Imagine that the repair in your house or apartment has come to an end, all pipes have been laid, plumbing fixtures have been installed, heating modernization completed. At this moment, I really want to be completely sure that all the costs and efforts will save you and your family members from negative impact cold in the winter season. In order to be completely sure of effective work heating systems will have to wait for the first serious frosts.
Unfortunately, various shortcomings that were made at the design stage or during the installation of the heating system do not appear immediately. If you find such shortcomings at the stage of work, the chances of achieving the desired result increase markedly.
If you have no desire to continue to devote time to various problems that will “crawl out” after starting the heating system, we recommend that you contact the Plumber Stepanych company. Our masters clearly understand how the renovation of heating systems should be carried out. They have vast experience, so they can guarantee high quality works.
Professional modernization of the heating system will help you avoid such problems. The specialists of the company "Plumber Stepanych" begin work only after the corresponding project is drawn up. For the most comfortable stay, we advise you to pay attention to the water heated floor. Note that in the event that the customer lives in an apartment, heating can only be upgraded minimally. As a rule, the essence of the work is to install pipes that are more efficient in terms of functionality and replace heating radiators.
Owners of private houses have more serious opportunities for modernization. And this means that the design of heating systems at such facilities requires a more careful approach. Experts take into account the area, the layout of the object, the height of the ceilings in the house, as well as the characteristics of the walls. Only then can the required power of the heating system be determined.
Very often, those systems that were developed several decades ago are subject to modernization. Application the latest technologies in this area allows you to achieve much better results by reducing the cost of operating the system.
Photos of heating modernization works:
The cost of tariffs for heat and hot water supply is "unaffordable" for most of our compatriots. And it's not just the desire of public utilities to get as much profit as possible. The reasons for this phenomenon are banal: the rise in the cost of hydrocarbons and the housing stock, most of which was built in the middle of the last century, when during construction they did not pay much attention to energy efficiency. This publication will review measures to modernize the heating systems of residential buildings, which are already long time used in several European countries.
What does thermal modernization of a building mean?
Experts define this concept as a set of measures to bring apartment building in accordance with modern energy efficiency standards. This includes measures related to reducing the heat loss of a building through walls, ceilings, roofs, basements, etc. Large heat losses occur due to low thermal performance and poor tightness of old windows and doors. In addition, thermal modernization affects the issues of re-equipment of engineering systems (ventilation, heating, hot water supply), the transition to combined (geothermal solar) heat supply sources.
Important! Insulation of external fences, without re-equipping the heating and ventilation systems of the house, is not effective and does not give a positive result (which often happens), and most often leads to an increase in energy costs by the consumer of utility resources.
A set of measures aimed at reducing heat consumption and improving the energy efficiency of buildings will be considered.
This type of work is carried out from the side of the basement by gluing thermal insulation boards to the cover.
Advice! If it is impossible to carry out measures for thermal insulation of walls from the outside (architectural monument, complex relief of the facade, etc.), then it is necessary to insulate the outer walls from the inside of the building by laying polystyrene foam boards under plaster or drywall.
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Reducing heat loss through windows
According to experts, up to 30% of the heat from heated rooms “leaves” through the windows. A radical way to solve this problem is to replace old wooden windows with energy-saving ones. It is enough to reduce their size, especially if the question concerns windows on stairwells. In most layouts of apartment buildings, there is an excess area for stair lighting. window openings, which causes large heat losses. 
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Modernization of the ventilation system
As you know, the most common way to organize air circulation in the premises of apartment buildings is natural ventilation. Air is removed by exhaust channels located in kitchens and bathrooms. The influx of fresh air from the street is organized through natural leaks in windows and doors. 
When replacing old windows with energy-efficient and airtight ones, the problem of heat loss is solved, but at the same time a new one appears: a sharp decrease in the intake of fresh air. This problem is solved by modernizing the ventilation system, namely, by arranging ventilation with controlled air flow. In practice, this is solved by setting supply valves, windows with built-in hygro-dependent fans or installations of forced supply of fresh air to the premises.
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Reconstruction of the heating system
Experts pay special attention to high heat consumption, which occurs due to the low efficiency of morally and technically obsolete home heating systems, which were not originally designed with excessive heat consumption. The main problems of old heating systems (CO) can be formulated as follows:
- Poor or incorrect hydraulic balancing. This problem is often associated with unauthorized intervention of residents in the design of the heating system (installation of additional sections on radiators, replacement of batteries, pipelines, etc.)
- Poor thermal insulation of heat supply pipes or its complete absence.
- Structurally obsolete heat and distribution points.
- Replacement elevator node heating systems to automated. In the case of connecting the house to the heat main according to an independent scheme, an automated individual heat point is installed; when using dependent, a scheme with a pumping admixture is used. Depending on the scheme used, all equipment must be weather-dependent and automatically stabilize the pressure in CO by regulating the supply of coolant.
Important! Replacing an outdated elevator unit with an economizer will not allow the use of thermostats for heating radiators and balancing valves. The elevator simply "will not pull" additional hydraulic resistance, which will inevitably increase when using these devices.
- Replacement of old heat exchangers with energy efficient ones.
- Elimination of leaks in CO and replacement of valves.
Heating system balancing
Fortunately, the effectiveness of this event is no longer in doubt. The installation of balancing valves for a heating system on return risers with a limitation of the coolant temperature is a prerequisite for a competent modernization of CO, especially in houses with a large percentage of autonomous heating by gas boilers.
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Installation of individual control devices
The installation of thermostats with an air temperature sensor on each battery, in addition to additional comfort for the residents of this building, will significantly reduce the consumption of thermal energy. The air temperature increased through the window openings (the sun warmed up), the thermostat reduced the amount of coolant for a specific heater. 
Among the mandatory measures for the reconstruction of the heating system, carried out as part of the thermal modernization of the whole house, one can single out the installation of a common house heat supply metering unit and the transition to apartment heat metering. It is these measures that most stimulate residents to save.
Thermal modernization of an apartment building requires large financial costs. But in order to achieve significant savings by the end consumer (which means a return of money and profit for energy service investors), it is necessary to carry out comprehensive measures to reduce the amount of consumed thermal energy or thermal modernization.
ventilationpro.ru
Reconstruction of the heating system - Legal advice
By virtue of par. "c" clause 35 of the Rules for the Provision utilities owners and users of premises in apartment buildings and residential buildings approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 05/06/2011 No. 354, the consumer is not entitled to arbitrarily dismantle or turn off the heating elements provided for by the design and (or) technical documentation for an apartment building or residential building, to arbitrarily increase the heating surfaces heating devices installed in a residential building, in excess of the parameters provided for by the design and (or) technical documentation for an apartment building or residential building.
According to Part 1 of Art. 25 of the Housing Code of the Russian Federation, the reconstruction of a dwelling is the installation, replacement or transfer of engineering networks, sanitary, electrical or other equipment, requiring changes to the technical passport of the dwelling.
