of Peter I (I note in parentheses that in the article "Zlatoust" in the same publication, the date of foundation of the Zlatoust plant is indicated correctly - 1754). I will add that the Zlatoust plant was founded earlier than all the plants that later (1811) became part of the Zlatoust state mining district ("Zlatoust state plants").

The most accurate biographical note of P. P. Anosov, prepared by me, was published in the first volume of the encyclopedia "Chelyabinsk Region" (Chelyabinsk, publishing house "Stone Belt", 2008). However, in this version, there are some inaccuracies that have been identified quite recently. The chief specialist of the Zlatoust archive I. B. Shubina found documents (metric records) about the birth of P. P. Anosov's children, which made it possible to clarify the dates of birth of Mary (1831, not 1832), Alexander (1832, not 1833), Nikolai (1833, not 1834), Peter (1835, not 1836). It also turned out that on August 6, 1836, the Anosovs had a daughter, Olga, who died of whooping cough on December 29, 1837.

In addition, in the second half of 2007, when the first volume of the encyclopedia "Chelyabinsk Region" was already published, the Zlatoust Industrial College named after P. P. Anosov was transformed into a college - now the official name of this educational institution is "Zlatoust Industrial College named after P. P. Anosov" ...

Below I give the most accurate at the moment (January 2009) short biography of P. P. Anosov, which is based on the material prepared by me for the encyclopedia “Chelyabinsk Region.

From the encyclopedic dossier

ANOSOV Pavel Petrovich(06/29/1796, Tver - 05/13/1851, Omsk), metallurgical scientist, founder of qualities. metallurgy in Russia, geologist, organizer of the mining industry, Major General of the Corps of Mining Engineers (1840).

Pavel Petrovich was born into the family of the secretary of the Tver Treasury Chamber P.V. Anosov, after the death of his parents he was brought up in the family of his grandfather, the famous Russian mechanic L.F.Sabakin. In 1817 he graduated from the St. Petersburg Mining Cadet Corps with the Big Gold Medal.

For almost thirty years (December 1817-spring 1847) he worked in the Zlatoust mountain district in the Urals: trainee; librarian of the Main office of the Zlatoust factories (1817-18); and. O. superintendent of the instrumental department, superintendent of the department of decorated weapons, assistant manager, manager, assistant director of the Zlatoust arms factory (1818-31), in 1831-47 director of the Armory factory and mining chief of the Zlatoust factories. From July 1847 in Siberia: chief chief of the Altai mining plants and at the same time the Tomsk civil governor. From December 1850 to May 1851, Anosov served as the governor-general of Western Siberia and did business in the Main Directorate of Western Siberia.

In the field of metallurgy, Anosov was the first to use gas carburizing of metal; developed a new method for producing high-quality steels by combining carburizing and melting of metal, on the basis of this method - the technology for the production of damask steel and the manufacture of edged weapons from it. In 1837 he smelted cast iron into steel with and without iron addition. Developed a cost-effective technology for the production of the main steelmaking equipment - refractory crucibles, previously imported from Germany. He laid the foundation for metallography, for the first time using a microscope to study the structure of steel (1831). Proven that patterns on metal reflect its crystalline structure; established the influence of the macrostructure of the metal on its mechanical properties. In 1836 he organized the first chemical laboratory at the Zlatoust plant, where he carried out experimental work on the fusion of non-ferrous metals, the study of the properties of steel and alloys.

The result of Anosov's geological research was a detailed description of the geological section along the Zlatoust-Miass line, the mines and mines of the Zlatoust Ural (Anosov's term), the discovery of corundum and gold deposits.

Anosov proposed and tested a method for producing gold from gold-bearing sands by melting in furnaces (1835-38). Introduced in the Miass gold mines the gold-washing machines invented by him, including those with a steam drive (1838-43).

As a talented production manager, Anosov significantly improved the organization of labor at the Zlatoust factories: he introduced new staffs, reduced production costs, replaced the harmful mercury gilding of blades with electroplating (1842), which was harmful to the health of workers. He designed and introduced cylindrical bellows (1821), portable horse-cast iron and horse-drawn railways in factories and mines of the mining district (1837-45). In 1834, for organizing the production of high-quality braids at the Artinsky plant, Anosov was elected a full member and awarded the gold medal of the Moscow Society of Agriculture.

