Who came up with the temperature graphs of heating networks. Justification of a lowered temperature schedule for regulation of centralized heat supply systems

Computers have long and successfully worked not only on the desks of office workers, but also in control systems for production and technological processes. Automation successfully controls the parameters of heat supply systems of buildings, providing inside them ...

The set required air temperature (sometimes changing during the day to save money).

But the automation must be properly configured, given the initial data and algorithms for work! This article discusses the optimal temperature schedule for heating - the dependence of the temperature of the coolant of the water heating system at different temperatures of the outside air.

This topic has already been discussed in the article by Fr. Here we will not calculate the heat loss of the object, but consider the situation when these heat losses are known from previous calculations or from the data of the actual operation of the operating object. If the object is active, then it is better to take the value of heat loss at the design temperature of the outside air from the statistical actual data of previous years of operation.

In the aforementioned article, a system of nonlinear equations is numerically solved to construct the dependences of the coolant temperature on the outside air temperature. This article will present "direct" formulas for calculating water temperatures at the "supply" and "return", which are an analytical solution to the problem.

You can read about the colors of the cells of the Excel sheet that are used for formatting in articles on the page « ».

Calculation in Excel of the temperature graph of heating.

So, when adjusting the operation of the boiler and / or heating unit from the outside air temperature, the automation system must set a temperature schedule.

It may be more correct to place the air temperature sensor inside the building and adjust the operation of the coolant temperature control system from the internal air temperature. But it is often difficult to choose a place for installing the sensor inside due to different temperatures in different rooms of the object or because of the considerable distance of this place from the heating unit.

Let's look at an example. Let's say we have an object - a building or a group of buildings that receive heat energy from one common closed source of heat supply - a boiler house and / or a heating unit. A sealed source is a source from which the withdrawal of hot water for water supply is prohibited. In our example, we will assume that, apart from direct extraction of hot water, there is no heat extraction for heating water for hot water supply.

For comparison and verification of the correctness of the calculations, we will take the initial data from the above-mentioned article "Calculation of water heating in 5 minutes!" and compose in Excel a small program for calculating the heating temperature schedule.

Initial data:

1. Estimated (or actual) heat loss of an object (building) Q p in Gcal / hour at the design temperature of the outside air t nr write down

to cell D3: 0,004790

2. Estimated air temperature inside the object (building) t bp in ° C we introduce

to cell D4: 20

3. Estimated outdoor temperature t nr in ° C we enter

to cell D5: -37

4. Estimated water temperature at the "supply" t pr in ° C we enter

to cell D6: 90

5. Estimated water temperature at the "return" t op in ° C we introduce

to cell D7: 70

6. Heat transfer nonlinearity index of applied heating devices n write down

to cell D8: 0,30

7. The current (we are interested in) outdoor temperature t n in ° C we enter

to cell D9: -10

Cell valuesD3 – D8 for a specific object are recorded once and do not change further. Cell valueD8 can (and should) be changed by determining the parameters of the coolant for different weather.

Calculation results:

8. Estimated water consumption in the system GR in t / hour we calculate

in cell D11: = D3 * 1000 / (D6-D7) =0,239

GR = QR *1000/(tetc — top )

9. Relative heat flux q define

in cell D12: = (D4-D9) / (D4-D5) =0,53

q =(tvr — tn )/(tvr — tnr )

10. Supply water temperature tNS in ° C we calculate

in cell D13: = D4 + 0.5 * (D6-D7) * D12 + 0.5 * (D6 + D7-2 * D4) * D12 ^ (1 / (1 + D8)) =61,9

tNS = tvr +0,5*(tetc – top )* q +0,5*(tetc + top -2* tvr )* q (1/(1+ n ))

11. Return water temperature tO in ° C we calculate

in cell D14: = D4-0.5 * (D6-D7) * D12 + 0.5 * (D6 + D7-2 * D4) * D12 ^ (1 / (1 + D8)) =51,4

tO = tvr -0,5*(tetc – top )* q +0,5*(tetc + top -2* tvr )* q (1/(1+ n ))

Calculation in Excel of the water temperature at the "supply" tNS and on the "return line" tO for the selected outdoor temperature tn completed.

Let's make a similar calculation for several different outdoor temperatures and build a heating temperature graph. (You can read about how to build graphs in Excel.)

Let's make a reconciliation of the obtained values of the heating temperature graph with the results obtained in the article "Calculation of water heating in 5 minutes!" - the values are the same!

Results.

The practical value of the presented calculation of the heating temperature graph is that it takes into account the type of installed devices and the direction of movement of the coolant in these devices. Heat transfer nonlinearity coefficient n, which has a noticeable effect on the heating temperature schedule, is different for different devices.

The supply of heat to the room is associated with the simplest temperature schedule. The temperature values of the water supplied from the boiler room do not change in the room. They have standard values and range from + 70 ° C to + 95 ° C. Such a temperature schedule for the heating system is the most demanded.

Adjusting the air temperature in the house

District heating is not available everywhere in the country, so many residents install independent systems. Their temperature schedule is different from the first option. In this case, the temperature indicators are significantly reduced. They depend on the efficiency of modern heating boilers.

If the temperature reaches + 35 ° C, then the boiler will operate at maximum power. It depends on the heating element, where the heat energy can be taken up by the flue gases. If the temperature values are greater than + 70 ºС, then the boiler performance decreases. In this case, its technical characteristics indicate an efficiency of 100%.

Temperature schedule and its calculation

How the graph will look depends on the outside temperature. The greater the negative value of the outside temperature, the greater the heat loss. Many do not know where to get this indicator from. This temperature is spelled out in regulatory documents. The temperatures of the coldest five-day period are taken as the calculated value, and the lowest value in the last 50 years is taken.

Outside and inside temperature graph

The graph shows the dependence of the outside and inside temperatures. Let's say the outside air temperature is -17 ° C. Drawing a line up to the intersection with t2, we get a point characterizing the water temperature in the heating system.

Thanks to the temperature schedule, the heating system can be prepared even for the most severe conditions. It also reduces material costs for installing a heating system. If we consider this factor from the point of view of mass construction, the savings are significant.

inside premises depends from temperature coolant, but same others factors:

Outside air temperature. The smaller it is, the more negatively it affects heating;
Wind. When a strong wind occurs, heat loss increases;
The indoor temperature depends on the thermal insulation of the building's structural elements.

Over the past 5 years, the principles of construction have changed. Builders add value to a home by insulating elements. As a rule, this applies to basements, roofs, foundations. These expensive measures subsequently allow residents to save on the heating system.

Heating temperature graph

The graph shows the dependence of the outdoor and indoor air temperature. The lower the outdoor temperature, the higher the temperature of the heating medium in the system.

The temperature schedule is developed for each city during the heating season. In small settlements, a boiler room temperature schedule is drawn up, which provides required amount coolant to the consumer.

Change temperature schedule can several ways:

quantitative - characterized by a change in the flow rate of the coolant supplied to the heating system;
high-quality - it consists in regulating the temperature of the coolant before supplying it to the premises;
temporary - a discrete method of supplying water to the system.

The temperature graph is a heating pipe graph that distributes the heating load and is controlled by centralized systems. There is also an increased schedule, it is created for a closed heating system, that is, to ensure the supply of hot coolant to the connected objects. When using an open system, it is necessary to adjust the temperature schedule, since the coolant is consumed not only for heating, but also for household water consumption.

The temperature graph is calculated according to simple method. Hto build it, are necessary initial temperature air data:

outdoor;
in room;
in the supply and return pipelines;
at the exit from the building.

In addition, you should know the nominal heat load... All other coefficients are standardized by reference documentation. The system is calculated for any temperature schedule, depending on the purpose of the room. For example, for large industrial and civil objects, a schedule of 150/70, 130/70, 115/70 is drawn up. For residential buildings, this figure is 105/70 and 95/70. The first indicator shows the supply temperature, and the second shows the return temperature. The calculation results are entered into a special table, which shows the temperature at certain points of the heating system, depending on the outside air temperature.

The main factor in calculating the temperature graph is outside temperature air. The calculation table should be drawn up so that the maximum values of the coolant temperature in the heating system (schedule 95/70) provide heating of the room. Indoor temperatures are stipulated by regulations.

heating appliances

Heating device temperature

The main indicator is the temperature of the heating devices. The ideal temperature schedule for heating is 90/70 ° C. It is impossible to achieve such an indicator, since the temperature inside the room should not be the same. It is determined depending on the purpose of the room.

In accordance with the standards, the temperature in the corner living room is + 20 ° C, in the rest - + 18 ° C; in the bathroom - + 25 ° C. If the outside air temperature is -30 ° C, then the indicators increase by 2 ° C.

except Togo, exist norms for others types premises:

in rooms where children are - + 18 ° C to + 23 ° C;
children's educational institutions - + 21 ° C;
in cultural institutions with mass attendance - + 16 ° C to + 21 ° C.

