in the Russian armed forces. About the armed forces of the Russian Federation

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Tactical training. Topic 1.

1. Purpose, organization and structure of the Armed ForcesRussian Federation

Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (AF of Russia)- the state military organization of the Russian Federation, designed to repel aggression directed against the Russian Federation - Russia, for the armed protection of the integrity and inviolability of its territory, as well as to perform tasks in accordance with Russia's international treaties.
The Armed Forces of Russia were created by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation on May 7, 1992. They form the basis of the defense of the state. In addition, the Border Troops of the Russian Federation, the internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, the Railway Troops of the Russian Federation, the troops of the Federal Agency for Government Communications and Information under the President of the Russian Federation, and the civil defense troops are involved in the defense.
Along with external functions in peacetime and wartime, the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation can be called upon to maintain order in an emergency, to eliminate major accidents and disasters, and to solve some national economic problems.
General leadership of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is exercised by the Supreme Commander. According to the Constitution and the Law "On Defense" it is the President of Russia.
The direct leadership of the Russian Armed Forces is exercised by the Minister of Defense through the Ministry of Defense. The main body of operational command and control of the troops and fleet of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is the General Staff.
The Russian Armed Forces have a three-service structure in terms of their areas of application - land,

air, sea, which is more in line with today's requirements and allows you to increase the effectiveness of combat use.
The armed forces are structurally composed of three types:
- Ground troops;
- Air Force;
- Navy;
three separate branches of the military:
- Strategic Rocket Forces;
- Troops of the Aerospace Defense;
- Airborne troops;
as well as troops that are not included in the types of the Armed Forces: Logistics of the Armed Forces, organizations and military
ski parts of the construction and quartering of troops.

2. Purpose, organization and structure of the Ground Forces

The Ground Forces (SV) is one of the main types of the Armed Forces, which is assigned a decisive role in the final defeat of the enemy in the continental theater of operations (THA) and the capture of important land areas.
In terms of their combat capabilities, they are capable, in cooperation with other branches of the armed forces, of conducting an offensive in order to defeat the groupings of enemy troops and seize its territory, deliver fire strikes to great depths, repel the invasion of the enemy, his large air and sea assault forces, firmly hold the occupied territories, areas and frontiers.
The ground forces of Russia at all stages of the existence of our state played an important, and often decisive role in achieving victory over the enemy, protecting national interests.

The history of the creation of the SV goes far into the depths of centuries. October 1, 1550 was a historical turning point in the construction and development of the regular Russian army. On this day, the Tsar of All Russia Ivan Vasilyevich IV (Grozny) issued a Sentence (Decree) “On the deployment of a selected thousand service people in Moscow and the surrounding districts”, which, in fact, laid the foundations for the first permanent army, which had signs of a regular army. In accordance with the decree, archery regiments (“firearms infantry”) and a permanent guard service were created, and the “outfit” of artillery was singled out as an independent branch of the military. The archers were armed with improved artillery, mine-explosive weapons, and handguns. In addition, the system of recruitment and military service in the local army was streamlined, the centralized management of the army and its supply were organized, and permanent service in peacetime and wartime was established.

The ground forces are armed with tanks, infantry fighting vehicles (IFVs), armored personnel carriers, artillery of various capacities and purposes, anti-tank missile systems, anti-aircraft missile systems (SAM), controls, automatic small arms.
With the beginning of the war, the main burden falls on the NE to repel enemy aggression with combat-ready groupings of troops in peacetime, to ensure the strategic deployment of the Armed Forces and to conduct operations to defeat the aggressor in cooperation with other branches of the Russian Armed Forces.
The ground forces include: motorized rifle, tank troops, missile troops and artillery, air defense troops (Air Defense) and special troops, as well as military educational institutions, military units and institutions.

Motorized rifle troops- the most numerous branch of the army, which forms the basis of the SV, the core of their battle formations. They are equipped with powerful weapons to destroy ground and air targets, missile systems, tanks, infantry fighting vehicles (BMP-2, BMP-3), armored personnel carriers (BTR-80, BTR-90), artillery and mortars, anti-tank guided missiles, anti-aircraft missiles complexes and installations, effective means of reconnaissance and control.

Motorized rifle troops are designed to conduct combat operations independently and jointly with other branches of the military and special troops. They are capable of operating under the conditions of using both conventional weapons and nuclear weapons (NW). Possessing powerful fire, high mobility, maneuverability and resistance to the effects of weapons of mass destruction (WMD), motorized rifle troops can break through prepared and hastily taken enemy defenses, develop an offensive at a high rate and to great depths, destroy the enemy together with other branches of the military, consolidate and hold captured area. Motorized rifle formations and units have the ability to quickly make marches over long distances, conduct maneuverable combat operations at any time of the year and day, in any weather and on various terrain, independently force water barriers, capture important lines and objects, and also create a stable defense. They can be used as air and sea landings.
Together with the tank troops, they perform the following main tasks:
- on the defensive they hold the occupied areas, lines and positions, repel enemy attacks and defeat his advancing groupings;
- in the offensive (counter-offensive) they break through the enemy's defenses, destroy groupings of his troops, capture important areas, lines and objects, force water barriers, pursue the retreating enemy;
- conduct oncoming battles and battles, operate as part of naval and tactical airborne assault forces.
Subunits are organized organizationally in such a way as to ensure high mobility on the battlefield and rapid deployment into battle formation, ease of control, the ability to conduct a stubborn and prolonged battle in any situation, the ability to independently conduct combat operations and deliver a powerful fire strike from long and short ranges. Motorized rifle units include squad, platoon, company and battalion.

Tank forces constitute the main strike force of the Ground Forces - a powerful means of armed struggle, designed to solve the most important tasks in various types of military operations, to conduct combat operations independently and in cooperation with other branches of the armed forces and special forces.

They are used mainly in the main directions for inflicting powerful and deep blows on the enemy. Possessing great firepower, reliable protection, high mobility and maneuverability, tank troops are able to make the most complete use of the results of nuclear and fire strikes and achieve the final goals of a battle and operation in a short time.

On the offensive, tank troops resolutely attack the enemy, destroying his tanks, manpower, weapons and combat equipment. They rapidly develop the offensive into the depth of defense, hold the captured lines and objects, repel counterattacks, force water barriers, pursue the retreating enemy, conduct reconnaissance, and also perform a number of other tasks.

In defense, tanks with well-aimed fire from a place and sudden counterattacks destroy advancing enemy tanks and infantry, and firmly hold their positions. The great firepower of tanks, their maneuverability and ability to withstand missile, artillery and air strikes make it possible to create a stable and active defense.
For the convenience of conducting combat operations, tanks are reduced to platoons, companies and battalions. The primary unit is the tank.

Missile Forces and Artillery (RViA)- the main firepower and the most important operational means of the SV in solving combat missions to defeat enemy groupings. They are designed to inflict effective fire damage on the enemy.
In the course of hostilities, RV&A can perform a wide variety of fire missions: suppress or destroy enemy manpower, fire weapons, artillery, rocket launchers, tanks, self-propelled artillery mounts and other types of enemy military equipment; destroy various defensive structures; to forbid the enemy to maneuver, to conduct defensive work.
The primary firing units in the RV&A are a gun, a mortar, a rocket artillery combat vehicle, a launcher, capable of performing individual fire missions.

Air defense troops SV (air defense SV)- a branch of the SV troops, designed to cover troops and objects from the actions of enemy air attack weapons when combined arms formations and formations conduct operations (combat operations), regroup (march) and deploy on the spot. They are responsible for the following main tasks:
- carrying out combat duty for air defense;
- in conducting reconnaissance of an air enemy and alerting troops covered;
- destruction of enemy air attack means in flight;
- participation in the conduct of anti-missile defense in the theater of operations.
Organizationally, the Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces consist of military command and control bodies, air defense command posts, anti-aircraft missile (rocket-artillery) and radio engineering formations, military units and subunits. They are capable of destroying enemy air attack weapons over the entire range of altitudes (extremely low - up to 200 m, low - from 200 to 1,000 m, medium - from 1,000 to 4,000 m, high - from 4,000 to 12,000 m and in the stratosphere - more than 12,000 m) and flight speeds.

