General information and basic parameters of stairs. Optimal staircase slope. What is a tread and a riser. The height of the passage above the stairs. The height and width of the steps with different slopes and the number of steps from Samoilov's book "Construction of a wooden house"
General information
The staircase of a wooden house is also built from wood. Being a connecting link between two levels of different heights of the house, a staircase can also serve as an effective means of interior decoration. It emphasizes the expressiveness of the chosen style of both the interior (internal stairs) and the architecture of the house (external stairs). Today we can say with confidence that the stairs amaze the world with their diversity and novelty of design solutions. You can find straight stairs and curved at different angles, spiral and sliding, folding and portable - this is not a complete list of modern stairs. This is especially pronounced in new mansions, cottages and offices. The appearance, designs and methods of manufacturing stairs are different and depend on the architecture and layout of the building, on the skill of the manufacturer, the materials and tools that he uses and for many more reasons.
It should be noted that, possessing many useful qualities, the ladder is an object of increased danger. Cases of injury to people associated with the operation of the stairs occur more often than with other structural elements of the house. Therefore, building a good staircase that meets modern aesthetic requirements at the same time minimizes the risks associated with its operation. In addition, moving up the stairs is associated with a certain degree of inconvenience and increased physical activity, which is especially important for the elderly and people with disabilities. Many generations of builders and architects in different countries of the world have been working on solving these problems. As a result of centuries of experience, a certain concept of optimal design solutions for stairs has been developed, aimed at reducing the level of danger and increasing the degree of convenience during their operation. The basic requirements for the construction of the stairs and the location of its placement can be summarized as follows:
- ensuring safe, relatively fast movement from one level to another;
- the staircase must correspond to the architecture of the building and the interior of the room in which it is installed;
- the staircase should be located in the right place in which it does not adversely affect the operation of the building, so as not to create inconvenience to the people living in it;
- the adequacy of the design and properties of the material from which it is made. Its strength must correspond to the loads that, according to all assumptions, can act on the ladder;
- the width of the flights of stairs must ensure two-way movement (in individual houses, one-way movement is allowed).
- the approach to the staircase must be free, therefore, the staircase must not be positioned so that there are structural elements of the building or pieces of furniture in this gap
- the width of the steps of the stairs should be such that the leg becomes a full foot on it, and the height between the steps does not exceed 17-19 cm.
- each staircase must be well lit along its entire length. This is especially true of the first and last rungs of the stairs;
- when designing a staircase, you need to adhere to the rule that all steps within one march have the same size in height and width.
In real conditions, when a staircase is built for a specific family, sometimes small deviations from these requirements are allowed. But in any case, the safety parameters in the design of any staircase should be dominant.
Basic parameters of stairs
The main structural element of the staircase is march, representing a series of steps, the number of which depends on the height of the staircase. Under stair height understand its vertical projection, which separates the levels of the clean floor and different height levels (Fig. 125). Depending on the chosen solution, there can be several flights in the stairs (most often two). The number of steps in a staircase (regardless of the number of flights) is in direct proportion to the height of the stairs and steps. The main parameters of a staircase include, first of all, the lifting height, type of staircase, area in plan, steepness, number of steps, as well as their width and height. These parameters are not independent, that is, they cannot be arbitrarily selected. For example, for a straight staircase, the climb height and steepness uniquely define the plan area and, conversely, the plan area and the ascent height unambiguously determine the steepness. When designing, it is immediately necessary to set the values of some, in each specific case, defining parameters, for example, an area in plan, then you can calculate the slope, which in turn will determine the number of steps.
Rice. 125. Staircase:
h is the height of the stairs; b - march width
The main indicator when calculating a flight of stairs is its slope (steepness), which depends on the width and height of the steps of the stairs. In construction terminology, it is customary to call the step height " riser height", and its width is" tread width"or overhang." steepness (slope) of stairs, which should be such that the ratio of the height of the march to its horizontal projection was 1: 2 - 1: 1.75 (that is, should be within 30 °) (Fig. 126).