This temperature range is compiled for all types of rooms. It depends on the movements performed inside the room: the more there are, the lower the air temperature. For example, in sports facilities, people move a lot, so the temperature is only + 18 ° C.

Indoor air temperature

Exist certain factors, from which depends temperature heating appliances:

Outside air temperature;
Type of heating system and temperature difference: for one-pipe system - + 105 ° C, and for one-pipe system - + 95 ° C. Accordingly, the differences in for the first area are 105/70 ° C, and for the second - 95/70 ° C;
The direction of supply of the coolant to the heating devices. At the top supply the difference should be 2 ºС, at the lower one - 3 ºС;
Type of heating devices: heat transfer is different, therefore the temperature schedule will differ.

First of all, the temperature of the coolant depends on the outside air. For example, outside the temperature is 0 ° C. At the same time, the temperature regime in the radiators should be equal to 40-45 ° С on the supply, and 38 ° С on the return line. When the air temperature is below zero, for example, -20 ° C, these indicators change. In this case, the flow temperature becomes 77/55 ° C. If the temperature indicator reaches -40 ° C, then the indicators become standard, that is, on the supply + 95/105 ° C, and on the return - + 70 ° C.

Additional parameters

In order for a certain temperature of the coolant to reach the consumer, it is necessary to monitor the state of the outside air. For example, if it is -40 ° C, the boiler room must supply hot water with an indicator of + 130 ° C. Along the way, the coolant loses heat, but still the temperature remains high when it enters the apartments. The optimum value is + 95 ° C. To do this, an elevator unit is mounted in the basements, which serves to mix hot water from the boiler room and the coolant from the return pipeline.

Several institutions are responsible for the heating main. The boiler house monitors the supply of hot coolant to the heating system, and the city heating networks monitor the condition of the pipelines. The housing office is responsible for the elevator element. Therefore, in order to solve the problem of supplying the coolant to new house, you need to contact different offices.

Installation of heating devices is carried out in accordance with regulatory documents. If the owner himself replaces the battery, then he is responsible for the functioning of the heating system and changing the temperature regime.

Adjustment methods

Dismantling the elevator unit

If the boiler room is responsible for the parameters of the coolant leaving the warm point, then the employees of the housing office should be responsible for the temperature inside the room. Many tenants complain about the cold in their apartments. This is due to the deviation of the temperature graph. In rare cases, it happens that the temperature rises by a certain value.

Heating parameters can be adjusted in three ways:

Reaming the nozzle.

If the temperature of the coolant at the supply and return is significantly underestimated, then it is necessary to increase the diameter of the elevator nozzle. Thus, more liquid will pass through it.

How can this be done? To begin with, shut-off valves are closed (house valves and taps on the elevator unit). Next, the elevator and nozzle are removed. Then it is reamed by 0.5-2 mm, depending on how much it is necessary to increase the temperature of the coolant. After these procedures, the elevator is mounted in its original place and put into operation.

To ensure sufficient tightness of the flange connection, it is necessary to replace the paronite gaskets with rubber ones.

Suction suppression.

In extreme cold, when the problem of freezing of the heating system in the apartment arises, the nozzle can be completely removed. In this case, the suction can become a jumper. To do this, it is necessary to drown it with a steel pancake, 1 mm thick. Such a process is carried out only in critical situations, since the temperature in pipelines and heating devices will reach 130 ° C.

Differential adjustment.

In the middle of the heating season, a significant rise in temperature can occur. Therefore, it is necessary to regulate it using a special valve on the elevator. To do this, the supply of hot coolant is switched to the supply line. A pressure gauge is mounted on the return line. Adjustment takes place by closing the valve on the supply pipeline. Next, the valve opens slightly, while the pressure should be monitored using a pressure gauge. If you just open it, then there will be a drawdown of the cheeks. That is, an increase in the pressure drop occurs in the return pipeline. Every day, the indicator increases by 0.2 atmosphere, and the temperature in the heating system must be constantly monitored.

Heat supply. Video

How is the heat supply of private and apartment buildings, can be found in the video below.

When drawing up a heating temperature schedule, various factors must be taken into account. This list includes not only the structural elements of the building, but the outside temperature, as well as the type of heating system.

In contact with

The temperature graph represents the dependence of the degree of heating of the water in the system on the temperature of the cold outside air. After the necessary calculations, the result is presented in the form of two numbers. The first means the water temperature at the entrance to the heating system, and the second at the exit.

For example, the record 90-70ᵒС means that for the given climatic conditions for heating a certain building, it will be necessary that the coolant has a temperature of 90ᵒC at the entrance to the pipes, and 70ᵒC at the outlet.

All values are presented for the outside air temperature during the coldest five days. This design temperature is taken according to the joint venture "Thermal protection of buildings". The internal temperature for residential premises is taken as 20ᵒС according to the standards. The schedule will ensure the correct supply of coolant to the heating pipes. This will avoid hypothermia of the premises and waste of resources.

The need to perform constructions and calculations

The temperature schedule must be developed for each locality. It allows you to provide the most competent work heating systems, namely:

Adjust the heat loss during hot water supply to houses with the average daily outside temperature.
Prevent insufficient heating of the premises.
To oblige thermal power plants to supply consumers with services that meet technological conditions.

Such calculations are necessary both for large heating stations and for boiler houses in small settlements. In this case, the result of calculations and constructions will be called the boiler room schedule.

Methods for regulating the temperature in the heating system

Upon completion of the calculations, it is necessary to achieve the calculated degree of heating of the coolant. It can be achieved in several ways:

quantitative;
high quality;
temporary.

In the first case, the flow rate of water entering the heating network is changed, in the second, the degree of heating of the coolant is adjusted. The temporary option assumes a discrete supply of hot liquid to the heating network.

For a central heating system, the most characteristic is a high-quality one, while the volume of water entering the heating circuit remains unchanged.

Types of graphs

Depending on the purpose of the heating network, the execution methods differ. The first option is a normal heating schedule. It represents constructions for networks operating only for space heating and regulated centrally.

The increased schedule is calculated for heating networks providing heating and hot water supply. It is being built for closed systems and shows the total load on the hot water system.

The corrected schedule is also intended for networks operating for both heating and heating. This takes into account the heat losses during the passage of the coolant through the pipes to the consumer.

Drawing up a temperature schedule

The drawn straight line depends on the following values:

normalized air temperature in the room;
outside air temperature;
the degree of heating of the coolant when it enters the heating system;
the degree of heating of the coolant at the exit from the building networks;
the degree of heat transfer from heating devices;
thermal conductivity of external walls and total heat loss of the building.

To make a correct calculation, it is necessary to calculate the difference between the water temperatures in the direct and return pipes Δt. The higher the value in a straight pipe, the better heat dissipation heating systems and higher indoor temperatures.

In order to efficiently and economically consume the coolant, it is necessary to achieve the lowest possible value of Δt. This can be ensured, for example, by carrying out work on additional insulation of the external structures of the house (walls, coatings, ceilings over a cold basement or technical underground).

Heating mode calculation

First of all, you need to get all the initial data. Standard values of outside and inside air temperatures are taken according to Joint Venture "Thermal Protection of Buildings". To find the power of heating devices and heat losses, you will need to use the following formulas.

Heat loss of the building

The initial data in this case will be:

external wall thickness;
thermal conductivity of the material from which the enclosing structures are made (in most cases it is indicated by the manufacturer, denoted by the letter λ);
outer wall surface area;
climatic area of construction.

First of all, the actual resistance of the wall to heat transfer is found. In a simplified version, you can find it as a quotient of the wall thickness and its thermal conductivity. If the external structure consists of several layers, the resistance of each of them is found separately and the obtained values are added.

Heat losses of walls are calculated by the formula:

Q = F * (1 / R 0) * (t indoor air -t outdoor air)

Here Q is the heat loss in kilocalories and F is the surface area of the outer walls. For more exact value it is necessary to take into account the glazing area and its heat transfer coefficient.

Calculation of the surface power of batteries

Specific (surface) power is calculated as the quotient of the maximum power of the device in W and the heat transfer surface area. The formula looks like this:

P beats = P max / F act

Calculation of the coolant temperature

Based on the obtained values, the temperature regime of heating is selected and a direct heat transfer is constructed. On one axis, the values of the degree of heating of the water supplied to the heating system are plotted, and on the other, the outside air temperature. All values are taken in degrees Celsius. The calculation results are summarized in a table in which the nodal points of the pipeline are indicated.

It is quite difficult to carry out calculations according to the method. To perform a competent calculation, it is best to use special programs.