Anosov prepared his first scientific work "Systematic description of the mining and industrial production of the Zlatoust plant" in 1819. The most significant scientific works of Anosov are "Geognostic observations of the Ural mountains lying in the vicinity of the Zlatoust plants" (1826), "On the experiments of hardening steel things in thickened air produced in 1828 and 1829 "(1829)," On the preparation of cast steel "(1837) and others - were first published in the" Gorny zhurnal ", whose correspondent Anosov was from the day of its foundation (1825). The final work of Anosov "On Bulat" was published in a separate edition at the end of 1841, translated into German and French and published abroad in 1843. In recognition of his scientific achievements in 1843, Anosov was elected a corresponding member of Kazan University (the diploma of election was signed by the rector of the university N I. Lobachevsky - an outstanding Russian mathematician, the creator of non-Euclidean geometry); from 1846 - Anosov was an honorary member of Kharkov University.

Pavel Petrovich Anosov several times received personal thanks from Emperor Nicholas I, was awarded the Orders of St. Anna 2nd (1836) and 3rd (1824) degrees, St. Stanislav 1st (1848) and 3rd (1835) degrees, St. Vladimir 3rd degree (1837).

Anosov was married (presumably since 1830) to Anna Kononovna Nesterovskaya (1811 - not earlier than 1851), the daughter of K. Ya. Nesterovskii, a former assistant to the mining director of the Zlatoust factories, and the sister of a botanist and mining engineer Ya.K. Nesterovskii. In Zlatoust, the Anosovs had 5 sons and 5 daughters: Maria (1831), Alexander (1832), Nikolai (1833), Peter (1835), Olga (1836, died in infancy in 1837), Pavel (1838), Larissa ( 1840), Alexey (1841), Anna (1843), Natalia (1845).

The sons of P.P. Anosov were also involved in mining. Alexander and Nikolai Anosov graduated from the Institute of the Corps of Mining Engineers in 1853 (this was the name of the Mining Cadet Corps by this time).

Alexander Pavlovich Anosov he served, like his father, in the Altai mining factories. From 1859, being assigned to the Main Mining Administration (to maintain seniority and promotion in ranks), he worked for the merchant Popov, at whose expense he was engaged in prospecting for gold placers. In addition, A.P. Anosov was also engaged in the search for iron ores. In 1859, he discovered the richest deposits of magnetite near Pudozh Mountain on Lake Onega (Karelia), and later - deposits of iron luster in the Northern Urals along the river. Kutimu (known as the iron mines of Kolchin, Anosov and Shchegolikhin). A metallurgical plant was later built on the basis of the Kutimskoye deposit.

Nikolay Pavlovich Anosov received an appointment to the Nerchinsk factories. Here, a twenty-year-old graduate, in the very first months of work, discovered large deposits of gold along the bed of the Baldzhi river, for which he received an annual pension of 600 rubles. before the development of the mines opened by him. For more than twenty years Nikolai Pavlovich Anosov worked in eastern Siberia and the Far East, searching for and developing gold deposits. He created and applied in practice a special prospecting technique that allows one to determine the primary geological prerequisites for the formation of alluvial gold-bearing nodes. Since 1854, an official on special assignments under the Governor-General of Eastern Siberia N.N. Muravyov-Amursky, Nikolai Anosov conducted a geological study of the Amur banks and the possibility of finding gold here. In 1862, after leaving the civil service, N.P. Anosov became the head of the prospecting party of the gold miner D. Benardaki. In the winter of 1865-1866, in the upper reaches of the Oldy and Ur rivers, he discovered the richest placers of gold. In 1868, together with D. Benardaki, he founded the Verkhneamurskaya company for the development of gold in the upper reaches of the Amur, in 1873 - the second gold-mining company - Sredneamurskaya, which mined gold in the upper reaches of the Zeya and Selemdzhi rivers (the base mining settlement was named Zlatoustovsky, now it is an urban-type settlement of the Ekimchan region area). In 1875, together with I.F.Bazilevsky, he founded the Niman Company for the development of gold, discovered by his exploration on the Niman River. Peru Nikolai Anosov owns the book "Geognostic description of the banks of the river. Amur "(1871)," Route Map "(St. Petersburg, 1875), he was a corresponding member of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Geographical Society. The gold-bearing region he discovered in the Amur region yielded up to one-fifth of all Russian gold, and the gold mining companies created on his initiative were among the largest in Russia. Nikolai Anosov was awarded the rank of chamber-cadet (among very few mining engineers) for his exceptional merits in the discovery of loose gold deposits. He was awarded the Orders of St. Anna, 2nd and 3rd degrees, St. Vladimir, 4th degree. The name of N.P. Anosov remained and on the map of Eastern Siberia and the Far East - in the Amur Region there is the village of Anosovsky (formerly the Cossack village of Anosovskaya), on the meridional line connecting the Transsib and BAM (Baikal-Amur Mainline) in 1973-1974 Anosovskaya station. It is located in the Skovorodinsky region, where in 1866 N.P. Anosov discovered gold.

