The heating system of private houses can be compared to the human circulatory system, where the boiler is the heart, and the arteries and blood vessels are the pipelines. A correctly calculated heating system for a private house is a guarantee of high-quality heating, coziness and comfort in rooms that have a beneficial effect on the life of any person.
Once again, we draw your attention to the correct calculation of heating a private house. This process must be carried out responsibly, because if mistakes are made, then the functionality and quality of heating will depend on them. In addition, the capital costs for operation and installation largely depend on the parameters obtained in the calculations.
As a coolant, in most cases, for private houses, ordinary water is chosen, and the systems themselves can be both open and closed. The durability and quality of the heating operation depend on the correct calculations and selection of equipment. We will cover most of the required parameters in this article.
Boiler type and its role in heating calculation
It is difficult to imagine the correct calculation of a heating system for a private house without choosing the type of heat source. This issue needs to be resolved based on what energy resource is available in the installation region and which one is the best choice for the price.
Electricity, diesel, coal and natural gas boilers are in great demand. The latter option is the most preferable from a financial point of view, but, unfortunately, it is not always possible due to the lack of the possibility of connecting to a gas pipe.
- Electric boilers. Such equipment is not particularly popular in the vastness of our country, because electrical energy costs a lot. In addition, for the high-quality operation of an electric boiler, it is necessary to equip a stable and reliable power supply system;
- Solid fuel sources of heat. Our domestic market is rich in devices with automatic and manual loading of combustible materials. Units with automatic loading are more expensive, because their battery life is much longer, and in operation they are more practical;
- Gas boilers. These devices are distinguished by their high efficiency, a high degree of work automation, as well as safety. This option is a priority if the house is connected to gas distribution networks. Such equipment has small dimensions with high performance indicators.
It should be noted that the price of gas is only growing every year, so it is worth thinking about automation and energy saving systems. But, despite the high price of fuel, these boilers are most in demand;
- Liquid fuel units. Such equipment operates on waste oil or diesel fuel, has a high performance, practicality and availability of the fuel itself. These heat sources can be installed in country houses or cottages, but it must be remembered that they will require additional construction of a fuel tank.
Advice. If you have any controversial points or problems when calculating with your own hands, then we advise you to turn to professionals for help. This will save you time for a small fee.
Some nuances about heat sources
If your building does not have access to gas, then you have only three exits:
- Liquid fuel boiler;
- Coal-fired heat source;
- Electric generator.
The more preferred options are the first two. The liquid fuel heat source has one big advantage. He can change to gas burners, and work on natural gas. The choice of burners is quite large, and you can choose the one you need for any boiler model.
One big drawback of solid fuel boilers is the lack of high-quality mechanisms for implementing automation. Therefore, you need to be prepared for the fact that every 5-6 hours you will have to load fuel into the furnace. There are mechanisms that independently load fuel into the furnace from the bunker. In this case, human intervention is not required for more than a day, but in the future you will have to replenish the bunker supply yourself.
On the market you can find solid fuel boilers that can be equipped with heating elements, that is, make electric ones from them. Such equipment is more preferable due to the ability to operate on a reserve type of fuel.
Electric boilers have both advantages and disadvantages, you can read more about such equipment in a specialized article on our website.
Calculation of characteristics
After choosing a heat generator, you can start calculating its power and system characteristics.
After the type of heat source has been selected, you can proceed to the selection of its power and general heating characteristics. It should be noted that it is performed according to a very simple technique (formula).
To perform preliminary calculations, it will be sufficient to multiply the area of the room by the climatic power. We divide the result obtained during the multiplication by 10.
This is the most primitive formula with which you can make fairly accurate calculations with a small number of known parameters.
- Room area. At first glance, it may seem that this parameter is the most elementary for calculations, but this is not entirely true. Usually, the area of all rooms is selected, in which the construction of heating is meant. This can be a big mistake, because all rooms in the house that face the street with at least one wall will be heated.