For each building, such a calculation is performed individually by the management company. For an approximate definition of water at the entrance to the system, you can use the existing tables.

For large suppliers of thermal energy, the parameters of the heat carrier are used 150-70ᵒC, 130-70ᵒC, 115-70ᵒC.
For small systems for several apartment buildings, the parameters apply 90-70ᵒС (up to 10 floors), 105-70ᵒС (over 10 floors). A schedule of 80-60ᵒC can also be adopted.
When arranging an autonomous heating system for an individual house, it is sufficient to control the degree of heating using sensors, a schedule can be omitted.

The performed measures allow determining the parameters of the coolant in the system at a certain point in time. By analyzing the coincidence of the parameters with the schedule, you can check the efficiency of the heating system. The temperature schedule table also indicates the degree of load on the heating system.

Each Management Company strive to achieve economical heating costs for an apartment building. In addition, tenants of private houses are trying to come. This can be achieved by drawing up a temperature graph that reflects the dependence of the heat produced by the carriers on the weather conditions outside. Correct use These data allow optimal distribution of hot water and heating to consumers.

What is a temperature graph

The same operating mode should not be maintained in the coolant, because outside the apartment the temperature changes. It is she who should be guided by and, depending on it, change the temperature of the water in the heating objects. The dependence of the coolant temperature on the outside air temperature is compiled by technologists. For its compilation, the values available for the coolant and for the outside air temperature are taken into account.

During the design of any building, the size of the heating equipment supplied in it, the dimensions of the building itself and the cross-sections of the pipes must be taken into account. In a high-rise building, residents cannot independently increase or decrease the temperature, since it is supplied from the boiler room. The adjustment of the operating mode is always carried out taking into account the temperature graph of the coolant. The temperature scheme itself is also taken into account - if the return pipe gives water with a temperature above 70 ° C, then the flow rate of the coolant will be excessive, but if it is much lower, there is a deficit.

Important! The temperature schedule is designed in such a way that at any outside air temperature in the apartments a stable optimal heating level is maintained at 22 ° C. Thanks to him, even the most severe frosts are not scary, because the heating systems will be ready for them. If it is -15 ° C outside, then it is enough to track the value of the indicator to find out what the water temperature in the heating system will be at that moment. The harsher the outside weather, the hotter the water inside the system should be.

But the heating level maintained inside the premises depends not only on the coolant:

Outside temperature;
The presence and strength of the wind - its strong gusts significantly affect heat loss;
Thermal insulation - well-finished structural parts of a building help keep the building warm. This is done not only during the construction of the house, but also separately at the request of the owners.

Heating medium temperature table versus outdoor temperature

In order to calculate the optimal temperature regime, you need to take into account the characteristics available for heating devices - batteries and radiators. The most important thing is to calculate their power density, it will be expressed in W / cm 2. This will affect in the most direct way the transfer of heat from the heated water to the heated air in the room. It is important to take into account their surface thickness and the coefficient of resistance available for window openings and external walls.

After all the values are taken into account, you need to calculate the difference between the temperature in the two pipes - at the entrance to the house and at the exit from it. The higher the value in the inlet pipe, the higher - in the return. Accordingly, indoor heating will rise below these values.

Weather outside, С	at the entrance to the building, С	Return pipe, С
+10	30	25
+5	44	37
0	57	46
-5	70	54
-10	83	62
-15	95	70

The competent use of the coolant implies attempts by the residents of the house to reduce the temperature difference between the inlet and outlet pipes. It could be construction work for wall insulation from the outside or insulation of external heat supply pipes, insulation of ceilings over a cold garage or basement, insulation of the interior of a house or several works performed simultaneously.

Heating in the radiator must also comply with the standards. In central heating systems, it usually varies from 70 C to 90 C, depending on the air temperature outside. It is important to take into account that in corner rooms it cannot be less than 20 C, although in other rooms of the apartment it is allowed to decrease to 18 C. If the temperature on the street drops to -30 C, then in the rooms the heating should rise by 2 C. the temperature will rise, provided that it can be different in rooms for different purposes. If there is a child in the room, then it can fluctuate from 18 C to 23 C. In storage rooms and corridors, heating can vary from 12 C to 18 C.

It is important to note! The average daily temperature is taken into account - if the temperature is about -15 C at night, and -5 C during the day, then it will be considered by the value -10 C. If at night it was about -5 C, and in the daytime it rose to +5 C, then heating is counted at a value of 0 C.

Schedule of hot water supply to the apartment

In order to deliver the optimal DHW to the consumer, CHP plants must send it as hot as possible. Heating mains are always so long that their length can be measured in kilometers, and the length of apartments is measured in thousands. square meters... Whatever the thermal insulation of the pipes, heat is lost on the way to the user. Therefore, it is necessary to heat the water as much as possible.

However, water cannot be heated more than its boiling point. Therefore, a solution was found - to increase the pressure.

It's important to know! When it rises, the boiling point of water shifts towards an increase. As a result, it reaches the consumer really hot. With an increase in pressure, risers, mixers and taps do not suffer, and all apartments up to the 16th floor can be provided with hot water supply without additional pumps. In a heating main, water usually contains 7-8 atmospheres, the upper limit usually has 150 with a margin.

It looks like this:

Boiling temperature	Pressure
100	1
110	1,5
119	2
127	2,5
132	3
142	4
151	5
158	6
164	7
169	8

Dispensing hot water to winter time the year must be continuous. Exceptions to this rule are heat supply accidents. The hot water supply can be turned off only in summer period for maintenance work. Such work is carried out both in closed-type heat supply systems and in open-type systems.

After installing the heating system, it is necessary to set the temperature mode. This procedure must be carried out in accordance with existing standards.

Temperature standards

The requirements for the coolant temperature are set out in the regulatory documents that establish the design, installation and use engineering systems residential and public buildings. They are described in the State Building Codes and Rules:

DBN (V. 2.5-39 Heating networks);
SNiP 2.04.05 "Heating, ventilation and air conditioning".

For the calculated supply water temperature, the figure is taken that is equal to the temperature of the water leaving the boiler, according to its passport data.

For individual heating it is necessary to decide what the temperature of the coolant should be, taking into account the following factors:

1Start and end of the heating season at an average daily outdoor temperature of +8 ° C for 3 days;
2The average temperature inside the heated premises of housing and communal and public importance should be 20 ° C, and for industrial buildings 16 ° C;
3 The average design temperature must comply with the requirements of DBN V.2.2-10, DBN V.2.2.-4, DSanPiN 5.5.2.008, SP No. 3231-85. According to SNiP 2.04.05 "Heating, ventilation and air conditioning" (paragraph 3.20), the limiting parameters of the coolant such:
1
For a hospital - 85 ° C (excluding psychiatric and drug wards, as well as administrative or household premises);
2For residential, public, and also household structures (not counting halls for sports, trade, spectators and passengers) - 90 ° С;
3For auditoriums, restaurants and premises for production of categories A and B - 105 ° C;
4For catering establishments (excluding restaurants) - this is 115 ° С;
5For production premises (category C, D and E), where combustible dust and aerosols are emitted - 130 ° C;
6 For staircases, lobbies, pedestrian crossings, technical premises, residential buildings, production premises without the presence of combustible dust and aerosols - 150 ° C. Depending on external factors, the water temperature in the heating system can be from 30 to 90 ° C. When heated above 90 ° C, dust and paintwork begin to decompose. For these reasons, sanitary standards prohibit more heating.
To calculate the optimal indicators, special charts and tables can be used, in which the norms are determined depending on the season:
- With an average indicator outside the window of 0 ° C, the flow for radiators with different wiring is set at a level of 40 to 45 ° C, and the return temperature is from 35 to 38 ° C;
- At -20 ° C, the feed is heated from 67 to 77 ° C, and the return rate should be from 53 to 55 ° C;
- At -40 ° C outside the window for all heating devices set the maximum allowable values... On the supply line it is from 95 to 105 ° С, and on the return - 70 ° С.
Optimum values in an individual heating system

Autonomous heating helps to avoid many problems that arise with a centralized network, and the optimal temperature of the coolant can be adjusted in accordance with the season. In the case of individual heating, the concept of norms includes the heat transfer of the heating device per unit area of the room where this device is located. The thermal regime in this situation is provided by the design features of the heating devices.

It is important to ensure that the heat carrier in the network does not cool below 70 ° C. An indicator of 80 ° C is considered optimal. With a gas boiler, it is easier to control heating, because manufacturers limit the possibility of heating the coolant to 90 ° C. Using sensors to regulate the gas supply, the heating of the coolant can be controlled.

It is a little more complicated with solid fuel devices, they do not regulate the heating of the liquid, and can easily turn it into steam. And it is impossible to reduce the heat from coal or wood by turning the knob in such a situation. In this case, the control of heating of the coolant is rather arbitrary with high errors and is performed by rotary thermostats and mechanical dampers.

