Heating battery - main element heating system in a city apartment, an effective household device for heat transfer. It is on the batteries (radiators) and their temperature that the coziness and comfort of living of all residents of the house largely depends.
In this article we will tell you: what should be the temperature of the radiators in the apartment, what are its norms and whether interruptions in the supply of heat are permissible.
The beginning of the heating season
The beginning of heating supply to residential apartments is indicated in the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 05/06/2011 N 354. The document states that as soon as the average daily air temperature outside is below +8 ºС and remains unchanged for 5 consecutive days, apartments include heating.
In all other cases, the moment of heat supply can be delayed by legal grounds. Detailed information about when which temperature include heating in apartments, you can read.
Note: heat will begin to flow into the apartments no earlier than on the 6th day after the recorded temperature indicators of the air outside.
Most regions of the country heating season begins from mid-October and ends in April.
Reasons for the lack of heat in the apartment
Situations are possible when, due to the negligent attitude of the heat supplying company to its own duties, the supply of heat to the apartments does not occur. Why? The reasons for the lack of heat include:
- Breakdown of the heating system of the house;
- Filling of pipes conducting heat into houses with air;
- Unfinished renovation work.
If the delay in heating supply is caused by a breakdown in the building system, then it is impossible to correct the situation until the problem is rectified.
If the reason for the delay is in the filling of the heating pipes with air, it is necessary to contact the operating organization. The specialist must “blow through” the batteries within 24 hours after treatment, and there will be no obstacles to filling them with circulating liquid.
Why is the heat supply to the radiators interrupted?
Start heating season does not mean its continuity yet. Sometimes the heating supply is temporarily interrupted, which causes a lot of questions and indignation from the population.
It is important to know that it is legal, interruptions in the supply of heating can be:
- Maximum 24 hours. Provided that the minimum air temperature in the apartment is +12 ºС;
- Maximum 8 hours. In case the temperature drops to the mark from +10 to +12 ºС;
- No more than 4 hours if the thermometer shows +8 ºС and below.
All downtime periods are listed in total for the month. If residents notice that these values are exceeded, a complaint should be made to responsible organization... Familiarize with optimal indicators of the temperature in the apartment in winter can be in.
Heating battery temperature standards
Heating system apartment building- the result of the work of engineering. It is a complex mechanism consisting of many elements.
Therefore, it is so important to follow the rules for the installation and operation of heating radiators in every apartment. Otherwise, the heat will be unevenly distributed, which will lead to the fact that in one apartment it will be warm, and in the next one it will be cold.
An important point is also. To avoid similar situations and came up with the appropriate allowable values (standards).
Permissible minimum battery temperature
Like any other indicator, important for normal life activity person (, etc.) battery temperature during the heating season must have permissible minimum.
but minimum temperature batteries in apartments by law and regulation not spelled out... This means that the indicator should be such that remained admissible temperature air in the apartment (+18 to + 25 degrees).
Obviously, which is unacceptable for low battery temperatures, to achieve normal air temperature throughout the apartment impossible.
What should be the maximum value?
Unlike the minimum, the maximum value is precisely specified in SNiP 41-01-2003 "Heating, ventilation and air conditioning". This document defines the standards established for the intra-apartment elements of the heating system:
- The maximum permissible standard for the temperature of batteries in an apartment is a mark of 95 ° C at two-pipe system heating;
- With a one-pipe heating system, the temperature maximum is 115 ° C;
- The recommended temperature is between 85 ° C and 90 ° C. This is due to the fact that 100 ° C is the boiling point of water. When this indicator is reached, special measures are applied to prevent boiling;
Note: despite the fact that the temperature maximum is 115 ° C, operating the batteries in this mode is not recommended. They break down quickly if they work with such an increased load.
How do I measure the temperature of the batteries?
If you suspect that the batteries do not heat well, you can measure their temperature. There are several ways to measure the temperature of batteries, namely:
- An ordinary thermometer. In this case, 1-2 ° C should be added to the measured indicator of the surface of the heater;
- With an infrared thermometer;
- An alcohol thermometer is used to measure the temperature of the battery by tying it tightly to it. For accurate measurements, cover the thermometer with heat-insulating material.
It is important: the instrument used to measure the temperature of the batteries must have a quality certificate. The measuring range should be from 5 to 40 degrees C - this greatly minimizes the measurement error. Permissible error no more than 0.1 gr.C measurement.
If the temperature of the batteries substantially falls short of recommended values, you should write application to the management company for the measurement. Commission in the presence of the tenant of the apartment will make control measurement of the liquid circulating in the battery and will install inconsistency.