Reorganization and (or) redevelopment of residential premises are carried out in compliance with the requirements of the law in agreement with the local government (hereinafter referred to as the body that carries out the coordination) on the basis of decisions taken(Part 1, Article 26 of the LC RF).
Unauthorized are the reconstruction and (or) redevelopment of residential premises, carried out in the absence of a decision authorized body authorities on the approval or violation of the project of reconstruction and (or) redevelopment.
The owner of a dwelling that has been arbitrarily rearranged and (or) replanned, or the tenant of such a dwelling under a social tenancy agreement is obliged to bring such a dwelling to its previous state within a reasonable time and in the manner established by the body that carries out the coordination (part 3 of Art. 29 LCD RF).
In this regard, in the current situation, only two scenarios are possible: either the heating system in your apartment must be restored to its original state, or the reconstruction must be agreed upon in the manner prescribed by law.
At the same time, it does not matter when the instructions will be issued to the rest of the citizens who have made a similar reorganization. There is no direct connection between these events.
Please note that if the system is restored to its original state by the management company, then the cost of these works can rightfully be billed to you, since their implementation at the expense of funds intended for the maintenance of common property will be inappropriate.
Of course, such provisions of the Criminal Code are often ignored with reference to the lack of authority. However, do not forget about Part 5 of Art. 29 of the Housing Code of the Russian Federation, which provides that if the relevant residential premises are not restored to their previous state within the prescribed period, the court, at the claim of the body that carries out the coordination, provided that another court does not decide to keep the premises in a re-planned and (or) re-arranged state, decides:
1) in relation to the owner of the sale at public auction of such residential premises with the payment to the owner of the proceeds from the sale of such residential premises, minus the costs of the execution of the court decision, with the imposition on the new owner of such residential premises of the obligation to bring it to its previous state;
2) in relation to the tenant of such residential premises under a social tenancy agreement on termination of this agreement with the assignment to the owner of such residential premises, who was the landlord under the specified agreement, the obligation to bring such residential premises to their previous state.
pravo.rg.ru
Overview of heating systems for residential and administrative buildings: calculation examples, regulatory documents
Creation effective system heating of large buildings differs significantly from similar autonomous schemes of cottages. The difference lies in the complexity of the distribution and control of the coolant parameters. Therefore, you should take a responsible approach to the choice of the heating system for buildings: types, types, calculations, surveys. All these nuances are taken into account at the design stage of the structure.
Requirements for heating residential and administrative buildings
Heat supply scheme of an apartment building It should be immediately noted that the heating project for the administrative building must be carried out by the relevant bureau. Specialists evaluate the parameters of the future building and, in accordance with the requirements of regulatory documents, choose the optimal heat supply scheme.
Regardless of the selected types of building heating systems, they are subject to stringent requirements. They are based on ensuring the safety of the functioning of heat supply, as well as the efficiency of the system:
- Sanitary and hygienic. These include uniform temperature distribution in all areas of the house. To do this, pre-calculation of heat for heating the building;
- Construction. The operation of heating devices should not deteriorate due to the peculiarities of the structural elements of the building, both inside and outside it;
- Mounting. When choosing technological schemes of the installation, it is recommended to choose unified units that can be quickly replaced with similar ones in case of failure;
- Operational. Maximum automation of heat supply operation. This is the primary task along with the heat engineering calculation of the heating of the building.
In practice, proven design schemes are used, the choice of which depends on the type of heating. This is the determining factor for all subsequent stages of work on arranging the heating of an administrative or residential building.
When commissioning a new house, tenants have the right to demand copies of all technical documentation, including the heating system.
Types of building heating systems
How to choose the right certain type building heating? First of all, the type of energy carrier is taken into account. Based on this, you can plan the next stages of design.
There are certain types of building heating systems that differ in both the principle of operation and performance. The most common is water heating, as it has unique qualities and can be adapted relatively easily to any type of building. Having calculated the amount of heat for heating a building, you can select the following types of heat supply:
- Autonomous water. It is characterized by high inertia of air heating. However, along with this, it is the most popular type of building heating systems due to the wide variety of components and low maintenance costs;
- Central water. In this case, water is the optimal type of heat carrier for its transportation over long distances - from the boiler house to consumers;
- Air. Recently, it has been used as a general climate control system in homes. It is one of the most expensive, which affects the inspection of the heating system of the building;
- Electrical. Despite the low cost of the initial purchase of equipment, electric heating is the most expensive to maintain. If it is installed, it is necessary to calculate the heating according to the volume of the building as accurately as possible in order to reduce the planned costs.
What is recommended to choose as a heat supply for a house - electric, water or air heating? First of all, you need to calculate the thermal energy for heating the building and other types of design work. Based on the data obtained, the optimal heating scheme is selected.
For a private house, the best way to supply heat is to install gas equipment in conjunction with a water heating system.
Types of heat supply calculation for buildings
At the first stage, it is necessary to calculate the thermal energy for heating the building. The essence of these calculations is to determine the heat loss of the house, the selection of equipment power and thermal regime heating work.
To correctly perform these calculations, you should know the parameters of the building, take into account the climatic features of the region. Before the advent of specialized software systems, all calculations of the amount of heat for heating a building were performed manually. In this case, there was a high probability of error. Now, using modern methods of calculation, one can obtain following characteristics to draw up a heating project for an administrative building:
- Optimal load on heat supply depending on external factors - outdoor temperature and the required degree of air heating in each room of the house;
- Proper selection of components for heating equipment, minimizing the cost of its purchase;
- Possibility to upgrade the heating system in the future. Reconstruction of the heating system of the building is carried out only after the agreement of the old and new schemes.
When making a heating project for an administrative or residential building, you need to be guided by a certain calculation algorithm.
The characteristics of the heat supply system must comply with current regulations. Their list can be obtained from the state architectural organization.
Calculation of heat losses of buildings
Thermal conductivity of various building materialsThe determining indicator of the heating system is the optimal amount of energy produced. It is also determined by the heat losses in the building. Those. in fact, the work of heat supply is designed to compensate for this phenomenon and maintain the temperature at a comfortable level.
For the correct calculation of heat for heating the building, it is necessary to know the material of manufacture of the outer walls. It is through them that most of the losses occur. The main characteristic is the coefficient of thermal conductivity of building materials - the amount of energy passing through 1 m² of the wall.
The technology for calculating thermal energy for heating a building consists of the following steps:
- Determination of the material of manufacture and the coefficient of thermal conductivity.
- Knowing the wall thickness, the heat transfer resistance can be calculated. This is the reciprocal of thermal conductivity.
- Then several heating modes are selected. This is the difference between the temperature in the supply and return pipes.
- Dividing the resulting value by the heat transfer resistance, we get the heat loss per 1 m² of the wall.