Electric boilers allow you to smoothly regulate the heating of the coolant from 30 to 90 ° C. They are equipped with an excellent overheating protection system.

One-pipe and two-pipe lines

The design features of a one-pipe and two-pipe heating network determine different norms for heating the coolant.

For example, for a single-pipe line, the maximum rate is 105 ° С, and for a two-pipe line - 95 ° С, while the difference between the return and supply should be respectively: 105 - 70 ° С and 95 - 70 ° С.

Coordination of the temperature of the coolant and the boiler

Regulators help to coordinate the temperature of the coolant and the boiler. These are devices that create automatic control and adjustment of the return and flow temperature.

The return temperature is dependent on the amount of fluid passed through it. The regulators cover the fluid supply and increase the difference between the return and the supply to the level that is needed, and the necessary indicators are installed on the sensor.

If it is necessary to increase the flow, then a boost pump can be added to the network, which is controlled by the regulator. To reduce the heating of the supply, a "cold start" is used: that part of the liquid that passed through the network is again sent from the return to the inlet.

The regulator redistributes the supply and return flows according to the data taken by the sensor, and ensures strict temperature norms heating network.

Ways to reduce heat loss

The above information will help to be used for correct calculation coolant temperature norms and will tell you how to determine the situations when you need to use the regulator.

But it is important to remember that the temperature in the room is influenced not only by the temperature of the coolant, outside air and the strength of the wind. The degree of insulation of the facade, doors and windows in the house should also be taken into account.

To reduce the heat loss of housing, you need to worry about its maximum thermal insulation. Insulated walls, sealed doors, metal-plastic windows will help reduce heat leakage. It also reduces heating costs.

Norms and optimal values of the temperature of the coolant, Repair and construction of a house

After installing the heating system, it is necessary to set the temperature mode. This procedure must be carried out in accordance with existing standards. Norms

Heat carrier for heating systems, heat carrier temperature, norms and parameters

In Russia, such heating systems are more popular, which work thanks to liquid-type heat carriers. This is most likely due to the fact that in many regions of the country the climate is rather harsh. Liquid heating systems are a set of equipment that includes components such as: pumping stations, boiler rooms, pipelines, heat exchangers. The characteristics of the coolant greatly depend on how efficiently and properly the entire system will work. Now the question arises, which coolant for heating systems to use for work.

Heating medium for heating systems

Coolant requirements

You need to immediately understand that there is no ideal coolant. Those types of coolants that exist today can perform their functions only in a certain temperature range. If you go beyond this range, then the characteristics of the quality of the coolant can change dramatically.

The heating medium for heating must have such properties that will allow for a certain unit of time to transfer as much as possible large quantity heat. The viscosity of the coolant largely determines what effect it will have on the pumping of the coolant throughout the heating system for a specific time interval. The higher the viscosity of the coolant, the better characteristics it has.

Physical properties of coolants

The coolant should not have a corrosive effect on the material from which pipes or heating devices are made.

If this condition is not met, then the choice of materials will become more limited. In addition to the above properties, the coolant must also have lubricating properties. The choice of materials that are used for the construction of various mechanisms and circulation pumps depends on these characteristics.

In addition, the coolant must be safe based on such characteristics as: ignition temperature, release of toxic substances, flash of vapors. Also, the coolant should not be too expensive, studying the reviews, you can understand that even if the system works efficiently, it will not justify itself from a financial point of view.

Water as a heat carrier

Water can serve as a heat transfer fluid required for the operation of the heating system. Of those liquids that exist on our planet in their natural state, water has the highest heat capacity - about 1 kcal. Speaking more in simple words, then if 1 liter of water is heated to such a temperature of the heating system coolant as +90 degrees, and the water is cooled to 70 degrees by means of a heating radiator, then the room that is heated by this radiator will receive about 20 kcal of heat.

Water also has a rather high density - 917kg / 1 sq. meter. The density of water can change when it is heated or cooled. Only water has properties such as expansion when heated or cooled.

Water is the most demanded and affordable heat carrier

Also, water is superior to many synthetic heat transfer fluids in terms of toxicological and environmental friendliness. If suddenly, somehow, such a coolant leaks from the heating system, then this will not create any situations that will cause health problems for the residents of the house. You only need to be afraid of getting hot water directly on the human body. Even if a coolant leak occurs, the volume of the coolant in the heating system can very easily be restored. All that needs to be done is to add the correct amount of water through the expansion tank of the natural circulation heating system. Judging by the price category, it is simply impossible to find a coolant that will cost less than water.

Despite the fact that such a coolant as water has many advantages, it also has some disadvantages.

In its natural state, water contains various salts and oxygen, which can adversely affect the internal state of the components and parts of the heating system. Salt can have a corrosive effect on materials, as well as lead to scale overgrowing of the inner walls of pipes and elements of the heating system.

Chemical composition of water in different regions of Russia

This disadvantage can be eliminated. The easiest way to soften water is to boil it. When boiling water, care must be taken that such a thermal process takes place in a metal container, and that the container is not covered with a lid. After such heat treatment, a significant part of the salts will settle to the bottom of the tank, and carbon dioxide will be completely removed from the water.

A larger amount of salt can be removed by using a container with a large bottom for boiling. Salt deposits can be easily seen on the bottom of the vessel and will look like limescale. This method of removing salts is not 100% effective, since only less stable calcium and magnesium bicarbonates are removed from the water, but more stable compounds of such elements remain in the water.

There is another way to remove salts from water - this is a reagent or chemical method. Through this method, it is possible to transfer salts that are contained in water even in an insoluble state.

To carry out such a water treatment, the following components will be required: slaked lime, soda ash, or sodium orthophosphate. If you fill the heating system with a coolant and add the first two of the listed reagents to the water, this will cause the formation of a precipitate from calcium and magnesium orthophosphates. And if the third of the listed reagents is added to the water, then a carbonate precipitate is formed. After the chemical reaction is completely completed, the sediment can be removed through a method such as water filtration. Sodium orthophosphate is a reagent that will help soften water. An important point, which must be taken into account when choosing this reagent, is the correct flow rate of the coolant in the heating system for a certain volume of water.

Installation for chemical water softening

It is best to use distilled water for heating systems, since it does not contain harmful impurities. However, distilled water is more expensive than ordinary water. One liter of distilled water will cost about 14 Russian rubles... Before filling the heating system with a distilled type of coolant, it is necessary to thoroughly rinse all heating devices, boiler and pipes with plain water. Even if the heating system was installed not so long ago and has not yet been used before, then its components still need to be flushed, since there will be contamination in any case.

In order to flush the system, you can use and melt water, since such water contains almost no salts in its composition. Even artesian or well water contains more salts than melt or rainwater.

The water in the heating system is frozen

Studying the parameters of the heating system coolant, it can be noted that another big drawback of water as a heating system coolant is that it will freeze if the water temperature drops below 0 degrees. When water freezes, it expands, and this will cause damage to heating devices or damage pipes. Such a threat can arise only if there are interruptions in the heating system and the water stops heating. Still, this type of coolant is not recommended for use in those houses where residence is not permanent, but periodic.

Antifreeze as a coolant

Antifreeze for heating systems

More high performance for effective work the heating system has such a type of coolant as antifreeze. By pouring antifreeze into the heating system circuit, you can reduce the risk of freezing of the heating system in the cold season to a minimum. Antifreeze is designed for lower temperatures than water, and they are not able to change its physical state. Antifreeze has many advantages, since it does not cause scale deposits and does not contribute to corrosive wear of the interior of the heating system elements.

Even if antifreeze solidifies at very low temperatures, it will not expand like water, and this will not cause any damage to the components of the heating system. In case of freezing, the antifreeze will turn into a gel-like composition, and the volume will remain the same. If, after freezing, the temperature of the coolant in the heating system rises, it will change from a gel-like state to a liquid one, and this will not cause any negative consequences for the heating circuit.

Many manufacturers add various additives to antifreeze that can increase operational life heating system.

Such additives help to remove various deposits and scale from the elements of the heating system, as well as eliminate foci of corrosion. When choosing antifreeze, you need to remember that such a coolant is not universal. The additives it contains are suitable only for certain materials.

Existing coolants for heating systems, antifreeze can be divided into two categories based on their freezing point. Some are designed for temperatures up to -6 degrees, while others up to -35 degrees.

Properties different types antifreeze

The composition of such a coolant as antifreeze is designed for a full five years of operation, or for 10 heating seasons. The calculation of the coolant in the heating system must be accurate.