Note: before measuring the temperature of the batteries, measure the temperature hot water from the tap. These indicators are interconnected with each other. If the thermometer readings are in the range from 60 to 75 ° C - this is considered the norm, if lower - a deviation from it.
What if there is no heating?
If it was not possible to wait for heating, it's time to move on to decisive action. First, you need to understand the reason for what is happening. If it turns out that a breakdown in the heating system of the house is to blame, it must be eliminated. If the supply company is to blame for the delay in heating, you need to prove that the apartment is cold.
To do this, together with a representative of the operating company, it is necessary to measure the temperature in each room. If it turns out to be lower, it is important to record the readings.
Based on the results of the measurements, the service company is obliged to take measures, correct the situation and recalculate the heating payment during periods of non-compliance. If there is no action on the part of the responsible company, it can be brought to administrative responsibility for violating the rules of public utilities.
The minimum permissible air temperature in a living room in winter is +18 ° C. As soon as the underestimated value of this indicator is fixed, the organization supplying heat is obliged to reduce the payment for it by 0.15% for each hour of violations.
If the recalculation did not motivate the responsible organization to correct the errors, a collective complaint should be made by the residents of the house about the violation of the temperature regime. It will become the basis for going to court. For committed violations, the organization supplying heat can be seriously fined.
Thus, the temperature of the batteries in the apartment during the heating season must comply with the SNiP requirements.
Residents of apartments can independently measure the temperature of the batteries in order to clarify whether the standards are being met. Knowledge of all acceptable norms, boundaries and terms associated with the onset of the heating season gives opportunity protect their rights in case of their violation.
The following tells about heating rates in apartments video:
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In the article we will find out how the average daily temperature is calculated when designing heating systems, how the temperature of the coolant at the exit from the outside depends on the temperature elevator unit and what can be the temperature of the heating batteries in winter.
We will touch on the topic independent struggle with the cold in the apartment.
Cold in winter is a sore subject for many residents of city apartments.
general information
Here we present the main provisions and excerpts from the current SNiP.
Outdoor temperature
The calculated temperature of the heating period, which is laid down in the design of heating systems, is no less than the average temperature of the coldest five-day weeks over the eight coldest winters of the last 50 years.
This approach allows, on the one hand, to be ready for severe frost, which happen only once every few years, on the other hand, do not invest unnecessary funds in the project. On a massive scale it comes about very significant amounts.
Target indoor temperature
It should be immediately stipulated that the temperature in the room is influenced not only by the temperature of the coolant in the heating system.
Several factors are at work in parallel:
- Outdoor air temperature... The lower it is, the greater the heat leakage through walls, windows and roofs.
- The presence or absence of wind. Strong wind increases the heat loss of buildings by blowing entrances, basements and apartments through unsealed doors and windows.
- The degree of insulation of the facade, windows and doors in the room... It is clear that in the case of a hermetically closing metal-plastic window with a two-chamber glass unit, the heat loss will be much lower than with a dry wooden window and glazing in two strands.
Curious: now there is a tendency towards construction apartment buildings with the maximum degree of thermal insulation.
In Crimea, where the author lives, new houses are being built immediately with insulation of the facade. mineral wool or polystyrene and with hermetically closing doors of entrances and apartments.
- And, finally, the actual temperature of the heating radiators in the apartment.
So, what are the current temperature standards for rooms for different purposes?
- In the apartment: corner rooms- not lower than 20C, other living rooms - not lower than 18C, bathroom - not lower than 25C.
Nuance: at an estimated air temperature below -31C for corner and other living rooms, higher values are taken, +22 and + 20C (source - RF Government decree of 23.05.2006 "Rules for providing utilities citizens "). - V kindergarten: 18-23 degrees, depending on the purpose of the room for toilets, bedrooms and playrooms; 12 degrees for walking verandas; 30 degrees for indoor swimming pools.
- V educational institutions: from 16C for bedrooms in boarding schools to +21 in classrooms.
- In theaters, clubs, and other entertainment establishments: 16-20 degrees for the auditorium and + 22C for the stage.
- For libraries (reading rooms and book depositories) the norm is 18 degrees.
- In grocery stores, normal winter temperature 12, and in non-food - 15 degrees.
- The gyms maintain a temperature of 15-18 degrees.
- In hospitals, the temperature to be maintained depends on the purpose of the room. For example, the recommended temperature after otoplasty or childbirth is +22 degrees, +25 degrees are maintained in the wards for premature babies, and 15C for patients with thyrotoxicosis (excessive secretion of thyroid hormones). In surgical wards, the norm is + 26C.
Temperature graph
What should be the temperature of the water in the heating pipes?