Rice. 126. Optimal staircase slope (all dimensions in mm.):
1 - tread; 2 - riser
Double the riser height ( b) and tread width ( a) should be equal to the average step of a person:
2b + a = 57-64 cm.
The dimensions of the steps, depending on the angle of inclination of the staircase, are shown in table 23.
When choosing the slope of the staircase, you need to ensure that the vertical distance from the top plane of any step of the staircase to the ceiling or other protruding elements of the building is at least 2 m (Fig. 127). This rule applies equally to the landing. With the missing length of the interfloor opening or the presence of transverse ceiling beams, it is not always possible to make the staircase sufficiently flat. But, increasing the steepness of the stairs, we automatically reduce the degree of ease of use. Therefore, sometimes you have to make a compromise decision, deliberately underestimating the distance from the ceiling to the plane of the step. But in any case, it should not be reduced to a distance of less than 180 cm. As a last resort, you can give up the slope of the stairs a little, increasing it to a 1: 1 ratio, i.e. 45 °.
Rice. 127. The height of the passage above the stairs
Table 23. Height and width of steps for different slopes and number of steps
Building regulations provide staircase width(the distance from the wall to the fence or between two fences) is not less than 90 cm, and the distance between opposite walls is not less than 110 cm (Fig. 128). With smaller dimensions, moving furniture and other bulky things along the flight of stairs (especially when turning 90 ° or 180 °) will be rather difficult. In some cases, the width of the staircase is allowed up to 80 cm (when the stairs are located in the common room, when there are no enclosing walls).
Rice. 128. The most favorable (A) and permissible (B) width of the flight of stairs
The staircase occupies an important place in the house, it is its decoration and is usually located in the center of the living room or opposite the front door. There are several types of these structures, but they all have common components that unite them. These common elements include march, tread, bowstring, riser and stringer.
What is stair tread
A tread is the part of a step that you step on. It comes in certain sizes, which are calculated based on several ergonomic indicators. If you do it already, people will fall down the stairs. If the tread is too large, it is uncomfortable to walk on it, you have to take a wide step. The most optimal size of this part is 25-40 cm. The leg of an adult man can freely fit on a surface of such a width.
What is a riser
The riser is the second part of the step, it is located vertically below it. These elements are not only constructive, but also decorative. Often, to make them stand out against the general background, they are painted in a color several tones brighter than other details. Their height should not exceed 18 cm, otherwise, when walking, you will need to raise your leg too high. Smaller parts will also not add convenience to the structure, it is easy to trip over it. The tread and the riser are important parts of the staircase, on which not only its appearance depends, but also its safety during operation. The most comfortable riser-to-tread ratio is 15-30 cm.
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What is a flight of stairs
All staircases consist of flights of different lengths. If there are sites, then there will be several, otherwise there is only one march. Then it is considered the entire staircase from the entrance to it to the descent. This term means a certain sequence of steps together with a stringer or bowstring. In other words, a march is one flight of stairs. Most structures of this type are single-march or double-march. There are also multi-march climbs. They are installed in spacious houses with high ceilings. With the correct arrangement of such a structure, the length of its site is equal to the size of one march. A person, going down or climbing such a ladder, will be able to rest between flights and take a breath.
What is a ladder string
The bowstring is the load-bearing part of the staircase; it consists of two inclined long beams, in the grooves of which the steps are fixed. The advantage of these parts is that they cover the steps from the side, giving them more safety. These beams provide high strength to the entire system as a whole due to additional tightening of the bowstring beams between themselves. Small children and pets can play safely on the stairs without the risk of falling or dropping the toy. But not all staircases have a bowstring, there are simpler, but no less interesting rises with stringers.
What is kosour stairs
Kosoura are load-bearing beams, the upper edge of which follows the shape of the steps. The treads are fixed precisely on these details. Such staircase designs look lighter and more graceful. They are installed even in small rooms, as they do not take up much space. A distinctive feature of these stairs is that the balusters holding the railings are mounted directly into the steps. Kosoura are often made of several parts and fastened together with strong fasteners. This gives them additional reliability and allows them to implement various design solutions.