Pavel Pavlovich Anosov was educated at the Imperial Alexander Lyceum (the former Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, where Alexander Pushkin studied). After graduating from the Lyceum, he served as an official on special assignments in the office of the Main Board of Eastern Siberia. During his service, he had a chance to visit North America, exercising state inspection supervision over the work of the American expedition, which surveyed the route of the telegraph line in the territory of Russian America in 1865-1866, immediately before its sale (Russian America in those days was called not only Alaska, but and the Pacific coast of California). It was in California that Pavel Anosov Jr. became acquainted with the hydraulic method of washing gold-bearing sands and subsequently became its ardent propagandist (he even took the privilege of a new apparatus for washing gold that he invented). After retiring soon, Pavel Pavlovich, according to a plan drawn up by his brother Nikolai, conducted a successful search for gold in the Amur region (in the upper reaches of the Zeya and Selemdzhi rivers), discovering rich placers, for the exploitation of which the Sredne-Amur gold mining company was created.

In March 1851 Pavel Petrovich Anosov left Tomsk for Omsk to meet with a member of the State Council, Adjutant General NN Annenkov, who had arrived with an audit. Not reaching 18 versts to Omsk, he was caught by a strong storm, caught a cold and soon fell seriously ill and died in May 1851. He was buried in Omsk at the Butyrskoye cemetery.

In 1852, a marble monument was erected on the grave of Anosov (author - Academician of the Academy of Arts A.I. Lyutin, marble parts were made at the Gornoschitsky plant, some metal parts were made at the Zlatoust plant). Anosov's grave has not survived, since in the 1930s the Butyrskoye cemetery was liquidated during the development of Omsk. On one of the buildings of the plant. N.G. Kozitsky (located on the site of the cemetery) in 1965 a memorial plaque and a bas-relief of Anosov (author - Honored Artist of the RSFSR F.D.Bugaenko) were installed.

In accordance with the resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR "On the perpetuation of the memory of the great Russian metallurgist P. P. Anosov" (11/15/1948), signed by the Chairman of the Council of Ministers I. V. Stalin, a monument to P. P. Anosov was erected in Zlatoust (1954, authors - Moscow sculptors A.P. Antropov and N.L.Shtamm, architect T.L.Shulgina), named after Anosov: Zlatoust Technical School of Agricultural Engineering (now Zlatoust Industrial College), Prize of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (now RAS) for the best works in the field metallurgy of steel, metallurgy and heat treatment of steel (established in 1948, awarded since 1957, in 1957-2005 the P.P. Anosov Prize was awarded to 36 people), scholarships at the Moscow Institute of Steel, Ural Polytechnic Institute, Leningrad Mining Institute, Zlatoust College of Agricultural Engineering.

Streets in Moscow, Barnaul, Omsk, Chelyabinsk, Zlatoust, Magnitogorsk, Miass, Anosovo railway station of the South Ural railway also bear the name of Anosov.

On April 6, 1960, by the decision of the executive committee of the Zlatoust City Council of Working People's Deputies and the City Committee of the CPSU, a letter to them was established. P.P. Anosov, which is awarded for active participation in invention and rationalization, the introduction of new equipment and technology (since the mid-1990s - at the suggestion of the city organization VOIR); in total, over 600 people were awarded (as of 2008).

On May 5, 1995, the administration of the city of Zlatoust established the P. P. Anosov, awarded annually for the best inventions and rationalization proposals (in 1995-2007 the P. P. Anosov Prize was awarded to 56 people, of which 6 people - twice).

The life and work of P. P. Anosov are devoted to documentary books by I. S. Peshkin "The great Russian metallurgist P. P. Anosov" (Chelyabinsk Regional State Publishing House, 1951); "Anosov" (Moscow, publishing house "Young Guard", 1954, series "Life of Remarkable People"), "Anosov" (Chelyabinsk, South Ural Book Publishing House, 1987); documentary collections "General of Metallurgy Pavel Anosov" (edited by Prof. M. Ye. Glavatsky, Yekaterinburg, Ural University Publishing House, 1999), "The Epoch of Anosov" (author-compiler A. V. Kozlov, Zlatoust, "Fotomir" publishing house, 2008); E. A. Fedorov's novel "Great Destiny" (1951); KV Skvortsov's play "We Don't Change the Fatherland" (1975), staged in 1975 by the Zlatoust Drama Theater (now the Omnibus Theater), and later included in the repertoires of the Magnitogorsk Drama Theater. A. S. Pushkin (under the name "Pavel Anosov") and the Chelyabinsk Drama Theater named after. S. M. Zwillinga.