It is determined by four factors:
- The air temperature outside.
- The type of heating system. For single pipe system Maximum temperature water in the heating system in accordance with the current standards - 105 degrees, for a two-pipe - 95. The maximum temperature difference between supply and return - respectively 105/70 and 95 / 70C.
- Direction of water supply to radiators. For houses of the upper filling (with supply in the attic) and lower (with pairwise looping of risers and the location of both threads in the basement), the temperatures differ by 2 - 3 degrees.
- The type of heating appliances in the house. Radiators and have different heat dissipation; accordingly, to ensure the same room temperature temperature regime heating should be different.
So, what should be the temperature of the heating - water in the supply and return pipes - at different outdoor temperatures?
We give only a small part of the temperature table for a design ambient temperature of -40 degrees.
- At zero degrees, the temperature of the supply pipeline for radiators with different wiring is 40-45C, the return temperature is 35-38. For convectors 41-49 supply and 36-40 return.
- At -20 for radiators, the supply and return should have a temperature of 67-77 / 53-55C. For convectors 68-79 / 55-57.
- At -40C outside for all heating devices, the temperature reaches the maximum allowable: 95/105, depending on the type of heating system in the supply and 70C in the return pipeline.
Useful add-ons
To understand the principle of operation of the heating system of an apartment building, the division of areas of responsibility, you need to know a few more facts.
The temperature of the heating main at the exit from the CHP plant and the temperature of the heating in the system of your house are completely different things. At the same -40, the CHP or the boiler house will produce about 140 degrees at the supply. The pressure alone does not evaporate water.
In the elevator unit of your house, some of the water from the return pipe returning from the heating system is mixed into the supply. The nozzle injects a jet of hot water with high pressure into the so-called elevator and draws the cooled water masses into re-circulation.
Why is this needed?
To provide:
- Reasonable mix temperature... Let's remind: the heating temperature in the apartment cannot exceed 95-105 degrees.
Attention: for kindergartens, there is a different temperature standard: no higher than 37C. The low temperature of the heating devices has to be compensated for large area heat transfer.
That is why the walls in kindergartens are decorated with radiators of such great length.
- Large volume of water involved in the circulation... If you remove the nozzle and start the water from the supply directly, the return temperature will differ little from the supply, which will dramatically increase the heat loss on the route and disrupt the operation of the CHP.
If you drown out the suction of water from the return, the circulation will become so slow that the return pipeline may simply freeze in winter.
Areas of responsibility are divided as follows:
- The heat producer is responsible for the temperature of the water pumped into the heating main - the local CHP or boiler house;
- For the transportation of the coolant with minimal losses - the organization serving heating network(KTS - communal heating networks).
- For maintenance and adjustment of the elevator unit - housing department... In this case, however, the diameter of the elevator nozzle - what determines the temperature of the radiators - is consistent with the CTC.
If your house is cold and all the heating devices are those installed by the builders, you will settle this issue with the housing dwellers. They are obliged to provide the recommended sanitary standards.
If you have undertaken any modification of the heating system, for example, by doing so you assume full responsibility for the temperature in your home.
How to deal with the cold
Let us, however, be realistic: more often than not, you have to solve the problem of cold in an apartment yourself, with your own hands. Not always the housing organization can provide you with heat within a reasonable time, and sanitary standards will not satisfy everyone: you want your home to be warm.
What will the instructions for dealing with the cold in an apartment building look like?
Jumpers in front of radiators
There are jumpers in front of the heating devices in most apartments, which are designed to ensure the circulation of water in the riser in any condition of the radiator. For a long time they were supplied with three-way valves, then began to be installed without any shut-off valves.
In any case, the jumper reduces the circulation of the coolant through the heater. In the case when its diameter is equal to the diameter of the eyeliner, the effect is especially pronounced.
The easiest way to make your apartment warmer is to cut chokes into the jumper itself and the liner between it and the radiator.
With their help, it is possible to conveniently adjust the temperature of the heating batteries: when the jumper is closed and the throttle on the radiator is fully open, the temperature is maximum, if you open the jumper and close the second throttle, the heat in the room disappears.
The great advantage of such a modification is the minimum cost of the solution. The choke price does not exceed 250 rubles; driveshafts, couplings and locknuts cost a penny at all.
Important: if the throttle leading to the radiator is even slightly closed, the throttle on the jumper opens completely. Otherwise, the regulation of the heating temperature will result in the batteries and the convector cooled down by the neighbors.
Warm floor
Even if the radiator in the room hangs on a return riser with a temperature of about 40 degrees, by modifying the heating system, you can make the room warm.