The shape of stairs with a bowstring or kosour is different. Screw products are widely popular, they save space and have an original and unusual appearance. Straight and curved (rotary) models are also in demand, which are more monumental and tend to the classical style. Which one to choose depends on your imagination and aesthetic taste.
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How to replace a stair tread with a new one?
A tread is the facing flat part of the steps of the stairs, the replacement of which is associated with the manufacture of new ones or with the use of ready-made elements.
They are made from parts of the window sill board, smoothed with sandpaper. If the treads of the steps are rounded, then the replacement is carried out by removing the lower support post of the railing after the latter have been disassembled.
It is necessary to design a spiral staircase, taking into account the optimal step of the tread width, which in the middle of the march should not be less than 200 mm. When the central pillar is located at a distance of 15 cm, the step should have a width of at least 10 cm on the line of movement.Using this as the main one assumes the length of a flat element of at least 80 cm.The diameter of the ceiling opening should be about 2 m or more.
To ensure the greatest compactness, if the ladder plays an additional role, you can use an opening of up to 1.4 m, and the length of the tread - from 55 to 60 cm.The height of the passage of the additional ladder should be at least 2 m.
Read also:
Right.
Features of construction.
Read about the complete process of building the porch.
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You can make a tread for a staircase from solid wood, which has a thickness of about 50 mm. Structures with flat elements with a thickness that decrease as they move away from the central pillar of the spiral staircase are considered labor-intensive.
- To replace the tread, it is better to remove the old flat tread elements from above.
- Care must be taken that the wedge in the groove of the bowstring does not move if there is no bottom access.
- If the wedge is lost, the new element is supported on a bar having a section of 25x50 mm. It must be attached to the string with screws in such a way that the lower plane of the tread and the upper edge of the bar are located in the same plane.
- Position the flat elements of the staircase with a correct overlap. They will partially overlap each other when viewed from above, their width may not be the same in places that serve to support the right and left legs.
- Support brackets can be installed between the lower and upper wide portions of the step elements, that is, their rear and front edges, respectively. This will give the structure the greatest reliability.
- Holes must be drilled at the wide ends to fit the rails.
- The assembly of the spiral staircase is performed in a specific sequence. Installation of bushings and treads, interspersed with metal washers, is carried out after the central post has been mounted and securely fastened.
- When all the flat elements are already strung on the rack, then they are fanned out, placing them around the circumference, each in its place, taking into account the step and direction of the rise - clockwise or counterclockwise.
- The first and last rung should be especially well positioned.
- The installation of the support brackets is carried out between the wider parts of the treads.
- The end of the central post from above, which is equipped with a thread, is tightened with a nut, after putting on the last sleeve.
- The nut is complemented by a decorative cap.
- The last step is fixed using fasteners.
At the end, handrail posts and handrail posts are installed, which may look like a curved line. With the correct structure of the staircase as a whole, it will correctly fulfill its purpose.
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How to build a tread drawing correctly?
The design of a spiral staircase is associated with the main difficulty, which lies in the correct determination of the shape of the treads and their sizes. Rectangular treads of straight stairs, having an equal width, are the easiest to design. The project of the spiral staircase involves the installation of winder steps. Their width should increase towards the outside contour from the B-pillar.
Before making the tread, the dimensions of the floor opening are determined, on which its length depends. The number of steps depends on the distance between the floors where the stairs are located. The angle of rotation of the steps of the stairs should be outlined in advance. If it is 360 °, then the march should end parallel to its beginning. Then the length of the treads will be 1 m, and they will overlap.
The circle in the plan of the spiral staircase is divided by the corresponding number of radii, commensurate with the number of steps. The step between them is taken into account. The selected tread widths will be less than 200 mm. They will be determined in accordance with the drawing (Fig. 1), starting with one radius, ending with another - adjacent. Radii are the axes of symmetry of the projection.
The tread begins to build in projection from one of the axes. Then the line is divided into 2 parts, designated as point A and a perpendicular line is drawn through it. A segment with a center at point A is a designation of the middle of a flat element, which must have a width of at least 200 mm, and the optimal value is taken to be 220 mm. The designation of the ends of the mid-tread segment A1 and A2, and its length in scale corresponds to its required width.