In most cases, a thermal calculation of the heating system is carried out, taking into account only rooms with external walls. A small reserve of power of the heat source and other elements is taken, which will provide the house with heat even in the most severe winter;
- Climatic power. When calculating the heating system, it is impossible to do without this parameter. The parameter is taken based on the regions in which the house is located. For example, for the central regions this coefficient is 1.3-1.6 kW, for the southern regions - 0.8-0.95 kW, and for the northern regions it is even more - 1.6-2.2 kW.
An example of calculating the power of a heat generator for a house in the central part of Russia with an area of one hundred and thirty square meters:
Nk = 130 * 1.2 / 10 = 15.6 (16) kW
Advice. For installation, you need to choose boilers with a power reserve. Experts explain this by the possibility of increasing the area and the number of consumers, as well as the quality of heat supply in severe winters.
How to correctly calculate the number of battery sections
Heating calculation includes compulsory calculations of the number of battery sections. This can be done thanks to the existence of a simple formula: the area of the rooms in which the radiators will be installed must be multiplied by one hundred and divided by the power indicator of one radiator.
- Room area. Basically, all heating devices are designed to heat only one room, and, therefore, the total area of the building is not required. There may be an exception when there is another room without heating next to the room that will be heated;
- Number 100, which appears in the formula for calculating the number of battery sections for a heating system, is not taken "from the head". In accordance with the requirements of SNiP, about one hundred watts of power is required per square meter of living room. This load is sufficient to create the required temperature;
- If speak about power of one section of the heating battery, then it is purely individual and depends only on the materials of the radiators. If the parameters of the heating radiator are unknown, and it is impossible to find them out, then you can take it equal to 200 W - since this figure corresponds to the average power of one section of a modern heating device.
Having received all these data, you can proceed to the calculation of the heating batteries themselves. If we take as a basis a room with dimensions of about thirty square meters, and with a capacity of one section of one hundred and eighty watts, then the number of battery sections can be determined as follows:
n = 30 * 100 | 180 = 16.7 = 17
Advice. As in the selection of a heat source, it is necessary to choose the number of sections with a small margin, such a step allows you to provide a small margin of power.
It cannot be said that for rooms that are located in the corners or ends of buildings, the result that we get must be multiplied by a factor of 1.2. This allows you to obtain optimal values and obtain the exact number of sections for heating appliances.
Radiator materials: many models
The price, design and operating features of any heat supply system strongly depend on the materials from which the batteries are made. We would recommend refraining from steel radiators right away. Although affordable, they are of low power. It's less than a hundred watts.
Heating devices made of cast iron are more reliable, as well as beautiful (you can see for yourself thanks to photos and videos in our site gallery). But, despite the advantages, their power is not much higher than that of steel - about 120 watts. But even such indicators are not critical, provided that heat losses are not excessive.
Conclusion
If we talk about high-quality and efficient heating, which can provide uninterrupted heat to any private house or shopping center, then it is better not to save money when buying radiators. Get anodized or even better vacuum batteries.
Anodized devices are excellently protected from the effects of corrosion, therefore they have a long service life - at least thirty years. The instruction of such equipment guarantees the heat transfer capacity of the element at least 220 W.
Vacuum heating radiators are the last word in heating technology! They are the most economical of all types of batteries available. They are versatile in terms of choosing a place for installation and can be installed both in a residential area and in a retail space.
Batteries made of non-ferrous metal are also considered to be of high quality and economical. On the market there is a large selection of aluminum and copper devices of various capacities and sizes. To create a specific design, vertical batteries are made that can fit well into limited volumes.
You have already learned how to calculate heating in a private house thanks to this article and made sure that there is nothing complicated in the process of these calculations. All examples in this article require a minimum number of parameters and allow you to make calculations quickly and accurately.
Applying in practice the figures obtained in the course, you can build a good and functional heating system, both for public buildings (supermarkets, educational institutions) and for residential (apartments, private houses, cottages).