Output - low-temperature heating systems.
It is difficult to apply in a city apartment due to the limited height of the room: raising the floor level by 15-20 centimeters will mean completely low ceilings.
Much more real option- warm floor. At the expense of where larger area heat transfer and more rational distribution of heat in the volume of the room, low-temperature heating will warm up the room better than a red-hot radiator.
What does the implementation look like?
- Chokes are placed on the jumper and piping in the same way as in the previous case.
- The outlet from the riser to the heater is connected to metal-plastic pipe that fits into the floor screed.
So that communications do not spoil appearance rooms, they are put into the box. Alternatively, the inset into the riser is moved closer to the floor level.
Conclusion
You can find additional information on the operation of centralized heating systems in the video at the end of the article. Warm winters!
The efficiency of a heating system depends on many factors. These include the rated power, the degree of heat transfer from the radiators and the temperature regime of operation. For the latter indicator, it is important to choose the right degree of heating of the coolant. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the optimal temperature in the heating system for water, radiators and boiler.
What determines the temperature of the water in heating
For correct work heat supply requires a graph of the temperature of the water in the heating system. According to it, the optimal degree of heating of the coolant is determined, depending on the influence of certain external factors. It can be used to determine what temperature of the water in the heating batteries should be in a certain period of time the system is operating.
It is a common misconception that the higher the degree of heating of the coolant, the better. However, this increases fuel consumption and increases operating costs.
Often low temperature heating batteries is not a violation of the norms for heating the room. A low-temperature heating system was simply designed. That is why the accurate calculation of water heating should be given Special attention.
The optimum water temperature in the heating pipes largely depends on external factors. To determine it, you need to take into account the following parameters:
- Heat loss at home... They are decisive for the calculation of any type of heat supply. Their calculation will be the first stage in the design of heat supply;
- Boiler characteristics... If the operation of this component does not meet the design requirements, the water temperature in the heating system of a private house will not rise to the desired level;
- Material for pipes and radiators... In the first case, it is necessary to use pipes with a minimum thermal conductivity. This will reduce heat losses in the system during transportation of the heat carrier from the boiler heat exchanger to the radiators. For batteries, the opposite is important - high thermal conductivity. Therefore, the water temperature in central heating radiators made of cast iron should be slightly higher than that of aluminum or bimetallic structures.
Is it possible to independently determine what temperature should be in the radiators? It depends on the characteristics of the system components. To do this, you should familiarize yourself with the properties of batteries, boiler and heating pipes.
V centralized system heat supply, the temperature of the heating pipes in the apartment is not important indicator... It is important that the norms for heating the air in living rooms.
Heating standards in apartments and houses
In fact, the degree of water heating in pipes and heat supply radiators is a subjective indicator. It is much more important to know the heat dissipation of the system. It, in turn, depends on what the minimum and maximum water temperature in the heating system can be achieved during operation.
For autonomous heating, central heating standards are quite applicable. They are detailed in the Resolution of the PRF No. 354. It is noteworthy that the minimum water temperature in the heating system is not indicated there.
It is only important to observe the degree of heating of the air in the room. Therefore, in principle, the operating temperature of one system can be different from another. It all depends on the influencing factors that were mentioned above.
In order to determine what temperature should be in the heating pipes, you should familiarize yourself with the current standards. In their content, there is a division into residential and non-residential premises, as well as the dependence of the degree of air heating on the time of day:
- In the rooms during the day... In this case, the norm for the heating temperature in the apartment should be + 18 ° C for rooms in the middle of the house and + 20 ° C in the corner rooms;
- In living rooms at night... Some reduction is allowed. But at the same time, the temperature of the heating radiators in the apartment should provide, respectively, + 15 ° С and + 17 ° С.
Responsible for compliance with these standards Management Company... If they are violated, you can request a recalculation of payment for heating services. For autonomous heating, a table of temperatures for heating is made, where the values for heating the coolant and the degree of load on the system are entered. At the same time, no one bears responsibility for violation of this schedule. This will affect the comfort of staying in a private home.
For centralized heating, it is mandatory to maintain the required level of air heating on staircases and non-residential premises. The temperature of the water in the radiators should be such that the air heats up to minimum value+ 12 ° C.
Calculation of the temperature mode of heating
When calculating heat supply, it is necessary to take into account the properties of all components. This is especially true for radiators. Which optimum temperature should be in radiators - + 70 ° С or + 95 ° С? It all depends on thermal calculation, which is carried out at the design stage.
The first step is to determine the heat loss in the building. Based on the data obtained, a boiler with the appropriate power is selected. Then comes the most difficult design stage - determining the parameters of heat supply batteries.