Wall heat transfer resistance coefficient For such a technique, you need to know that the wall consists not only of bricks or reinforced concrete blocks. When calculating the power of the heating boiler and the heat loss of the building, thermal insulation and other materials must be taken into account. The total coefficient of TV transmission resistance of the wall should not be less than the normalized one.
Only after that you can start calculating the power of heating devices.
It is recommended to add a correction factor of 1.1 to all the data obtained for calculating the heating by volume of the building.
Calculation of the power of equipment for heating buildings
Boiler room of an apartment building To calculate the optimal heat supply capacity, you should first decide on its type. Most often, difficulties arise in the calculation of water heating. For the correct calculation of the power of the heating boiler and heat losses in the house, not only its area, but also its volume is taken into account.
The simplest option is to accept the ratio that 41 W of energy is required to heat 1 m³ of a room. However, such a calculation of the amount of heat for heating the building will not be entirely correct. It does not take into account heat losses, as well as climatic features of a particular region. Therefore, it is best to use the method described above.
To calculate the heat supply according to the volume of the building, it is important to know the rated power of the boiler. To do this, you need to know the following formula:
Where W is the boiler power, S is the area of the house, K is the correction factor.
The latter is a reference value and depends on the region of residence. Data about it can be taken from the table.
This technology allows you to perform an accurate thermal calculation of the heating of the building. At the same time, the heat supply capacity is checked against heat losses in the building. In addition, the purpose of the premises is taken into account. For living rooms, the temperature level should be between +18°C and +22°C. The minimum level of heating of sites and household rooms is +16°С.
The choice of heating mode is practically independent of these parameters. It will determine the future load on the system depending on weather conditions. For apartment buildings, the calculation of thermal energy for heating is done taking into account all the nuances and in accordance with regulatory technology. In autonomous heat supply, such actions do not need to be performed. It is important that the total thermal energy compensates for all heat losses in the house.
To reduce the cost of heating system recommended when calculating the volume of the building to use low temperature regime. But then it is necessary to increase the total area of radiators in order to increase the heat output.
Maintenance of the building heating system
Thermal imager - a device for monitoring the operation of heating After a correct thermotechnical calculation of the heat supply of the building, you need to know mandatory list regulations for its maintenance. You need to know this in order to timely control the operation of the system, as well as to minimize the occurrence of emergencies.
Drawing up an act of inspection of the heating system of the building takes place only by representatives of the responsible company. This takes into account the specifics of heat supply, its type and current state. During the inspection of the heating system of the building, the following items of the document must be filled out:
- Location of the house, its exact address.
- Link to the contract for the supply of heat.
- The number and location of heat supply devices - radiators and batteries.
- Temperature measurement in rooms.
- Coefficient of load change depending on current weather conditions.
To initiate an inspection of the heating system at home, you must submit an application to the management company. It must indicate the reason - bad job heat supply, an emergency or non-compliance of the current parameters of the system with the norms.
Act of inspection of the heating system
According to current regulations, during an accident, representatives of the management company must eliminate its consequences within a maximum of 6 hours. Also after that, a document is drawn up on the damage caused to the owners of the apartments due to the accident. If the reason is an unsatisfactory condition, the management company must restore the apartments at its own expense or pay compensation.
Often, during the reconstruction of the heating system of a building, it is necessary to replace some of its elements with more modern ones. Costs are determined by the fact - on whose balance sheet the heating system is located. Restoration of pipelines and other components that are not located in the apartments should be handled by the management company.
If the owner of the premises wanted to change the old cast iron batteries for modern ones, the following actions should be taken:
- V management company a statement is drawn up, which indicates the plan of the apartment and the characteristics of future heating devices.
- After 6 days, the Criminal Code is obliged to provide specifications.
- According to them, the selection of equipment is carried out.
- Installation is carried out at the expense of the owner of the apartment. But at the same time, representatives of the Criminal Code must be present.
For autonomous heat supply of a private house, nothing needs to be done. Responsibilities for arranging and maintaining heating at the proper level belong entirely to the owner of the house. The exceptions are technical projects electrical and gas heating premises. For them, it is necessary to obtain the consent of the Criminal Code, as well as select and install equipment in accordance with the conditions terms of reference.
The video tells about the features of radiator heating:
strojdvor.ru
Consumer rights Protection
07 Feb 2015 | Author: Alex |Unfortunately, time is running out, and in the situation with the installation of autonomous heating and the rejection of central heating nothing changes in the apartment. In the last article there were a lot of emotions of theory and little practical value, this time I want to correct myself and talk about the legal side of the issue. And so we go deeper.
In accordance with paragraph 15 of Article 14 federal law dated 07/27/2010 N 190-FZ (as amended on 12/29/2014) "On heat supply", it is prohibited to switch to heating residential premises in apartment buildings (hereinafter MKD) using individual apartment heat energy sources, the list of which is determined by the connection rules (technological connection ) to heat supply systems approved by the Government Russian Federation, if there is a connection (technological connection) made in the proper manner to the heat supply systems of apartment buildings, with the exception of cases determined by the heat supply scheme.
According to paragraph 44 of the "Rules for connection to heat supply systems", the list of individual apartment sources of heat energy that are prohibited from being used for heating residential premises in apartment buildings if there is a connection to heat supply systems carried out in the proper manner, with the exception of cases specified by the heat supply scheme, includes sources thermal energy, running on natural gas, which do not meet the following requirements:
- the presence of a closed (hermetic) combustion chamber;
- the presence of safety automation that ensures the fuel supply is cut off when the supply of electrical energy is interrupted, in the event of a malfunction of the protection circuits, when the burner flame goes out, when the coolant pressure drops below the maximum allowable value, when the maximum allowable temperature of the coolant is reached, as well as in case of violation of smoke removal;
- coolant temperature - up to 95 degrees Celsius;
- coolant pressure - up to 1 MPa.
If you have met the above requirements when choosing a future boiler, then you can safely proceed to the next stage of disconnecting from central heating, but first you need to understand a few more legally important points, namely:
- intervention in the heat supply system of an apartment building is the reconstruction of a residential building (reconstruction of an apartment building);
- heat supply system - is part of the common property of residents of an apartment building.
These conclusions are made on the basis of the following. In accordance with paragraph 1 of Article 36 of the Housing Code of the Russian Federation (LC RF) dated December 29, 2004 N 188-FZ, the owners of premises in an apartment building own common property in an apartment building on the basis of common shared ownership, namely: roofs enclosing load-bearing and non-bearing structures of this house, mechanical, electrical, sanitary and other equipment located in this house outside or inside the premises and serving more than one room.
Also, paragraphs 2,3,4 of this article establish that:
- owners of premises in an apartment building own, use and, within the limits established by this Code and civil legislation, dispose of common property in an apartment building;
- reducing the size of common property in an apartment building is possible only with the consent of all owners of premises in this house through its reconstruction;
- by decision of the owners of premises in an apartment building, adopted at a general meeting of such owners, objects of common property in an apartment building can be transferred for use to other persons if this does not violate the rights and legitimate interests of citizens and legal entities.