Formations, military units and air defense units of the SV are equipped with anti-aircraft missile systems, anti-aircraft artillery, anti-aircraft gun-missile systems (systems) and man-portable air defense systems (MANPADS) of various reach, channels and methods of missile guidance. Depending on the range of destruction of air targets, they are divided into short-range systems - up to 10 km, short-range - up to 30 km, medium-range - up to 100 km and long-range - more than 100 km.
Further development of the Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces is carried out by increasing the mobility, survivability, secrecy of work, the degree of automation, fire performance, expanding the parameters of the affected area, reducing the reaction time and weight and size characteristics of anti-aircraft missile (rocket and artillery) systems.

Intelligence units units are designed to provide commanders with data on the enemy, terrain and weather conditions, which is necessary for the preparation and successful conduct of combat, as well as for the destruction and disablement of important enemy targets.
The most important task of reconnaissance units in modern combat is the timely detection of enemy nuclear weapons, battle formations, troop concentration areas, command posts, artillery positions, air defense and anti-tank weapons.

Radiation, Chemical and Biological Defense Troops (RCBZ) designed for chemical support of the aircraft. In modern combined-arms combat, they are entrusted with conducting radiation, chemical and non-specific bacteriological reconnaissance; decontamination, decontamination and disinfection of weapons, uniforms and other materiel and terrain; ensuring control of contamination of personnel, weapons and equipment with radioactive and toxic substances, control over changes in the degree of contamination of the area, masking troops with smoke and aerosols, timely provision of units and subunits with protective equipment, as well as defeating the enemy with flamethrower weapons.

Engineering Troops designed to ensure combat operations of all types of aircraft and combat arms. Engineer troops must ensure high rates of attack, including the destruction of strong enemy strongholds covered by mine-explosive barriers (MBZ), create insurmountable defensive lines in a short time, and help protect people and equipment from all types of destruction.

Signal Corps- special troops designed to deploy a communications system and provide control of formations, formations and subunits of the Ground Forces in peacetime and wartime. They are also entrusted with the tasks of operating automation systems and means at control points.
Signal troops include nodal and linear formations and units, units and subunits of technical support for communications and automated systems
management, communications security services, courier and postal communications, etc.

Modern communications troops are equipped with mobile, high-reliability radio relay, tropospheric, space stations, high-frequency telephony equipment, voice-frequency telegraphy, television and photographic equipment, switching equipment and special equipment for classifying messages.

3. Purpose, organization and structure of the Air ForceArmed Forces of the Russian Federation

Air Force (Air Force)- the most mobile and maneuverable type of the RF Armed Forces, designed to ensure the security and protection of Russia's interests on the air borders of the country, strike at enemy air, land and sea groups, its administrative-political and military-economic centers. It is entrusted with the strategic task of state importance - reliable protection of administrative-political, military-industrial centers, communication centers, forces and means of the highest military and state administration, facilities of the Unified Energy System and other important elements of the national economic infrastructure of Russia from attacks by an aggressor from the aerospace space.

The role of the Air Force in ensuring the national security of the country in the military sphere is constantly growing. Versatility, speed, range, high maneuverability are the distinguishing operational and strategic properties of the Air Force. They manifest themselves in the ability to conduct effective combat operations day and night, in simple and difficult weather conditions, in various physical spheres: on land, at sea and in aerospace; in readiness to strike with the use of high-precision weapons from short, medium and long ranges against various ground and sea surface objects (targets); use conventional and nuclear weapons; conduct aerial reconnaissance in the interests of all types of aircraft; carry out landing, transportation of troops and military equipment, solve a number of other tasks throughout the entire depth of the operational formation of enemy troops in the deep rear. No other type of aircraft has such operational properties.
In an ordinary large-scale war, the Air Force is capable of solving a complex of operational-strategic tasks. In particular, this may be the defeat of enemy aviation, anti-aircraft and nuclear missile groups; air support for ground forces; weakening the military-economic potential of the enemy; defeat of its operational and strategic reserves in the areas of their concentration and on the routes of advance.
Structurally, the Air Force consists of aviation, anti-aircraft missile troops (ZRV), radio engineering troops (RTV), special troops (electronic warfare units and subunits (EW); RKhBZ; communications and radio technical support; topogeodesic; engineering and airfield; meteorological, etc. ), military units and institutions of the rear, other military units, institutions, enterprises and organizations.

Air Force Aviation (Av VVS) according to its purpose and tasks to be solved, it is divided into long-range, military transport, operational-tactical and army aviation, which include bomber, attack, fighter, reconnaissance, transport and special aviation.
Organizationally, the AB Air Force consists of air bases that are part of the Air Force formations, as well as other units and organizations directly subordinate to the Air Force Commander-in-Chief.

Long Range Aviation (YES) is a means of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and is designed to solve strategic (operational-strategic) and operational tasks in the theater of operations (strategic directions).
The formations and units of the DA are armed with strategic and long-range bombers, tanker aircraft and reconnaissance aircraft. Operating mainly in strategic depth, DA formations and units perform the following main tasks: defeating air bases, airfields), ground-based missile systems, aircraft carriers and other surface ships, objects from enemy reserves, military-industrial facilities, administrative and political centers, energy facilities and hydraulic structures, naval bases and ports, command posts of formations of the armed forces and operational air defense control centers in the theater of operations, land communications facilities, landing units and convoys; mining from the air. Part of the DA forces may be involved in conducting aerial reconnaissance and performing special tasks. DA is a component of strategic nuclear forces.
The basis of the aircraft fleet is made up of Tu-160 and Tu-95MS strategic missile carriers, Tu-22M3 long-range missile carrier-bombers, Il-78 tanker aircraft and Tu-22MR reconnaissance aircraft.
The main armament of the aircraft: long-range aviation cruise missiles and operational-tactical missiles in nuclear and conventional equipment, as well as aviation bombs of various purposes and calibers.
Air patrol flights are a practical demonstration of the spatial indicators of the combat capabilities of long-range aviation.
Tu-95MS and Tu-160 aircraft to the area of Iceland Island and the Norwegian Sea; to the North Pole and to the area of the Aleutian Islands; along the east coast of South America.
Analysis of modern views on the purpose of DA assigned to it
tasks, predicted conditions for their implementation show that at present and in the future, the DA continues to be the main strike force of the Air Force.

Military transport aviation (VTA) is a means of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and is designed to solve strategic (operational-strategic), operational and operational-tactical tasks in the theater of operations (strategic directions).
The military transport aircraft Il-76MD, An-26, An-22, An-124, An-12PP, transport helicopters Mi-8MTV are in service with the formations and units of the VTA. The main tasks of formations and units of the VTA are: landing of units (subunits) of the Airborne Troops from the composition of operational (operational-tactical) airborne assault forces; delivery of weapons, ammunition and materiel to troops operating behind enemy lines; ensuring the maneuver of aviation formations and units; transportation of troops, weapons, ammunition and materiel; evacuation of the wounded and sick, participation in peacekeeping operations. The BTA includes air bases, units and subunits of special forces.
The main directions for the development of the Military Transport Aviation: maintaining and building up the capabilities to ensure the deployment of aircraft in various theaters of operations, airborne landings, transportation of troops and materiel by air through the purchase of new Il-76MD-90A and An-70, Il-112V aircraft and the modernization of aircraft IL-76 MD and An-124.