They must have a certain level of heat transfer, which will affect the graph of the water temperature in the heating system. Manufacturers indicate this parameter, but only for a specific operating mode of the system.
If, to maintain a comfortable level of heating the air in the room, you need to spend 2 kW of thermal energy, then the radiators must have no less heat transfer rate.
To determine this, you need to know the following values:
- Permissible maximum water temperature in the heating system -t1... It depends on the power of the boiler, temperature limit impact on pipes (especially polymeric ones);
- Optimal the temperature that should be in the heating return pipes - t This is determined by the type of distribution of the mains (one-pipe or two-pipe) and the total length of the system;
- The required degree of heating the air in the room -t.
Tnap = (t1-t2) * ((t1-t2) / 2-t3)
Q = k * F * Tnap
Where k Is the heat transfer coefficient of the heating device. This parameter must be specified in the passport; F- radiator area; Tnap- thermal head.
By varying various indicators of the maximum and minimum water temperature in the heating system, it is possible to determine the optimal operating mode of the system. It is important to correctly calculate the required power of the heater from the beginning. Most often, the low temperature indicator in heating batteries is associated with heating design errors. Experts recommend adding a small margin to the resulting value of the radiator power - about 5%. This will be needed in case of a critical drop in temperature outside in winter.
Most manufacturers indicate the heat dissipation of radiators in accordance with the accepted standards EN 442 for the 75/65/20 mode. This corresponds to the normal heating temperature in the apartment.
Water temperature in the boiler and heating pipes
After performing the above calculation, it is necessary to adapt the heating temperature table for the boiler and pipes. During the operation of the heat supply, there should be no emergency situations, a frequent cause of which is a violation of the temperature schedule.
The normal indicator of the water temperature in the central heating batteries can be up to + 90 ° C. This is strictly monitored at the stage of preparation of the coolant, its transportation and distribution to residential apartments.
A lot more difficult situation with autonomous heat supply. In this case, control is completely dependent on the owner of the house. It is important to ensure that the temperature of the water in the heating pipes does not rise beyond the schedule. This may affect the safety of the system.
If the water temperature in the heating system of a private house exceeds the norm, the following situations may occur:
- Damage to pipelines... This is especially true for polymer lines, for which the maximum heating can be + 85 ° C. That is why the normal value of the temperature of the heating pipes in an apartment is usually + 70 ° C. Otherwise, deformation of the line may occur and a gust will occur;
- Excess air heating... If the temperature of the heat supply radiators in the apartment provokes an increase in the degree of air heating above + 27 ° C, this is outside the normal range;
- Reduced service life of heating components... This applies to both radiators and pipes. Over time, the maximum water temperature in the heating system will lead to breakdown.
Also, a violation of the water temperature graph in the autonomous heating system provokes the formation air congestion... This is due to the transition of the coolant from a liquid to a gaseous state. This additionally influences the formation of corrosion on the surface of the metal components of the system. That is why it is necessary to accurately calculate what temperature should be in the heating batteries, taking into account their material of manufacture.
Most often violation thermal conditions work is observed in solid fuel boilers. This is due to the problem of adjusting their power. When the critical temperature level in the heating pipes is reached, it is difficult to quickly reduce the boiler power.
Influence of temperature on the properties of the coolant
In addition to the factors described above, the temperature of the water in the heat supply pipes affects its properties. The principle of operation of gravitational heating systems is based on this. With an increase in the heating level of water, its expansion occurs and circulation occurs.
However, in the case of using antifreeze, exceeding the normal temperature in the radiators can lead to different results. Therefore, for heat supply with a heat carrier other than water, you must first find out the permissible indicators for its heating. This does not apply to the temperature of district heating radiators in the apartment, since antifreeze-based liquids are not used in such systems.
Antifreeze is used in the event that there is a likelihood of the influence of low temperature on the radiators. Unlike water, it does not begin to change from a liquid to a crystal-like state when it reaches 0 ° C. However, if the work of the heating supply is outside the norms of the temperature table for heating in big side- the following phenomena may occur:
- Foaming... This entails an increase in the volume of the coolant and, as a consequence, an increase in pressure. The reverse process will not be observed when the antifreeze cools down;
- Formation limescale ... Antifreeze contains a certain amount of mineral components. If the heating temperature in the apartment is violated in a large direction, they begin to precipitate. Over time, this will lead to clogging of pipes and radiators;
- Increase in density. Malfunctions in the operation of the circulation pump may occur if its rated power has not been designed for such situations.
