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30 March 2020
Kola NPP: The APR NPP Foundation invites you to participate in the competition of scientific works “Clean Energy. Atomic context "
The founder of the competition dedicated to the 75th anniversary of the nuclear industry is the Foundation for Assistance to the Development of Municipal Formations "Association of Territories for the Location of Nuclear Power Plants."
25 March 2020
Young photographers from Polyarnye Zory compete for a ticket to the international environmental forum
In the satellite city of the Kola NPP, the results of the regional stage of the IV International Children's Photography Competition "In the Embrace of Nature" have been summed up.
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KOLA NPP
Location: near the town of Polyarnye Zori (Murmansk region)
Reactor type: VVER-440
Number of power units: 4
The Kola NPP is a unique energy enterprise, the first nuclear power plant built in the harsh climatic conditions of the Arctic and the northernmost nuclear power plant in Europe.
The commissioning of the first power unit of the Kola NPP took place on June 29, 1973. This date is considered to be the birthday of the enterprise, which today is a branch of the Rosenergoatom Concern, the electric power division of Rosatom State Corporation.
The Kola nuclear power plant reliably supplies electricity to more than half of the consumers in the Murmansk region and Karelia. The company is one of the largest taxpayers in the Murmansk region. At the end of 2019, almost 2.5 billion rubles were transferred to the consolidated budget of the region.
Electricity generation at the Kola NPP is provided by four power units with VVER-type reactors with a capacity of 440 MW each.
In 2019, the plant successfully completed a large-scale modernization of the power units of the first stage, which made it possible to increase their safety level by an order of magnitude and extend the service life until 2033 and 2034. The Kola NPP has become the only nuclear power plant in Russia where the program of repeated extension of the operating life of two power units has been implemented.
The extension of the operational life of the power units of the Kola NPP guarantees a reliable power supply to the Arctic region and stimulates the creation of new innovative industries on the territory of the Kola Arctic.
Kola in 2019 was recognized as the best nuclear power plant in Russia in the field of safety culture.
Distance to the satellite town (Polyarnye Zori) - 11 km; to the regional center (Murmansk) - 170 km.
OPERATING POWER UNITS OF THE KOLA NPP
| POWER UNIT NUMBER | REACTOR TYPE | INSTALLED POWER, M W | STARTING DATE |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | VVER-440 | 440 | 29.06.1973 |
| 2 | VVER-440 | 440 | 08.12.1974 |
| 3 | VVER-440 | 440 | 24.03.1981 |
| 4 | VVER-440 | 440 | 11.10.1984 |
| Total installed capacity 1760 MW |
The Kola NPP is the first nuclear power plant in the world, built beyond the Arctic Circle.
The station, during the construction of which the designs were redone several times due to the need to adapt to extremely cold weather conditions. The enterprise, which employs the most athletic nuclear scientists in the country, including the masters of winter sports. This is the Kola nuclear power plant in the Murmansk region of Russia.
Construction of the Kola NPP
In the Murmansk region and the Republic of Karelia in the north-west of the Russian Federation, industrial production of nickel, copper, mica and iron concentrate is carried out. Back in the 1960s, it became clear that local enterprises require electricity, which at that time was not produced in the Arctic.
The electricity supply system in such distant territories from central Russia is closed, it is in no way connected with the electric power complexes of other cities. The northerners only have to rely on their own resources. Since there is no fossil fuel in the region, the nuclear power plant is the only possible source of electricity.
The construction of the Kola nuclear power plant began in 1969 in the southwestern part of the Kola Peninsula, 200 km from Murmansk, on the shore of the largest lake of the Kola Peninsula - Imandra.
Interesting that:
- The design of the Kola nuclear power plant was based on the construction projects of power units No. 3 and No. 4 of the Novovoronezh NPP.
- During construction it was necessary to change the design several times. operation of equipment at extremely low northern temperatures required a special approach and adjustments in the design documentation.
- The construction of the Kola nuclear power plant was called the All-Union shock Komsomol construction site.
The first stage of construction (power units No. 1 and No. 2) was completed in 4 years, which is quite fast by the standards of NPP construction.