Operational-tactical aviation designed to solve operational (operational-tactical) and tactical tasks in operations (combat actions) of groupings of troops (forces) in theaters of operations (strategic directions).

Army Aviation (AA) designed to solve operational-tactical and tactical tasks in the course of army operations (combat actions).

Bomber Aviation (BA) armed with strategic, long-range and operational-tactical bombers, is the main strike weapon of the Air Force and is designed to destroy enemy groupings of troops, aviation, naval forces, destroy its important military, military-industrial, energy facilities, communication centers, conduct air reconnaissance and mining from the air, mainly in the strategic and operational depths.

Assault Aviation (ShA), armed with attack aircraft, is a means of aviation support for troops (forces) and is designed to destroy troops, ground (sea) objects, as well as enemy aircraft (helicopters) at airfields (sites) based, conducting aerial reconnaissance and mining from the air mainly at the forefront, in tactical and operational-tactical depth.

Fighter Aviation (IA), armed with fighter planes, is designed to destroy enemy aircraft, helicopters, cruise missiles and unmanned aerial vehicles in the air and ground (sea) targets of the enemy.

Reconnaissance aviation (RzA), armed with reconnaissance aircraft and unmanned aerial vehicles, is designed to conduct aerial reconnaissance of objects, the enemy, terrain, weather, air and ground radiation and chemical conditions.

Transport aviation (TrA), being armed with transport aircraft, is intended for landing airborne assaults, transporting troops, weapons, military and special equipment and other materiel by air, ensuring maneuver and combat operations of troops (forces), and performing special tasks.
Formations, units, subunits of bomber, attack, fighter, reconnaissance and transport aviation can also be involved in solving other tasks.

Special Aviation (SpA), armed with aircraft and helicopters, it is designed to perform special tasks (Fig. 1.20). The units and subunits of the SpA are directly or operationally subordinate to the commander of the Air Force formation and are involved in the following tasks: conducting radar reconnaissance and guiding aviation to air and ground (sea) targets; setting of electronic interference and aerosol curtains; search and rescue of flight crews and passengers; refueling aircraft in the air; evacuation of the wounded and sick; providing management and communications; conducting aerial radiation, chemical, biological, engineering reconnaissance, etc.

Anti-aircraft missile troops are a branch of the Air Force; armed with air defense systems and anti-aircraft missile systems (AAMS), they constitute the main firepower in the air defense system (aerospace defense) and are designed to protect command posts (PU) of the highest levels of state and military administration, groupings of troops (forces), the most important industrial and economic centers and other facilities from attacks by enemy aerospace attack weapons (AAS) within the affected zones.
ZRV consist of anti-aircraft missile brigades (zrbr), which organizationally are part of the Air Force formation, the aerospace defense brigade, as well as units and organizations directly subordinate to the Air Force Commander-in-Chief (Air Force Command).
Modern Russian anti-aircraft missile systems S-300, S-400, anti-aircraft missile and gun system (ZRPK) "Pantsir-S1" are capable of destroying various air targets, including hitting ballistic missile warheads.
The main directions for the development of air defense missile systems of the Air Force: improving air defense groupings and building up their capabilities through the adoption of new medium-range and long-range air defense systems S-400, long-range S-500, short-range air defense missile systems "Pantsir-S (SM)" and modernization of existing air defense systems medium-range S-300PM to the level of S-300PM2.

Radio engineering troops are part of the Air Force. Armed with radio equipment and automation systems, they are designed to conduct radar reconnaissance of an air enemy and issue radar information about the air situation within the radar field to the air force and other types of control and
military branches of the Armed Forces, on launchers with combat means of aviation, anti-aircraft missiles and electronic warfare (EW) in solving peacetime and wartime tasks.
RTV consist of radio engineering brigades (rtbr), which are organizationally part of the Air Force association, the aerospace defense brigade, as well as other units and organizations directly subordinate to the Air Force Civil Code.
In peacetime, all deployed units and command posts
(KP) formations and units of the RTV are on combat duty, perform tasks to protect the state border in the airspace.

Air Force Special Troops designed to support the combat activities of formations, formations and units. Organizationally, units and subunits of special forces are part of the formations, formations and units of the Air Force.
The special troops include: units and subunits of reconnaissance, communications, electronic support and automated control systems, electronic warfare, engineering, RKhBZ, topographic and geodetic, search and rescue, meteorological, aeronautical, moral, psychological, logistical and medical support, parts of security and protection military authorities.

4. Purpose, organization and structure of the NavyArmed Forces of the Russian Federation

Navy (Navy) - the main component and basis of the maritime potential of the Russian state. It is designed to maintain strategic stability, ensure Russia's national interests in the World Ocean and the country's reliable security in the maritime and ocean areas.

The list of tasks of the Navy is quite large. For example, its forces in peacetime solve such tasks as combat patrols and duty of strategic missile submarines; ensuring the reliability and safety of the functioning of the naval strategic nuclear forces (NSNF); combat service in operationally important areas of the seas and oceans; maintaining a favorable operational regime in adjacent and inland seas; protection of the state border in the underwater environment, assistance to the marine units of the border troops in solving the tasks assigned to them for the protection of the state border and the sea economic regions of the Russian Federation, etc.
The most important combat tasks of the Navy are: strategic nuclear deterrence (by creating a threat to destroy administrative, economic and military facilities on enemy territory); ensuring combat stability of strategic missile submarines (RPLSN); assistance to the troops of the fronts (armies) in the conduct of operations and combat operations in coastal areas; defeat of enemy ship groups; creating and maintaining a favorable operational regime, gaining and maintaining dominance in the adjacent seas and operationally important areas (zones) of the ocean; violation of maritime and oceanic military and economic transportation of the enemy, etc.
The modern Navy includes NSNF and general-purpose naval forces. Among the branches of the forces of the Navy are submarine and surface forces, naval aviation and coastal troops, marines and special forces.
The structure of the Navy is determined by the geographical position of the Russian Federation and consists of four fleets (Northern, Pacific, Baltic and Black Sea) and the Caspian flotilla, where they are brought together into the corresponding formations and formations - flotillas, squadrons, naval bases, divisions, brigades and regiments.
At present, all the fleets, the available combat and supporting forces and means, are able to solve the assigned tasks, including not only in the near sea zone of the adjacent seas, but also in remote areas of the World Ocean.

Submarine Forces (PL) they are subdivided: according to the main armament - into missile and torpedo, and according to the main power plant - into nuclear and diesel (Fig. 1.25). Submarines are armed with cruise and ballistic missiles with underwater launch and torpedoes. Rockets and torpedoes can be nuclear or conventional. Modern submarines are capable of hitting enemy ground targets, searching for and destroying enemy submarines, as well as inflicting powerful strikes on surface ship groups, including aircraft carriers, landing units and convoys, both independently and in cooperation with other fleet forces.

Surface Forces (NS) are designed to search for and destroy submarines, combat surface ships, land amphibious assault forces on the coast of the enemy, detect and neutralize sea mines, and perform a number of other tasks. The combat stability of surface ship groupings depends on the effectiveness of their anti-aircraft and anti-submarine defenses. Surface ships and boats, depending on their purpose, are divided into classes: missile, anti-submarine, artillery and torpedo, anti-mine, landing, etc. Rocket ships (boats) are armed with cruise missiles and are capable of destroying enemy surface ships and transports at sea. Anti-submarine ships are designed to search for and destroy enemy submarines in coastal and remote areas of the sea. They are armed with anti-submarine helicopters, missiles and torpedoes, depth charges. Artillery and torpedo ships (cruisers, destroyers, etc.) are used mainly as security forces in convoys and landing detachments, as well as to cover the latter at sea crossings, to provide fire support for landings during landing and to perform other tasks.
Anti-mine ships are used to detect and neutralize enemy mines in the navigation areas of their own submarines, surface ships and transports. They are equipped with radio-electronic means capable of detecting bottom and anchor mines, and various trawls for clearing mines. Amphibious assault ships are used to transport by sea and land on the coast occupied by the enemy, units and units of the Marine Corps and Ground Forces, acting as amphibious assault forces.