Concept heating calculation is very abstract, because in order to calculate the heating of a house, it is necessary to calculate the heat loss, the power of the heating system, choose a comfortable temperature regime, perform a hydraulic calculation of the pipeline, etc. So let's take a look at all aspects of calculating heating separately.
To calculate heating systems at home, you can use a calculator for calculating heating, heat loss at home.
Stage 1. Heat loss at home, calculation of heat loss.
After performing the calculation, the heat loss of each room must be divided by the volume of the room in m 2, as a result of which we get specific heat loss in W / sq.m. Typically, heat loss can vary from 50 to 150 W / m2. In the case when the results obtained by you will differ greatly from the given ones, then, probably, there was a mistake somewhere. It should also be taken into account that the heat loss of the rooms on the upper floor will be higher than that of the first floor, the smallest heat loss will be in the rooms of the middle floors.
Stage 2. Temperature conditions.
For your calculations, you can safely accept the temperature mode 75/65/20, this mode fully complies with the European heating standards EN 442. You will not be mistaken if you choose this particular temperature mode, since almost all foreign heating boilers are tuned to it.
Stage 3. Selecting the power of heating radiators.
After you have performed the calculations of the heat loss at home and selected the temperature regime, you need to choose the right heating radiators. We already wrote about this in the article: Heating radiators, types and types of heating radiators, you can also use the table of characteristics of heating radiators, and then select the required power.
Stage 4. Calculation of heating radiator sections.
An important step is the calculation of heating radiator sections; in the article Calculation of heating radiator sections, an example of calculating the number of heating radiator sections by the volume of the room is given.
Stage 5. Hydraulic calculation of the pipeline
The main task of the next stage is to determine the diameter of the pipes and the characteristics of the circulation pump. The hydraulic calculation of the pipeline will make it possible to determine the parameters of pressure pipelines, such as the water flow (throughput) of the pipeline, the length of the pipeline section, or its inner diameter, as well as the pressure drop in the pipeline section.
You should also study the material on: How to calculate the pipeline.
If you go a little deeper, then you can study the material: Calculation of hydraulic systems.
Step 6. Choosing a heating boiler
Information on how to choose the right heating boiler is given in the article: Heating boilers, types and types of boilers.
Stage 7. Selection of pipes for heating.
Special pipes are used to heat the house, so you should familiarize yourself with what pipes are needed to heat the house: Types and types of pipes for heating. For private residences, you can use:
Payment for district heating services has become a significant item of expenditure in the family budget of apartment residents. Accordingly, the number of users who want to understand the complicated method of calculating payments for heat consumption has increased. We will try to give a clear explanation of how the payment for heating in a private and apartment building is calculated in accordance with the current standards and rules.
Which payment method to choose for the calculation
It is quite simple to calculate the cost of hot and cold water indicated on the receipt of the utility company: the readings of the apartment meter are multiplied by the approved tariff. This is not the case with heat - the calculation procedure depends on a number of factors:
- the presence or absence of a house meter of heat energy;
- whether the heating of all rooms without exception is taken into account by individual heat meters;
- how you have to pay - during the winter period or all year round, including in summer.
Note. The decision on the payment for heating during the summer period is made by the local authority. In the Russian Federation, the change in the method of accrual is approved by the state governing body (according to Resolution No. 603). In other countries of the former USSR, the issue can be resolved in other ways.
The legislation of the Russian Federation (Housing Code, Regulations No. 354 and new Resolution No. 603) allows calculating the amount of payment for heating in five different ways, depending on the factors listed above. To understand how the payment amount is calculated in a particular case, select your option from the ones offered below:
- The apartment building is not equipped with metering devices; heat is charged during the period of service.
- The same, but heat supply is paid evenly throughout the year.
- In a residential apartment building, a collective meter is installed at the input, the fee is charged during the heating season. Individual devices can be installed in apartments, but their readings are not taken into account until heat meters register the heating of all rooms without exception.
- The same, with the use of year-round payments.
- All premises - residential and technical - are equipped with metering devices, plus a common house meter of consumed thermal energy is installed at the input. There are 2 payment methods available - year-round and seasonal.