Antifreeze also has its drawbacks:

The heat capacity of antifreeze is 15% lower than that of water, which means that they will give off heat more slowly;
They have a fairly high viscosity, which means that a sufficiently powerful circulation pump will need to be installed in the system.
When heated, the antifreeze increases in volume more than water, which means that the heating system must include a closed-type expansion tank, and the radiators must have a larger capacity than those used to organize a heating system in which the coolant is water.
The speed of the coolant in the heating system - that is, the fluidity of the antifreeze is 50% higher than that of water, which means that all the connecting connectors of the heating system must be very carefully sealed.
Antifreeze, which includes ethylene glycol, is toxic to humans, so it can only be used for single-circuit boilers.

In the case of using this type of coolant in the heating system, such as antifreeze, certain conditions must be taken into account:

The system must be supplemented with a circulation pump with powerful parameters. If the circulation of the heating medium in the heating system and the heating circuit is long, then the circulation pump must be installed outside.
Volume expansion tank should be at least twice as compared to the tank, which is used for such a coolant as water.
It is necessary to install volumetric radiators and pipes with a large diameter in the heating system.
Do not use air vents automatic type... For a heating system in which the coolant is antifreeze, only manual valves can be used. The more popular hand-held crane is the Mayevsky crane.
If antifreeze is diluted, then only with distilled water. Melt, rain, or well water will not work.
Before filling the heating system with antifreeze coolant, it must be rinsed well with water, not forgetting about the boiler. Antifreeze manufacturers recommend changing them in the heating system at least once every three years.
If the boiler is cold, then it is not recommended to immediately set high standards for the temperature of the coolant in the heating system. It should rise in a gradual manner, the coolant needs some time to heat up.

If in winter a double-circuit boiler running on antifreeze is turned off for a long period, then it is necessary to drain the water from the hot water supply circuit. If it freezes, the water can expand and damage pipes or other elements of the heating system.

Heat carrier for heating systems, heat carrier temperature, norms and parameters

The standard for the temperature of the coolant in the heating system

Security comfortable conditions life in the cold season is the task of heat supply. It is interesting to trace how a man tried to warm his home. Initially, the huts were heated in black, the smoke went into the hole on the roof.

Later they switched to stove heating, then, with the advent of boilers, to water heating. Boiler plants increased their capacities: from a boiler house in one rented house to a district boiler house. And finally, with the increase in the number of consumers with the growth of cities, people have come to district heating from thermal power plants.

Depending on the source of heat energy, a distinction is made between centralized and decentralized heat supply systems. The first type includes heat production based on combined production of electricity and heat at thermal power plants and heat supply from district heating boilers.

Decentralized heat supply systems include small capacity boiler plants and individual boilers.

By the type of coolant, heating systems are divided into steam and aquatic.

Advantages of water heating systems:

the possibility of transporting the coolant over long distances;
the possibility of centralized regulation of heat supply in the heating network by changing the hydraulic or temperature regime;
absence of steam and condensate losses, which always occur in steam systems.

Formula for calculating heat supply

The temperature of the heating medium, depending on the outside temperature, is maintained by the heat supply organization on the basis of the temperature schedule.

The temperature schedule for supplying heat to the heating system is based on monitoring air temperatures during the heating period. At the same time, they choose the eight coldest winters in fifty years. The strength and speed of the wind in different geographic areas is taken into account. The required heat loads for heating the room up to 20-22 degrees are calculated. For industrial premises, their own parameters of the coolant have been set to maintain technological processes.

The heat balance equation is compiled. The heat loads of consumers are calculated taking into account heat losses to the environment, the corresponding heat supply is calculated to cover the total heat loads. The colder it is outside, the higher the losses to the environment, the more warmth released from the boiler room.

Heat release is calculated by the formula:

Q = Gw * C * (tpr-tob), where

Q is the heat load in kW, the amount of heat released per unit of time;
Gw - coolant flow rate in kg / sec;
tпр and tоb - temperatures in the direct and return pipelines depending on the outside air temperature;
С - heat capacity of water in kJ / (kg * deg).

Parameter control methods

There are three methods for regulating the heat load:

With the quantitative method, the regulation of the heat load is carried out by changing the amount of the supplied heat carrier. With the help of pumps of the heating network, the pressure in the pipelines increases, the heat release increases with an increase in the flow rate of the coolant.

The qualitative method consists in increasing the parameters of the coolant at the outlet from the boilers while maintaining the flow rate. This method is most often used in practice.

With the quantitative and qualitative method, the parameters and flow rate of the coolant are changed.

Factors affecting the heating of the room during the heating season:

Heat supply systems are divided, depending on the design, into one-pipe and two-pipe. For each design, its own heat schedule in the supply pipeline is approved. For one-pipe heating system Maximum temperature in the supply line 105 degrees, in the two-pipe line - 95 degrees. The difference between the supply and return temperatures in the first case is regulated in the range of 105-70, for a two-pipe - in the range of 95-70 degrees.

Choosing a heating system for a private house

The principle of operation of a one-pipe heating system is to supply the coolant to the upper floors, all radiators are connected to the downstream pipeline. It is clear that it will be warmer on the upper floors than on the lower ones. As a private house in the best case, it has two or three floors, the contrast in the heating of the premises does not threaten. And in a one-story building, there will generally be uniform heating.

What are the advantages of such a heat supply system:

Disadvantages of the design are high hydraulic resistance, the need to turn off the heating of the entire house during repairs, the restriction in connecting heating devices, the impossibility of regulating the temperature in a single room, and high heat losses.

For improvement, it was suggested to use a bypass system.

Bypass- a section of pipe between the supply and return pipelines, a bypass path in addition to the radiator. They are equipped with valves or taps and allow you to adjust the temperature in the room or completely disconnect a single battery.

One-pipe heating system can be vertical and horizontal. In both cases, air locks appear in the system. At the entrance to the system, a high temperature is maintained in order to warm up all the rooms, therefore the piping system must withstand high pressure water.

Two-pipe heating system

The principle of operation is to connect each heating device to the supply and return pipelines. The cooled heat carrier is directed through the return pipeline to the boiler.

Installation will require additional investments, but air congestion will not be in the system.

Temperature standards for premises

In a residential building, the temperature in the corner rooms should not be lower than 20 degrees, for indoor premises the standard is 18 degrees, for shower rooms - 25 degrees. When the outside temperature drops to -30 degrees, the standard rises to 20-22 degrees, respectively.

Their own standards are established for the premises where children are. The main range is 18 to 23 degrees. Moreover, for premises for different purposes, the indicator varies.

At school, the temperature should not fall below 21 degrees, for bedrooms in boarding schools it is allowed not lower than 16 degrees, in the pool - 30 degrees, on the verandas of kindergartens intended for walking - not lower than 12 degrees, for libraries - 18 degrees, in cultural mass institutions, the temperature is 16-21 degrees.

When developing standards for different premises takes into account how much time a person spends on the move, so the temperature for gyms will be lower than in classrooms.

Approved building codes and regulations of the Russian Federation SNiP 41-01-2003 "Heating, ventilation and air conditioning", regulating the air temperature, depending on the purpose, number of storeys, the height of the premises. For an apartment building, the maximum temperature of the coolant in the battery for a one-pipe system is 105 degrees, for a two-pipe system it is 95 degrees.

In the heating system of a private house

The optimum temperature in an individual heating system is 80 degrees. It is necessary to ensure that the level of the coolant does not drop below 70 degrees. WITH gas boilers it is easier to regulate the thermal regime. Boilers work in a completely different way. solid fuel... In this case, the water can very easily turn into steam.

Electric boilers allow you to easily adjust the temperature in the range from 30-90 degrees.

Possible interruptions in heat supply

If the air temperature in the room is 12 degrees, it is allowed to turn off the heat for 24 hours.
In the temperature range from 10 to 12 degrees, the heat is switched off for a maximum of 8 hours.
When the room is heated below 8 degrees, it is not allowed to turn off the heating for more than 4 hours.

Regulation of the temperature of the coolant in the heating system: methods, dependency factors, norms of indicators

Classification and advantages of heat transfer fluids. What determines the temperature in the heating network. Which heating system to choose for individual construction... Water temperature standards in the heating network.

Adjusting the air temperature in the house

Temperature schedule and its calculation

Outside and inside temperature graph

Outside air temperature. The smaller it is, the more negatively it affects heating;
Wind. When a strong wind occurs, heat loss increases;
The indoor temperature depends on the thermal insulation of the building's structural elements.

Heating temperature graph

The graph shows the dependence of the outdoor and indoor air temperature. The lower the outdoor temperature, the higher the temperature of the heating medium in the system.

The temperature schedule is developed for each city during the heating season. In small settlements, a boiler room temperature schedule is drawn up, which provides the required amount of heat carrier to the consumer.

quantitative - characterized by a change in the flow rate of the coolant supplied to the heating system;
high-quality - it consists in regulating the temperature of the coolant before supplying it to the premises;
temporary - a discrete method of supplying water to the system.