5. Appointment, organization and structure of individual military branchesArmed Forces of the Russian Federation

Strategic Rocket Forces (RVSN)- troops of constant readiness. Their purpose is to deter a potential aggressor from unleashing a war against Russia and its allies, as well as to defeat in a nuclear war (if it is unleashed) the most important enemy targets, large groupings of the armed forces, destroy its strategic and other means of nuclear attack, violate the state and military command, disorganization of rear activities.
In modern conditions, the Strategic Missile Forces are called upon to solve three interrelated tasks: first, the destruction of strategic targets by nuclear missile strikes, which form the basis of the military and military-economic potential of the enemy; secondly, the warning of the Supreme High Command about a rocket and space attack, the implementation of continuous monitoring of outer space, the destruction of enemy ballistic missiles; thirdly, information support by space means of operations and combat operations of the armed forces groupings.
The troops carry out their tasks by delivering nuclear missile strikes both in cooperation with strategic nuclear weapons of other types of armed forces, and independently.

Aerospace Defense Troops (VKO)- a fundamentally new type of troops, which is designed to ensure the security of Russia in the aerospace sphere.
The troops of the aerospace defense solve a wide range of tasks, the main of which are:
- providing the highest levels of management with reliable information about the detection of ballistic missile launches and warning of a missile attack;
- defeat of warheads of ballistic missiles of a potential enemy attacking important state facilities;
- protection of launchers of the highest levels of state and military administration, groupings of troops (forces), the most important industrial and economic centers and other objects from enemy airborne strikes within the affected zones;
- observation of space objects and identification of threats to Russia in space and from space, and, if necessary, parrying such threats;
- implementation of launches of spacecraft into orbits, control of satellite systems for military and dual (military and civilian) purposes in flight and the use of some of them in the interests of providing the troops (forces) of the Russian Federation with the necessary information;
- maintaining in the established composition and readiness for the use of military and dual-use satellite systems, means of their launch and control, and a number of other tasks.

The assigned tasks of the Aerospace Defense Forces are carried out as part of the space
command, including the forces and means of space control systems, missile attack warning, orbital control
grouping, command of air defense and anti-missile defense (ABM) consisting of
air defense brigades and missile defense formations, as well as the Plesetsk cosmodrome.
Airborne Troops (VDV) designed for combat
behind enemy lines. The main combat properties of the Airborne Forces: the ability to quickly reach remote areas of the theater of operations, deliver surprise attacks on the enemy, and successfully conduct combined arms combat. The Airborne Forces can quickly capture and hold important areas deep behind enemy lines, violate his state and military control, seize islands, sections of the sea coast, naval and air bases, assist the advancing troops in crossing large water barriers on the move and quickly overcome mountainous areas, destroy important enemy targets. The Airborne Forces carry out their tasks in cooperation with formations and units of various types of the Armed Forces and combat arms. The main military formations of the Airborne Forces are airborne divisions, brigades and separate units.

Rear of the Armed Forces It is designed to provide logistics for the troops and naval forces with everything necessary in the interests of their effective life. Moreover, even in peacetime, the Rear of the Armed Forces does not have training tasks, since not a single rocket or aircraft can be refueled conditionally, a soldier cannot be conditionally equipped and conditionally fed. Both in war and in peaceful conditions, real and full-fledged support is expected from the rear of the Armed Forces.
The tasks of the Logistics of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation are related to ensuring the constant and mobilization readiness of the Armed Forces and the fulfillment by them of their functional purpose. This is the procurement and delivery of food, clothing, ammunition, fuel, the organization of medical, commercial, transport, technical support. Briefly, the main task of the Logistics of the Armed Forces can be described as follows: each serviceman must be fed, shod, dressed, and have everything necessary for combat operations on time.
Thus, the structure of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation discussed above makes it possible to fulfill any tasks assigned to them for the protection and defense of the country, the protection of its citizens and the defense of its interests.

The armed forces in any state are a key element in ensuring the country's defense capability. Their proper management depends on their proper organization. The structure of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation ensures the rapid and correct performance of the functions assigned by law to the state military organization of the country.

Structure of the RF Armed Forces

The Armed Forces is a military organization of the Russian Federation, the main function of which is to repulse military aggression in order to ensure territorial integrity, as well as to fulfill tasks in accordance with Russia's international obligations. The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation were created on May 7, 1992. The President of the Russian Federation is the Supreme Commander. In accordance with the Decree of the President of 2008, the strength of the Russian Armed Forces is set at 2,019,629 people, of which 1.3 million are military personnel.

Organizationally, the Armed Forces consist of three branches, three separate branches of service, Logistics, as well as the Cantonment Service, which is not a branch of the Armed Forces. In addition, the Structure of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation was also created according to the territorial principle: the territory of the Russian Federation is divided into 4 military districts.

Territorial structure

Today in the Russian Federation there are four military districts, which are assumed by the territorial structure of the Armed Forces:

Western military district. The command and headquarters are in St. Petersburg.
Eastern military district. The command and headquarters are in Khabarovsk.
Central military district. The command and headquarters are in Yekaterinburg.
Southern military district. The command and headquarters are in Rostov-on-Don.

The structure of the armed forces of the Russian Federation on the diagram:

Aircraft types

The main element of the Armed Forces are types of the Armed Forces. In the military department of Russia, the law establishes the existence of three types of armed forces: the Air Force, the Ground Forces and the Navy.

To date, the Ground Forces are the most numerous branch of the Russian armed forces. Their main function is to conduct offensive operations, the purpose of which is to defeat the enemy, capture and hold his territory, individual regions and lines, repulse the invasion of the enemy’s country and his large landing forces, and deliver artillery and missile strikes to great depths. In turn, the Ground Forces organizationally consist of military branches. These types of troops can perform tasks independently or jointly.

Motor Rifle Troops (MSV)- the most numerous branch of the army in the Ground Forces. They are also the most numerous branch of the military. To date, the motorized rifle troops are armed with armored personnel carriers and infantry fighting vehicles, which should ensure the mobility of the infantry. MSV organizationally consist of motorized rifle subunits, units and formations.

Motorized rifle, tank, artillery and other subunits and units may be part of the MSV.

Tank Troops (TV)- the main strike force, characterized by high mobility, maneuverability and resistance to the effects of weapons of mass destruction, including nuclear ones. The main tasks, based on the technical equipment of TV: the implementation of a breakthrough, the development of operational success. Artillery, motorized rifle, missile, tank units and subunits can operate as part of the TV.

Missile Forces and Artillery (RViA): nuclear and fire defeat of the enemy is the main task. It is armed with rocket and cannon artillery. The MFA includes units, units and formations of howitzer, rocket, cannon, anti-tank artillery, as well as structural elements of support, control, mortars and artillery reconnaissance.

Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces (Air Defense SV)- this type of troops must ensure the protection of the Ground Forces from air strikes, as well as counteraction to enemy air reconnaissance. Towed, mobile, portable anti-aircraft gun systems and anti-aircraft missile systems are in service with the SV air defense.

Also, the organizational structure of the Armed Forces implies the presence in the Armed Forces of special troops and services that perform highly specialized tasks in order to ensure the daily and combat activities of the ground forces.

Signal Corps,
Electronic Warfare Troops,
engineering troops,
automobile troops,
Railway troops, etc.

are special forces.

Air Force

Air Force similarly, the Ground Forces consist of aviation branches that ensure the fulfillment of the tasks assigned to the Air Force.