Comment. Residents of Ukraine and the Republic of Belarus will surely find among them suitable options that comply with the legislation of these countries.
The diagram reflects the existing options for charges for the district heating service The installation of apartment heat meters and the benefits of such accounting is described. Here we propose to consider each technique separately in order to clarify the solution of the problem as much as possible.
Option 1 - we pay without heat meters during the heating season
The essence of the method is simple: the amount of consumed heat and the amount of payment are calculated according to the total area of the dwelling, taking into account the quadrature of all rooms and utility rooms. How much it costs to heat an apartment in this case is determined by the formula:
- P is the amount to be paid;
- S - total area (indicated in the technical passport of an apartment or a private house), m²;
- N is the rate of heat released for heating 1 square meter of area during a calendar month, Gcal / m²;
For reference. Tariffs for public utilities are set by government agencies. The heating price takes into account the cost of heat production and maintenance of centralized systems (repair and maintenance of pipelines, pumps and other equipment). Specific heat rates (N) are set by a special commission, depending on the climate, separately in each region.
In order to make the calculation correctly, ask the office of the company - the service provider the value of the established tariff and the heat standard per unit area. The above formula allows you to calculate the cost of 1 square meter of heating for an apartment or a private house connected to a centralized network (substitute 1 for S).
Calculation example. Heat is supplied to a 36 m² one-room apartment by the supplier at the rate of 1700 rubles / Gcal. The consumption rate is approved at the rate of 0.025 Gcal / m². The heating price as part of the rent for 1 month is calculated as follows:
P = 36 x 0.025 x 1700 = 1530 rubles.
An important point. The above methodology is valid on the territory of the Russian Federation and is valid for buildings where general house heat meters cannot be installed for technical reasons. If the meter can be delivered, but the assembly and registration of the node was not completed until 2017, then a multiplying factor of 1.5 is added to the formula:
The increase in the cost of heating by one and a half times, provided for by Resolution No. 603, is also applied in the following cases:
- the general building heat metering unit put into operation failed and was not repaired within 2 months;
- the heat meter is stolen or damaged;
- the readings of the house appliance are not transferred to the heat supply organization;
- the admission of the organization's specialists to the house meter is not provided in order to check the technical condition of the equipment (2 visits or more).
Option 2 - year-round accrual without metering devices
If you are obliged to pay for heat supply evenly throughout the year, and a metering unit is not installed at the input to an apartment building, then the formula for calculating heat energy takes the following form:
The decoding of the parameters involved in the formula is given in the previous section: S - the area of the dwelling, N - the standard of heat consumption per 1 m², T - the price of 1 Gcal of energy. The coefficient K remains, showing the frequency of payments during the calendar year. The value of the coefficient is calculated simply - the number of months of the heating period (including incomplete months) is divided by the number of months in a year - 12.
As an example, consider the same one-room apartment with an area of 36 m². First, we determine the coefficient of frequency with a heating season duration of 7 months: K = 7/12 = 0.583. Then we substitute it into the formula along with other parameters: P = 36 x (0.025 x 0.583) x 1700 = 892 rubles. will have to pay monthly during the calendar year.
If your house is not equipped with a heat meter without documented reasons, then the formula is supplemented with an increasing factor of 1.5:
Then the payment for heating the apartment in question will be 892 x 1.5 = 1338 rubles.
Note. In the event of a transition to another method of paying for utility services for heating (from year-round to seasonal and vice versa), the organization - the supplier makes an adjustment - recalculation of monthly payments.
Option 3 - payment according to the general house meter during the cold season
This methodology is used to calculate payment for central heating services in apartment buildings where there is a common building meter, and only some of the apartments are equipped with individual heat meters. Since heat energy is supplied to heat the building as a whole, the calculation is still performed through the area, and the readings of individual devices are not taken into account.
- P is the amount to be paid for the month;
- S - area of a particular apartment, m²;
- Stot - the area of all heated rooms of the building, m²;
- V is the total amount of heat consumed according to the indications of the collective meter during the calendar month, Gcal;
- T - tariff - the price of 1 Gcal of thermal energy.