Therefore, it is much easier to monitor the temperature of the water in the heating system of a private house than to control the degree of heating of the antifreeze. In addition, compositions based on ethylene glycol, when evaporated, emit a gas harmful to humans. Currently, they are practically not used as a coolant in autonomous systems heat supply.
Before pouring antifreeze into the heating system, replace all rubber gaskets on paranite. It's connected with increased rate permeability of this type of coolant.
Methods for normalizing the temperature regime of heating
The minimum value of the water temperature in the heating system is not the main threat for her work. This, of course, affects the microclimate in living quarters, but in no way affects the functioning of the heat supply. If the water heating rate is exceeded, emergency situations may arise.
When drawing up a heating scheme, it is necessary to provide for a number of measures aimed at eliminating a critical increase in water temperature. First of all, this will lead to an increase in pressure and an increase in the load on the inner surface of pipes and radiators.
If this phenomenon is one-time and short-lived, the heat supply components may not be affected. However, such situations arise under the constant influence of certain factors. Most often this is a malfunction of a solid fuel boiler.
- Setting up a security group... It includes an air vent, a drain valve and a pressure gauge. If the water temperature reaches a critical level, these components will remove the excess coolant, thereby ensuring normal circulation of the liquid for its natural cooling;
- Mixing unit... It connects the return and supply pipes. Additionally, a two-way valve with a servo drive is installed. The latter is connected to a temperature sensor. If the value of the degree of heating exceeds the norm, the valve will open and the flows of hot and cooled water will mix;
- Heating electronic control unit... It records the temperature of the water in various parts of the system. In the event of a violation of the thermal regime, it will give an appropriate command to the boiler processor to reduce the power.
These measures will help prevent incorrect operation of the heating for another initial stage the problem occurs. The most difficult thing is to regulate the water temperature level in systems with solid fuel boiler... Therefore, for them, special attention should be paid to the selection of the parameters of the safety group and the mixing unit.
The influence of water temperature on its circulation in heating is described in detail in the video:
After installing the heating system, it is necessary to set the temperature mode. This procedure must be carried out in accordance with existing standards.
The requirements for the coolant temperature are set out in regulatory documents that set design, installation and use engineering systems residential and public buildings. They are described in the State Building Regulations and Rules:
- DBN (V. 2.5-39 Heating networks);
- SNiP 2.04.05 "Heating, ventilation and air conditioning".
For the calculated supply water temperature, the figure is taken that is equal to the temperature of the water leaving the boiler, according to its passport data.
For individual heating it is necessary to decide what the temperature of the coolant should be, taking into account such factors:
- The beginning and end of the heating season by average daily temperature outside +8 ° C for 3 days;
- The average temperature inside heated premises for housing and communal services and public utilities should be 20 ° C, and for industrial buildings 16 ° C;
- The average design temperature must meet the requirements of DBN V.2.2-10, DBN V.2.2.-4, DSanPiN 5.5.2.008, SP No. 3231-85.
According to SNiP 2.04.05 "Heating, ventilation and air conditioning" (paragraph 3.20), the limit values for the coolant are as follows:
Depending on external factors, the water temperature in the heating system can be from 30 to 90 ° C. When heated above 90 ° C, dust begins to decompose and paintwork... For these reasons, sanitary standards prohibit more heating.
For calculation optimal performance special charts and tables can be used, in which norms are determined depending on the season:
- With an average indicator outside the window of 0 ° C, the flow for radiators with different wiring is set at a level from 40 to 45 ° C, and the return temperature is from 35 to 38 ° C;
- At -20 ° C, the feed is heated from 67 to 77 ° C, and the return rate should be from 53 to 55 ° C;
- At -40 ° C outside the window for all heating devices set the maximum permissible values. On the supply line it is from 95 to 105 ° C, and on the return line - 70 ° C.
Optimum values in an individual heating system
H2_2Heating system helps to avoid many problems that arise with a centralized network, and the optimal temperature of the coolant can be adjusted in accordance with the season. In the case of individual heating, the concept of norms includes the heat transfer of the heating device per unit area of the room where this device is located. The thermal regime in this situation is ensured design features heating devices.
It is important to ensure that the heat carrier in the network does not cool below 70 ° C. An indicator of 80 ° C is considered optimal. WITH gas boiler it is easier to control heating, because manufacturers limit the possibility of heating the coolant to 90 ° C. Using sensors to regulate the gas supply, the heating of the coolant can be controlled.
It is a little more complicated with solid fuel devices, they do not regulate the heating of the liquid, and can easily turn it into steam. And it is impossible to reduce the heat from coal or wood by turning the knob in such a situation. In this case, the control of heating of the coolant is rather arbitrary with high errors and is performed by rotary thermostats and mechanical dampers.