Long-range aviation is designed to strike and strike at the strategic and operational depth of the enemy's military groupings, its important areas in economic and strategic terms, including with the help of nuclear weapons.

Front-line aviation operates at operational depth. It can perform tasks both independently and during joint operations on land and at sea.

Army Aviation provides support to ground forces by destroying enemy armored and mobile objects. Also, the forces of the Army Aviation provide the mobility of the Ground Forces.

Military transport aviation carries out the transportation of goods, troops and equipment, and is also involved in military air operations. In peacetime, the main function is to ensure the vital activity of the Armed Forces, and in wartime, the mobility of the Armed Forces.

The structure of the armed forces of the Russian Federation assumes the presence in the composition Special Air Force, Anti-aircraft missile troops and Radio engineering troops which significantly expand the range of tasks assigned to the Air Force.

Navy

Navy- the main force of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation to protect the interests of Russia in the Exclusive Maritime (Economic) Zone, conduct search and rescue operations, and conduct military operations at sea.

The Navy is composed of:

submarine force,
surface forces,
coastal troops,
naval aviation,
parts and connections for special purposes.

The Navy is also organizationally divided into:

Baltic Fleet,
Black Sea Fleet,
northern fleet,
pacific fleet,
Caspian flotilla.

Independent branches of the military

Some tasks require special equipment and trained personnel. The structure of the Armed Forces assumes the existence of independent branches of service:

Airborne troops;
Strategic Rocket Forces;
Aerospace Defense Troops.

Aerospace Defense Troops

The youngest branch of the military. Although our country began space exploration back in the 1960s, it was only in the 21st century that the Aerospace Defense Forces were separated into a separate branch of the Strategic Missile Forces.

The most important tasks are:

detection of a missile strike;
spacecraft constellation management;
missile defense of the capital of Russia.

Strategic Rocket Forces

Today they are the main land component of Russia's nuclear forces. The main function is considered to be deterrence of possible aggression. But if necessary, they can deliver a preemptive strike on important economic and military targets of the enemy, as well as the destruction of his military groupings.

Airborne Troops

They were created in the 1930s. Today, they are entrusted with the function of conducting landing operations and conducting combat operations behind enemy lines.

The question of the admission of women to serve in the army not at all new. So, for example, in tsarist Russia, women were not taken to military service - in those days, women were engaged in the business to which they were intended by nature itself - the birth and upbringing of children.
Only a few women, who perceived their sex as a mistake of nature, secretly under the guise of a man made their way to military service. During the Soviet era, women entered the army during the Civil War and even more during the Great Patriotic War, where they served mainly as nurses, radio operators, and typists at headquarters. Many women were snipers and pilots.

HISTORICAL ASPECT

After the war, women continued to serve in the army in their usual positions, but their number was very small. However, in connection with the collapse of the Soviet state and the processes of democratization under pressure from the states of Western Europe (under the strong influence of feminist organizations), our officials decided that we should also increase the presence of women not only in government bodies, but also in the army.

Women gladly responded. As a result, currently their number exceeds 10% of the total personnel of the Armed Forces Russian Federation. According to this indicator, Russia has reached the same level with the countries of Western Europe.

The Federation, unofficially called the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, the number of which in 2017 is 1,903,000 people, is supposed to repel aggression directed against the Russian Federation, protect its territorial integrity and the inviolability of all its territories, and fulfill the tasks corresponding to international treaties.

Start

Created in May 1992 from the Armed Forces of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation had a much larger number at that time. It consisted of 2,880,000 people and had the world's largest stockpiles of nuclear and other weapons of mass destruction, as well as a well-developed system in their delivery vehicles. Now the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation regulate the number in accordance with the decrees of the President of the Russian Federation.

At the moment, there are 1,013,000 military personnel in the state of the Armed Forces, since the last published presidential decree came into force in March 2017. The total strength of the RF Armed Forces is indicated above. Military service in Russia takes place both by conscription and by contract, and in recent years it has prevailed. On conscription, young people go to serve in the army for one year, their minimum age is eighteen years. For military personnel of the Russian Federation, the maximum age is sixty-five years. Cadets of special military schools may be somewhat under the age of eighteen at the time of enrollment.

How is the compilation

The army, aviation and navy accept officers into their ranks for service solely and exclusively under a contract. This entire corpus is trained in relevant higher educational institutions, where after graduation the cadets are awarded the rank of lieutenant. For the period of study, sophomores conclude their first contract for five years, thus, service begins already within the walls of a military educational institution. Citizens who are in the reserve and have an officer's rank often replenish the number of personnel of the RF Armed Forces. They can also enter into a contract for military service. Including those graduates who studied at the military departments of civilian universities and were assigned to the reserve after graduation, also have the right to conclude a contract with the Armed Forces.

This also applies to the faculties of military training, and its cycles at military training centers. Junior officers and rank and file can be recruited both by contract and by conscription, to which absolutely all male citizens from eighteen to twenty-seven years old are subject. They serve on conscription for one year (calendar), and the conscription campaign is carried out twice a year - from April to July and from October to December, in spring and autumn. Six months after the start of service, any serviceman of the RF Armed Forces can submit a report on the conclusion of a contract, the first contract is for three years. However, after forty years, this right is lost, since forty is the age limit.

Compound

Women are extremely rare in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, the overwhelming majority here are men. Among the almost two million, there are less than fifty thousand, and only three thousand of them have officer positions (there are even twenty-eight colonels).

Thirty-five thousand women are in sergeant and soldier positions, and eleven thousand among them are ensigns. Only one and a half percent of women (that is, approximately forty-five people) hold primary command positions, while the rest serve in headquarters. Now about the important thing - about the security of our country in case of war. First of all, it is necessary to distinguish between three types of mobilization reserve.

Mobilization

The current mobilization reserve, which shows the number of recruits in the current year, as well as the organized one, which adds the number of those who have already served and transferred to the reserve, and the potential mobilization reserve, that is, the number of people that can be counted on in case of war during mobilization into the troops. Here the statistics reveal a rather alarming fact. In 2009, thirty-one million people were in the potential mobilization reserve. Let's compare: there are fifty-six of them in the USA, and two hundred and eight million in China.

In 2010, the reserve (organized reserve) amounted to twenty million people. Demographers calculated the composition of the RF Armed Forces and the current mobilization reserve, the numbers turned out to be bad. Eighteen-year-old men will almost disappear in our country by 2050: their number will be reduced by four times and will amount to only 328 thousand people from all territories. That is, the potential mobilization reserve in 2050 will be only fourteen million, which is 55% less than in 2009.

Headcount

The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation consists of privates and junior officers (foremen and sergeants), officers who serve in the troops, in local, district, central government bodies in various positions (they are provided for by the staff of units), in military commissariats, in commandant's offices, in representative offices abroad. This also includes all cadets who study at educational institutions of the Ministry of Defense and military training centers.

In 2011, the entire structure of the strength of the RF Armed Forces did not exceed one million people, this was the result of a long-term and powerful reduction from 2,880,000 people who were in the Armed Forces in 1992 to one million. That is, more than sixty-three percent of the army has disappeared. By 2008, slightly less than half of the entire personnel were midshipmen, ensigns and officers. Then came the military reform, during which the positions of midshipmen and warrant officers were almost eliminated, and with them more than one hundred and seventy thousand officer positions. Fortunately, the president responded. The reductions stopped, and the number of officers returned to two hundred and twenty thousand people. The number of generals of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (army generals) is now sixty-four people.

What do the numbers say

We will compare the size and composition of the Armed Forces in 2017 and 2014. At the moment, the military control bodies in the apparatus of the Ministry of Defense of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation are 10,500 military personnel. The General Staff has 11,300. The ground forces have 450,000 people, the air force has 280,000. The navy has 185,000, the strategic missile forces have 120,000, and the aerospace defense forces have 165,000 people. make up 45,000 fighters.