If you want to independently determine the amount of payment in this way, you will have to find the values of 3 parameters: the area of all residential and non-residential rooms in an apartment building, the meter readings at the input of the heating main and the value of the tariff set in your area.
This is what a heat consumption recorder looks like for an apartment building. Calculation example. Initial data:
- the area of a particular apartment - 36 m²;
- the area of all premises of the house - 5000 m²;
- the volume of heat energy consumed in 1 month - 130 Gcal;
- rate of 1 Gcal in the region of residence - 1700 rubles.
The amount of payment for the accounting month will be:
P = 130 x 36/5000 x 1700 = 1591 rubles.
What is the essence of the method: your share of payment for heat consumed by the building for the billing period (usually 1 month) is determined through the squaring of the dwelling.
Option 4 - accruals for the metering device with a breakdown for the whole year
This is the most difficult computation method for the user. The calculation procedure looks like this:
Here Rg and Rkv are the amounts of last year's charges for the input heat meter for the entire building and a specific apartment, respectively, Pp is the size of the adjustment.
Let's give an example of calculations for our one-room apartment, taking into account that over the past year, the general house heat meter counted 650 Gcal:
Vav = 650 Gcal / 12 calendar months / 5000 m² = 0.01 Gcal. Now we calculate the amount of the payment:
P = 36 x 0.01 x 1700 = 612 rubles.
Note. The main problem is not the complexity of calculations, but the search for source data. The owner of the apartment, who wants to check the correctness of the calculation of payment, must find out last year's readings of the general house meter or fix them in advance.
In addition, you need to make an annual adjustment with reference to the new meter readings. Suppose the annual heat consumption of the building has grown to 700 Gcal, then the increase in the payment for heating should be determined as follows:
- We consider the total amount of payment for the past year according to the tariff: Ryear = 700 x 1700 = 1,90000 rubles.
- The same for our apartment: Rkv = 612 rubles. x 12 months = 7344 rubles.
- The amount of the surcharge will be: Рп = 1,190,000 x 36/5000 - 7344 = 1224 rubles. The specified amount will be credited to you next year, after recalculation.
If the consumption of heat energy decreases, then the result of the adjustment calculation will be negative - the organization must reduce the amount of the payment by this amount.
Option 5 - heat meters are installed in all rooms
When a collective meter is installed at the entrance to an apartment building, plus individual heat metering is organized in all rooms, payment during the heating season is determined according to the following algorithm:
Why such difficulties? The answer is simple: the readings of a good hundred individual devices a priori cannot coincide with the data of the general meter due to the error and unaccounted losses. Therefore, the difference is split between all apartment owners in proportions corresponding to the area of the dwellings.
Decoding of the parameters involved in the calculation formulas:
- P is the required payment amount;
- S - the square of your apartment, m²;
- Stot - the area of all premises, m²;
- V is the heat consumption recorded by the collective meter for the billing period, Gcal;
- Vpom - heat consumed during the same period, shown by your apartment meter;
- Vр - the difference between the costs shown by the house metering unit and the group of other devices standing in non-residential and residential premises;
- T is the cost of 1 Gcal of heat (tariff).
As an example of a calculation, let's take our apartment of 36 m² and assume that in a month an individual meter (or a group of individual meters) “clocked” 0.6, a brownie - 130, and a group of devices in all rooms of the building gave a total of 118 Gcal. We leave the rest of the indicators unchanged (see previous sections). How much heating costs in this case:
- Vр = 130 - 118 = 12 Gcal (the difference in readings was determined).
- P = (0.6 + 12 x 36/5000) x 1700 = 1166.88 rubles.
When it is required to calculate the amount of the year-round heating payment, an identical formula is applied. Only the indicators of heat energy consumption are used as monthly averages taken for the last year. Accordingly, the charge for the consumed energy is adjusted annually.