In June 1973, the first power unit of the Kola NPP was launched.
In December 1974, the Kola nuclear power plant received nuclear reactor No. 2 for operation.
The Kola NPP has VVER-440 slow-neutron pressurized water reactors. Their total capacity is 1760 MW.
The third power unit of the nuclear power plant was connected to the system in 1983, and the fourth in 1984.
For almost 15 years, from 1991 to 2005, the equipment was reconstructed at the first stage of the station. The main goal is to achieve its compliance with the new requirements of the NSP - the rules of nuclear operation.
The Kola nuclear power plant has become a backbone enterprise for the city of Polyarnye Zori. According to the documents of 1973, it was founded as a workers' settlement, the city was made only in 1991. Today, almost 15 thousand people live in Polyarnye Zory, the majority of the adult population from generation to generation work at the local nuclear power plant.
Kola nuclear power plant today
The Kola NPP today transmits electricity through 5 transmission lines, providing half of the Kola Peninsula and the northern part of the Republic of Karelia. At present, it has an excess capacity of approximately 500 MW, due to the fact that after the collapse of the Soviet Union, several large industrial enterprises were closed in the Arctic.
The state plans for the future - to build the so-called Pechenga energy bridge, several power lines that will allow selling electricity to Finland, Sweden and Norway. The plan is considered quite realistic, since The Murmansk region borders Finland in the west, and Norway in the north-west.
In 2006, the Kola NPP acquired its own complex for the processing of liquid radioactive waste. After their processing by the method of the Kola nuclear power plant, only a non-radioactive salt alloy remains, which has not yet been learned to use further. It is stored on site in large metal drums.
The first two reactors are scheduled to be decommissioned in 2018 and 2019. They will be replaced by 2 new VVER-600 reactors, which will be connected in 2020 and 2026. However, the construction of new power units has not yet been reported.
The reactors of the Kola NPP are named after Kola - 1,2,3,4.
It is interesting that the Kola nuclear power plant can be called the most athletic. And that's why:
- 1,700 people out of 2,500 workstations are involved in amateur sports. This is more than 2/3 of the entire state. Among them there are also professionals, mostly masters of winter sports. Some workers even go to the Russian championships.
- The station has its own swimming pool, ice rink and gym.
- Back in the 1990s, the Kola nuclear power plant opened its own ski complex "Salma". The ski slope has become a resort place. Often athletes from Japan and China even come there for training.
- Competitions in 16 sports are held annually among the station employees. Athletes from other nuclear power plants also come to these competitions.
- The Kola NPP has its own hockey and football teams.
For the benefit of the people, the Kola NPP produces drinking water, which is purified in a separate workshop with a filtration system that was invented at the station. The water department produces 250 bottles of sparkling water per hour.
It is interesting that the closest neighbors of the Murmanrybprom nuclear power plant is an enterprise that is engaged in trout fishing.
The Kola nuclear power plant is the northernmost nuclear power plant in Europe and the first nuclear power plant in the USSR built beyond the Arctic Circle. Despite the harsh climate of the region and the long polar night, the water near the station never freezes. The NPP does not affect the state of the environment, which is evidenced by the fact that a fish farm is located in the area of the outlet channel, where trout is bred for a whole year.
1.
The history of the Kola NPP began in the mid-1960s: the inhabitants of the union continued to actively develop the northern part of the territories, and the rapid development of industry required high energy costs. The country's leadership decided to build a nuclear power plant in the Arctic, and in 1969 the builders laid the first cubic meter of concrete.
In 1973, the first power unit of the Kola nuclear power plant was launched, and in 1984 the last, fourth power unit, was commissioned.
2. The station is located beyond the Arctic Circle on the shore of Lake Imandra, twelve kilometers from the town of Polyarnye Zori, Murmansk region.
It consists of four VVER-440 power units with an installed capacity of 1,760 MW and provides electricity to a number of enterprises in the region.
The Kola NPP generates 60% of the electricity in the Murmansk region, and in its area of responsibility are large cities, including Murmansk, Apatity, Monchegorsk, Olenegorsk and Kandalaksha.