In 2014, the total strength of the RF Armed Forces was 845,000, of which 250,000 were ground forces, 130,000 were the Navy, 35,000 were the Airborne Forces, 80,000 were strategic nuclear forces, and 150,000 were the Air Force, and - attention! - command (plus maintenance) was 200,000 people. More than all the members of the Air Force! However, the figures for 2017 indicate that the strength of the RF Armed Forces is growing slightly. (And still, now the main composition of the army is men, there are 92.9% of them, and there are only 44,921 female military personnel.)

Charter

The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, as a military organization of any other country, has general military regulations, which are a set of main rules through which, in the process of studying, the military personnel form a general idea of how to protect their own rights and interests of the country from external, internal and any other threats. In addition, the study of this set of rules helps to master military service.

The Charter of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is the most important part when undergoing initial training for service; with its help, a soldier or sailor gets acquainted with the basic terms and concepts. There are four types of charter in total, and each must be carefully studied by absolutely every soldier. From there, the general duties and rights, the features of the routine, the rules of interaction become known.

Types of statutes

The disciplinary charter reveals the essence of military discipline and dictates the obligations to comply with it, tells about various types of penalties and rewards. This is what distinguishes it from the Charter of the internal service. It defines the prescribed measures of responsibility for certain violations of the statutory rules. The Charter of the guard and garrison service of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation contains the designation of the goals, the procedure for organizing and carrying out the guard and garrison service. It also contains the rights and obligations of all official military personnel and persons who perform official duties.

The combat charter determines the order of movement with and without weapons, combat techniques, types of formation of units with equipment and on foot. After a thorough study of the charter, each serviceman is obliged to understand the essence of military discipline, understand the ranks, be able to allocate time, perform the duties of a duty officer and orderly in a company, perform the tasks of a sentry, sentry, and many others.

Command

RF Armed Forces - President V.V. Putin. If aggression is undertaken against Russia or there is an immediate threat of it, it is he who will have to introduce martial law on the territory of the country or in certain regions in order to create all the conditions for preventing or repelling aggression. Simultaneously or immediately, the president informs the Federation Council and the State Duma about this in order to approve this decree.

The use of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation outside the country is possible only after receiving the relevant resolution of the Federation Council. When there is peace in Russia, the Supreme Commander-in-Chief leads the overall leadership of the Armed Forces, and during the war he manages the defense of Russia and the repulse of aggression. Also, it is the president who forms the Security Council of the Russian Federation and heads it, he also approves, appoints and dismisses the high command of the RF Armed Forces. In his department is and he approves the military doctrine of the Russian Federation, as well as the concept and plan for the construction of the Armed Forces, the plan for mobilization, civil defense, and much more.

Ministry of Defence

The Ministry of Defense of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is the governing body of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, its tasks are the development and implementation of state policy in terms of the country's defense, legal regulation and defense standards. The Ministry organizes the use of the Armed Forces in accordance with federal constitutional laws and international treaties, it maintains the necessary readiness, carries out measures for the construction of the Armed Forces, provides social protection for military personnel, as well as members of their families.

The Ministry of Defense takes part in the development and implementation of state policy in the field of international cooperation. Under his department are military commissariats, command and control bodies of the RF Armed Forces for military districts, as well as many other military command and control bodies, including territorial ones. Heads appointed and dismissed by the President of the Russian Federation. Under his leadership, there is a collegium, which includes deputy ministers, heads of services, commanders-in-chief of all branches of the RF Armed Forces.

RF Armed Forces

The General Staff is the central body of military command and control of the Armed Forces. Here, the coordination of the activities of the border troops and the FSB of the Russian Federation, the troops of the National Guard, railway, civil defense and all others, including the foreign intelligence service, is carried out. The General Staff includes main directorates, directorates and many other structures.

The main tasks of the Ministry of Defense of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation are strategic planning for the use of the Armed Forces, troops and other formations and military bodies, taking into account the military administrative division of the Russian Federation, conducting mobilization and operational work to prepare the Armed Forces, transferring the Armed Forces to the composition and organization of wartime. The General Staff organizes the strategic and mobilization deployment of the armed forces and other troops, formations and bodies, coordinates the activities of military registration activities, organizes intelligence activities for defense and security, plans and organizes communications, as well as topographic and geodetic support for the Armed Forces.

Armed Forces of the Russian Federation

Base:
Divisions:	Troop types: Ground troops air force Navy Independent types of troops: Troops of the East Kazakhstan region Airborne Strategic Missile Forces
Command
Supreme Commander:	Vladimir Putin
Minister of Defense:	Sergei Kuzhugetovich Shoigu
Chief of the General Staff:	Valery Vasilievich Gerasimov
military forces
Military age:	From 18 to 27 years old
Service life on call:	12 months
Employed in the army:	1 000 000 people


	2101 billion rubles (2013)
Percentage of GNP:	3.4% (2013)
Industry
Domestic providers:	Almaz-Antey Air Defense Concern UAC-UEC Russian Helicopters Uralvagonzavod Sevmash GAZ Group Ural KamAZ Severnaya Verf JSC NPO Izhmash UAC (JSC Sukhoi, MiG) Federal State Unitary Enterprise MMPP Salyut JSC Corporation Tactical Missile Weapons
Annual export:	US$15.2 billion (2012) Military equipment is supplied to 66 states.

Part Russian Armed Forces includes types of aircraft: Ground Forces, Air Force, Navy; separate types of troops - Aerospace Defense Troops, Airborne Troops and Strategic Missile Troops; central bodies of military command; The rear of the Armed Forces, as well as troops that are not included in the types and types of troops (see also MTR of the Russian Federation).

Russian Armed Forces created on May 7, 1992 and at that time had 2,880,000 personnel. This is one of the largest armed forces in the world, the number of their personnel is more than 1,000,000 people. The number of staff is established by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation; as of January 1, 2008, a quota of 2,019,629 personnel was established, including 1,134,800 military personnel. The Russian Armed Forces are distinguished by the presence of the world's largest stockpiles of weapons of mass destruction, including nuclear weapons, and a well-developed system of their delivery systems.

Command

Supreme Commander

The Supreme Commander of the Russian Armed Forces is the President of Russia. In the event of aggression against Russia or an immediate threat of aggression, he introduces martial law on the territory of Russia or in certain areas of it, in order to create conditions for repelling or preventing it, with an immediate report on this to the Federation Council and the State Duma for approval of the corresponding decree.

To resolve the issue of the possibility of using Russian Armed Forces outside the territory of Russia, a corresponding resolution of the Federation Council is required. In peacetime, the head of state exercises general political leadership. armed forces, and in wartime directs the defense of the state and its armed forces to repel aggression.

The President of Russia also forms and heads the Security Council of the Russian Federation; approves the military doctrine of Russia; appoints and dismisses high command Russian Armed Forces. The President, as Supreme Commander-in-Chief, approves the Military Doctrine of Russia, the concept and construction plans armed forces, mobilization plan armed forces, mobilization plans for the economy, civil defense plan and other acts in the field of military construction. The head of state also approves the combined arms charters, regulations on the Ministry of Defense and the General Staff. The President annually issues decrees on conscription for military service, on the transfer to the reserve of persons of certain ages who have served in sun, signs international treaties on joint defense and military cooperation.

Ministry of Defence

The Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation (Ministry of Defense) is the governing body Russian Armed Forces. The main tasks of the Russian Ministry of Defense include the development and implementation of state policy in the field of defense; legal regulation in the field of defense; organization of application armed forces in accordance with federal constitutional laws, federal laws and international treaties of Russia; maintaining the necessary readiness armed forces; implementation of construction activities armed forces; ensuring social protection of military personnel, civilian personnel armed forces, citizens discharged from military service, and members of their families; development and implementation of state policy in the field of international military cooperation. The Ministry carries out its activities directly and through the governing bodies of military districts, other bodies of military command, territorial bodies, military commissariats.