The norms of this article regarding the disposal of common property by owners of premises in an MKD are also enshrined in Article 247 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the possession and use of property in shared ownership is carried out by agreement of all its participants, and if agreement is not reached, in the manner established by the court.
In addition to what is stated in accordance with Article 26 of the Housing Code of the Russian Federation "The basis for the reconstruction and (or) redevelopment of residential premises":
- Reconstruction of residential premises is carried out in compliance with the requirements of the law in agreement with the local government body (hereinafter referred to as the body that carries out the coordination) on the basis of a decision made by it.
- To carry out the reorganization of residential premises, the owner of this premises or a person authorized by him to the body that carries out the coordination, at the location of the reorganized residential premises, directly or through a multifunctional center, submits: 1) an application for reorganization in the approved form; 2) title documents for the residential premises to be rebuilt (originals or notarized copies);
3) a project for the reorganization of the converted residential premises prepared and executed in the prescribed manner;
4) technical passport of the residential premises being converted; 5) consent to writing all members of the tenant's family (including temporarily absent members of the tenant's family) occupying the converted residential premises;
6) the conclusion of the body for the protection of monuments of architecture, history and culture on the admissibility of the reorganization of residential premises, if such residential premises or the house in which it is located is a monument of architecture, history or culture.
- The approval authority is not entitled to require the applicant to submit other documents, except for the documents, which are allowed to be demanded from the applicant above. The applicant is issued a receipt on receipt of documents from the applicant, indicating their list and the date of their receipt by the approval authority, as well as indicating the list of documents that will be received upon interdepartmental requests.
- The decision on approval or refusal to approve must be made based on the results of consideration of the relevant application and other submitted documents by the body performing the approval, no later than forty-five days from the date of submission to this body of documents, the obligation to submit which in accordance with this article is assigned on the applicant.
- The body carrying out the approval, no later than three working days from the date of the decision on approval, issues or sends to the address indicated in the application or through the multifunctional center to the applicant a document confirming the adoption of such a decision. This document is the basis for the reconstruction of residential premises.
From the list of documents to be provided, the technical passport of the rebuilt residential premises and the conclusion of the authority for the protection of architectural, historical and cultural monuments can be requested by the authority responsible for issuing permits within the framework of interdepartmental interaction independently.
From the foregoing, it follows that the first thing to start with is to obtain consent to conduct individual heating in an apartment from all owners of an apartment building (it is worth explaining to neighbors that they may also need your consent in a similar situation and this will not be any convenience for them). This is done by holding a full-time general meeting, or by absentee voting. The relevant decision is documented in the minutes of the general meeting.
You should also pay Special attention receiving project documentation for disconnection from centralized heating (this documentation must comply with the requirements of the legislation of the Russian Federation, in particular the requirements for project documentation contained in Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 87 dated February 16, 2008 “On the composition of sections of project documentation and the requirements for their content”, taking into account the reorganization of the engineering system and heating and hot water supply of the whole house). It should be understood that the technical specifications issued by any managing organization cannot replace the required design and will be a waste of your money.
Having collected all the above documents and contacting the local government with the appropriate application, it remains to wait for a decision. So, if the decision turns out to be positive, then you can safely not read this material to the end, because further in question it is about our reality when to get such a positive conclusion is the result beyond fantasy.
So, in accordance with Article 27 of the Housing Code of the Russian Federation, you can be refused only on the following grounds:
- failure to provide a complete list of the documents defined above; 1.1) receipt by the body that carries out the coordination of a response to an interdepartmental request, indicating the absence of a document and (or) information necessary for the reconstruction of the living quarters, if the relevant document was not submitted by the applicant on his own initiative. Refusal to agree on the reorganization of the living quarters on the indicated grounds is allowed if, after receiving such a response, the body responsible for the approval notified the applicant of the receipt of such a response, invited the applicant to submit the document and (or) information necessary for the reconstruction of the living quarters, and did not receive from the applicant such document and (or) information within fifteen working days from the date of sending the notification;
- submission of documents to the wrong body;
- non-compliance of the project of reconstruction and (or) redevelopment of the residential premises with the requirements of the legislation.
The decision to refuse to agree on the reorganization of the residential premises must contain the grounds for refusal with a mandatory reference to the violations indicated above. In addition, the decision to refuse to agree on the reorganization is issued or sent to the applicant no later than three working days from the date of the adoption of such a decision and can be appealed by the applicant in court.
As a rule, non-compliance with the above requirements in terms of motivating the refusal on the above grounds by the local government is the basis for a positive appeal of the decision.
In conclusion, I would like to note that the heat supply scheme specified in paragraph 44 of the "Rules for connecting to heat supply systems" is a rather mythical thing that must be approved by the local government, but as practice shows, such schemes in the final form usually do not exist. I believe that this is due to the huge cost of carrying out the relevant design surveys necessary for drawing up this scheme and, accordingly, the unsustainability of such amounts by local budgets (this is just my personal opinion). Speaking frankly and looking at judicial practice, we can conclude that the main thing in the decision this issue is a decision made by a local government and it is quite difficult to argue with it, since the scheme proposed by legislators has a lot of loopholes for manipulation. In particular, the requirement to take into account, when drawing up a project for autonomous heating, all possible consequences for home supply systems (put forward by both courts and selection committees) indicates the prohibitive cost of such projects and, in the absence of a certain loyalty in the commission to your appeal, to fulfill this requirement in full, practically is not possible, which means there will always be a reason to wrap up all your attempts.
And finally, I would like to warn everyone who wants to play with fire and arbitrarily reorganize their apartment, currently, in accordance with Article 29 of the Housing Code of the Russian Federation, you can easily lose your living space and this is not a joke at all, we read:
The owner of a dwelling that has been arbitrarily rearranged, or the tenant of such a dwelling under a social tenancy agreement, is obliged to bring such a dwelling to its previous state within a reasonable time and in the manner established by the body that carries out the coordination.
On the basis of a court decision, a dwelling may be kept in a refurbished state, if this does not violate the rights and legitimate interests of citizens or it does not pose a threat to their life or health.
If the relevant residential premises are not restored to their previous state within the specified period in accordance with the procedure established by the body carrying out the coordination, the court, at the claim of this body, provided that no other decision is made by the court, decides:
- in relation to the owner on the sale at public auction of such residential premises with the payment to the owner of the proceeds from the sale of such residential premises, minus the costs of executing a court decision, imposing on the new owner of such residential premises the obligation to bring it to its previous state;
- in relation to the tenant of such a dwelling under a social tenancy agreement on the termination of this agreement with the imposition on the owner of such a dwelling, who was the landlord under the specified agreement, the obligation to bring such a dwelling to its previous state.
Tags: housing and communal services, heating
A country house is the dream of every city dweller. This type of real estate has a lot of advantages over an apartment, ranging from the absence of noisy neighbors to the picturesque surrounding landscapes. But one of the fundamental advantages of living outside the city is still the ability to choose and implement the most productive and inexpensive heating system.