Why residents of neighboring houses pay different amounts for heat
This problem arose along with the introduction of various payment methods - by quadrature (standard), by a common meter or by individual heat meters. If you have looked through the previous sections of the publication, then you have probably noticed the difference in the amount of monthly fees. The fact is explained quite simply: in the presence of measuring devices, residents pay for the actually consumed resource.
Now let's list the reasons why landlords receive bills with different amounts, regardless of the heat meters installed in houses:
- The heating of two neighboring buildings is carried out by different heat supply organizations, for which different tariffs are approved.
- The more apartments there are, the less you can pay. Increased heat loss is observed in corner rooms and dwellings on the top floor, the rest border the street only through 1 outer wall. And such apartments are the overwhelming majority.
- One meter at the entrance to the house is not enough. A flow regulator is required - manual or automatic. The fittings allow you to restrict the supply of a coolant that is too hot, which is the sin of heat supply organizations. And then they charge an appropriate fee for the service.
- The competence of the management chosen by the co-owners of the apartment building plays an important role. A competent business executive will solve the issue of accounting and regulation of the coolant in the first place.
- Waste use of hot water heated by a heating medium from a centralized network.
- Problems with metering devices from different manufacturers.
Final conclusion
There are many reasons for large heating bills. Obvious: a building with thick brick walls loses less heat than reinforced concrete "nine-story buildings". Hence the increased energy consumption recorded by the meter.
But before taking on the modernization (insulation) of the building, it is important to establish control and accounting - to install heat meters in all rooms and on the supply line. The calculation method shows that such technical solutions give the best results.
The heating of the building is calculated in accordance with the selected type of heating.
In a private house, it may differ in the following ways:
- heat source;
- type of heating devices;
- type of coolant circulation, etc.
The most common is a hot water heating system with a gas boiler as a heat source.
Its main elements are pipelines, shut-off and control valves and radiators. When installing heating in a private house, it is supplemented with a heating boiler, a circulation pump and an expansion tank. Boiler power, pipe diameters, number and characteristics of radiators are determined by calculation.
The calculation of the heating system is extremely important. Mistakes and negligence at this stage entail costly and tedious rework. It is quite possible to produce it yourself.
Calculation stages
- calculation of heat loss at home;
- selection of temperature conditions;
- selection of heating radiators by power;
- hydraulic calculation of the system;
- choice of boiler.
The table will help you understand how much power a radiator is needed for your room.
Calculation of heat loss
The heat engineering part of the calculation is performed on the basis of the following initial data:
- specific thermal conductivity of all materials used in the construction of a private house;
- geometric dimensions of all building elements.
In addition to the above initial data, it is necessary to know the internal dimensions of each room, the climatic region of construction and determine the location of the house relative to the cardinal points.
The heat load on the heating system in this case is determined by the formula:
Mk = 1.2 x Tp, where
Тп - total heat loss of the building;
Мк - boiler power;
1.2 - safety factor (20%).
For individual buildings, heating can be calculated using a simplified method: the total area of the premises (including corridors and other non-residential premises) is multiplied by the specific climatic power, and the resulting product is divided by 10.
The value of the specific climatic power depends on the construction site and is equal to:
- for the central regions of Russia - 1.2 - 1.5 kW;
- for the south of the country - 0.7 - 0.9 kW;
- for the north - 1.5 - 2.0 kW.
Temperature conditions and selection of radiators
The mode is determined based on the temperature of the coolant (most often it is water) at the outlet from the heating boiler, the water returned to the boiler, as well as the air temperature inside the premises.
The optimal mode, according to European standards, is the ratio 75/65/20.
To select heating radiators before their installation, you must first calculate the volume of each room. For each region of our country, the required amount of heat energy per one cubic meter of premises has been established. For example, for the European part of the country, this figure is 40 watts.
To determine the amount of heat for a particular room, its specific value must be multiplied by the cubic capacity and the result obtained must be increased by 20% (multiplied by 1.2). Based on the figure obtained, the required number of heating devices is calculated. The manufacturer indicates their capacity.