The Ministry of Defense is headed by the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation, who is appointed to and dismissed by the President of Russia on the proposal of the Prime Minister of Russia. The minister reports directly to the President of Russia, and on issues referred by the Constitution of Russia, federal constitutional laws, federal laws and presidential decrees to the jurisdiction of the Russian government, - to the chairman of the Russian government. The Minister bears personal responsibility for solving problems and exercising the powers vested in the Russian Ministry of Defense and military establishment and carries out its activities on the basis of unity of command. The ministry has a collegium consisting of the minister, his first deputies and deputies, heads of ministry services, commanders-in-chief of types armed forces.

The current Minister of Defense is Sergei Kuzhugetovich Shoigu.

General base

The General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is the central body of military control and the main body of operational control armed forces. The General Staff coordinates the activities of the border troops and bodies of the federal security service (FSB), internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD), the Railway Troops, the federal body for special communications and information, civil defense troops, engineering and road construction military formations, the Foreign Service intelligence (SVR) of Russia, federal bodies of state protection, the federal body for providing mobilization training of state authorities to carry out tasks in the field of defense, construction and development armed forces, as well as their applications. The General Staff consists of main directorates, directorates and other structural divisions.

The main tasks of the General Staff include the implementation of strategic planning for the use armed forces, other troops, military formations and bodies, taking into account their tasks and the military-administrative division of the country; conducting operational and mobilization training armed forces; translation armed forces on the organization and composition of wartime, the organization of strategic and mobilization deployment armed forces, other troops, military formations and bodies; coordinating activities to conduct military registration activities in the Russian Federation; organization of intelligence activities for defense and security purposes; planning and organization of communications; topographic and geodetic support armed forces; implementation of measures related to the protection of state secrets; conducting military scientific research.

The current Chief of the General Staff is General of the Army Valery Gerasimov (since November 9, 2012).

Story

The first republican military department appeared in the RSFSR ( cm.Red Army), later - during the collapse of the USSR (July 14, 1990). However, due to the rejection by the majority of people's deputies of the RSFSR of the idea of independent sun the department was called not the Ministry of Defense, but the State Committee of the RSFSR for Public Security and Cooperation with the Ministry of Defense of the USSR and the KGB of the USSR. After the coup attempt in Vilnius on January 13, 1991, Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of Russia Boris Yeltsin took the initiative to create a republican army, and on January 31 the State Committee for Public Security was transformed into the RSFSR State Committee for Defense and Security, headed by General of the Army Konstantin Kobets . During 1991, the Committee was repeatedly modified and renamed. From August 19 (the day of the coup attempt in Moscow) to September 9, the Ministry of Defense of the RSFSR temporarily functioned.

At the same time, Yeltsin made an attempt to create the National Guard of the RSFSR, even began accepting volunteers. Until 1995, it was planned to form at least 11 brigades of 3-5 thousand people, with a total number of no more than 100 thousand. It was supposed to deploy units of the National Guard in 10 regions, including in Moscow (three brigades), in Leningrad (two brigades) and in a number of other important cities and regions. Regulations were prepared on the structure, composition, recruitment methods, and tasks of the National Guard. By the end of September, about 15,000 people had signed up for the National Guard in Moscow, most of them military personnel of the USSR Armed Forces. In the end, a draft decree "On the temporary situation on the Russian guard" fell on Yeltsin's table, but it was never signed.

After the signing of the Belovezhskaya Accords on December 21, the member states of the newly created CIS signed a protocol on the temporary assignment to the last Minister of Defense of the USSR, Air Marshal Shaposhnikov, command of the armed forces on their territory, including strategic nuclear forces. On February 14, 1992, he formally became the Supreme Commander of the Joint Armed Forces of the CIS, and the USSR Ministry of Defense was transformed into the Commander-in-Chief of the Joint Armed Forces of the CIS. On March 16, 1992, Yeltsin's decree created in the operational subordination of the Main Command of the Allied Armed Forces, as well as the Ministry of Defense, which was headed by the president himself. On May 7, a decree was signed on the creation armed forces, and Yeltsin assumed the duties of the Supreme Commander. General of the Army Grachev became the first minister of defense, and he was the first in the Russian Federation to be awarded this title.

Armed forces in the 1990s

Part Armed Forces of the Russian Federation included departments, associations, formations, military units, institutions, military educational institutions, enterprises and organizations of the Armed Forces of the USSR, located on the territory of Russia at the time of May 1992, as well as troops (forces) under Russian jurisdiction on the territory of the Transcaucasian Military District, Western , Northern and Northwestern Groups of Forces, the Black Sea Fleet, the Baltic Fleet, the Caspian Flotilla, the 14th Guards Army, formations, military units, institutions, enterprises and organizations on the territory of Mongolia, Cuba and some other countries with a total number of 2.88 million people .

As part of the reform armed forces The concept of the Mobile Forces was developed in the General Staff. The mobile forces were supposed to be 5 separate motorized rifle brigades, staffed according to wartime states (95-100%) with a single staff and weapons. Thus, it was planned to get rid of the cumbersome mobilization mechanism, and in the future to transfer sun entirely on a contract basis. However, by the end of 1993, only three such brigades were formed: the 74th, 131st and 136th, while it was not possible to either reduce the brigades to a single state (even battalions in the same brigade differed according to the state), nor to equip them according to wartime states. The understaffing of the units was so significant that at the beginning of the First Chechen War (1994-1996), Grachev asked Boris Yeltsin to sanction limited mobilization, which was refused, and the United Group of Forces in Chechnya had to be formed from units from all military districts. The first Chechen war also revealed serious shortcomings in command and control.

After Chechnya, Igor Rodionov was appointed the new Minister of Defense, in 1997 - Igor Sergeev. A new attempt was made to create fully equipped units with a single staff. As a result, by 1998 Russian Armed Forces 4 categories of parts and connections appeared:

constant readiness (staffing - 95-100% of the wartime staff);
reduced staff (staffing - up to 70%);
storage bases for weapons and military equipment (staffing - 5-10%);
cropped (staffing - 5-10%).

However, the translation sun for a contract recruitment method was not possible due to insufficient funding, while this issue became painful in Russian society against the backdrop of losses in the First Chechen War. At the same time, it was only possible to slightly increase the share of “contract workers” in Armed Forces. By this time, the number sun was reduced by more than two times - to 1,212,000 people.

In the Second Chechen War (1999-2006), the United Group of Forces was formed from units of constant readiness of the ground forces, as well as the Airborne Forces. At the same time, only one tactical battalion group stood out from the composition of these units (only one motorized rifle brigade from the Siberian Military District fought in full strength) - this was done in order to quickly compensate for losses in the war due to personnel remaining in the places of permanent deployment of their parts. Since the end of 1999, the share of "contract workers" in Chechnya began to grow, reaching 45% in 2003.

Armed forces in the 2000s

In 2001, the Ministry of Defense was headed by Sergei Ivanov. After the end of the active phase of hostilities in Chechnya, it was decided to return to the Grachevsky plans for transferring troops to contract recruitment: permanent readiness units were to be transferred to a contract basis, and the remaining units and formations, BKhVT, CBR and institutions left on an urgent basis. In 2003, the corresponding Federal Target Program was launched. The first part transferred to the “contract” within its framework was the airborne regiment as part of the 76th Pskov Airborne Division, and since 2005, other units and formations of constant readiness began to be transferred to a contract basis. However, this program was also unsuccessful due to weak salaries, conditions of service and the lack of social infrastructure in the places of service of military personnel under the contract.