An outstanding Russian metallurgist, developed an improved method of steel production, was the first to use a microscope to study the structure of an alloy, and revealed the secret of making damask steel

In addition to the famous centers of Russian arms business in Tula, Izhevsk, Sestroretsk, where the first metallurgical plants in Russia were created in the 17th-18th centuries, the city of Zlatoust with its arms factory became world famous. This plant owes its fame to the metallurgical engineer Pavel Petrovich Anosov - the founder of the science of steel and high-quality metallurgy in Russia.

It was Pavel Petrovich Anosov who revealed the secrets of damask steel and the methods of making cold steel from it, which existed many centuries ago in the ancient East. Attempts by Western European metallurgical scientists and practitioners - predecessors and contemporaries of the great Russian researcher - to reproduce patterned damask blades and sabers with properties that were once achieved in Syria, India or Persia, ended in vain.

Pavel Anosov, orphaned early, was brought up in the family of a relative, an outstanding mechanical engineer L.F. Sobakina. Probably, the boy owed him the development of technical abilities and special tenacity of the mind. In 1810, he was assigned to the Mountain Cadet Corps, from which the young man graduated so successfully that he received both the Big Gold and Silver Medals. Having got a job as a trainee at the Zlatoust arms factory, Pavel Anosov two years later became a factory superintendent, three years later - a manager, then an assistant director and, finally, a director.

In the 1820s, he conducted research in the field of metallurgy, published scientific works on the geology of the Southern Urals and heat treatment of steel. So, in 1826, Pavel Petrovich's monograph "Geognostic observations of the Ural mountains lying in the vicinity of the Zlatoust factories" was published, a few years later two new works saw the light - "Description of a new method of steel hardening in thickened air" and "On experiments in hardening steel things in condensed air, produced in 1828 and 1829 ".

The interests and practical skills of Pavel Anosov were very diverse: he not only conducted exploration of alluvial gold and iron ore deposits, was engaged in the creation of a new method for obtaining high-quality cast steel, but also invented a highly efficient gold washing machine, was the first in Russia to develop a technology for the manufacture of refractory crucibles - the main equipment of steel - and gold-smelting production of that time.

In 1828, Anosov set himself a task, over the solution of which more than one generation of metallurgists fought, - to reveal the secret of obtaining damask steel. This work took a lot of time and effort from the scientist. “The more I became acquainted with the dignity of the samples,” he wrote, “the more I became convinced that my first successes were insignificant and that the transition from a barely perceptible pattern to such a large size as is seen on precious blades constituted an ocean that had to be crossed for many years, not by sticking to the shore and being subjected to various accidents. " Nevertheless, the secret of obtaining damask steel was solved.

In February 1847, he was appointed chief chief of the Altai mining plants and the Tomsk civil governor. With the help of the masters discharged from Zlatoust, he tried to establish the production of cast steel at the Tomsk ironworks and to train local smelters in this. Unfortunately, his enthusiasm was shattered by the outdated equipment of mines and factories, the inefficiency of forced labor and the inertia of local officials.

Pavel Petrovich paid much attention to improving the technology of smelting silver and copper, but even here the feudal-serf system became an insurmountable obstacle for many of his plans. Exploring the vicinity of Zlatoust, Anosov made a detailed description of the geological structure of this part of the Southern Urals, made a geological section along the Zlatoust - Miass line, described the deposits of many minerals. The most significant works of Pavel Anosov were: "On the preparation of cast steel" and "On bulat".

The discoveries of Pavel Anosov in the field of steel production technology have gained worldwide fame. Before him, steel was obtained by an expensive and lengthy double process: pieces of iron were carburized, then remelted in crucibles. Pavel Petrovich proved that it is possible to combine these two processes, since carburization does not necessarily require contact with coal directly - furnace gases also contain carbon. This method made steel so much cheaper and less time consuming that it is still used in industry today. Pavel Anosov did a lot in the production of high-quality steels containing not only carbon, but also chromium, titanium, manganese and other metals.