Electric boilers allow you to smoothly regulate the heating of the coolant from 30 to 90 ° C. They are equipped with an excellent overheating protection system.
One-pipe and two-pipe lines
The design features of a one-pipe and two-pipe heating network determine different norms for heating the coolant.
For example, for a single-pipe line, the maximum rate is 105 ° С, and for a two-pipe line - 95 ° С, while the difference between the return and supply should be respectively: 105 - 70 ° С and 95 - 70 ° С.
Coordination of the temperature of the heating medium and the boiler
Regulators help to coordinate the temperature of the coolant and the boiler. These are devices that create automatic control and correction of the return and flow temperature.
The return temperature is dependent on the amount of fluid passed through it. The regulators cover the liquid supply and increase the difference between the return and the supply to the level that is needed, and the necessary indicators are installed on the sensor.
If it is necessary to increase the flow, then a boost pump can be added to the network, which is controlled by the regulator. To reduce the heating of the supply, a "cold start" is used: that part of the liquid that passed through the network is again sent from the return to the inlet.
The regulator redistributes the flow and return flows according to the data taken by the sensor, and ensures strict temperature norms heating network.
Ways to reduce heat loss
The above information will help to be used for correct calculation coolant temperature norms and will tell you how to determine the situations when you need to use the regulator.
But it is important to remember that the temperature in the room is influenced not only by the temperature of the coolant, outside air and the strength of the wind. The degree of insulation of the facade, doors and windows in the house should also be taken into account.
To reduce the heat loss of housing, you need to worry about its maximum thermal insulation. Insulated walls, sealed doors, metal-plastic windows will help reduce heat leakage. It also reduces heating costs.
Economical consumption of energy resources in the heating system can be achieved if certain requirements are met. One of the options is the presence of a temperature diagram, which reflects the ratio of the temperature emanating from the heating source to external environment... The value of the values makes it possible to optimally distribute heat and hot water to the consumer.
High-rise buildings are mainly connected to central heating... Sources that transmit thermal energy, are boiler houses or CHP. Water is used as a heat carrier. It is heated to a predetermined temperature.
After passing full cycle through the system, the coolant, already cooled, returns to the source and reheating occurs. Sources are connected to the consumer by heating networks. Since the environment changes the temperature regime, it is necessary to regulate the heat energy so that the consumer receives the required volume.
Heat regulation from central system can be produced in two ways:
- Quantitative. In this form, the flow rate of water changes, but it has a constant temperature.
- Qualitative. The temperature of the liquid changes, but its consumption does not change.
In our systems, the second control option is used, that is, a quality one. Z Here there is a direct relationship between two temperatures: coolant and environment... And the calculation is carried out in such a way as to provide heat in the room of 18 degrees and above.
Hence, we can say that the temperature graph of the source is a broken curve. The change in its directions depends on the temperature difference (coolant and outside air).
The dependency graph may be different.
A specific diagram depends on:
- Technical and economic indicators.
- CHP or boiler room equipment.
- Climate.
High rates of the heat carrier provide the consumer with large thermal energy.
An example of a circuit is shown below, where T1 is the temperature of the coolant, Tnv is the outside air:
The diagram of the returned heating medium also applies. A boiler house or a CHP plant, according to this scheme, can assess the efficiency of the source. It is considered high when the returned liquid is supplied cooled.
The stability of the scheme depends on the design values of the liquid consumption of high-rise buildings. If the flow through the heating circuit increases, the water will return uncooled, since the flow rate will increase. Conversely, for minimum consumption, the return water will be sufficiently cooled.
The supplier's interest is, of course, in the chilled return water supply. But there are certain limits for reducing the flow rate, since a decrease leads to a loss in the amount of heat. The consumer's internal temperature in the apartment will begin to drop, which will lead to violation of building codes and discomfort for the inhabitants.
What does it depend on?
The temperature curve depends on two quantities: outside air and heat carrier. Frosty weather leads to an increase in the degree of the coolant. The design of the central source takes into account the size of the equipment, the building and the cross-section of the pipes.
The value of the temperature leaving the boiler room is 90 degrees, so that at minus 23 ° C, it would be warm in the apartments and had a value of 22 ° C. Then the return water returns to 70 degrees. Such norms correspond to normal and comfortable living in the house.
Analysis and adjustment of operating modes is carried out using a temperature circuit. For example, the return of a fluid with a high temperature will speak of high costs coolant. Underestimated data will be considered as a deficit of consumption.