For example, each fin of a standard aluminum radiator has a power of 150 W (at a coolant temperature of 70 ° C). To determine the required number of radiators, it is necessary to divide the amount of required thermal energy by the power of one heating element.
Hydraulic calculation
There are special programs for hydraulic calculation.
One of the costly construction stages is the installation of the pipeline. Hydraulic calculation of the heating system of a private house is needed to determine the diameters of the pipes, the volume of the expansion tank and the correct selection of the circulation pump. The hydraulic calculation results in the following parameters:
- Heat carrier consumption as a whole;
- Head loss of the heat carrier in the system;
- Head loss from the pump (boiler) to each heater.
How to determine the flow rate of the coolant? To do this, it is necessary to multiply its specific heat capacity (for water, this indicator is 4.19 kJ / kg * deg. C) and the temperature difference at the outlet and inlet, then divide the total power of the heating system by the result obtained.
The pipe diameter is selected based on the following condition: the water velocity in the pipeline should not exceed 1.5 m / s. Otherwise, the system will make noise. But there is also a limitation of the lower speed limit - 0.25 m / s. Pipeline installation requires an assessment of these parameters.
If this condition is neglected, then airing of the pipes can occur. With correctly selected sections, a circulation pump built into the boiler is sufficient for the functioning of the heating system.
The head loss for each section is calculated as the product of the specific friction loss (specified by the pipe manufacturer) and the length of the pipeline section. In the factory specifications, they are also indicated for each fitting.
Choosing a boiler and a little economy
The boiler is selected depending on the availability of a particular type of fuel. If gas is supplied to the house, it makes no sense to purchase solid fuel or electric. If the organization of hot water supply is needed, then the boiler is not chosen according to the heating power: in such cases, the installation of double-circuit devices with a capacity of at least 23 kW is chosen. At a lower capacity, they will provide only one draw-off point.
Determining the cost of heating
The calculation of the cost of heat energy depends on which heat source is chosen by the homeowner. If the preference is given to a gas boiler and the house is gasified, then the total amount will include the price of the heating device (about 1,300 euros) and the cost of connecting it to the gas pipeline (about 1,000 euros).
Next is the electricity cost. Despite the fact that the main type of fuel in this case is gas, you still cannot do without electricity. It is necessary to ensure the operation of the circulation pump and automation elements. On average, the boiler consumes 100 W during the heating season and 20 W during the warm season (to provide hot water supply).
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This article will discuss the basic principles of calculating the heating system of a private house. This question is constantly relevant: situations often arise when, due to an incorrect heating calculation, the system provides too much heating, which negatively affects the economy, or generates too little heat, so the house turns out to be cold. It is the calculation of the heating system that prevents the occurrence of problems and provides the building with thermal energy.
How to calculate heating correctly? For a correct calculation, it is necessary to highlight the elements of the heating system that directly affect the amount of produced and transported heat (for more details: ""). First of all, the power of the heating boiler is calculated, and the calculations must be done with a small margin. Next, the calculation of the number of heating devices and their sections is carried out, if they are present in the selected type of devices. The last parameter requiring calculation is the diameter of the pipeline, which is required to transport the coolant throughout the system. Calculations will be carried out exactly in the specified order (read: "").
Choosing a boiler for heating a house
To calculate the boiler, you need to know what kind of fuel will be used in this case. Practice shows that the most profitable type of fuel at the moment is main gas, but the efficiency of such devices is not the highest. In this case, it is possible to increase the efficiency by using condensing boilers, in which not only gas is used for heating, but also the products of its combustion. In addition, natural gas reserves are not unlimited, and in the near future its cost may significantly increase.
If the use of main gas is not possible, then you can choose the option of a boiler powered by wood or coal. Solid fuel boilers occupy the second position in terms of economy, but they need to be constantly maintained: most models require regular heating. The installation partly solves the problem.
When choosing solid fuel as the main one, it must be remembered that the thermal power of coal is about 10% higher than the heat transfer of firewood.
