(1992→)
South Ossetia South Ossetia (2008→)
Tajikistan Tajikistan (1992-1995)
Belarus Belarus (1992-1994)
Armenia Armenia (1992-1994)
Kazakhstan Kazakhstan (1992-1994)
Azerbaijan Azerbaijan (1992-1993)
Uzbekistan Uzbekistan (1992-1994)
Ukraine Ukraine (1992-1993)
Moldavia Moldavia (1992-1993)
Georgia Georgia (1992-1993)
Turkmenistan Turkmenistan (1992-1993)
Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan (1992-1993)
Latvia Latvia (1992)
Lithuania Lithuania (1992)
Estonia Estonia (1992)
- 1, 5 , 10 and 50 kopecks
- 1, 2, 5 and 10 rubles
- Russian ruble (RUR; 1992-1998)
- Russian ruble (RUB; 1998 →)
Letter code of the Russian ruble in the ISO 4217 standard - RUB, digital - 643 ; before the 1998 monetary reform, the code was used RUR (810)... This digital code - 810 - continues to be used to number bank accounts today. The official symbol is ₽ - was approved on December 11, 2013.
For 2018, there are coins of regular minting in 1, 5, 10, 50 kopecks, 1, 2, 5 and 10 rubles in circulation; commemorative coins made of base metals in 1, 2, 5, 10 and 25 rubles; banknotes of 5, 10, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000, 2000 and 5000 rubles. Banknotes of 5 rubles and coins of 25 rubles are practically not found in circulation, their share among, respectively, banknotes and coins is less than 0.5%, and over the past 10 years (from July 2008 to July 2018) the use of coins has significantly decreased in 1 and 5 kopecks and banknotes of 10 rubles - their share among coins and banknotes decreased, respectively, from 18% to 11%, from 14% to 9% and from 17% to 6%. In addition, there is a decrease in the use of coins of 10 and 50 kopecks, and prices in cash are rounded to the nearest ruble.
History
The ruble is the world's oldest national currency after the British pound. Monetary units of other states have repeatedly changed their names. On the territory of Russia, the ruble has been used since the 13th century.
The modern Russian ruble actually appeared in December 1991 in parallel with the Soviet ruble, which remained in circulation until September 1993. All Soviet coins issued in 1961-1991, as well as coins of 1, 2 and 3 kopecks issued before 1961, formally remained legal tender until December 31, 1998, and in 1999-2002 could be exchanged for Russian money in a ratio of 1000: 1.
Since March 17, 2014, the Russian ruble has been declared the monetary unit of the Republic of Crimea, which became part of the Russian Federation the next day, with the parallel circulation of the Ukrainian hryvnia remaining until January 1, 2016. Subsequently, the period of parallel circulation of the ruble and the hryvnia was reduced, and from June 1, 2014 in the Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol, the Russian ruble is the only official currency.
Coins
On January 1, 1998, coins with a denomination of 1 kopeck to 5 rubles were introduced into circulation, commemorative coins began to be minted in 1999, and circulating coins with a denomination of 10 rubles began in 2009. In 2011, commemorative coins with a denomination of 25 rubles with the emblem of Russia on the obverse appeared in circulation.
Most of the coins have the same design:
- the obverse of the penny coins depicts George the Victorious, the mint mark, the inscription "Bank of Russia" and the year of issue;
- on the obverse of ruble coins there is an image of the emblem of the Russian Of the Central Bank(since 2016 - the coat of arms of Russia), the mint mark, as well as the verbal designation of the denomination (since 2016 - the inscription "RUSSIAN FEDERATION") and the year of issue;
- on the reverse of all coins there is a denomination and a floral ornament.
In connection with the change in the emblem of the Bank of Russia, since 2002, coins with denominations of 1, 2 and 5 rubles began to be minted with modified obverse.
In order to reduce the cost of production, coins of 10 and 50 kopecks have been minted since 2006 from steel clad with tombak alloy. Coins of the new variety possessed magnetic properties and had a smooth edge, in contrast to those previously minted. Similarly, the material of the 1, 2 and 5 rubles coins was replaced in 2009 by nickel-plated steel.