From the center of the circle, a distance of 150 mm is laid on the segment A1A2, which is denoted by the letter B. The tread in this place should not have a width of less than 100 mm. A perpendicular line is drawn through point B, its ends are designated B1, B2. To scale, the width of the tread and the length of the line segment drawn must match. Two straight lines are drawn through points A1 and B1, A2 and B2.
If straight stairs have a large angle of inclination, then the configuration of the treads of this staircase structure is called "duck step". The use of this option is associated with an ingenious design solution, when all the steps are run-through. Another name for the original staircase design is "samba", which eliminates the problem of a small tread width, which is not comfortable.
Thus, the tread is the flat surface of the step, which serves to step on it with your feet.
The safety of a staircase depends on all of its elements. Usually, the lifting structure consists of a frame on which the steps are supported, the steps themselves and the railing.
Supports can be made in the form of bowstrings, stringers or bolts. If the staircase is spiral, then a vertical pillar acts as a support. The railing consists of balusters and handrails. Steps are structural elements on which it depends a lot on how safe it will be to climb the stairs.
The lifting elements of the structure consist of a tread and a riser. The tread determines the width of the step, and the riser determines its height. The norms and rules prescribed in GOST will help determine the correct dimensions for these elements.
The convenience and safety of stair steps depends precisely on the ratio between the size of their horizontal part, otherwise the width of the tread, and the vertical part between two steps, or the riser.
The norms and rules prescribed in GOST determine the following dimensional boundaries: the width of the tread should be about 25 cm, but not less, and the height of the element - about 15-20 cm. the regulatory documents prescribe exactly those dimensions that can guarantee the maximum safety of the march. If you are going to make a staircase at home, then you can easily calculate the size of the steps using a special formula yourself.
Blondel's formula allows you to find convenient values, knowing one parameter: the width of the tread or the height of the riser.
The formula is based on the average step size, that is, the distance that a person travels by taking one step. The average value is 60-64 cm. Blondel's formula looks like this: b + 2a = 64 cm. In this case, b is the tread width, and the step height is denoted as a. Thus, by choosing one of the suitable step sizes, another can be calculated.
If you adhere to the GOST halts, then the minimum tread width should be 25 cm.Applying Blondel's formula, the tread height will be 19.5 cm.In this case, the parameters found correspond to the established GOST standards, which will ensure your staircase is both easy to climb and its safety.
You can also focus on the "golden step", which is characterized by the most comfortable size of the stairs. In this case, the step size is 63-64 cm, and the selected tilt angle should be 30 degrees. The ideal ratio of tread width to step height will be 29 cm by 17 cm.
Tilt angle
This parameter is also very important, as it affects the convenience and safety of the lifting structure. It also influences the choice of step parameters.
As a rule, in regulatory documents, the recommended angle of stairs for use in everyday life and for use in public buildings is 30-45 degrees. But there are other options as well.
Gentle stairs have an inclination angle of less than 30 degrees. For ladders of the attached type, an inclination of 45-75 degrees is selected. Evacuation structures have the steepest angle of inclination, equal to 75 degrees.
Naturally, when choosing this parameter, one should also take into account the area of the room in which the staircase will be located. Too shallow structures will require a large area for the structure, while steep structures take up a fairly small space.
When creating a project, you can rely not only on formulas, but also on special tables, in which the dimensions of the steps are calculated in accordance with the angle of inclination.
For example, if the angle is 33 degrees, the width of the step is determined as 26 cm, and its height is 17 cm.If the slope is 37 degrees, the width is reduced to 34 cm, and the height, on the contrary, is increased to 18 cm.When the staircase is tilted at 45 degrees and width and height are related 1: 1, that is, 20 cm by 20 cm.
Number of steps
In addition to the slope, the number of steps also affects the choice of element sizes. One run should contain from three to 16 elements. If the number of lifting elements is more than ten, then it is recommended to make a marching platform. It is desirable that it be odd. Thus, a person will start and end an ascent or descent with the same foot, which is considered more comfortable.