The most common and popular heating scheme for a private cottage today is water heating with a lower wiring. Of course, since its inception a hundred years ago, it has undergone significant changes and modernization, acquired several modifications, and therefore there is plenty to choose from. Moreover, of all the existing schemes, it is the water scheme that is distinguished by the most optimal combination of “price-efficiency” parameters.
Home water heating systems: heat generators, features
The basis of the water heating scheme of a private house is a fuel unit - a boiler. As a rule, the choice of one or another type of heat generators is selected depending on the mass of parameters, including the personal preferences of property owners, the characteristics of the region and the availability of one or another type of fuel.
Often, all kinds of solid and liquid fuel units, gas or electrical devices. It should be noted that solid fuel and gas boilers are the most popular in our country, since the fuel for them has the most affordable cost and, importantly, it is affordable - it is common in all regions.
In addition to the boiler itself, other elements are also used in the water heating of the house. So, for example, if the house has stove heating, then a variety of coils, registers and hollow built-in elements will help to upgrade it to water. In this case, the resulting circuit can already be called a combined one, distinguished by its simplicity and increased efficiency.
There is no fundamental difference in the procedure for installing the heating system, depending on the type of boiler. Simply follow the manufacturer's instructions.
In addition, due to the fact that water heating in a private house has quite universal design, it is possible to install two or even three heat generators in parallel - this will achieve maximum performance, make the circuit completely autonomous, eliminate even the slightest risk of being left without heat in the cold winter season.
Advice. With such a parallel connection of boilers, it is important to consider the installation of a special automation system, which will help to ensure switching between units when one of the fuels stops flowing.
Water heating and natural circulation of the coolant
The simplest and most affordable option for water heating of a private house, which can be done by hand without any problems and costs. It cannot be said that the instruction for such a system does not imply any complex work for design and installation, involves the use of only available materials and components.
If we talk about the principle of operation, then for water heating with natural circulation of the coolant, it is extremely simple. The water heated in the boiler rises up the pipeline (due to the difference in temperature differences), gradually entering all the radiators located around the house, while the cooled water returns to the heat generator again. Provided without the use of additional equipment.
Advice. When using a scheme with natural circulation of the coolant, it is important to ensure that the main pipelines are laid with a certain slope.
Often, 3-5 degrees per 1 running meter(about 10 mm).
Otherwise, the system will work, but the efficiency will be significantly reduced, which will lead to extra costs fuel.
The wiring can be done metal pipes different diameters - the choice depends on the characteristics of the boiler and radiators. A prerequisite can also be called a decrease in the cross section of pipes towards the extreme point heating circuit - the last radiator.
The pipe through which the water heated in the boiler is supplied to the system must be installed in such a way that its slope towards the radiators is maximum. The return point to the heat generator is made as low as possible in relation to the batteries - this is done for fast and efficient circulation of the coolant. This can be done by installing a thermal unit in the basement or basement.
Another integral attribute of a natural circulation water heating scheme is an expansion tank. Unlike the boiler, such a unit is installed at the highest point of the cottage, the best option is the attic. It is possible to use hydroaccumulating tanks, but in this case it is important to ensure the installation of additional equipment, such as pressure gauges, air and safety valves.
Advice. Since in many houses the attic is not heated during the cold season, it is important to take care of the insulation of the expansion tank.
In this case, you can use heaters of the most various types, their choice in our time is extremely wide. The main requirement is resistance to high temperatures (up to 90C).
In addition to distributing water heating at home, plastic ones can also be used. Such pipes are easy to install, therefore, time installation work will be less.
Forced circulation in water heating systems
Another option for arranging heating a country cottage is a water heating scheme in a private house with forced circulation of the coolant. Main distinguishing feature- the presence of a special circulation pump.
The device allows you to achieve more efficient and high-quality pumping of water in the system, to ensure its supply even to the highest points of the house without loss of heat (especially good for cottages with two or three floors).
Unlike schemes with natural circulation, heating with forced movement of the coolant is not too demanding on the slope of the pipes. And the efficiency of such systems is almost 20-30% higher than that of those where water moves along highways through natural circulation.
With the forced movement of the coolant, hydroaccumulating tanks are used instead of traditional ones. Since the pressure in pipes and radiators can increase up to 1.5-2 atm, it is important to provide for the installation of special safety devices: safety and air valves, pressure gauges, etc.
Shut-off valves must be located on both sides of the circulation pump, due to which it is possible to ensure that the coolant supply to the system is shut off.
The main types of water heating wiring
To date, there are several main options for piping around the house when using water heating:
- Single pipe. The so-called "Leningrad", in which one pipe connects all the heaters in the house in the direction of the coolant. Such a scheme is chosen for simplicity, minimal financial (the price of highways is generally lower) and labor costs.
But at the same time, the heating of the radiators is uneven, and it is impossible to regulate the temperature in each of the batteries;
- Two-pipe. The connection of heating radiators is made by two pipes laid parallel to the movement of water in the system.
The advantages include the ability to quickly adjust the temperature, quick and uniform heating of the premises, accessibility; - Collector arrangement of pipes. It has its own supply and return pipeline, connected together with the help of special distribution manifolds.
Feature - beautiful appearance, full control over all the batteries in the house from the distribution cabinet.
The main advantages of water heating of the cottage
As you can see in the photo and video of country houses on our website, water heating schemes are used quite often in our country.
There are many reasons for this widespread use:
- The ability to perform installation work on the arrangement of home heating at any stage of construction. Moreover, even in finished house water heating is installed without any problems;
- Water itself has excellent qualities when used as a heat transfer medium. High thermal conductivity, availability and low cost, along with unique heat capacity, make water the best choice;
- Versatility, the ability to use different types of fuel to heat the coolant in the heating circuit;
- Large selection of piping options in water heating schemes. You can choose a certain type depending on the mass of parameters, ranging from the area of \u200b\u200bthe cottage and ending with financial capabilities;
- A variety of equipment for arranging home heating;
- Accurate and quick adjustment of the air temperature in each of the rooms of a private house. It is provided by the installation of special equipment, namely temperature controllers and shut-off valves.
Conclusion
Today, there is simply no more affordable or effective alternative to water heating of a private house. It should be noted that every year there are more and more new thermal generators, pipelines and radiators, due to which the efficiency of the scheme is increased, while its cost is reduced by almost several times compared to other options.
During the modernization of the hot water heating system, the wood burning stove was replaced with a natural gas stove. The specific heat of combustion of firewood is 10 7 J / kg, natural gas- 3.2 10 7 J / kg. How is it necessary to change (increase or decrease) the mass of fuel burned in the furnace per unit time in order to maintain the same rate of water circulation in the heating system? Explain the answer.