The temperature graph is calculated using a simple method. Hto build it, are necessary initial temperature air data:

outdoor;
in room;
in the supply and return pipelines;
at the exit from the building.

In addition, the rated heat load should be known. All other coefficients are standardized by reference documentation. The system is calculated for any temperature schedule, depending on the purpose of the room. For example, for large industrial and civil objects, a schedule of 150/70, 130/70, 115/70 is drawn up. For residential buildings, this figure is 105/70 and 95/70. The first indicator shows the supply temperature, and the second shows the return temperature. The calculation results are entered into a special table, which shows the temperature at certain points of the heating system, depending on the outside air temperature.

The main factor in calculating the temperature graph is the outside air temperature. The calculation table should be drawn up so that the maximum values of the coolant temperature in the heating system (schedule 95/70) provide heating of the room. Indoor temperatures are stipulated by regulations.

Temperature heating appliances

in rooms where children are - + 18 ° C to + 23 ° C;
children's educational institutions - + 21 ° C;
in cultural institutions with mass attendance - + 16 ° C to + 21 ° C.

Indoor air temperature

Outside air temperature;
Type of heating system and temperature difference: for one-pipe system - + 105 ° C, and for one-pipe system - + 95 ° C. Accordingly, the differences in for the first area are 105/70 ° C, and for the second - 95/70 ° C;
The direction of supply of the coolant to the heating devices. At the top supply the difference should be 2 ºС, at the lower one - 3 ºС;
Type of heating devices: heat transfer is different, therefore the temperature schedule will differ.

Additional parameters

Several institutions are responsible for the heating main. The boiler house monitors the supply of hot coolant to the heating system, and the city heating networks monitor the condition of the pipelines. The housing office is responsible for the elevator element. Therefore, in order to solve the problem of supplying a coolant to a new house, it is necessary to contact different offices.

Adjustment methods

Heating parameters can be adjusted in three ways:

Reaming the nozzle.

To ensure sufficient tightness of the flange connection, it is necessary to replace the paronite gaskets with rubber ones.

Suction suppression.

Heating temperature graph

Heating temperature schedule The supply of heat to the room is related to the simplest temperature schedule. The temperature values of the water supplied from the boiler room do not change in the room. They are

The temperature of the coolant in the heating system is normal

Batteries in apartments: accepted temperature standards

Heating batteries today are the main existing elements of the heating system in city apartments. They are effective household devices responsible for the transfer of heat, since the comfort and coziness in living quarters for citizens directly depends on them and their temperature.

If we refer to the Government Decree of the Russian Federation No. 354 of May 6, 2011, the supply of heating to residential apartments begins at an average daily outdoor air temperature of less than eight degrees, if this mark is invariably held for five days. In this case, the start of heat begins on the sixth day after a decrease in the air index was recorded. For all other cases, the law allows postponing the supply of the heat resource. In general, in almost all regions of the country, the actual heating season directly and officially begins in mid-October and ends in April.

In practice, it also happens that due to the negligent attitude of heat supply companies, the measured temperature installed batteries the apartment does not comply with the regulations. However, in order to complain and demand correction of the situation, you need to know what standards are in force in Russia and how to correctly measure the existing temperature of working radiators.

Norms in Russia

Considering the main indicators, the official temperatures of the heating batteries in the apartment are shown below. They are applicable for absolutely all operating systems in which, in direct accordance with the decree of the Federal Agency for Construction and Housing and Communal Services No. 170 of September 27, 2003, the coolant (water) is supplied from the bottom up.

In addition, it is necessary to take into account the fact that the temperature of the water that circulates in the radiator directly at the entrance to the functioning heating system must comply with the current schedules regulated by the utility network for a particular room. These schedules are regulated by the Sanitary Norms and Rules in the sections of heating, air conditioning and ventilation (41-01-2003). Here, in particular, it is indicated that with a two-pipe heating system, the maximum temperature indicators are equal to ninety-five degrees, and with a one-pipe heating system - one hundred and five degrees. These measurements should be carried out sequentially in accordance with established rules otherwise, when contacting higher authorities, the testimony will not be taken into account.

Maintained temperature

The temperature of heating batteries in residential apartments in centralized heating is determined according to the relevant standards, which display a sufficient value for premises, depending on their intended purpose. In this area, the standards are simpler than in the case of work premises, since the activity of residents is, in principle, not so high and more or less stable. Based on this, the following norms are regulated:

Of course, the individual characteristics of each person should be taken into account, everyone has different activity and preferences, therefore there is a difference in the norms from and to, and not one single indicator is fixed.

Heating system requirements

Heating in apartment buildings is based on many engineering calculations that are not always very successful. The process is complicated by the fact that it is not about delivering hot water to a specific property, but about distributing water evenly across all available apartments, taking into account all norms and necessary indicators, including optimal humidity... The effectiveness of such a system depends on how well coordinated the actions of its elements, which also include batteries and pipes in each room. Therefore, it is impossible to replace radiator batteries without taking into account the peculiarities of heating systems - this leads to negative consequences with a heat deficit or vice versa an excess of it.

As for the optimization of heating in apartments, the following provisions apply here:

In any case, if the owner is embarrassed by something, it is worth contacting the management company, housing and communal services, the organization responsible for the supply of heat, depending on what exactly differs from the accepted norms and does not satisfy the applicant.

What to do in case of inconsistencies?

If the operating applied heating systems of an apartment building are functionally adjusted with deviations in the measured temperature only in your premises, you need to check the internal apartment heating systems. First of all, you should make sure that they are not airborne. It is necessary to touch the individual batteries available on the living space in the rooms from top to bottom and in the opposite direction - if the temperature is uneven, then the cause of the imbalance is airing and you need to release the air by turning a separate tap on the radiator batteries. It is important to remember that you cannot open the tap without first substituting some container under it, into which the water will drain. At first, the water will come out with a hiss, that is, with air, you need to close the tap when it flows without hissing and evenly. Some time later you should check the places on the battery that were cold - they should now be warm.

If the reason is not in the air, you need to submit an application to the management company. In turn, she must send a responsible technician to the applicant within 24 hours, who must draw up a written opinion on the inconsistency of the temperature regime and send the team to fix the existing problems.

If the management company did not react to the complaint in any way, you need to make measurements yourself in the presence of neighbors.

How to measure temperature?

Consideration should be given to how to correctly measure the radiator temperature. It is necessary to prepare a special thermometer, open the tap and substitute some container with this thermometer under it. It should be noted right away that a deviation of only four degrees upwards is permissible. If this is problematic, you need to contact the ZhEK, if the batteries are airborne, apply to DEZ. Everything should be fixed within one week.

Exist additional ways for measuring the temperature of heating batteries, namely:

Measure the temperature of the pipes or surfaces of the battery with a thermometer, adding one or two degrees Celsius to the readings obtained in this way;
For accuracy, it is desirable to use infrared thermometers-pyrometers, their error is less than 0.5 degrees;
Alcohol thermometers are also taken, which are applied to the place selected on the radiator, fixed on it with tape, wrapped in heat-insulating materials and used as permanent measuring instruments;
In the presence of an electrical special measuring device of some kind, wires with a thermocouple are attached to the batteries.

If the temperature is unsatisfactory, a complaint must be filed.

Minimum and maximum rates

Like other indicators that are important to ensure the required living conditions for people (indicators of humidity in apartments, warm water supply temperature, air, etc.), the temperature of the heating batteries actually has certain permissible minima depending on the season. However, neither the law nor the established regulations prescribe any minimum standards for apartment batteries. Based on this, it can be noted that the indicators should be maintained such that the above mentioned permissible temperatures in the premises. Of course, if the temperature of the water in the batteries is not high enough, it will actually be impossible to provide the optimum required temperature in the apartment.

If there is no minimum established, then the maximum indicator of the Sanitary Norms and Rules, in particular 41-01-2003, is established. This document defines the standards that are required for an intra-apartment heating system. As mentioned earlier, for two-pipe this is a mark of ninety-five degrees, and for one-pipe it is one hundred and fifteen degrees Celsius. Nevertheless, the recommended temperatures are from eighty-five degrees to ninety, because at one hundred degrees the water boils.

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What should be the temperature of the coolant in the heating system

The temperature of the coolant in the heating system is maintained in such a way that in apartments it remains within 20-22 degrees, as the most comfortable for a person. Since its fluctuations depend on the air temperature outside, experts develop schedules with the help of which it is possible to keep the room warm in winter.

What determines the temperature in living quarters

The lower the temperature, the more the heat carrier loses heat. The calculation takes into account the indicators of the 5 coldest days of the year. The 8 coldest winters in the last 50 years are taken into account. One of the reasons for using such a schedule over the years is the constant readiness of the heating system to extremely low temperatures.