If you want to find the exact number of steps, then you should know the height of the riser and the height of the structure. The last parameter is found by simply adding the distance from the floor to the ceiling, taking into account the overlap. For example, if the height of the stairs is 300 cm, and the height of the riser is 17 cm, then the first dimension must be divided by the second and rounded. The number of steps will be about 17-18.
In order to competently make a convenient and safe design, if you do not adhere to it exactly, then pay attention to the following recommendations of GOST.
- The standard width of the march is 80 cm for household stairs, 90 cm for buildings with two floors, 105 cm if there are more than two floors. In public buildings, the width of the march starts from 135 cm. The maximum parameter for residential buildings is 140 cm;
- If the stairs have more than one march, then it is necessary to adhere to the same width in all its places;
- If the marches are directed in opposite directions to each other, a gap of 5 cm must be organized between them;
- The length of the site cannot be less than 130 cm, and if it is located at the front door - about a meter;
- GOST recommends choosing the maximum angle of inclination of 50 degrees, and the minimum - 20 degrees;
- When choosing the height of the riser, one should not go beyond 12-19 cm and make it more than 21 cm when it comes to attic structures;
- For residential stairs, it is better not to make the tread width more than 25-26 cm, and more than 20-21 cm for attic structures;
- The height of the steps may vary, but slightly - no more than 0.5 cm;
- If the width of the step is less than 26 cm, the overhang of the tread should not be more than 3 cm;
- When creating winders, the internal size of the tread should be 10 cm, and on the middle line of the march - 26 cm;
- It is important to consider the distance that forms between the lifting elements and the ceiling. Ideally, it should be 200 cm.
When constructing a staircase, not only the steps, but also the enclosing structures play an important role in safety. Therefore, their ideal sizes are also prescribed in GOST.
- The height of the railing should not be more than 90 cm, which is half the average height of a person;
- If the stairs are to be operated by children, the height of the rails should be about 150 cm;
- When organizing a porch, the railings can be no more than 80cm;
- If the width of the march is more than 125 cm, the structures must be fenced with railings on both sides. With a smaller width, it is possible to erect railings only on one side;
- If the staircase consists of less than five steps, then the railing is not necessary;
- The distance between the fence posts can be 12-15 cm.
Parameters of attic stairs
In almost every residential building there is an attic, which is also climbed using attic stairs. In terms of their design and parameters, they differ from conventional structures that connect two floors. This staircase is based on compactness. Naturally, this is reflected in the size of all its elements. The construction documentation also contains recommendations for the use of optimally convenient and safe step sizes.
The number of lifting elements should be between 13-16 pieces. It is important to consider that if the length of the attic staircase is more than 350 cm, it will be difficult to ensure good structural rigidity. The width of its march can be only 65 cm, which is the key to compactness. The thickness of the step itself can be 1.9-2 cm.
Focusing on GOST recommendations helps to create a truly comfortable and safe design. However, there is no single document that prescribes all the norms. Therefore, if you want to familiarize yourself with the rules for the construction of staircase structures, you need to rely on the relevant standards prescribed in different documents. There is a GOST for metal structures, wood, reinforced concrete. A separate document prescribes rules for the construction of fire escapes and stepladders, as well as for the creation of a fence.
Stair steps are parts of a flight of stairs. Stair steps are parts of a flight of stairs that have vertical and horizontal planes. To the staircase step step when going up or down. Distinguish between straight and cross-country steps(a step in which the inside is narrower than the outside. Winder steps are used when turning a flight of stairs).
Flight of stairs
Staircase - an inclined part of the staircase, consisting of load-bearing beams (bowstrings or kosour - a prefabricated flight of stairs, including a load-bearing beam and steps, completely made of reinforced concrete.) And a row steps... A flight of stairs connects the sites. A part of the floor adjacent to the flight of stairs can serve as a platform.
Riser, riser width and height
Riser - vertical or slightly beveled element steps; vertical distance between the top planes of two alternating steps... Width steps- horizontal distance (along the center line) from the leading edge of one step to the leading edge of the next step. With steps- vertical distance from one tread steps until the next tread.