The merits of Pavel Petrovich Anosov were noted by many orders of the Russian Empire, his authority among his contemporaries was indisputable. They did not forget about the talented metallurgist in Soviet times: his works were published, streets and educational institutions were named after Anosov, a monument to the scientist was erected in Zlatoust. But a real revival of genuine interest in his works in various spheres of scientific and practical activity is observed today.

Improving agricultural implements, Pavel Petrovich achieved such tangible results that the Moscow Society of Agriculture awarded him the Gold Medal. Pavel Anosov was elected a Corresponding Member of Kazan and Kharkov Universities for his work on improving the mining and refining part, and was promoted to Major General.

Almanac "Great Russia. Personalities. Year 2003. Volume II", 2004, ASMO-press.

Pavel Petrovich Anosov is an outstanding Russian mining engineer and metallurgist. He is credited with organizing the mining industry in the Urals, researching the nature and natural resources of the Southern Urals. In addition, Anosov served as the governor of the Tomsk province.

Born into the family of a petty official, Pavel Anosov became an orphan by the age of 13. In addition to him, the family had three more children - the elder brother Peter and two younger sisters. The sisters were brought up by their maternal grandfather, LF Sabakin, a mining official who served as a mechanic at the Kama factories, Izhevsk and Botkinsky.

Later, the grandfather had a huge impact on the formation of the fate of Pavel Anosov. In 1810, he assigned the brothers to the St. Petersburg Mining Cadet Corps. After moving to St. Petersburg, brother Peter soon died of an illness. Pavel's talent became noticeable already at the first stage of his studies in the corps. His penchant for mathematics and success in exact disciplines made the boy "famous among both students and teaching staff.

In 1817, he graduated from his education and was released as an intern at the Zlatoust state-owned factories, after which he finally could afford to take care of his younger sisters, one of whom soon married and left to live with her husband's family. Another sister, a sickly and weak girl, remained unmarried and lived with her brother.

From 1817 to 1847, Pavel Anosov rapidly climbed the career ladder, working at the Zlatoust arms factory. Anosov, who came as a trainee, after 2 years received the title of superintendent of the "decorated department" of an arms factory, then, gradually bypassing the positions of an assistant manager of an arms factory, a manager of this arms factory, a mining chief and at the same time director of an arms factory, in 1847 he received the position of chief of the Altai mountain factories and the Tomsk civil governor, which he successfully occupied until his death.

Over the 20-year term, Anosov rose to the rank of general in military ranks from a trainee (which corresponds to the rank of second lieutenant). Despite the fact that Anosov had a penchant for several scientific disciplines at once, he achieved his most outstanding successes in the field of metallurgy. One of his greatest discoveries was the receipt in 1840 of a damask pattern - cast damask steel, whose weaponry and aesthetic characteristics were not inferior to analogs from Ancient India, the secret of making which until then was considered forever lost and more irreplaceable. The new method of producing high-quality steel combined the use of carburizing and metal melting technologies. Damask steel is a special kind of metal that differs in appearance from other grades of a person by a noticeable pattern-pattern that is noticeable to the naked eye. It is obtained by crystallization of the elements that make up the alloy. In addition, this grade of steel has a high elasticity hardness, which is more important than the beauty of the alloy pattern.

Since ancient times, there have been praises of weapons made of damask steel - swords, sabers, knives, daggers. This alloy is also mentioned in the works of the great ancient Greek scientist Aristotle. However, the secret of obtaining such an alloy before Anosov's work was considered lost: there was not a single mention of how damask steel was made.

Based on the experiments carried out with finds dating from different periods, Anosov was able to identify three methods for obtaining such an alloy and developed his own, fourth, which became the most used, including in the modern metallurgical industry.

Anosov became the first metallurgical scientist who systematically studied the effect of various chemical elements on steel. His research included the analysis of additives of gold, platinum, manganese, chromium, aluminum, titanium and other elements. As a result of experiments, Anosov was able to prove that the physicochemical characteristics of a particular element in the steel seriously differ, which can be regulated by increasing or decreasing the content of a particular substance in the alloy. This research laid the foundations for alloy steel metallurgy.

In addition to theoretical calculations, Anosov also has practical achievements in the field of the metallurgical industry. In particular, in 1831 he used a microscope to study the structure of steel; replaced the hazardous to the health of workers mercury gilding of blades by electroplating; proposed for consideration, and then personally tested a method for separating gold from gold-bearing sands by melting in a blast furnace. Finally, Anosov improved the gold washing machine and many other plant devices.