3.
The protective cap of the reactor No. 1. Deep under it is the body of the nuclear reactor, which is a cylindrical vessel.
Hull weight - 215 tons, diameter - 3.8 m, height - 11.8 m, wall thickness 140 mm. The thermal power of the reactor is 1375 MW.
4.
The upper block of the reactor is a structure that is designed to seal its body, accommodate drives of control systems, protection
and sensors for in-reactor control.
5.
For 45 years of operation of the station, not a single case of exceeding natural background values has been recorded. But the "peaceful" atom remains so only
with proper control and proper operation of all systems. To check the radiation situation, fifteen monitoring posts were installed at the station.
6. The second reactor was commissioned in 1975.
7. Cover for moving 349 KNPP fuel cartridges.
8. The mechanism of protection of the reactor and station from internal and external factors. Under the hood of each KNPP reactor there is forty-seven tons of nuclear fuel, which heats the water in the primary circuit.
9. The block control room (MCR) is the brain center of the NPP. Designed to monitor the performance of a power unit and control technological processes at a nuclear power plant.
10.
11. The shift in the control room of the third power unit of the Kola NPP consists of only three people.
12. Such a large number of controls are eye-catching.
13.
14. Model of the section of the VVER-440 reactor core.
15.
16.
17. The career of a nuclear specialist requires serious technical training and is impossible without striving for professional excellence.
18. Engine room. Turbines are installed here, which are continuously supplied with steam from a steam generator, heated to 255 ° C. With the help of them, a generator is driven, which generates an electric current.
19. An electric generator, inside which the rotational energy of the turbine rotor is converted into electricity.
20. The generator turbine, assembled in 1970 at the Kharkov Turbine Plant, has been in use for forty-five years. Its rotation frequency is three thousand revolutions per minute. Eight turbines of the K-220-44 type are installed in the hall.
21. More than two thousand people work at the KNPP. For the stable operation of the station, the staff constantly monitors its technical condition.
22. The length of the turbine hall is 520 meters.
23. The pipeline system of the Kola NPP stretches for kilometers across the entire territory of the power plant.
24. With the help of transformers, the electricity generated by the generator is fed into the grid. And the steam spent in the turbine condensers becomes water again.
25. Open switchgear. It is from here that the electricity generated by the station goes to the consumer.
26.
27. The station was built on the banks of the Imandra - the largest in the Murmansk region and one of the largest lakes in Russia. The territory of the reservoir is 876 km², the depth is 100 m.
28. Chemical water treatment area. After processing, chemically demineralized water is obtained here, which is necessary for the operation of power units.
29. Laboratory. Specialists of the chemical department of the Kola NPP make sure that the water chemistry regime at the plant meets the plant operation standards.
30.
31.
32. The Kola NPP has its own training center and a full-scale simulator, which are designed for training and advanced training of plant personnel.
33. The students are supervised by an instructor who teaches them how to interact with the control system and what to do in the event of a malfunction of the station.
34. Salt non-radioactive smelt, which is the end product of liquid waste processing, is stored in these containers.
35. The Kola NPP liquid radioactive waste management technology is unique and has no analogues in the country. It allows to reduce the amount of radioactive waste to be buried 50 times.
36. The operators of the liquid radioactive waste processing complex monitor all stages of processing. The whole process is fully automated.
37. Discharge of treated wastewater into the discharge channel leading to the Imandrovsky reservoir.
38. The waters discharged from the NPP are classified as normatively clean, do not pollute the environment, but have an impact on the thermal regime of the reservoir.
39. On average, the water temperature at the outlet of the outlet channel is five degrees higher than the intake temperature.
40. In the area of the KNPP branch channel, Lake Imandra does not freeze even in winter.
41. For industrial environmental supervision at the Kola NPP, an automated radiation monitoring system (ARMS) is used.
42. A mobile radiometric laboratory, which is part of ASKRO, allows you to conduct gamma-ray surveys of the area along the designated routes, take air and water samples using samplers, determine the content of radionuclides in samples and transmit the information received to the ASKRO information and analytical center via a radio channel.