Sill
Lezhen - a horizontal element that connects the top of the supporting steps stairs.
Protrusion size
The size of the protrusion is the horizontal distance by which the leading edge of one steps protrudes (hangs) over the tread of the other steps.
Overhang size = difference between actual and calculated tread width.
Tread
Tread - horizontal element steps; top, work plane steps.
Slope
Slope, in construction - the ratio of the height of the riser to the width of the tread. The slope allows you to judge the steepness of the stairs.
Frieze steps
Fascia rungs are the top and bottom rungs of each flight of stairs. The shape of the frieze steps may differ from the rest of the main steps.
Clearance between steps
Clearance between steps- the distance between the upper plane of the lower steps and the lower plane of the upper steps.
Distance between steps in the light
The gap between the staircase and the wall is the clear distance from the flight of stairs or landing to the surface of the wall or adjacent structural elements.
Length and width of the flight of stairs
Staircase length - the distance from the front edge of the lower frieze step to the front edge of the upper frieze step, measured horizontally (in plan) along the centerline of the staircase. Staircase width is the distance between parallel railing or between a railing and a wall.
Useful width of the flight of stairs
The useful width of the staircase is the distance between the inner surfaces of two staircase handrails, measured at the height of the finished staircase handrail.
If the staircase has only one handrail, then the distance is measured between:
- (plastered, lined) wall surface or central pillar (spiral staircase); and
- the inner surface of the handrail.
Floor and facade slabs,
Steps,
Window sills,
Skirting boards,
Parapets,
Curb stones,
Drains,
as well as
Steps for spiral staircases,
Rounded steps,
Elements of flower girls,
Columns,
Individual orders for your project
clinker steps
Added: 2015-01-20 11:37:41
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What are risers and what are they for
Risers are a strange and incomprehensible word to many that needs to be deciphered. In the world of private construction, there is a lot of controversy as to whether risers are needed under the stairs or not. In this article, we will dot the "and" in order to talk about what risers are and in what cases they should be used.
What are risers?
Strictly speaking, the name directly refers us to the definition. Risers are small planks under the steps that are installed vertically and close the space between the steps, making it impossible to see what is happening under the stairs.
Almost all classic wooden stairs were made with risers, since earlier servants usually lived under the stairs and noble people were not supposed to see them. Today the servants are gone, she does not live under the stairs, but gets to work by public or private transport. Beauty standards have changed. Light, airy, open interiors are appreciated. As a result, the need for risers as an element of staircase design has largely disappeared.
When will risers be good for you?
If you have a classic flight staircase, under which you plan to place a small pantry, then the risers will be an excellent decorative element that covers the pantry from prying eyes. The same can be said about a private office or a small library under the stairs. Risers will help your child safely descend stairs. Thanks to them, he will not stick his legs and hands under the steps, trying to understand what kind of unknown world is hidden there.
When are risers not needed? Stair steps complete glossary of terms
If your interior is made in an avant-garde style or a tough high-tech style, the risers will be an extra element of decor, a relic of the past. Any modern interior with a spiral staircase does well without risers.
Sometimes, however, lately, the risers are made of glass to create the feeling of a large space and, at the same time, increase the safety of the stairs. Such elements, for example, are installed on glass stairs, which appear completely transparent.
It turns out that traditional risers appear before us in a completely different guise - new, bright and modern. In some cases, the risers are also part of the decor of the premises, for example, they can be designed like black piano keys in contrast to the white "keys" of the steps. Such interesting design solutions make risers a popular element of home decor.
Steps are one of the main components of any staircase. They are made of various materials, they can be either a separate element or part of a monolithic staircase. The relevant regulations define the minimum and maximum step size for stairs , on which the safety of the entire structure directly depends.
Reinforced concrete staircases: dialogues at a construction site
Typical staircases and degrees have long been calculated by designers, and for rooms with non-standard dimensions and dimensions of stairways, calculations have to be done individually each time.