Since 2008, the Bank of Russia has been considering the possibility of withdrawing coins with denominations of 1 and 5 kopecks from circulation due to losses in their production due to the rise in metal prices (in 2006, the cost of producing a coin with a denomination of 1 kopeck was 4.6 kopecks, and in April 2008, the cost production of a coin with a denomination of 1 kopeck was about 30 kopecks) and inconvenience for the population when handling the smallest coins in cash. The possibility of replacing the metal of these coins with cheaper alloys was also considered. At the end of 2012, the Bank of Russia stopped minting coins with denominations of 1 and 5 kopecks, with the exception of a separate circulation in 2014, issued in connection with the entry of Crimea into Russia, where small change coins were required for settlements. In 2017, it was announced that, despite the low use of coins of 1 and 5 kopecks, the Bank of Russia does not plan to withdraw them from circulation.
Since 2016, on the obverse of all coins, in the design of which the image of the regulator's emblem was previously used, the image of the state emblem of Russia is placed.
| Image | Denomination | Diameter (mm) |
Thickness (mm) |
Weight (G) |
Material | Edge | Years of minting |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 kopeck | 15,5 | 1,25 | 1,50 | steel, plak. cupronickel |
smooth | 1997-2009 2011 2014 |
|
| 5 kopecks | 18,5 | 1,45 | 2,60 | 1997-2009 2011 2014 |
|||
| 10 kopecks | 17,5 | 1,25 | 1,95 | brass | ribbed (98 corrugations) |
1997-2006 | |
| 1,85 | steel, plak. tombac |
smooth | 2006-2014 | ||||
| steel, galv. brass |
2014-2015 | ||||||
| 50 kopecks | 19,5 | 1,50 | 2,90 | brass | ribbed (105 corrugations) |
1997-1999 2001-2006 |
|
| 2,75 | steel, plak. tombac |
smooth | 2006-2014 | ||||
| steel, galv. brass |
2014-2015 | ||||||
| 1 ruble | 20,5 | 1,50 | 3,25 | copper-nickel alloy |
ribbed (110 corrugations) |
1997-1999 2001-2003 2005-2009 |
|
| 3.00 g | steel, galv. nickel |
2009-2015 | |||||
| since 2016 | |||||||
| 2 rubles | 23,0 | 1,80 | 5,10 | copper-nickel alloy |
intermittently ribbed (12 sections with 7 corrugations) |
1997-1999 2001-2003 2006-2009 |
|
| 5,00 | steel, galv. nickel |
2009-2015 | |||||
| since 2016 | |||||||
| 5 rubles | 25,0 | 1,80 | 6,45 | copper, plak. cupronickel |
intermittently ribbed (12 sections with 5 corrugations) |
1997-1999 2001-2003 2006 2008-2009 |
|
| 6,00 | steel, galv. nickel |
2009-2015 | |||||
| since 2016 | |||||||
| 10 rubles | 22,0 | 2,20 | 5,63 | steel, galv. brass |
intermittently ribbed (6 sections, 5 and 7 corrugations each) |
2009-2013 2015 |
|
| since 2016 | |||||||
| Mint marks: St. Petersburg Mint - S-P or SPMD; Moscow Mint - M or MMD. | |||||||
Commemorative coins
| Commemorative coins of base metals | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Image | Denomination (rubles) |
Diameter (mm) |
Thickness (mm) |
Weight (G) |
Material | Description | Years of release | ||||
| Edge | Reverse | Obverse | |||||||||
| 10 | 27,0 | 2,10 | 8,40 | ring: brass disc: cupronickel |
300 corrugations and two inscriptions "TEN RUBLES", separated by two asterisks | coins are issued within the framework of commemorative programs of the Bank of Russia with various designs | face value, stylized branches of plants, the inscription "BANK OF RUSSIA", year of minting | from 4 May 2000 | |||
| 7,90 | ring: steel, galv. brass disc: steel, galv. nickel |
since 2018 | |||||||||
| 10 | 22,0 | 2,20 | 5,63 | steel, galv. brass |
ribbed (6 sections of 5 reefs and 6 sections of 7 reefs alternating with 12 smooth sections) |
face value, laurel and oak branches, inscription "BANK OF RUSSIA", year of minting | since December 29, 2010 | ||||
| 25 | 27,0 | 2,30 | 10,00 | copper-nickel | ribbed (180 corrugations) | face value, coat of arms of Russia, inscription "RUSSIAN FEDERATION", inscription "25 RUBLES", year of minting | since April 15, 2011 | ||||
Banknotes
From the moment of the proclamation of Russia as an independent state until July 26, 1993, previously issued banknotes USSR samples of 1961, 1991 and 1992, as well as Tickets of the Bank of Russia in denominations of 5,000 and 10,000 rubles, issued in 1992.