Previously, for 10-storey buildings, a scheme was introduced with design data of 95-70 ° C. The buildings above had their own diagram of 105-70 ° C. Modern new buildings may have a different scheme, at the discretion of the designer. More often, there are diagrams of 90-70 ° C, and maybe 80-60 ° C.
Temperature graph 95-70:
Temperature graph 95-70
How is it calculated?
The control method is selected, then the calculation is done. The calculation-winter and reverse order of water intake, the amount of outside air, the order at the break point of the diagram are taken into account. There are two diagrams, when in one of them only heating is considered, in the second heating with hot water consumption.
For an example calculation, we will use methodological development Roskommunenergo.
The initial data for the heat generating station will be:
- TNV- the amount of outside air.
- Tvn- indoor air.
- T1- coolant from the source.
- T2- return flow of water.
- T3- entrance to the building.
We will consider several options for supplying heat with a value of 150, 130 and 115 degrees.
At the same time, at the exit they will have 70 ° C.
The results obtained are brought down into a single table for the subsequent construction of the curve:
So we got three various schemes, which can be taken as a basis. It will be more correct to calculate the diagram individually for each system. Here we reviewed the recommended values, without taking into account the climatic characteristics of the region and the characteristics of the building.
To reduce energy consumption, it is enough to choose a low-temperature order of 70 degrees and an even distribution of heat along the heating circuit will be ensured. The boiler should be taken with a power reserve so that the system load does not affect quality work unit.
Adjustment
Heating regulator Automatic control is provided by the heating controller.
It includes the following details:
- Computing and matching panel.
- Executive device on the water supply section.
- Executive device, performing the function of mixing liquid from the returned liquid (return).
- Boost pump and a sensor on the water supply line.
- Three sensors (on the return line, on the street, inside the building). There may be several of them in the room.
The regulator covers the liquid supply, thereby increasing the value between the return and supply to the value provided by the sensors.
To increase the flow, there is a step-up pump, and a corresponding command from the regulator. The inlet flow is controlled by a "cold bypass". That is, the temperature drops. Some part of the liquid, circulated along the circuit, is sent to the supply.
The sensors remove information and transmit it to the control units, as a result of which there is a redistribution of flows that provide a rigid temperature scheme for the heating system.
Sometimes, a computing device is used, where DHW and heating regulators are combined.
The hot water regulator has more simple scheme management. The hot water sensor regulates the water flow to a stable value of 50 ° C.
Regulator advantages:
- The temperature scheme is strictly adhered to.
- Elimination of liquid overheating.
- Fuel economy and energy.
- The consumer, regardless of distance, receives heat equally.
Temperature chart table
The operating mode of the boilers depends on the ambient weather.
If we take various objects, for example, a factory building, a multi-storey and private house, everyone will have an individual heat chart.
In the table, we show the temperature diagram of the dependence of residential buildings on the outside air:
| Outdoor temperature | Supply water temperature in the supply pipeline | Return water temperature |
| +10 | 70 | 55 |
| +9 | 70 | 54 |
| +8 | 70 | 53 |
| +7 | 70 | 52 |
| +6 | 70 | 51 |
| +5 | 70 | 50 |
| +4 | 70 | 49 |
| +3 | 70 | 48 |
| +2 | 70 | 47 |
| +1 | 70 | 46 |
| 0 | 70 | 45 |
| -1 | 72 | 46 |
| -2 | 74 | 47 |
| -3 | 76 | 48 |
| -4 | 79 | 49 |
| -5 | 81 | 50 |
| -6 | 84 | 51 |
| -7 | 86 | 52 |
| -8 | 89 | 53 |
| -9 | 91 | 54 |
| -10 | 93 | 55 |
| -11 | 96 | 56 |
| -12 | 98 | 57 |
| -13 | 100 | 58 |
| -14 | 103 | 59 |
| -15 | 105 | 60 |
| -16 | 107 | 61 |
| -17 | 110 | 62 |
| -18 | 112 | 63 |
| -19 | 114 | 64 |
| -20 | 116 | 65 |
| -21 | 119 | 66 |
| -22 | 121 | 66 |
| -23 | 123 | 67 |
| -24 | 126 | 68 |
| -25 | 128 | 69 |
| -26 | 130 | 70 |
SNiP
There are certain norms that must be observed in the creation of projects for heating networks and the transportation of hot water to the consumer, where the supply of steam must be carried out at 400 ° C, at a pressure of 6.3 bar. It is recommended to release heat supply from the source to the consumer with values of 90/70 ° C or 115/70 ° C.
Regulatory requirements should be fulfilled for compliance with the approved documentation with the obligatory agreement with the Ministry of Construction of the country.