During the exploration of the outskirts of the city of Zlatoust, Anosov described in detail the geological structure of this part of the Southern Urals, explored the deposits of many minerals in the Zlatoust Urals (a term introduced by Anosov himself) and the geological section located along the Zlatoust-Miass line. The case of Anosov was continued by P.M. Obukhov, he consolidated and deepened the researcher's achievements in the field of large-scale production of cast steel and steel gun barrels.

During his life, Anosov published a number of scientific works, which were published mainly in the "Gorny Zhurnal", for which he was chosen as a correspondent back in 1825 - the year the editorial office of the journal was founded. The following are recognized as the largest works by Anosov: "Geognostic observations over the Ural mountains lying in the vicinity of the Zlatoust factories" (1826), "On the experiments of hardening steel things in condensed air" (1829), "Geognostic observations in the area of the Zlatoust factories and in the adjacent to them "(1834)," On the preparation of cast steel "(1837)," On bulat "(1841).

The achievements of this unique metallurgist-researcher could not remain unnoticed by the mighty of this world: as awards in different years he was awarded the Order of St. St. Anne of the 2nd degree, the Order of Vladimir 3rd degree, the gold medal of the Moscow Society of Agriculture, as well as various state and public monetary prizes and awards.

The circumstances of the death of this stubborn and successful person are ambiguous and tragic. In 1851, Senator N.N. Annenkov came to Siberia to revise the Altai mining plants. Pavel Anosov left Tomsk for Omsk in order to meet a high-ranking auditor. Not having reached about 20 km to the destination, Anosov got into a strong storm. The carriage in which the metallurgist followed along with his adjutant ran into a snowdrift and overturned on the side where Anosov was sitting. Pavel Petrovich, who fell into a snowdrift, was crushed by the body of the adjutant and his luggage, heavily pressed into the snow. Under this weight, Anosov held out for several hours, until the workers of the plant, worried about his long absence, called people with horses from Omsk to search for and possible help.

After a while, Anosov felt unwell, but continued to accompany Annenkov during his inspection of the plant. Escorting the auditor on his way back, Anosov was forced to stay in Omsk due to illness, where he died suddenly.

The inventor had a large family: a wife and four children. Anosov's eldest daughter became a nun at the Smolny Monastery.

In 1948, the Council of Ministers of the USSR issued a decree "On perpetuating the memory of the great Russian metallurgist P. P. Anosov", on the basis of which a monument to the engineer was erected in Zlatoust by the Moscow sculptors A. P. Antropov and N. L. Shtamm and the architect T. L .. Shulgina. The technical school located in the same city was named after Anosov, a special prize was also established for the best work in the field of metallurgy, awarded by the Academy of Sciences once every three years, and Anosov's scientific works were published in a separate collection. Streets in Moscow, Lipetsk, Mariupol and Zlatoust bear his name.

Discoveries and inventions of Russia, Slavic House of Books

Biography

Anosov was the son of a small employee, became an orphan at the age of 13. When his father died, four young children were left orphans: two older brothers, Peter and Paul, and two younger sisters. The sisters were looked after by their maternal grandfather, a mining official Sabakin, who at that time was a mechanic at the Kama factories (Izhevsk and Botkinsky), where he took them up for himself.

In 1810, he assigned Pavel with his older brother Peter to the St. Petersburg Mining Cadet Corps; Peter soon died. In the corps, Paul's extraordinary abilities were noted, his special penchant for mathematics, in which he made excellent progress, as well as in other higher sciences. In 1817, he was released from the mining corps as a trainee at the Zlatoust state-owned factories, and took into his care the younger sisters, two girls, of whom the youngest was soon married. Another, remaining a girl at the time of Pavel Anosov's death, was "in a sick state with her relatives, in the Ural factories."

Career in Zlatoust

After graduating from the corps, from 1817 to 1847, he worked in the Zlatoust mountain district:
1817 - 1819 Trainee
1819 - 1821 Superintendent of the "decorated department" of an arms factory
1821 - 1824 Assistant manager of an arms factory
1824 - 1831 Manager of this weapons factory
1831 - 1847 Mining chief and at the same time director of an arms factory
1847 - 1851 Head of Altai mining plants and Tomsk civil governor

In military ranks, over a twenty-year term, Anosov rose from a trainee (second lieutenant) to a general's rank.