In order to protect the economy from the flow of money from the post-Soviet countries, which have already introduced their own currencies, and to contain inflation, from July 26 to August 7, 1993, a monetary reform was carried out in Russia, during which banknotes of all previous issues were withdrawn from circulation. and the 1993 Bank of Russia tickets were recognized as the only legal tender. Coins, issued from 1961 to 1992, also remained legal tender, but due to high inflation, they practically disappeared from circulation.
Since 1995, the gradual replacement of banknotes of the 1993 model with banknotes began. new series, with a modified design and improved security features, and in 1998 a denomination was carried out (1000: 1). The design of the banknotes of the new series fully corresponded to that of the banknotes of 1995, the denomination was only reduced (by three orders of magnitude) and the security elements were changed. Banknotes of the 1993 and 1995 samples, as well as coins issued from 1961 to 1992, could be exchanged for banknotes of the new sample (1997) in the period from January 1, 1999 to December 31, 2002.
On January 1, 1998, banknotes were issued in denominations of 5, 10, 50, 100 and 500 rubles. This was followed by the issue of banknotes in denominations of 1000 (in 2001) and 5000 rubles (in 2006). In order to protect against counterfeiting, the Bank of Russia periodically issues banknote modifications: in 2001 (10, 50, 100 and 500 rubles), 2004 (10, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 rubles) and 2010 (500, 1000 and 5000 rubles).
Banknotes with a denomination of 5 rubles are no longer printed, but they remain legal tender, the issue of banknotes with a denomination of 10 rubles has been reduced since 2011, and they are being replaced by coins of a similar denomination.
In 2013, a series of commemorative banknotes of 100 rubles was born, dedicated to key modern events in Russia: the 2014 Winter Olympics (2013), the admission of the Republic of Crimea to the Russian Federation (2015) and the 2018 FIFA World Cup (2018).
| 1997 series | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Image | Denomination (rubles) |
Dimensions (edit) (mm) |
Primary colors | Description | Release dates | ||||
| Front side | Downside | Town | Front side | Downside | Watermark | ||||
 |
 |
5 | 137 × 61 | green | Novgorod | monument "Millennium of Russia" against the background of St. Sophia Cathedral |
fortress wall of Novgorodsky Detinets | "5" Sophia Cathedral |
January 1, 1998 |
 |
|||||||||
Fiat money - pieces of paper, the value of which is supported by the force of law (from the Latin "fiat" - decree). Now, I would like to dwell on the recent history of one of them. Let's trace the fate of our national currency, the Russian ruble, over the past century.
The Russian ruble met the beginning of the 20th century in a very good shape. After Witte's monetary reform of 1895-1897, which consolidated a consistent gold standard, and until the very beginning of World War I, the paper ruble was freely exchanged for gold at the rate of 0.774234 grams per ruble. It was this period of history that can rightfully be called the golden age of the flourishing of the Russian economy - the state did not interfere with private initiative, legislation was modernized, industry developed rapidly, the structure of production became more complex, GDP grew at an inconceivable rate, real capital accumulated, which became a driver of development, construction of infrastructure, railways throughout the Russian Empire.
The huge common market of the Empire by 1913 included 170 million people (for comparison, the population of all of Europe then did not exceed 300 million people) and was, without exaggeration, the largest in the world. Many at that time were convinced that it was Russia, and not some America there, that would become the locomotive economic development and technical progress in the XX century.
However, everything changed in 1914 - with the outbreak of the First World War, catastrophic for Russia. Soon after the outbreak of the war, the free exchange of paper rubles for gold was discontinued. Gold coins (Nikolaev chervontsy) immediately disappeared from circulation, and the increasing military spending began to be financed by the government (as in other belligerent countries) with the help of unsecured money emission. As a result, the volume paper money began to increase rapidly. If at the beginning of 1914 there were 2.4 billion rubles in circulation, then in 1916 there were already 8 billion rubles in the country. Coupled with a drop in the production of civilian goods, this caused serious inflation and problems in the economy.