Water heating
The need for heating arose in ancient times, at the same time as people learned to build the most primitive dwellings for themselves. The first dwellings were heated by bonfires, then they were replaced by hearths, then by stoves. During technical progress heating systems are constantly being improved and improved. People learned to use new types of fuel, came up with different designs of heating devices, sought to reduce fuel consumption and make the heating system work autonomously, not requiring constant human control. Currently, water heating systems are most widely used, which are used to heat both apartment buildings in cities and small buildings in countryside. The principle of operation of a water heating system (see figure) is conveniently explained using the heating system of a small residential building as an example.
The source of heat for the heating system is furnace 1, in which various types of fossil fuels can be burned - firewood, peat, coal, natural gas, oil products, etc. The furnace heats water in boiler 2. When heated, water expands and its density decreases, as a result which it rises from the boiler up the vertical main riser 3. In the upper part of the main riser there is an expansion tank 4 with an outlet to the atmosphere, which is necessary due to the fact that the volume of water increases when heated. Pipe 5 (“hot pipeline”) departs from the upper part of the main riser, through which water is supplied to heating appliances- batteries 6, each consisting of several sections. After flowing through the batteries, the cooled water through the return pipeline 7 again enters the boiler, heats up again and rises again through the main riser. With the simplest one-pipe scheme, all batteries are connected to each other in such a way that all sections are connected in parallel to the hot and return pipelines. Since the water gradually cools as it flows through the batteries, in order to maintain the same temperature in different rooms they make batteries with a different number of sections (that is, with different area surfaces). In those rooms in which water enters earlier and therefore has a higher temperature, the number of sections in the batteries is reduced, and vice versa. The water in such a heating system circulates automatically as long as the fuel is burning in the furnace. In order for circulation to be possible, all hot pipelines and return pipelines in the system are made either vertical or with a slight slope in the right direction - so that water flows through them from the main riser back to the boiler under the action of gravity (“gravity”). The rate of water circulation and the degree of heating can be adjusted by reducing or increasing the amount of fuel burned in the furnace per unit time. Water circulates in heating systems of this type the better, the greater the distance in height between the boiler and the hot pipeline. Therefore, they try to place the stove with the boiler as low as possible - usually they are placed in the basement or, in its absence, lowered to ground level, and the hot pipeline is carried through the attic.
For normal operation of the heating system, it is very important that there is no air inside it. To release air locks that may occur in pipes and batteries, special air vents are used, which open when the system is filled with water (not shown in the figure). Also, taps 8 are installed on the pipes in the lower part of the system, with the help of which water is drained from the heating system, if necessary.
Solution.
Answer: reduce.
Explanation: the rate of water circulation in the heating system, other things being equal, is determined by the rate of water heating in the boiler. When natural gas is burned, it releases large quantity heat than when burning the same mass of firewood, and the water in the boiler heats up faster. Therefore, in order to maintain the same rate of water circulation in the system, it is necessary to reduce the mass of fuel burned in the furnace.
Posted on September 28, 2011 (valid until September 28, 2012)
The energy efficiency of new buildings is calculated already at the design stage. The decisions and measures that are taken are aimed at achieving a minimum energy consumption in the building. As a rule, these measures are set out in the national building regulations in each country.
The need for reconstruction of HVAC systems
The energy efficiency of new buildings is calculated already at the design stage. The decisions and measures that are taken are aimed at achieving a minimum energy consumption in the building. As a rule, these measures are set out in the national building regulations in each country. Of course, a lot of information about energy saving solutions and technologies can be found in the many available sources or technical seminars given by HVAC companies.
But the situation that occurs in old and not reconstructed buildings is much worse. These buildings use a huge amount of energy because they were built using old technologies that did not provide adequate thermal insulation. As a result, large heat losses and increased energy consumption. The HVAC systems of these buildings are outdated, unbalanced and unsettled, therefore they are not able to provide a comfortable microclimate and consume excessive amounts of electrical and thermal energy.
Studies have confirmed that HVAC systems use over 60% of a building's total energy consumption. In the residential sector, the cost of energy used for heating is approximately 80% of the total costs. Therefore, when reconstructing, it is necessary to take into account not only work to improve the thermal insulation of facades, replace old windows with new ones, glaze balconies and loggias, as well as complete repairs of heating and ventilation systems.
Phases of reconstruction of heating systems
If there are financial technical capabilities, old heating systems are recommended to be completely reconstructed, while replacing equipment at all stages: production (heating points, boiler houses), distribution (pipelines, control valves) and heat consumption (radiators, heaters, gas convectors, underfloor heating, etc.) . In this way, we can achieve the best energy saving readings. It is not always possible to carry out the reconstruction in full, but even with minimal improvements in the system, it is possible to increase its efficiency and at the same time provide the required comfort conditions in each room. In both cases, to achieve a result, hydraulic balancing of heating systems is indispensable.
Reconstruction of heating points
The most common heat generator for the heating system of a building is a heat point. Its purpose is to provide the necessary amount of heat, which depends on the surrounding climatic conditions and temperature chart systems, to the individual needs of the building from centralized system heat supply. There are two types of heat points that are widely used, these are: heat units without automatic control of the temperature of the coolant at the supply using an elevator or dependent substations with automatic temperature control (figure).
The main disadvantages of such systems:
*Maintaining the microclimate of the premises depends on heating networks.
*The quality of the heat carrier in the heating system depends on the district heating.
*There is no way to reduce energy consumption - these systems are not energy efficient.
*The building is hydraulic dependent.
*There are no pressure maintenance installations - at the same time static pressure in the system depends on the pressure in the heating system.
The best energy efficiency is achieved with a complete reconstruction of heat points, when the elevator dependent unit is replaced with an independent one with automatic temperature control (Figure below).
It consists of a heat exchanger that separates the heating system of the building and heating network while ensuring its independent functioning.
In order to control and regulate the thermal energy of the building according to real needs, an installation is required. automatic system supply temperature control. It consists of a control valve which is controlled electric drive(picture on the left) by a signal from an electronic controller with temperature sensors. The weather-compensated control system detects changes in outside temperature as well as building heat consumption and automatically increases or decreases the total heat gain.
These systems can significantly reduce heating costs (but only if the heating system is balanced). In order to ensure fast, accurate and smooth control, as well as no problems with closing the control valve, it is recommended to install a differential pressure regulator (figure).
Since the heating system of the building becomes independent of the district heating network, it is necessary to ensure that it maintains a static pressure (figure below).
This function is performed by an expansion tank with a shut-off and drain valve for maintenance (figure below left), a make-up device and a pressure control module.
The safety valve in substations (figure on the right) is necessary to protect the weak links of the system from too much pressure when the pressure maintenance unit is in service or out of service.
The expansion tank is one of the most important elements of the heating system. When the coolant is heated to operating temperature, it expands, increasing its volume at the same time. If there is nowhere to place this additional amount of coolant, then the static pressure in the system will increase.