The circumstances of the death of the scientist

At the beginning of 1851, Senator Annenkov came to Siberia to get acquainted with the state of affairs at the Altai mining plants. Pavel Petrovich left Tomsk for Omsk to meet him. Before reaching eighteen versts (19 km) to Omsk, Anosov was overtaken by a blizzard. The carriage, in which Anosov and his adjutant followed, ran into a snowdrift, overturned on the side where Anosov was sitting. The carriage door opened and he fell into a snowdrift. His adjutant fell on Anosov, and both of them were crushed by suitcases. Under this weight they lay for several hours, until from Omsk they thought to send people and horses to search for them.
Soon after, Pavel Petrovich felt a sore throat. Despite his painful condition, he nevertheless accompanied Annenkov on his trip to the factories, accompanied him to Omsk, and here he became seriously ill. There were sores in his throat, the third of which strangled him.
- His daughter, L.P. Anosova

Scientific work

The most significant achievements of Anosov in the field of metallurgy: In the early 40s of the XIX century in Zlatoust he received a damask pattern - cast damask steel, from which blades were created, in no way inferior in their properties to the classical weapons of Ancient India. was carried out by combining carburizing and melting of metal, the development of a technology for the production of damask steel on the basis of this method.

Innovations

* For the first time used a microscope to study the structure of steel (1831);
* Replaced the unhealthy mercury gilding of blades with galvanic ones at the factory;
* Proposed and tested a method for obtaining gold from gold-bearing sands by melting in furnaces;
* Improved gold washing machine and other factory devices.

Exploring the vicinity of Zlatoust, Anosov made a detailed description of the geological structure of this part of the Southern Urals, made a geological section along the Zlatoust-Miass line, described the deposits of many minerals in the Zlatoust Urals (the term was introduced by Anosov).

Anosov's business was continued by the Russian scientist Pavel Petrovich Obukhov, the founder of large-scale production of cast steel and steel gun barrels in Russia, an outstanding patriot. Russian master of steel weapons, creator of the most reliable steel cannons in the world.

Scientific works and awards

Anosov's scientific works were published mainly in the "Mining Journal", whose correspondent, together with the engineer Porozov in the Zlatoust district, he was elected in 1825 - the year the journal was founded. The largest works of Anosov:

* "Geognostic observations over the Ural mountains, lying in the area of the Zlatoust factories" (1826);
* "On the experiments of hardening steel things in thickened air" (1829);
* "Geognostic observations in the area of the Zlatoust factories and in places adjacent to them" (1834);
* "On the preparation of cast steel" (1837);
* "On Bulat" (1841).

Awards

* Order of St. Anna, 3rd degree, received personally from the late Emperor Alexander I in 1824;
* Order of Stanislav 2nd degree;
* Order of St. Anna, 2nd degree;
* Order of Vladimir 3rd degree.

He also received state and public monetary awards and prizes.

* Gold medal of the Moscow Society of Agriculture;
* Kazan University elected him as its Corresponding Member.

Family and memory of Anosov

After the death of Anosov, nine children and a wife, Anna Kononovna, remained. Only the oldest daughter (Smolny Monastery) completed her education during her father's life. Most of the children during the life of their father were sent for education to various educational institutions in the capital, and the boys mainly to the mining institute.

Despite the uncertainty of her position, his wife decided to erect a decent tombstone on the grave in Omsk, for which she assigned a reasonable amount of money to make this monument at the Yekaterinburg lapidary factory, managed by one of Anosov's closest comrades. But all the other comrades and acquaintances agreed to immediately make a donation for the construction of the best monument to the deceased, the execution of which was undertaken by some of his close comrades.

The higher authorities allocated an allowance to the orphaned family, it consisted of a widow's pension and an obligation to educate the deceased's children.

On November 15, 1948, the Council of Ministers of the USSR issued a decree "On the perpetuation of the memory of the great Russian metallurgist P. P. Anosov", on the basis of which:

* In Zlatoust, a monument to Anosov was erected by the Moscow sculptors A.P. Antropov and NL Shtamm and the architect T.L. Shulgina;
* His name was assigned to the technical school;
* Installed personal scholarships for students at two institutes and the Zlatoust technical school named after P. P. Anosov;
* A prize was established for the best work in the field of metallurgy, awarded by the Academy of Sciences once every three years;
* Anosov's works were published as a separate collection.

Streets in different cities bear the name of Anosov:

* Moscow: Anosova Street
* Lipetsk: Anosova Street;
* Mariupol: Anosov lane.

In addition, Anosov was depicted on a banknote of 5 Ural francs.