43. Collection of atmospheric precipitation, sampling of soil, snow cover and grass is carried out at 15 permanent observation points.
44. The Kola NPP also has other projects. For example, a fish complex in the area of the NPP discharge canal.
45. The farm grows rainbow trout and Lena sturgeon.
47. Polyarnye Zori is a city of power engineers, builders, teachers and doctors. Founded in 1967 during the construction of the Kola nuclear power plant, it is located on the banks of the Niva River and Lake Pin-Lake, 224 km from Murmansk. As of 2018, the city is home to about 17,000 people.
48. Polyarnye Zori is one of the northernmost cities in Russia, and winter here lasts 5-7 months a year.
49. Holy Trinity Church on the street. Lomonosov.
50. On the territory of the city of Polyarnye Zori there are 6 preschool institutions and 3 schools.
51. The system of lakes Iokostrovskaya Imandra and Babinskaya Imandra flows into the White Sea through the Niva River.
52. The White Sea is an inland shelf sea of the Arctic Ocean, in the European Arctic between the Kola Peninsula Svyatoy Nos and the Kanin Peninsula. The area of the water area is 90.8 thousand km², depths up to 340 m.
This month I was lucky enough to visit the Kola NPP as part of a blogging tour organized by Rosatom.
KoNPP is the northernmost nuclear power plant in Europe. There is one more station in Russia in the Arctic - Bilibinskaya, in Chukotka. 4 power units of the station provide about 50% of the region's installed capacity. KoNPP is located 12 km from the town of Polyarnye Zori, where about 15 thousand people live. The station employs about 2.5 thousand, not counting the contractors.
2. The most difficult thing was the road. More than 30 hours from Moscow to Polyarnye Zori station, the same amount back. 
3. At stops for more than 20 minutes it was allowed to get off the cars. 
4. Local businessmen offered smoked fish and cranberries at the stations. 
5. The St. Petersburg Roofer immediately conquered the freight car. 
7. The endless expanses of Russia. 
8. Early in the morning our company from St. Petersburg and Moscow arrived at the Polyarnye Zori station. 
9. Our excursion began with a visit to the information center, where the reindeer met us first))) 
10. The Kola nuclear power plant is the main supplier of electricity for the Murmansk region and the Republic of Karelia.
The nuclear power plant is located 200 kilometers south of Murmansk on the shores of Lake Imandra - one of the largest and most picturesque lakes in Northern Europe. Model of the Kola NPP. 
11. The technological scheme of each power unit of the Kola NPP is double-circuit. The first circuit is radioactive. It consists of a VVER-440 reactor and six circulation loops. VVER-440 is a pressurized water-cooled power reactor with a thermal power of 1375 MW, operating on thermal neutrons. Low-enriched uranium serves as the fuel. Desalted water serves as a coolant that removes heat from the reactor core and as a neutron moderator.
The primary circuit water is heated in the reactor core, through which it is pumped by the main circulation pumps. The primary circuit water does not boil at a temperature of about 300 ° C, since it is under a pressure of 12.5 MPa. The heated water is supplied through pipelines to the steam generators and through the tubes of the steam generators transfers heat to the water of the secondary circuit, without coming into direct contact with it.
The second circuit is non-radioactive and includes the steam generating part of the steam generators, 2 turbines, pipelines and auxiliary equipment. Steam generators generate saturated steam with a pressure of 4.7 MPa. The generated steam is sent to a turbine, where it drives a generator connected to the turbine shaft, which generates electricity. Further, electricity is transmitted through transformers to the network.
Waste steam is converted into water in the turbine condensers cooled by the water of Lake Imandra.
12. Fuel assembly - a huge "pencil" inside which there are fuel rods - fuel elements. Inside the fuel rods there are uranium "pellets" (made of uranium dioxide UO2). It is in TVELs that a nuclear reaction takes place, accompanied by the release of thermal energy, which is then transferred to the coolant. The fuel element of the reactor is a tube filled with pellets of uranium dioxide UO2 and hermetically sealed.
The TVEL tube is made of doped niobium zirconium. 