When, in this case, the maximum allowable pressure is reached, the safety valve will open and release the excess volume of the coolant, while reducing the static pressure of the system. In the absence of a safety valve or its incorrect selection and adjustment, too much pressure can damage consumers, pipes, connections and other elements of the system. If the safety valve opens too early or too often, it releases a significant amount of coolant from the system. At the same time, during the period when the system reduces its temperature regime (less heating power is required or the system is turned off at the end of the heating season), the coolant is compressed and this leads to a decrease in static pressure. If the static pressure drops below the minimum required, a vacuum will be created in the upper sections of the system, which will lead to airing. Air in the hydraulic system interferes with normal circulation and can block flows in some areas, which leads to underheating of consumers and microclimate disturbance. Air is also an additional cause of noise in the system, and the oxygen that is in it causes corrosion of steel parts. At the same time, the lack of coolant in the system must be compensated with the help of make-up systems, which also entails additional costs and, without water treatment, brings new portions of air and new problems.
The task of the expansion tank is to constantly maintain the static pressure in the system between the minimum and maximum allowable values, taking into account the possible expansion or contraction of the coolant.
What makes an expansion tank reliable?
The expansion tank is one of the most important elements in system. Therefore, it is important to know what exactly ensures its proper functioning, reliability and long service life.
A high-quality and reliable tank should have the following design. It consists of a special rubber bag placed inside a steel vessel. This bag allows you to place the excess volume of coolant formed during heating and, as a result, expansion. When the temperature drops, the tank returns the required amount of coolant back to the system. Air is forced into the pressure vessel, which acts on the rubber bag with the heat carrier, thus allowing the necessary pressure to be maintained in the system.
Below are specifications, which describe the quality of the expansion tank:
* Tight design to maintain a constant volume of compressed air and quality work expansion tank for many years of operation. This is only possible thanks to the fully welded construction of the steel vessel.
*Maximum density of the rubber bag to prevent diffusion of compressed air from the air chamber through the bag into the coolant, which can create pressure and corrosion problems. The highest protection against diffusion is offered by Pneumatex bags made of butyl rubber. Butyl rubber is the rubber with the highest airtightness of any known type of rubber elastomer. For this reason, butyl rubber is used to make car tires.
* Reliability of connection of a rubber bag and a steel vessel. The problem with simple expansion tanks is that the membrane is damaged at the place where it is connected to the walls of the steel vessel, due to its frequent movement and stretching. To avoid this problem, the connection of the bag to the vessel should be as small as possible and the stretch at the junction as small as possible.
* The heating medium must not be in contact with the steel vessel to prevent corrosion inside the expansion tank. Tanks where water enters the rubber bag are corrosion resistant.
Reconstruction of the heating system
Reconstruction of heat substations is only one of the main phases in a complete renovation of the heating system. At the same time, if you make minimal changes and only in one section of the system, the energy-saving effect may not be fully achieved. So what do we still need to do to ensure that the heating system is reliable with the minimum required energy consumption?
In old buildings, existing heating systems, as a rule, have a single-pipe type of radiator connection without a room temperature control and management device (figure). Its main disadvantages are:
* Constant consumption - the maximum consumption of thermal energy without the possibility of changing the required thermal load.
* Lack of individual room temperature control.
* Systems are not balanced - they have problems with the correct distribution of flows.
* Old and often emergency pipes, fittings, radiators and other equipment.
* Lots of air in the system - leading to corrosion, sludge, extra noise and reduced heating system performance.
* Problems with static pressure.
* The required level of indoor comfort has not been achieved and is not properly maintained.
Individual room temperature control.
For the human body, providing comfort requires a certain temperature in the room, while it must be constantly maintained and not changed. This temperature depends on a number of factors - heat gain from heating appliances(radiators), additional heat sources ( solar energy, people, electrical and Appliances, heating during cooking) and heat loss, which depends on the outdoor temperature, windiness, geographic location and orientation of the building, its design, insulation, etc.
In rooms where the temperature is not automatically controlled, there is no way to use these additional heat inputs and thus reduce the energy costs that are delivered by the building's heating system. This usually leads to overheating of the premises, while excess heat is released through open windows. All this ultimately leads to high energy and financial costs.
In older systems, the heating medium flow is always constant and there is no way to minimize the heating costs and the energy consumption of the pumps when only a small part of the heat energy is required for the rooms.
To ensure the best energy efficiency, it is recommended to replace old systems with new ones with two-pipe wiring and automatic room temperature control (in the figure below). If it is not possible to switch to a two-pipe scheme, then it is necessary to install automatic temperature control devices in the room. In this case, the systems must be hydraulically balanced.
To ensure proper individual temperature control in the room, it is necessary to replace the old radiators with more efficient new ones, while installing a thermostatic valve (figures on the right and left) with a thermostatic head on each radiator, which will control the heat transfer of the radiator to the room.
In the case of a one-pipe system, one option for individual control of the room temperature can be the use of low resistance thermostatic valves (figure 1) or three-way thermostatic valves (figure 2).
figure 1 figure 2
The thermostatic valve with thermostatic head will automatically maintain the temperature within the range of the set setting. The thermal head has a scale, where each sign corresponds to the value of the maintained temperature in the room.
Some manufacturers display this information directly on the thermostatic head housing. When the actual room temperature is higher than required, the liquid in the thermostatic head expands and begins to close the thermostatic valve, thus reducing the coolant flow through the radiator. The radiator power is reduced and the room temperature becomes correct. When the temperature drops, the thermostat reacts in the opposite way, opening the valve, allowing you to increase the radiator power and raise the temperature to the set value (figure below).
At the same time, radiators receive only the amount of energy that is required to ensure comfort in each particular room, while the thermal energy of the entire system is efficiently used. The level of comfort and energy savings depend on the quality of the thermal head. The more precise, stable and reliable the thermostatic head, the more heat energy is saved. Thermal heads can be different types and destinations. For example, the Heimeier type K thermostatic head (figure 3) is ideal for temperature control in rooms in residential buildings. For schools, kindergartens, offices and other public buildings, it is recommended to use thermostatic heads K with anti-theft protection or heads type B with a higher degree of protection (figure 4). In buildings with high hygiene requirements, the use of a DX thermal head (figure 5), which has hygiene certificates, is recommended.
But the main condition in order to have high-quality maintenance and control of temperature in each individual room is the obligatory balancing of the heating system.
figure 3 figure 4 figure 5
Balancing of heating systems.
Another big problem in old systems is excess heat (overheating) in some rooms and its lack (underheating) in others. Typically, those rooms that are close to heating point and the farther from the ITP the colder. Such systems use a large amount of energy.
The reason for this problem is the incorrect distribution of the coolant in the system, due to its hydraulic imbalance. What flow will be in each section of the system depends on the hydraulic resistance of this section. This resistance has changed in old systems due to corrosion and clogging of pipes, dirt accumulation, repair or reconstruction, when consumers are replaced, etc.