Varieties and features of steps
Depending on the form, the steps are divided into:
- straight, having the same dimensions and located on the flight stairs;
- run-in, wedge-shaped. They are installed on pivoting or spiral staircases.
The steps consist of a horizontal part (tread) and a vertical part (riser). The standards allow the manufacture of stairs with open risers, as well as with one tread hanging over another, which is called a trim, or overhang. The size of a step for stairs is calculated based on the slope of the march and the number of treads in it.
Depending on the location of their location, the steps are:
- frieze bottom. They are located at the very bottom of the flight of stairs at the level of the floor or platform, towering above it to the height of the riser;
- frieze upper, which are the last steps in the march. They are located at the level of the floor of the upper floor, or below it, at a distance corresponding to the size of the riser;
- privates, located between the frieze steps. There can be from 1 to 16 of them in the march.
Acceptable step sizes
The dimensions of the steps are calculated according to the requirements and recommendations of the relevant regulatory documents, which clearly prescribe their dimensions. First of all, SNiP 2.08.01-89 * "Residential buildings" determines that the width of an intra-apartment staircase, and therefore a step, must be at least 0.90 meters with its greatest slope of 1: 1.25. And the number of climbs in one march is allowed to be made from 3 to 18. These parameters are fundamental in the calculations.
To make climbing the stairs convenient and comfortable, when determining the dimensions of the steps, the step size of the average person is taken into account. It is 0.60-0.64 meters. The tread width (a) and the riser height (b) are selected depending on the following ratio:
a + 2b = 60-64 (cm), or
a + b = 43-47 (cm).
This formula was invented back in the 18th century by the French architect Blondel, but until now it has not lost its relevance.
It should be noted that the most optimal is the ratio of the step width to the step height of 300: 150 mm. The standard dimensions of steps made of different materials differ somewhat from each other. Their dimensions also depend on the main purpose of the stairs. But the general parameters can be given.
The size of the tread should allow the entire foot to reach the surface. Its depth is recommended to be at least 235-250 mm, no more than 355 mm for straight steps. The leading steps in their narrow part should not be less than 100 mm, along the stroke line - 250 mm, and from the wide end - more than 400 mm. For auxiliary stairs (to the basement, to the attic or attic), it is allowed to reduce the tread to 200 mm. Street steps can be made up to 400 mm deep.
Quite often, the construction of a staircase provides for the overhang of one step over another. It should not exceed 50 mm, and for wooden structures - 30 mm. An overhang is made in case of impossibility of arranging treads of optimal depth, and such a technique allows them to be slightly increased. But before you cut out the deprivation of millimeters, you should think about the design of the steps called "duck step". Here you can set a full, comfortable size for each leg.
The step height should be between 120-200 mm. Lower or higher risers are too uncomfortable and difficult to climb or descend.
In conclusion, the following can be noted. The steps in the same flight must be of the same height and depth along the line of travel. Smooth ascent or descent will facilitate movement and prevent injury.
05/02/2014 at 02:05
Closing the seam between tile and laminate
Materials for the manufacture of sills
Classification according to the configuration of the sills
Types of connection types
The process of laying the sill between the tile and the laminate
To date, combining two floor coverings in one room at once will not be difficult. The article will focus on how to choose and install the sill between the tiles and the laminate with your own hands, while obtaining the original floor finish.
Closing the seam between tile and laminate
Modern fashion trends favor flooring with dividing the premises into functional zones. This is done through the use of several facing materials. The most interesting is the combination of ceramic tiles and laminate.
To harmoniously combine these two coatings, you will need to use a laminate and tile sill so that the joint between the two areas does not stand out. In the photo and when viewed, this cladding element will not stand out, but on the contrary will complement the originality of the coating.
The junction between two materials is a line and is not always perfectly straight. If you do not close it, then it will be quite difficult to make the seam invisible. A special decorative threshold will allow it to be hidden, as well as to compensate for possible height differences between adjacent areas of flooring.