13. Room of achievements and history of the Kola NPP.
The Kola energy system has existed for 60 years. Until 1960, the system was based on hydroelectric power plants (HPPs).
About 70% of the electric energy produced by the KNPP is used by the region, 8% is consumed by the station itself.
The rest of the electricity is transferred to Karelia and exported to Finland and Norway. 
14.
15. Protective suits for work at the station. 
16.
17. Head of Information Service Tatiana Rozontova. 
18.
19. If the Kola NPP reactor could use different types of fuel, then to ensure its operation during the day it would be needed: 60 cars of coal or 40 tanks of fuel oil or 30 kg of uranium! 
20. Tatiana talks about an automated radiation monitoring system around the Kola nuclear power plant.
Environmental control is carried out by the environmental protection laboratory of the Kola NPP, equipped with the most modern equipment. 
21. The yellow turtle is made from the end product of processing - non-radioactive salt melt. 
22. Fox seen near the station. 
23. At the station we were once again instructed and given helmets. 
24. After going through a serious search, we ended up in the machine room. 
25. Turbine TA-1. 
26. Central hall of the reactor compartment of the first stage of the station. 
27. I could not even dream that I would be near a working nuclear reactor. 
28. A plate at the reactor. 
29. At the exit from the reactor hall, everyone was checked for cleanliness. 
30. Liquid radioactive waste processing complex, control panel. 
31. Sealed buttons "Emergency stop" and "Home position". 
32. The liquid radioactive waste processing complex (LRW) of the Kola NPP is designed to extract liquid radioactive waste from storage tanks and clean them from radionuclides, concentrate radionuclides in a minimum volume and transfer them into a solid phase, ensuring safe storage for 300-500 years.
Liquid radioactive waste is passed through special filters, where all radioactive elements (mainly cesium and cobalt) are accumulated. At the exit, absolutely non-radioactive salts are obtained. As a result of this process, the volume of radioactive waste is reduced by two orders of magnitude. In other words, only four barrels are produced from one tank. 
33. Waste processing shops. And in the barrels there are former waste. 
34. In barrels - salt melt, from which the turtle was made, which was shown to us in the museum. 
35. Measured the radiation situation after visiting the waste processing shop. 
36. Moving from "dirty" to "clean" zone, and again checking for cleanliness. 
37. Radiometer. 
38. Joke-humor of nuclear scientists.))) 
39. Block control board (MCR), with the help of which the parameters of the power unit are monitored and the technological process is controlled. 
40. Station layout. 
41. Simulator. 
42. The gym is an exact copy of the control panel of one of the power units of the station; it was assembled specifically to practice scenarios. 
43. An indicator of the ecological cleanliness of the Kola nuclear power plant is the trout farm that has existed for many years. 
44. Every year, up to 50 tons of trout are raised in its cages, washed by the warm waters of the mouth of the NPP outlet canal. 
45. The results of checks of each batch of fish in three independent laboratories confirm its absolute purity. 
46. The beauty of the Arctic. 
47.
48. Ski complex with infrastructure on Mount Lysaya. 
49. Polyarnye Zori at night. And the night came here for six months. 
50. Moon of the Arctic. 
51. The city of polar nuclear power engineers Polyarnye Zori is the youngest city in the Murmansk region. It officially became a city in 1991, and before that it was known as an urban-type settlement. Despite its young age, Polyarnye Zori today is a large industrial center of the power industry in the Murmansk region. 
As we were told, not all plant visitors know that the end product of a nuclear power plant is electricity. They asked me to write about it. Writing))
The fuel assembly is a huge "pencil", inside which there are fuel rods - fuel elements (in the photo - green cylinders). Inside the fuel rods there are uranium "pellets" (made of uranium dioxide UO2). It is in TVELs that a nuclear reaction takes place, accompanied by the release of thermal energy, which is then transferred to the coolant. The fuel element of the reactor is a tube filled with pellets of uranium dioxide UO2 and hermetically sealed. The TVEL tube is made of doped niobium zirconium. Details -.
A controlled chain reaction takes place in the reactor core.
Tatiana stands at the "reactor" and explains how it works.