Another reason lies in the field of finance, such a preliminary calculation allows you to save on the installation of heating systems. If we consider this aspect on a city or district scale, then the savings rate will be impressive.

We list all the factors that affect the temperature inside the apartment:

Outside temperature, direct relationship.
Wind speed. Heat loss, for example, through front door, increase with increasing wind speed.
The condition of the house, its tightness. This factor is significantly influenced by the use in construction thermal insulation materials, insulation of roofs, basements, windows.
The number of people indoors, the intensity of their movement.

All of these factors vary greatly depending on where you live. And the average temperature for last years in winter, and the wind speed depends on where your home is. For example, in central Russia there is always a stable frosty winter. Therefore, people are often concerned not so much with the temperature of the coolant as with the quality of construction.

Increasing the cost of construction of residential real estate, construction companies take measures and insulate the house. Still, the temperature of the radiators is equally important. It depends on the temperature of the coolant, which fluctuates in different time, in different climatic conditions.

All requirements for the temperature of the coolant are set out in building codes and regulations. When designing and commissioning engineering systems, these standards must be observed. For calculations, the temperature of the coolant at the outlet of the boiler is taken as a basis.

Indoor temperature standards are different. For instance:

in the apartment the average is 20-22 degrees;
in the bathroom, it should be 25o;
in the living room - 18o

In public non-residential premises, the temperature standards are also different: at school - 21o, in libraries and gyms - 18o, swimming pool 30o, industrial premises the temperature is set at about 16 ° C.

The more people gather indoors, the lower the temperature is initially set. In individual residential buildings, the owners decide for themselves what temperature to set.

In order to install desired temperature, it is important to consider the following factors:

The presence of a one-pipe or two-pipe system. For the first, the norm is 105оС, for 2 pipes - 95оС.
In supply and discharge systems, it should not exceed: 70-105оС for one-pipe system and 70-95оС.
Water flow in a certain direction: when wiring from above, the difference will be 20оС, from below - 30оС.
Types of applied heater... They are divided by the method of heat transfer (radiation devices, convective and convective-radiation devices), by the material used in their manufacture (metal, non-metallic devices, combined), as well as by the magnitude of thermal inertia (small and large).

By combining the various properties of the system, the type of heater, the direction of the water supply, and more, you can achieve optimal results.

Heating regulators

The device with which the temperature schedule is monitored and the desired parameters are adjusted is called a heating controller. The regulator controls the temperature of the heating medium automatically.

Pros of using these devices:

maintaining a given temperature schedule;
by controlling the overheating of water, additional savings in heat consumption are created;
setting the most effective parameters;
all subscribers are provided with the same conditions.

Sometimes the heating regulator is mounted so that it is connected to the same computing node with a hot water supply regulator.

Such modern ways make the system work more efficiently. Even at the stage of the problem, correction follows. Of course, it is cheaper and easiest to monitor the heating of a private house, but the automation currently used is able to prevent many problems.

Heat carrier temperature in different heating systems

To comfortably survive the cold season, you need to worry about creating a high-quality heating system in advance. If you live in a private house, you have an autonomous network, and if in an apartment complex, you have a centralized one. Whatever it is, it is still necessary that the temperature of the batteries during the heating season be within the standards established by SNiP. Let us analyze in this article the temperature of the coolant for different systems heating.

The heating season begins when the average temperature outside per day drops below + 8 ° C and stops, respectively, when it rises above this mark, but at the same time it also lasts up to 5 days.

Standards. What temperature should be in the rooms (minimum):

In a residential area + 18 ° C;
IN corner room+ 20 ° C;
In the kitchen + 18 ° C;
In the bathroom + 25 ° C;
In corridors and stairwells + 16 ° C;
In the elevator + 5 ° C;
In the basement + 4 ° C;
In the attic + 4 ° C.

It should be noted that these temperature standards refer to the heating season and do not apply to the rest of the time. Also, it will be useful to know that hot water should be from + 50 ° C to + 70 ° C, according to SNiP-u 2.08.01.89 "Residential buildings".

There are several types of heating systems:

With natural circulation

The coolant circulates without interruption. This is due to the fact that the change in temperature and density of the coolant occurs continuously. Because of this, heat is distributed evenly over all elements of the natural circulation heating system.

The circulating water pressure directly depends on the temperature difference between hot and cooled water. Typically, in the first heating system, the coolant temperature is 95 ° C, and in the second 70 ° C.

Forced circulation

Such a system is divided into two types:

The difference between them is quite large. The piping layout, their number, sets of shut-off, control and control valves are different.

According to SNiP 41-01-2003 ("Heating, ventilation and air conditioning"), the maximum temperature of the coolant in these heating systems is:

two-pipe heating system - up to 95 ° С;
one-pipe - up to 115 ° С;

The optimum temperature is from 85 ° C to 90 ° C (due to the fact that at 100 ° C, the water already boils. When this value is reached, you have to use special measures to stop boiling).

The dimensions of the heat given off by the radiator depend on the installation location and the method of connecting the pipes. Heat output can be reduced by up to 32% due to poor piping arrangement.

The best option is diagonal connection, when hot water comes from above, and the return flow is from the bottom of the opposite side. Thus, the radiators are checked for tests.

The most unfortunate thing is when hot water comes from below, and cold water from above along the same side.

Calculation optimal temperature heater

Most importantly, the most comfortable temperature for human existence is + 37 ° C.

where S is the area of the room;
h is the height of the room;
41 - minimum capacity per 1 cubic meter S;
42 - nominal thermal conductivity of one section according to the passport.

Please note that a radiator placed under a window in a deep niche will give almost 10% less heat. The decorative box will take 15-20%.

When you use a radiator to maintain the required room temperature, you have two options: you can use small radiators and increase the water temperature in them (high temperature heating), or you can install a large radiator, but the surface temperature will not be as high (low temperature heating) ...

With high temperature heating, the radiators are very hot and burns if touched. Moreover, for high temperature the radiator may begin to decompose the dust that has settled on it, which will then be inhaled by people.

When using low-temperature heating, the appliances are slightly warm, but the room is still warm. In addition, this method is more economical and safer.

Cast iron radiators

Average heat dissipation for an individual radiator section from of this material is from 130 to 170 W, due to the thick walls and the large mass of the device. Therefore, it takes a long time to warm up the room. Although there is a reverse plus in this - a large inertia ensures a long retention of heat in the radiator after the boiler is turned off.

The coolant temperature in it is 85-90 ° C

Aluminum radiators

This material is lightweight, easy to heat up and with good heat dissipation from 170 to 210 watts / section. However, it is negatively affected by other metals and may not be installed in every system.

The operating temperature of the coolant in the heating system with this radiator is 70 ° C

Steel radiators

The material has an even lower thermal conductivity. But due to the increase in the surface area with partitions and ribs, it still heats well. Heat output from 270 W - 6.7 kW. However, this is the power of the entire radiator, and not of its individual segment. The final temperature depends on the dimensions of the heater and the number of fins and plates in its design.

The operating temperature of the coolant in the heating system with this radiator is also 70 ° C

So which one is better?

Probably, it will be more profitable to install equipment with a combination of the properties of an aluminum and steel battery - a bimetallic radiator. It will cost you more, but it will also last longer.

The advantage of such devices is obvious: if aluminum can withstand the temperature of the coolant in the heating system only up to 110 ° C, then bimetal up to 130 ° C.

On the contrary, heat dissipation is worse than that of aluminum, but better than that of other radiators: from 150 to 190 W.

Warm floor

Another way to create a comfortable temperature environment in the room. What are its advantages and disadvantages over conventional radiators?

From school course physicists we know about the phenomenon of convection. Cold air tends downward, and when it heats up, it rises up. Therefore, by the way, my feet are freezing. The warm floor changes everything - the air heated below is forced to rise up.

Such a coating has a large heat transfer (depending on the area of the heating element).

The floor temperature is also spelled out in SNiP-e ("Building norms and rules").

In the house for permanent residence it should not be more than + 26 ° С.

In rooms for temporary stay of people up to + 31 ° С.

Institutions where classes with children are held, the temperature should not exceed + 24 ° C.

The operating temperature of the coolant in the underfloor heating system is 45-50 ° C. Surface temperature on average 26-28 ° С

How to regulate heating batteries and what should be the temperature in an apartment according to SNiP and SanPiN

To feel comfortable in an apartment or in your own home in winter period a reliable, compliant heating system is needed. In a multi-storey building, this is, as a rule, a centralized network, in a private household - autonomous heating. For the end user, the main element of any heating system is the battery. Coziness and comfort in the house depends on the warmth coming from it. The temperature of the heating batteries in the apartment, its rate is regulated by legislative documents.