Materials for the manufacture of sills
Today, there are three main types of sills, depending on the materials used in the manufacture:
- aluminum- high strength characteristics and resistance to wear, low degree of wiping during operation and good resistance to mechanical stress;
- plastic- are mounted together with a rubber backing, which ensures the most tight fit of the sill to the mating surfaces;
- wooden- are less flexible and tend to dry out, therefore they are less popular, but sometimes their design is ideal for combined coatings.
Classification according to the configuration of the sills
As for the parameters, the threshold between the tile and the laminate can be of two types: flexible or straight. If the first one is the simplest plate for eliminating the visible straight-line gap between two decks, then the curved one is a real accessory for people with design talent, which helps to bring to life the most non-standard ideas.
Existing flexible laminate and tile sills can change their installation path along a small radius.
To date, the thresholds are supplied for sale in a collapsible form. If earlier it was possible to purchase a nut and firstly insert it into the gap, cutting it off, now you will need to first use the substrate, and then fix the decorative strip itself on it.
It is worth remembering the low elasticity of wooden sills, therefore it is worthwhile to understand that the flexible threshold for laminate and tile can only be plastic or aluminum.
Types of connection types
There are several basic modifications that thresholds for laminate and tile can accept, depending on how the plank will be connected to the coating. See also: "How to make a threshold between laminate and laminate - ways."
The following options are worth highlighting:
- A metal threshold with a through installation method - a strip laid on the joint and clamped using self-tapping screws screwed directly through the element and the coating. The advantage of such an element is ease of installation and reliability of fixing to any surface. Also, using such a strip, you can eliminate a significant difference in height between adjacent decks. Enhancing the effect of adhesion to the surface allows the sealant previously applied to the seam between the tile and the laminate.
- A special cross-sectional docking bar represented by the shape of the letter "H". It is quite difficult to mount such an element (read also: "How to make a joint between a tile and a laminate correctly - methods").
The H-shaped sill for the joint between the laminate and the tile is laid in the following sequence:
- The plank is turned over on its side and inserted under adjacent floorings so that laminate is inserted into one groove of the sill and ceramic tiles into the other.
- The seam formed on the side of the tile is sealed with grout, and a sealant is used under the laminate. Thus, it turns out that one side of the letter "H" is held by a hook from the lower part of the covering, and the upper one is laid over the flooring like a simple metal sill.
There is also a kind of split H-shaped sill, which was created to facilitate the installation process. The separation takes place at the level of the jumper. The lower part is laid under the adjacent decks in the same way as described above for a one-piece element, and the upper part is simply inserted into it.
The process of laying the sill between the tile and the laminate
As for laying the simplest metal sill, the owner can do the work on his own.
To do this, he will have to perform the following actions:
- measure the thickness of the seam at the junction of the tile and laminate;
- mark the strip to be laid taking into account the previously obtained dimensions;
- attach a nut and outline the intended places of fastening with self-tapping screws;
- drill holes for fasteners, taking into account the seal, which must be previously driven into them;
- screw the screws through the strip into the seals.
If it is not possible to use a hammer drill with a drill and a thickening to take into account the size of the seal, then you can process the joint threshold for laminate and tile using a larger drill.
As for the screwed-in self-tapping screws, they must be sunk below the surface of the strip so that they do not cause discomfort during operation. Mistakes during installation can lead to injury if occupants start bumping into a protruding fastener or an unsecured threshold.
It will be more aesthetic to use hidden fasteners to fix the bar.
In this case, you can use liquid nails. Such an adhesive composition is applied under the sill for the laminate and tiles; a multilevel installation method will not be a problem. In the photo and during visual inspection, such a mount will not be noticeable, which makes the decorative element more original.
Outcome
It is possible to do without sills for combining different floor coverings, given that the price of such decorative strips is high, but it is not recommended, since without them the laying of the flooring itself becomes much more complicated (read: "How to make a tile and laminate joint without a sill - options" ). A correctly selected nut will perfectly fit into the interior of the room and will complete the idea that the designer conceived.
Frieze step
Naturally, when working with construction companies, the owner can also order the service of laying the sill in conjunction with the equipment of the floors in the room. Experts will take responsibility for the choice of planks, their installation and even provide a guarantee for all services provided.