Several exhibits of the museum are dedicated to the national culture.
Protective suits for work at the station.
Well, finally, attention ... THE MYSTERY OF THE YELLOW TURTLE, which I will disclose))) There is a unique facility on the territory of the Kola NPP, the LRW KP is a complex for the processing of liquid radioactive waste. The Kola NPP is the only plant in Russia and in the world (!) Where LRW processing has been established. And the yellow turtle is made from the end product of processing - non-radioactive salt water... You can see the scheme of waste processing at the Kola nuclear power plant. Another article on the topic is.
Small comment: It is very good that the Kola NPP has begun to process waste. Reducing the amount of waste generated is right. But! The use of this technology does not completely solve the fundamental problem of waste. First, you still have to store the solid waste obtained from the filtration stage. Secondly, the problem of spent nuclear fuel is not being solved. The spent nuclear fuel is still being transported to the Mayak. And it still affects people's health. The issue of waste is a principle point for criticism of the entire industry. How ethical and reasonable is it to produce the most hazardous waste if NO ONE knows what to do with it? While there are real alternatives. And many countries have them all!
One of the objects of the information center, intended for children. Protoshka and Electroshka demonstrate that different devices consume different amounts of energy. Yes, the boys have a girlfriend - Neitroshka)))
Our escorts told that not all station workers know who bloggers are)) Moreover, I can imagine their surprise when they met our company in the corridors, hung with cameras. By the way, the employees of the KoNPP are prohibited from bringing cameras into the plant's territory.
After the information center, we went directly to the station. A brief briefing on safety (it was conducted by the deputy head of the security service), the distribution of helmets and we went directly to the production facilities.
We started from the end) Machine room. Turbines are installed here (yellow cylindrical structure at the top left), which receives heated steam. The steam drives a generator connected to the turbine shaft, which generates electricity. Further, electricity is transmitted through transformers to the network.
Against the background of one of the turbines - blogger Igor Generalov
Turbine TA-1 is older than me)))
What surprised me in the turbine room. This is a huge number of all kinds of pointer devices, similar to pressure gauges, valves, antediluvian electric motors, etc. I assume old = reliable. But for some reason I'm not sure that since then nothing new, more modern and reliable has appeared.
And, of course, the complexity (at least the apparent complexity) of the equipment used is striking. I wonder how quickly you can figure out this intricate weaving of pipes in the event of any abnormal situation.
the turbine room is the noisiest and hottest at the station. In summer, the temperature here goes off scale strongly over forty. Therefore, drinking fountains are more than relevant.
The next room is a block control room (MCR, it is also in the title photo), with the help of which the parameters of the power unit are monitored and the technological process is controlled. Cameras are installed in many places of the station,
... the image from which is fed to the control room monitors.
Control room panorama.
The culmination of the excursion is a visit to the central reactor hall! The engineer of the reactor shop Alexander Pavlovich Aptakov and the head of the public information center Nigorenko Victoria Yurievna told us about how the reactor works, how the rods are loaded and unloaded from the reactor, etc.
Ladder to the reactor lid.
Here it is - the reactor lid.
Photoblogger at work)
Each participant of the excursion was given a dosimeter. I will say right away that at the end of the tour, he showed the same zeros as at the beginning.
In some places of the station, you should not linger. For example, these "shelving". If I understand correctly, fuel assemblies are put here when they are taken out of the reactor.
The assemblies are lifted out of the reactor and lowered back using this contraption.
Here again it is interesting. An old telephone set in the reactor hall. They left it, because in the event of an accident, digital analogs would be more likely to fail, or for some other reason?
The cover of the second reactor is visible in the distance.
Yes, I forgot to say. At the entrance to the ZKD - the controlled access zone, we put on protective clothing: robes, socks, shoe covers and gloves.
When leaving the "dirty" rooms, everyone is checked on special devices.
Avzniyazov Slava Rinatovich. This person is the head of the waste processing shop. He showed us to the LRW command post and showed us the operation of the control panel of the complex. The construction of the waste processing workshop was carried out on the basis that it must withstand earthquakes of up to 7 points (the entire station - up to 6 points).