You can also use electricity to heat a house, but often this method is not economical enough, especially in a harsh climate. Such devices usually have a good ratio between energy consumption and heat dissipation, but the efficiency of these systems can be greatly reduced in freezing conditions. The cost of such devices is quite low, so the main parameter in the calculations will be the level of electricity consumption.
Calculation of the heat output of the boiler
To calculate the heating in a private house or apartment, you can use the standards. The basis for calculations can be found in SNiP, which says that one kilowatt of thermal energy is needed to heat 10 square meters of area. The calculation according to this principle is extremely simple, very affordable, but differs simply by a huge error.SNiP does not take into account the full dimensions of the heated rooms in full: when calculating the heat output for a room with a height of three meters, the data will be completely different than when calculating the boiler power for rooms whose height reaches four meters. In addition, warm air tends to accumulate at the top, and the heating, calculated according to SNiP, will simply be unsuitable for use.
An important influence on the calculations is also exerted by the amount of heat loss, which increases in direct proportion to the temperature outside the house and inversely to the quality of the building's thermal insulation. In private houses, the level of losses will be significantly higher than in multi-storey buildings: a much larger area in contact with the environment is to blame. A lot of heat also "leaks" through doors and windows.
When calculating the heating of private houses, a coefficient of 1.5 is used, which is necessary to compensate for losses arising from the commonality of the building perimeter with the street. To calculate corner and end apartments in multi-storey buildings, a coefficient of 1.2-1.3 is used (the exact value depends on the quality of thermal insulation).
How to calculate radiators
When building a heating system, it is very important to select the required number of devices that dissipate heat around the premises. How to calculate the heating of a private house so that the number of radiators and their sections allows heating the entire area?For the calculations, the same method will be used as described above: in order to determine the required number of heating devices, it is necessary to calculate the heat output that is needed for each room. Having calculated the amount of heat energy required by the building and distributing this data over all rooms, you can start choosing radiators.
Good manufacturers of heating devices supply their products with technical data sheets, which contain the necessary information. But there is one important aspect here: the temperature is indicated in the passport, which assumes a temperature difference between the radiator and the room, which is 70 degrees. Naturally, in practice, these parameters do not always coincide. Read also: "".
To provide the calculated data, the data that are in the passport or on the manufacturer's website are used. Further calculations are carried out in the same way as in the case of the boiler, but here it is necessary to take into account not only the thermal power of the system as a whole, but also its spread over the premises. In any case, the cost of radiators is quite low, which makes it possible to purchase them without any problems, even if, as a result of calculations, their number turned out to be large. If necessary, you can look at the photo, which shows the comparative characteristics of different radiator-type devices and the method for calculating them for a specific area.
We make the calculation of the pipeline correctly
How to calculate heating in a private house, and which pipes are best suited? Pipes for a heating system are always selected individually, depending on the type of heating chosen, but there are certain tips that are relevant for all types of systems.In systems with natural circulation, pipes with an increased cross-section are usually used - at least DU32, and the most common options are within the range of DU40-DU50. This allows you to significantly reduce the resistance to the coolant with a slight slope.
For the installation of radiators installed using bends, pipes DU20 are used. A very common mistake when choosing is the confusion between the cross-sectional diameter and the outer diameter of the pipe (more: ""). For example, a DN32 polypropylene pipe usually has an outer diameter of about 40 mm.
Systems equipped with a circulation pump are best equipped with pipes with an outer diameter of 25 mm, which allows heating a medium-sized building (read also: ""). In the case of radial wiring, 16 mm diameter metal-plastic or polyethylene pipes are sufficient.
The calculations themselves are based on the possibility of heat power distribution. As practice shows, the most suitable speed of movement of the coolant is 0.6 m / s, and the maximum is 1.5 m / s. To determine the appropriate pipes, you need to use the table, which shows the relationship between the pipe diameter and the required flow rate. Values are always rounded up. This method of pipe selection is only suitable for heating systems with forced circulation.