Biography

Anosov was the son of a small employee, became an orphan at the age of 13. When his father died, four young children were left orphans: two older brothers, Peter and Paul, and two younger sisters. The orphans were brought up by their maternal grandfather - a mining official LF Sabakin, who served as a mechanic at the Kama factories (Izhevsk and Botkinsky).

- - trainee;
- - the superintendent of the "decorated department" of the arms factory;
- - assistant manager of an arms factory;
- - the manager of this weapons factory;
- - mining chief and at the same time director of an arms factory;
- - Head of Altai Mining Plants and Tomsk Civil Governor.

In military ranks, over a twenty-year term, Anosov rose from a trainee (second lieutenant) to a general's rank.

About the circumstances of the scientist's death:

Anosov's daughter - Larisa Pavlovna Anosova

Scientific work

The most significant achievements of Anosov in the field of metallurgy: In the early 1840s, in Zlatoust, he received a damask pattern - cast damask steel, from which blades were created, in no way inferior in their properties to the classical weapons of Ancient India. The creation of a new method for obtaining high-quality steels was carried out by combining carburizing and melting of metal, the development of a technology for the production of damask steel on the basis of this method.

P.P. Anosov became the first metallurgist who began a systematic study of the effect of various elements on steel. He investigated the addition of gold, platinum, manganese, chromium, aluminum, titanium and other elements and was the first to prove that the physicochemical and mechanical properties of steel can be significantly changed and improved by the addition of certain alloying elements. Anosov laid the foundations of alloy steel metallurgy.

Anosov introduced other innovations:

first used a microscope to study the structure of steel (1831);
replaced the unhealthy mercury gilding of blades with galvanic ones at the factory;
proposed and tested a method for obtaining gold from gold-bearing sands by melting in blast furnaces;
improved the gold washing machine and other plant devices.

Anosov's merits were noted with various awards:

Order of St. Anne, 3rd degree, was received personally from Emperor Alexander I in 1824;
Order of Stanislav, 2nd degree;
Order of St. Anna, 2nd degree;
Order of Vladimir, 3rd degree;
various state and public monetary awards and prizes;
gold medal of the Moscow Society of Agriculture;
Kazan University elected him as its Corresponding Member.

Family and memory of Anosov

After the death of Anosov, nine children and a wife, Anna Kononovna, remained. Only the eldest daughter (Smolny Monastery) completed her education during her father's life. Most of the children during the life of their father were given for education in various educational institutions in the capital, and the boys were mainly in.

The higher authorities allocated an allowance to the orphaned family, it consisted of a widow's pension and an obligation to educate the deceased's children.

On November 15, 1948, the Council of Ministers of the USSR issued a decree "On the perpetuation of the memory of the great Russian metallurgist P. P. Anosov", on the basis of which:

in Zlatoust, a monument to Anosov was erected by the Moscow sculptors A. P. Antropov and N. L. Shtamm and the architect T. L. Shulgina;
his name was given to the technical school;
personal scholarships were established for students at two institutes and the Zlatoust technical school named after P. P. Anosov;
an award for the best work in the field of metallurgy was established, awarded by the Academy of Sciences once every three years;
Anosov's works were published as a separate collection.

Streets in different cities bear the name of Anosov:

Turbo ship "Metallurg Anosov", some crew members and their families.

Zlatoust: Anosov Street
Chelyabinsk: Anosova Street in the Metallurgical District
Omsk: Anosov Street in the Amur village. In the center of the city, in the place where once there was a cemetery, where Anosov was buried on a building on Chernyshevsky Street, building 2/1, a cast-iron plaque with a portrait of a metallurgist was installed.

In the 60s of the XX century for the Black Sea Shipping Company was built a gas turbine ship "Metallurg Anosov" belonging to the series (to the type of ships) of ships "Leninsky Komsomol" (at the end of the XX century the ship was scrapped (for scrap) due to wear).

In addition, Anosov was depicted on the 1991 “separatist” 10 Ural franc bill.

Gallery

Notes (edit)

Literature

D. A. Prokoshkin Pavel Petrovich Anosov. - M .: Nauka, 1971. - 296 p. - (Scientific and biographical series). - 3,500 copies(region)
Zablotskiy E.M. On the genealogy of the Anosov mountain dynasty // Genealogical Bulletin. - SPb., 2005. - Issue. 22 .-- S. 54-66.
Zablotski E. Mining Dynasties in Pre-Revolutionary Russia // Proc. / International Mining History Congress, 6th. September 26-29, 2003. - Akabira City, Hokkaido, Japan. - P. 337-340.

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