Bloggers listen to Slava Rinatovich's story about waste recycling.
LRW control panel.
One of the employees recently had a daughter)
And here is the former waste itself.
In barrels - salt melt, from which the turtle is made) Of course, turtles are not made on an industrial scale. And you can use the resulting melt. For example, in road construction.
All kinds of grippers for loading barrels and containers.
In many halls of nuclear power plants, informative markings are applied on the floor: what, where and how much mass can and should be placed.
In general, there are special signs for any work at the station.
The exit is control again.
The red rectangle is the dirty right leg. The girl did not wipe her feet on a special rug.
Radiometer. They checked the cleanliness of the tripod with one of the photographers.
Workwear warehouse.
We leave the zone of controlled access.
The next item on the program is the simulator. Educational and training complex, which trains the personnel of the station. Every year, the station employees take two-week classes here. The cost of the complex is $ 6 million. The complex has been operating since 2000. The head of the complex, Yuri Vladimirovich Gorbachev, explained what and how. And he even organized an "accident", after which he "drowned out the reactor."
Then there will be many photos with buttons, levers, toggle switches, etc. All this is in the hall of the training complex. 
The last two photos show the reverse side of the simulator.
Panorama of the simulator.
Finally, a visit to the trout farm was planned. But this point was prudently canceled, deciding that dark fish in dark water are not too photogenic))
But we stopped at the Salma ski complex. I am not an expert, so I cannot say anything about its merits. For those interested, see the site.
We spent the rest of the day before the train in the hotel "Nivskie Berega". Where there is free Wi-Fi and a funny sign on the wall, according to which our group looked more than suspicious))
Yes, it is also worth noting that after the excursion, a meeting took place with Gennady Vladimirovich Petkevich - the deputy chief engineer for engineering support of the station. I cannot say that this meeting turned out to be very informative for me. I was mainly interested in social issues and issues of ensuring the safety of residents. Gennady Vladimrovich said that the last time the city exercises in case of an emergency at the station were held two years ago. Viktoria Yuryevna Nigorenko added that, after all, the population is being informed: on local TV and with the help of special brochures that are scattered in mailboxes.
They also asked such questions:
Average salary at KoNPP?
- 70,000 rubles.
Average age of plant workers?
- 41 years old.
How do you feel about the petition signed by the mayors of Norwegian cities against the construction of a new stage of the KoNPP?
- I don’t treat it at all, it’s their business, and the construction of the station is our internal affair, our interests. The petition has no objective basis.
The cost of electricity?
- 1 kv / h = about 60 kopecks.
From a poster in the corridor of the nuclear power plant, children warn: if used carelessly, a "peaceful atom" can split the planet!
P.S. Well, a fly in the ointment at last in a barrel of honey for nuclear energy (I’ll say right away, this is a difficult moment, the texts are in English, but I think for those who want to understand why many ecologists and Greenpeace, in particular, oppose the further development of nuclear energy, these links important).
So, you can often hear about the future of nuclear power, that we are now witnessing another nuclear renaissance, etc. But let's compare the numbers. Since 2006, the production of nuclear electricity in the world has been falling. This is reflected in various sources, in particular in the reviews of British Petroleum, which makes annual statistical surveys around the world (see the Historical data section).
BP's data is corroborated by statistics offered by the World Nuclear Association (WNA): in recent years, there has been a drop in electricity production at nuclear power plants.
In addition, in recent years, the volume of commissioned nuclear generation capacities has become less than the commissioned capacities of renewable energy sources, for example, in photovoltaics (not to mention wind energy). Thus, according to WNA, in 2009 the total increase in nuclear generation amounted to 0.8 GW, and in 2008 nuclear generation showed a decrease in the installed capacity by 0.1 GW. At the same time, according to the Renewable erngy network, the growth in photovoltaics amounted to 5.9 and 7 GW in 2008 and 2009. respectively (see Table R1). And if we also take into account concentrated solar energy (CSP), then the preponderance will be all the more in favor of alternative sources.
Dmitry Kachalov
Report ctulhuftagn
Report in two parts