The population's discontent with the hardships of the war and economic problems was cleverly exploited by all kinds of revolutionaries, the main backbone of whom were socialists of all stripes (including the Bolsheviks). After the change of the "rotten regime", they promised earthly paradise, abundance and unthinkable happiness for everyone with the help of simple recipe- socialist redistribution. It is enough just to "expropriate the expropriators", as Marx taught, and everything else will somehow be formed by itself.
However, the reality turned out to be far from so rosy. After the February Revolution and the fall of the Empire, the only economic recipe for the new government was the accelerated printing of money, after which the number of zeros on banknotes began to grow rapidly.
"Kerenka" 1000 rub. The most large bill 1917 of the year.
The proletarian revolution, which won shortly thereafter, completely adopted the practice of the Provisional Government, continuing to actively pump up the money supply. Since 1919, along with the introduction of a total and all-encompassing "surplus appropriation", the Soviet government began to print the so-called "sovznaki".
The speed of printing Soviet signs was such that they had to be denominated twice - 10 thousand times in 1922 and 100 times in 1923.
At the end of the era of "war communism", the country lay in ruins, the economy finally degraded, any trust in Soviet banknotes was undermined. Willy-nilly, the Bolsheviks were forced to start a new economic policy(NEP), part of which was the introduction of a gold-backed parallel currency.
To emphasize that the new monetary unit is much better than the previous sovznak, they even came up with a special name for it "Soviet gold ducat".
The exchange was made at the rate of 50,000 old "Sovznaki" for 1 gold ruble. Only by 1924 did they manage to quench inflation more or less. The total accumulated denomination of the ruble by this time amounted to 50 billion (that is, in 10 years the ruble has depreciated 50 billion times).
The main Soviet propagandist Mayakovsky wrote about this:
Equal are silver and a new paper ticket
nowadays there is no difference between them.
Take whichever tastes better -
now the paper is on a firm course.
The NEP returned private initiative to the economy and, and these two factors quickly restored the country's economy, which by 1928 had grown almost to the pre-war level. But the Bolsheviks have always perceived the NEP as a temporary retreat before the devilish power of free markets. Therefore, having strengthened, the Soviet nomenklatura quickly curtailed the NEP and began a total clean-up of the private sector and the nationalization of the entire economy.
As a result, the Soviet ruble quickly lost its convertibility, and by 1932 it had ceased to be actually exchanged for gold and quoted abroad. This period is described by Bulgakov in the famous episode "". On Soviet treasury bills of 1938, there is no longer any mention of gold content, instead “the ticket is provided with all property USSR". This wording will remain on all subsequent issues of Soviet banknotes.
In 1947, a confiscatory currency reform was carried out. She canceled all types of previously circulated Soviet banknotes, and seriously pinched the savings of the population. All deposits of Soviet citizens over 3 thousand rubles were cut by a third, over 10 thousand - by two-thirds, and cash rubles - and at all, exchanged one to ten, that is, reduced ten times. Interestingly, those close to the authorities could avoid confiscation - for example, Beria himself ordered his assistant to scatter 40 thousand rubles across various savings banks. We learned about this only because "Beria, Beria came out of trust."
Monetary reform of 1961, held from January 1, 1961, was carried out in the form of a devaluation denomination. Banknotes of the 1947 model were exchanged for new banknotes of a reduced format in a ratio of 10 to 1. Denznaks of the 1961 model were printed over the next 30 years, and were remembered by the whole late Soviet generation as classic Soviet money "with Lenin".
The last Soviet monetary reform was Pavlovskaya, in 1991. The reform pursued the goal of getting rid of the excess money supply in cash circulation and at least partially solving the problem of the deficit in the USSR commodity market. Therefore, it is not surprising that the reform was confiscatory. All 50 and 100-ruble bills were replaced, the population was given only three days to exchange and the limit was only 1000 rubles. All other large denomination bills "burned out".
The decree was announced on television at 21:00, so the most resourceful managed to spend or exchange their bills on the same day, until knowledge of the reform spread among the population. 
Since 1992, the Russian government has taken over the business of printing rubles. The beginning of the independent existence of the new Russian ruble was not very set. The Soviet planned economy collapsed, integration with the former Soviet republics collapsed, the directors of the former state-owned enterprises, unfamiliar with the market, who were suddenly told "survive as you can!" were in complete prostration.