In older systems, devices for balancing were not provided. It was not possible to carry out balancing for the reason that at that time they did not know how to do it. The problems that appeared due to the imbalance of the system were solved in other but not always successful ways.
One of possible solutions, to eliminate problems in underheated rooms, is to increase the power of the pumps. This leads to the fact that in these rooms it will become warmer, but rooms that already received too much heat will become increasingly overheated and the residents or tenants are forced to release excess heat through open windows. In addition, as the power of the pumps increases, their energy consumption increases.
The second solution may be to increase the temperature of the coolant. But in this case, a similar situation occurs with overheating of part of the premises with a significant increase in heating costs.
The main goal of balancing heating systems is to provide all sections of the system with the necessary amount of thermal energy under design (worst) conditions, when the outside temperature is as low as possible. At the same time, under all other conditions, the system will work as expected.
It is important that after balancing the system, the minimum required amount of heat and electricity is used.
To achieve this goal, three main tools are needed - balancing valves with accurate measurement capability, measuring instruments and balancing methods.
How accurately you can measure on balancing valves, and what methods you use, determines the result of balancing.
The balancing valve is a Y-type valve with an adjustable preset that allows the flow to be limited, clearly indicated by a scale on the handle, with two self-sealing measuring nipples for measuring differential pressure, flow and temperature (figure).
The valve is called Y-type because the control cone, in this case, is at an optimal angle to the direction of flow through the valve. This design is essential for better accuracy and minimizes the effect of water flow on measurements.
The balancing valve acts as a shut-off valve and can also be used for drainage. To perform a good balancing, the valves must be correctly sized and installed in accordance with the rules. All this should be provided by the heating system design engineer.
A special device is used to measure the flow, pressure drop and temperature on the installed balancing valves, as well as apply methods for balancing the system (figure).
It is a multifunctional computer device with very accurate sensors and integrated measurement, balancing and debugging functions, an optional hydraulic calculator and other useful features that help to quickly and accurately set up the system. The balancing device can be associated with a special software to update and download data from a PC or send balance results to a PC.
But using only balancing valves and a measuring instrument is not enough. You must know what and how to do with them. Otherwise, the process of adjusting the heating system to work properly, which will provide a comfortable microclimate and minimal energy consumption, will seem like a nightmare. How then to balance this system? You need to apply the technique!
First of all, the hydraulic system must be divided into separate parts (hydraulic modules), with the help of so-called "partner valves".
The next stage is to balance all hydraulic modules using TA methods, from consumers, branches, risers, mains, collectors to heating points. When using the method, all balancing valves of this system and the sections in which they are installed will achieve the design flow rate of the coolant, while creating minimal pressure losses on the valves.
After that, when the entire system is balanced with minimal pressure loss, switch the pump to the minimum required speed for this system (if the system is not balanced, the pump usually runs at maximum) and adjust the total flow of the system on the main partner valve located at the pump. As a result, the pump will use a minimum amount of energy, and the thermal energy required to heat the coolant to the appropriate temperature will be efficiently used. Upon completion of the balancing work, the client receives a balancing report, which indicates the required and actually achieved flow rates and the settings of the balancing valves. This is a document that confirms the balance of the system and ensures that it works as expected by the project.
A very important function of balancing valves is the ability to diagnose the system. Once a system is up and running, it is very difficult to determine its actual performance and efficiency if there is no way to measure it. Using balancing valves with measuring nipples, it is possible to detect malfunctions in the system, find out its real state, characteristics and accept right decisions in case of problems. Diagnostics allows you to detect various errors, causes of failures and quickly eliminate them before it's too late.
Air and sludge separators in heating systems.
In order to be able to balance the system, it must be clean and without air. Very often, problems in the system appear due to air ingress and corrosion. Air acts as thermal insulation: where there is air, there is no coolant and heat is not transferred from hydraulic system into the room. Air bubbles can stick to the inside walls of the heatsink, reducing heat dissipation. Due to air pockets in the upper part of the system and in consumers, the flow in them may decrease or even stop completely. At the same time, the rooms will no longer be heated. When a large amount of air circulates in the system, noise appears in radiators, pipes, valves.
We know that air is a mixture of gases. It contains 78% nitrogen and 21% oxygen. Therefore, when air enters the system, oxygen will also be in it and react with water and metals, causing corrosion.
Corrosion not only destroys the equipment, thus reducing the life of the system, but also reduces its thermal efficiency and efficiency. Rust, as a product of corrosion, is formed in layers in the heat exchangers of boilers, radiators, pipes inside, while reducing their heat transfer, and also increases their hydraulic resistance. When rust circulates with the flow, it accumulates in different areas systems (pipes, valves, consumers, pumps, filters, etc.) (figure). In this case, it can limit the flow or block it.
But how can air appear in completely closed and hermetic heating systems?
There are several main possibilities. The first possibility is that air enters the system by naturally dissolving in water, which is used to fill or recharge the system. When heated, the temperature of the water rises and dissolved air is released from it as a free gas, causing the above problems in doing so. How more water heats up, the more air comes out of it.
The second possibility is insufficient static pressure. If the expansion tank is of poor quality, its body, membrane or bag is not strong enough, after a while compressed air will enter the environment or system. In this case, the pressure in the air part of the expansion tank will drop or disappear altogether. The tank will be completely filled with water, and a vacuum will be created in the upper part of the system.
Heating systems are tight for liquid and exclude its leakage, but not for air. Through automatic air vents, rubber gaskets and other connections, air will enter the system. A large amount of it may appear during service work, as well as when the system is stopped and idle.
To prevent the above problems, in addition to high-quality expansion tanks, it is recommended to install air separators (microbubble separators) (Figure 1) or vacuum deaerators.
The separator in a short period will collect free air circulating with the flow and remove it from the system. To remove free air from pockets in the upper parts of the system, automatic air vents with no leakage are recommended (effective in the absence of circulation). They will ensure simple and quick filling and emptying of the system (picture 2).
Sludge or dirt in the system can be removed using sludge separators (figure 3). These devices allow you to collect everything, even the smallest particles, dirt and rust in a special chamber at the bottom of the case.
The task of the maintenance staff will only be to open the drain cock to flush the separator from time to time. Cleaning the coolant, the sludge separators do not become clogged and do not restrict circulation. It does not require a system shutdown to clear them.
figure 1 figure 2 figure 3
Results
Increasing every year energy consumption and waste emissions are one of the biggest problems in the whole world. They have a great impact on our environment, quality of life, ecology, climate change and economy. This impact can be minimized if we make our buildings, which use more than 40% of all energy produced, much more energy efficient.
One way is to renovate old HVAC systems that use more than 60% of all the energy needed for a building. The main objectives of the reconstruction should be: replacement of old system elements with more efficient new ones, application of energy-saving solutions and technologies, high-quality balancing of systems, air removal, cleaning, pressure maintenance and individual temperature control in each room.