Radiator heating rates

If the house or apartment has autonomous heating, regulation of the temperature of the heating batteries and taking care of maintaining thermal conditions falls on the homeowner. In a multi-storey building with centralized heating, an authorized organization is responsible for compliance. Heating standards are developed on the basis of sanitary standards for residential and non-residential premises. The calculation is based on the need of an ordinary organism. Optimal values are established by law and are reflected in SNiP.

Warmth and comfort in the apartment will be only when the heat supply standards provided for by law are observed

When is the heat connected and what are the regulations

The beginning of the heating season in Russia falls on the time when the thermometer readings drop below + 8 ° C. The heating is turned off when the mercury column rises to + 8 ° C and above, and remains at this level for 5 days.

To determine if the temperature of the batteries meets the standards, it is necessary to take measurements

Minimum temperature standards

In accordance with the norms of heat supply, minimum temperature should be like this:

living rooms: + 18 ° C;
corner rooms: + 20 ° C;
bathrooms: + 25 ° C;
kitchens: + 18 ° C;
staircases and lobbies: + 16 ° C;
basements: + 4 ° C;
attics: + 4 ° C;
lifts: + 5 ° C.

This value is measured indoors at a distance of one meter from outer wall and 1.5 m from the floor. With hourly deviations from established standards heating charges are reduced by 0.15%. The water must be heated to + 50 ° C - + 70 ° C. Its temperature is measured with a thermometer, lowering it to a special mark in a container with tap water.

Norms according to SanPiN 2.1.2.1002-00

Norms according to SNiP 2.08.01-89

It's cold in the apartment: what to do and where to go

If the radiators do not heat well, the water temperature in the tap will be lower than normal. In this case, residents have the right to write a statement asking for verification. Representatives of the communal service inspect the water supply and heating systems, draw up an act. The second copy is given to the tenants.

If the batteries are not warm enough, you must contact the organization responsible for the heating of the house.

Upon confirmation of the complaint, the authorized organization is obliged to correct everything within a week. The rent is recalculated if the temperature in the room deviates from the permissible norm, as well as when the water in the radiators is lower than the norm by 3 ° C during the daytime, and by 5 ° C at night.

Requirements for the quality of utilities, spelled out in the Decree of May 6, 2011 N 354 on the rules for the provision of utilities to owners and users of premises in apartment buildings and residential buildings

Air ratio parameters

The air exchange rate is a parameter that must be observed in heated rooms. In a living room with an area of 18 m² or 20 m², the multiplicity should be 3 m³ / h per square meter. m. The same parameters must be observed in regions with temperatures down to -31 ° C and below.

In apartments equipped with gas and electric stoves with two burners and dorm kitchens up to 18 m², aeration is 60 m³ / h. In rooms with three burners this value is 75 m³ / h, with a gas stove with four burners - 90 m³ / h.

In a bathroom of 25 m² this parameter is 25 m³ / h, in a toilet with an area of 18 m² - 25 m³ / h. If the bathroom is combined and its area is 25 m², the air exchange rate will be 50 m³ / h.

Methods for measuring heating of radiators

Hot water is supplied to the taps all year round, heated to + 50 ° С - + 70 ° С. Heating devices are filled with this water during the heating season. To measure its temperature, a tap is opened and a container is placed under a stream of water, into which a thermometer is lowered. Deviations are allowed up to four degrees. If the problem exists, file a complaint with the Housing Office. If the radiators are airy, the application must be written in DEZ. A specialist should show up within a week and fix everything.

The presence of a measuring device will allow you to constantly monitor the temperature

Methods for measuring heating of heating batteries:

The heating of the pipe and radiator surfaces is measured with a thermometer. 1-2 ° C is added to the result obtained.
For the most accurate measurements, an infrared thermometer-pyrometer is used, which determines the readings with an accuracy of 0.5 ° C.
An alcohol thermometer can serve as a permanent measuring device, which is applied to the radiator, glued with tape, and wrapped on top with foam rubber or other heat-insulating material.
Heating of the coolant is also measured by electrical measuring instruments with the function "measure the temperature". For measurement, the wire with the thermocouple is screwed to the radiator.

By regularly writing down the data of the device, fixing the readings in the photo, you will be able to make a claim to the heat supplier

Important! If the radiators do not heat up enough, after submitting an application to an authorized organization, a commission should come to you, which will measure the temperature of the fluid circulating in the heating system. The actions of the commission must comply with paragraph 4 of the "Methods of control" in accordance with GOST 30494−96. The device used for measurements must be registered, certified and pass state verification. Its temperature range should be in the range from +5 to + 40 ° С, the permissible error is 0.1 ° С.

Regulation of heating radiators

Regulation of the temperature of the radiators is necessary in order to save on heating the room. In high-rise apartments, the heat supply bill will decrease only after the installation of the meter. If a boiler is installed in a private house that automatically maintains a stable temperature, regulators may not be needed. If the equipment is not automated, the savings will be substantial.

What is the adjustment for?

Adjusting the batteries will not only help you achieve maximum comfort, but also:

Remove airflow, ensure the movement of the coolant through the pipeline and heat transfer to the room.
Reduce energy costs by 25%.
Do not open windows all the time due to overheating of the room.

Heating settings must be carried out before the start of the heating season. Before that, you need to insulate all the windows. In addition, the location of the apartment is taken into account:

angular;
in the middle of the house;
on the lower or upper floors.

insulation of walls, corners, floors;
hydro and thermal insulation of butt joints between panels.

Without these measures, the regulation will not be beneficial, since more than half of the heat will heat the street.

Warming corner apartment will help to minimize heat loss

Radiator adjustment principle

How to properly regulate radiators? To rationally use the heat and ensure uniform heating, valves are installed on the batteries. They can be used to reduce the flow of water or to disconnect the radiator from the system.

In district heating systems for high-rise buildings with a pipeline through which the coolant is fed from top to bottom, it is impossible to regulate the radiators. It is hot on the upper floors of such houses, and cold on the lower ones.
In a one-pipe network, the coolant is supplied to each battery with a return to the central riser. The heat is evenly distributed here. Control valves are mounted on the supply pipes of the radiators.
In two-pipe systems with two risers, the coolant is supplied to the battery and vice versa. Each of them is equipped with a separate valve with a manual or automatic thermostat.

Types of control valves

Modern technologies allow the use of special control valves, which are heat exchangers of shut-off valves connected to the battery. There are several types of taps that allow you to regulate heat.

The principle of operation of control valves

According to the principle of action, they are:

Ball, providing 100% protection against accidents. They can rotate 90 degrees, let water through or shut off the coolant.
Standard budget valves without temperature scale. Partially change the temperature, blocking the access of the heat carrier to the radiator.
With a thermal head that regulates and monitors system parameters. They are mechanical and automatic.

The operation of the ball valve is reduced to turning the regulator to one side.

Note! The ball valve must not be left half-open as this could damage the O-ring and result in leakage.

Conventional direct-acting thermostat

A direct-acting thermostat is a simple device installed near a radiator that allows you to control the temperature in it. Structurally, it is a sealed cylinder with a bellows inserted into it, filled with a special liquid or gas capable of reacting to temperature changes. Its increase causes expansion of the filler, resulting in increased pressure on the stem in the regulator valve. It moves and shuts off the coolant flow. Cooling down the radiator will reverse the process.

A direct-acting thermostat is installed in the pipeline of the heating system

Temperature controller with electronic sensor

The principle of operation of the device is similar to the previous version, the only difference is in the settings. In a conventional thermostat, they are performed manually; in an electronic sensor, the temperature is set in advance and maintained within the specified limits (from 6 to 26 degrees) automatically.

A programmable thermostat for heating radiators with an internal sensor is installed when there is a possibility of horizontal placement of its axis

Heat regulation instruction

How to regulate the batteries, what steps must be taken to ensure a comfortable environment in the house:

Air is released from each battery until water flows out of the tap.
The pressure is regulated. To do this, in the first battery from the boiler, the valve opens two turns, on the second - three turns, etc., adding one turn for each subsequent radiator. This scheme ensures optimal passage of the coolant and heating.
In forced systems, the circulation of the coolant and the control of heat consumption are carried out using control valves.
Built-in thermostats are used to regulate heat in a flow-through system.
In two-pipe systems, in addition to the main parameter, the amount of coolant is controlled in manual and automatic modes.

Why do you need and how does a thermal head for radiators work:

Comparison of temperature control methods:

Comfortable living in high-rise apartments, in country houses and cottages is provided by maintaining a certain thermal regime in the premises. Modern systems heat supply allow you to install regulators that maintain the required temperature. If the installation of regulators is not possible, the responsibility for the heat in your apartment lies with the heat supply organization, which you can contact if the air in the room does not warm up to the values stipulated by the standards.

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