There were no sources for filling the budget, and the Russian government once again resorted to a tried and tested recipe - a printing press. Already in the early years of independent Russia, so much money was printed that post-Soviet inflationary price adjustments quickly turned into hyperinflation.
In 1993, another confiscation reform took place. The old-style bills were replaced with new ones with a limit of 35 thousand rubles (about 35 dollars), raised to 100 thousand after a few days. It was about this reform that Chernomyrdin uttered his catchphrase that has become a catchphrase: “ We wanted the best, but it turned out as always». 
Only by 1997, when almost all Russians managed to become ruble millionaires (which, however, did not bring joy to anyone, since there was not much to buy for a million), hyperinflation was finally stopped.
Soon, a 1000 to 1 denomination was carried out, which brought the Russian ruble to the pattern that is familiar and dear to us to this day.
***
So, let's summarize the history of the ruble in the twentieth century. In just this century, the ruble has been denominated four times, a total of 500 trillion times and there were three confiscatory reforms(four if we count the reform of 1921, when Soviet signs were exchanged, but not previously issued Russian rubles).
Therefore, it is probably not surprising that the overwhelming majority of our citizens for generations have developed a deep distrust of the ruble as a means of preserving purchasing power. You should also not be offended when the ruble is sometimes contemptuously called "wooden" - after all, in the 20th century it became one of the first completely fiat currencies (after the Bolsheviks quietly stopped exchanging for gold in the early 30s), and therefore fully experienced all the scrapes inevitable for this kind of inferior money.
Ruble is the name of the modern currency of Russia (Russian ruble). In the past, the ruble was the currency of the Russian republics and principalities (the Grand Duchy of Moscow, the Russian Tsardom, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania), Russian Empire, RSFSR (1917-1923), Soviet Union(1923-1991), Latvia (1992-1993), Ukraine (1991-1992), Tajikistan (1995-2000), as well as some other states.
One ruble is divided into 100 kopecks. Russian ruble code in accordance with ISO 4217 - RUB(RUR before the denomination of 1998), numeric code - 643 .
The origin of the word ruble (etymology)
There are many versions of the origin of the word "ruble". The main ones disagree in details, but agree that the verb “cut” is the same root. According to the Etymological Dictionary Max Vasmer, initially the ruble is a "stump, a plug", then, since 1316 in written sources, it is "the name monetary unit[…] Instead of the hryvnia […] which in Novgorod weighed 196 grams in ingots. [...] From chopping, that is, “stump of hryvnia”. "
According to the Historical and Etymological Dictionary Pavel Chernykh, the senior meaning of the word "ruble" is "gag, cut off." “As a monetary unit, first in the form of an oblong silver ingot, the ruble has been used since the 13th century (in Moscow - a half stump of a hryvnia) [...] Etymologically, it is undoubtedly associated with the verb hack [...] and is a derivative of this verb.”
Versions of the origin of the word "ruble"
There is a version that the "ruble" is the same root with the word "rupee" and comes from the ancient Indian rupiam, which means "processed silver".
The next version comes from the assumption that the ruble is not a whole hryvnia and not half of it, but a quarter. This point of view was adhered to, for example, Ivan Kondratyev, who wrote in the book "The Gray Antiquity of Moscow": "Rubles were parts of a hryvnia or pieces of silver with notches signifying their weight. Each hryvnia was divided into four parts; the name of the ruble came from the word “cut”, because a rod of silver in a hryvnia was cut into four parts by weight, which were called rubles ”. Hence, a connection with Arabic (rub) - "a quarter, a fourth part" is seen.
According to another version, the name "ruble" is the result of the application of a technology in which silver was poured into a mold in two steps, which is why a seam and a scar are clearly visible on the edge of the Novgorod hryvnia. Hence, the ruble is a "bar with a seam".
Ruble history
By 1534 (the year of the beginning of the monetary reform Elena Glinskaya) 1 Moscow ruble began to be equal to 200 Moscow money or 100 money to Novgorod (Novgorod), which during the 16th century received first the second, and then the main name - "kopeck". In the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Lithuanian hryvnia (ruble, izroi) was the main accounting unit in the 13th-16th centuries and was equal to 100 Lithuanian pennies.
The first ruble coin (with the designation of the denomination by the word "ruble") was minted only in 1654, during the monetary reform Alexey Mikhailovich, however, it was in circulation for no more than a year, since the content of silver in the coin was lower than in a hundred kopecks - in fact, the new ruble coin was equal to only 64 kopecks.
At the same time, during the time of Alexei Mikhailovich, it was practiced to make bundles ("money money") from coins of small denominations, which formed larger amounts and were used, in particular, by top officials of the state for charitable distribution.
Such packages, including the ruble denomination, are mentioned in his essay, for example, by the clerk ambassadorial order Grigory Kotoshikhin: “And how the tsar goes on campaigns and in monasteries and churches, and for his trips and exits they prepare money in paper, 2 hryvnias, and half a half, and a half, and a ruble and two and 5 and 10 and 20 and 30, to whom he will order how much, so that it is ready. "
The term "fiduciary money" is found in the History of the city of Moscow Ivana Zabelina: "So, 16 Genv. 1653 at Matins the saint gave the poor old woman, the widow, the girls with alms at matins, gave out numbered (that is, prepared) hryvnia pieces of paper 3 rubles. yes naked money (small bulk) 5 p. 10 alt .; the patriarch himself handed out the money and the sacristan deacon Іev ".
Ruble of the Russian Empire
The minting of ruble coins resumed in 1704 during Peter I and has not stopped (except for short periods) to this day. Initially, these were silver coins weighing 28 grams with a pure silver content of about 25-26 grams. By 1764, this content had dropped to 18 grams and in the actual silver rubles of the period of the Russian Empire did not change anymore. Also in the reign Catherine I high-grade copper ruble coins were in circulation for a short time square shape, minted after the pattern of Swedish boards.
The first paper rubles appeared in Russia in 1769. At the same time, in 1769-1849, there was a separate accounting of monetary amounts - in rubles in silver and rubles in banknotes, which differed in value.
In 1897, Russia introduced gold standard, and the gold ruble, equivalent to 0.774235 grams, became the main currency. This standard lasted until 1914; with the outbreak of the First World War, the exchange of paper money for gold was discontinued.
The first Soviet ruble was issued in 1919 in the form of a note of credit. The design of Soviet banknotes was developed by Ivan Ivanovich Dubasov.
The Soviet ruble after the 1961 reform was formally equal to 0.987412 g of gold, but there was no way to exchange rubles for gold. The gold equivalent was used to form the official foreign currencies. Currently, the ruble has no gold equivalent.
Russian ruble
From July 26 to August 7, 1993, a monetary reform was carried out in Russia, during which treasury notes of the State Bank of the USSR were withdrawn from the monetary circulation of Russia. The reform also solved the problem of dividing the monetary systems of Russia and other CIS countries that used the ruble as a means of payment in the domestic money circulation.
In 1998, a denomination was carried out, as a result of which 1000 rubles before January 1, 1998 became equal to 1 ruble after January 1, 1998.
Russian ruble symbol
Books about the ruble
- Valentin Katasonov - Battle for the ruble. National currency and sovereignty of Russia, 2015. Book world (kmbook).
- Sharapov Sergey Fedorovich - Paper ruble, 1985.
The most famous monetary unit in Russia, without a doubt, is the ruble. It is over 700 years old. The ruble is known to everyone, because in our country there is no person who has not held it in his hands. At first glance, the thing is absolutely ordinary, but not every one of our fellow citizens is familiar with the history of the ruble, the date of its appearance and development in different periods life of the country. The first mention of the ruble as a means of payment is found in the Novgorod birch bark letter of the 13th century. At that time, the ruble was called the hryvnia, which is a silver bar up to 20 centimeters long and weighing about 200 grams. For many years, the prevailing opinion was that the word "ruble" itself came from the verb hack. However, thanks to scientists, long time dealing with this issue, it was found that the very concept of "ruble" came from the name technological process the manufacture of this means of payment.
The fact is that during the manufacture, silver had to be poured into the mold twice, which is why a seam or a scar is quite clearly visible on the payment bars of Veliky Novgorod, and the word "rub" itself, in the opinion of most authoritative researchers, means an edge. Based on this statement, the word “ruble” can be literally understood as “ingot with a seam”. Since the 15th century, the ruble has become the only means of payment, completely displacing the hryvnia from circulation. During the reform of Elena Glinskaya in 1534, the ruble was left as a counting unit, but at the same time it was equated to 100 Moscow kopecks or 200 Novgorod money.
The first Russian ruble in the form of a coin was put into circulation in 1654 during the reign of the tsar. The first silver ruble coins were called efimkas and were minted from Western European thalers. On these coins there was an inscription "ruble" and there was an image of a two-headed eagle and a king on a horse. The minting of efimkas lasted for a short time, and since 1655 thalers with the stamp of a penny, the so-called “efimkas with a sign”, were put into circulation. The monetary crisis that began at the end of the 17th century forced Peter I to reform the country's monetary system, which resulted in the emergence of a decimal monetary system. This system was based on the ruble, consisting of 100 kopecks.
Since 1704, rubles have been minted in Russia from silver, while copper and gold coins were produced in extremely small quantities. Paper rubles - banknotes were first introduced in 1769, proceeding, first of all, from the need to cover the huge costs incurred by the country during the war with Turkey. In addition to gold, silver and copper coins in the history of Russia there was a period from 1828 to 1845, when platinum coins were minted in denominations of 3, 6 and 12 rubles. During the monetary reform of 1895, initiated by the then Minister of Finance, a free exchange of gold coins for credit notes was established throughout the empire, while the paper ruble was equated with the gold ruble. The gold ruble became the main currency. The first World War 1914 led to the disappearance of gold, silver, and even copper coins from free circulation, which is why the introduction of paper money circulation in Russia was forced. The silver ruble was issued in 1922 and 1924. After 1924, the ruble coin was not issued until 1961. Since 1961, after the monetary reform, the Soviet ruble was issued, made of a copper-nickel alloy. These coins were minted in the USSR until 1991.
Since 1965, the tradition of issuing commemorative and commemorative coins with a nominal value of 1 ruble began. In the period from 1977 to 1980, in connection with the 1980 Olympics in the USSR, the first Soviet commemorative coins were made from precious metals, and in 1988 for commemorative coins for the first time in history 999 palladium was used. The last ruble coins of the USSR were issued in 1991 and immediately received the name “GKChP coins”.
Since 1992, the Bank of Russia has stopped minting a bargaining chip. In our time, mints also carry out the minting of coins in denominations of 1,2,5 and 10 rubles, which are legal tender and, accordingly, serve as a bargaining chip. And this is only a small part of the history of the ruble in Russia.
Ruble... The name of the Russian currency is associated with the verb chop, because at first money in Russia was stumps of gold or silver bars.
Ruble... For a long time it was believed that this name of the coin originated either from the Arabic "rub" - "quarter", or from the Indian "rupee" - literally: equipped with an image. There are etymologists who support these opinions today. But now the old one is considered more reasonable popular interpretation: a ruble is a piece cut off from a silver bar - hryvnia.
genus. n. -blya, folk. Ruble, Old Russian ruble "stump, plug"; "The name of the currency", since 1316, instead of the hryvnia (see), which in Novgorod weighed 196 grams in bullion; from the middle of the fifteenth century. adopted in Moscow monetary system; see Bauer in Schroetter 575 et seq .; Fedorov, Brief. Message 16, 114 et seq .; Shear. III, 182; Shakhmatov, Dv. gram., in a number of places. From chopping, that is, "stump of the hryvnia"; see Yagich, AfslPh 31, 314; RS 3, 384; Krebs, AfslPh 31, 314; Schrader-Nering 1, 379; Convert II, 220; Sobolevsky, IRYa 2, 347; Bauer, Fedorov, ibid. Relatively significant. Wed poltina, karbanets. A very widespread interpretation from Persian is erroneous. rupie "name of a gold coin", Arabic. rubΏijje - the same, the source of which is seen in Old Ind. rū́ruam "processed silver", contrary to Senkovsky (Bib. for reading 1854; see Trans. II, 220), as well as Mi. ЕW (281), Lokochu (138), Kluge-Goetze (489), Grotto (Phil. Raz. 2, 368); see about this Sobolevsky, ibid. Wed v recent times Räsänen, Central Asiatic Journal, 1, 1955, p. 292 ff.
Origin of the word