In 2005, work also began on optimizing the management system Armed Forces. According to the idea of the Chief of the General Staff Yuri Baluyevsky, it was planned to create three regional commands, to which units of all types and branches of the military would be subordinate. On the basis of the Moscow Military District, LenVO, the Baltic and Northern Fleets, as well as the former Moscow Military District of the Air Force and Air Defense, the Western Regional Command was to be created; on the basis of a part of the PUrVO, the North Caucasus Military District and the Caspian Flotilla - Yuzhnoye; based on part of the PUrVO, Siberian Military District, Far Eastern Military District and the Pacific Fleet - Vostochnoye. All units of central subordination in the regions were to be reassigned to the regional commands. At the same time, it was planned to abolish the Main Commands of the types and types of troops. The implementation of these plans was, however, postponed to 2010-2015 due to failures in the program to transfer troops to a contract basis, to which the bulk of the funds were urgently transferred.

However, under Serdyukov, who replaced Ivanov in 2007, the idea of creating regional commands quickly returned. It was decided to start from the East. A staff was developed for command and a place of deployment was determined - Ulan-Ude. In January 2008, the Eastern Regional Command was created, but in March-April it showed its ineffectiveness at the joint command and control staff of the Siberian Military District and the Far East Military District, and was disbanded in May.

In 2006, the Russian State Armaments Development Program for 2007-2015 was launched.

Armed forces after the Five Day War

Participation in the armed conflict in South Ossetia and its wide media coverage revealed the main shortcomings armed forces: complex control system and low mobility. Troop control during combat operations was carried out "along the chain" of the General Staff - Headquarters of the North Caucasus Military District - Headquarters of the 58th Army, and only then did orders and directives reach directly to the units. The low ability to maneuver forces over long distances was explained by the cumbersome organizational and staffing structure of units and formations: only parts of the Airborne Forces were transferred to the region by air. Already in September-October 2008, the transition was announced armed forces to a "new look" and a new radical military reform. New reform armed forces is designed to increase their mobility and combat effectiveness, the coordination of actions of different types and types sun.

In the course of the military reform, the military-administrative structure of the Armed Forces was completely reorganized. Instead of six military districts, four were formed, while all formations, formations and units of the Air Force, Navy and Airborne Forces were reassigned to the headquarters of the districts. The command and control system of the Ground Forces was simplified due to the exclusion of the divisional level. Organizational changes in the troops were accompanied by a sharp increase in the growth rate of military spending, which increased from less than 1 trillion rubles in 2008 to 2.15 trillion rubles in 2013. This, as well as a number of other measures, made it possible to speed up the rearmament of the troops, significantly increase the intensity of combat training, and increase the salaries of servicemen.

Structure of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation

Military establishment consist of three branches of the Armed Forces, three branches of service, Logistics of the Armed Forces, the Quartering and Arrangement Service of the Ministry of Defense, and troops not included in the branches of the Armed Forces. Territorially, the Armed Forces are divided between 4 military districts:

(Blue) Western Military District - headquarters in St. Petersburg;
(Brown) Southern Military District - headquarters in Rostov-on-Don;
(Green) Central Military District - headquarters in Yekaterinburg;
(Yellow) Eastern Military District - headquarters in Khabarovsk.

Types of armed forces

Ground troops

Ground Forces, SV- the most numerous type in terms of combat composition armed forces. Ground forces are designed to conduct an offensive in order to defeat the enemy grouping, capture and hold his territories, regions and lines, deliver fire strikes to a great depth, and repel enemy incursions and large airborne assault forces. The ground forces of the Russian Federation, in turn, include the types of troops:

Motorized Rifle Troops, MSV- the most numerous branch of the ground forces, is a mobile infantry equipped with infantry fighting vehicles and armored personnel carriers. They consist of motorized rifle formations, units and subunits, which include motorized rifle, artillery, tank and other units and subunits.
Tank troops, TV- the main strike force of the ground forces, maneuverable, highly mobile and resistant to the effects of nuclear weapons, troops designed to carry out deep breakthroughs and develop operational success, are able to overcome water obstacles on the move in fords and at crossing facilities. Tank troops consist of tank, motorized rifle (mechanized, motorized infantry), rocket, artillery and other subunits and units.
Rocket troops and artillery, RVIA designed for fire and nuclear destruction of the enemy. They are armed with cannon and rocket artillery. They consist of formations of units and subunits of howitzer, cannon, rocket, anti-tank artillery, mortars, as well as artillery reconnaissance, command and control.
Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces, Air Defense Forces- a branch of the ground forces, designed to protect the ground forces from enemy air attack means, to defeat them, as well as to prohibit his air reconnaissance. Air Defense Forces are armed with mobile, towed and portable anti-aircraft missile and anti-aircraft gun systems.
Special troops and services- a set of troops and services of the ground forces, designed to perform highly specialized operations to ensure combat and daily activities armed forces. The special forces consist of radiation, chemical and biological defense troops (RCB protection troops), engineering troops, signal troops, electronic warfare troops, railway, automobile troops, etc.

Commander-in-Chief of the Ground Forces - Colonel General Vladimir Chirkin, Chief of the General Staff - Lieutenant General Sergei Istrakov.

Air Force

Air Force, Air Force- a branch of the Armed Forces designed to conduct reconnaissance of enemy groupings, ensure the gain of dominance (deterrence) in the air, protect important military-economic regions and facilities of the country and groupings of troops from air strikes, warn of an air attack, defeat objects that form the basis of military and the military and economic potential of the enemy, air support for ground and naval forces, airborne landings, transportation of troops and materiel by air. The Russian Air Force includes:

Long-range aviation- the main striking weapon of the Air Force, designed to defeat (including nuclear) groupings of troops, aviation, naval forces of the enemy and destroy its important military, military-industrial, energy facilities, communication centers in strategic and operational depth. It can also be involved in aerial reconnaissance and mining from the air.
Front-line aviation- the main strike force of the Air Force, solves problems in combined arms, joint and independent operations, is designed to destroy enemy troops, objects in the operational depth in the air, on land and at sea. It can be used for aerial reconnaissance and mining from the air.
Army Aviation Designed for air support of the Ground Forces by destroying ground armored mobile targets of the enemy at the forefront and in tactical depth, as well as to ensure combined arms combat and increase the mobility of troops. Army aviation units and subunits perform fire, airborne transport, reconnaissance and special combat missions.
Military transport aviation- one of the types of military aviation, which is part of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. It provides air transportation of troops, military equipment and cargo, as well as airborne landings. Performs sudden tasks in peacetime in the event of both natural and man-made emergencies, and conflict situations in a particular region that pose a threat to the security of the state. The main purpose of military transport aviation is to ensure the strategic mobility of the Russian Armed Forces, and in peacetime - to ensure the vital activity of troops in various regions.
Special aviation designed to solve a wide range of tasks: early warning and control, electronic warfare, reconnaissance and target designation, providing control and communications, refueling aircraft in the air, conducting radiation, chemical and engineering reconnaissance, evacuating the wounded and sick, searching and rescuing flight crews and etc.
Anti-aircraft missile troops, ZRV designed to protect important administrative and economic regions and objects of Russia from air attacks.
Radio engineering troops, RTV designed to conduct radar reconnaissance, issue information for radar support of anti-aircraft missile forces and aviation units, as well as to control the use of airspace.

Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force - Lieutenant General Viktor Bondarev

Navy

Navy- a type of armed forces designed to conduct search and rescue operations, protect the economic interests of Russia, conduct military operations in the sea and ocean theaters of military operations. The navy is capable of inflicting conventional and nuclear strikes on the enemy's sea and coastal forces, disrupting its sea communications, landing amphibious assault forces, etc. The Russian Navy consists of four fleets: the Baltic, Northern, Pacific and Black Sea and Caspian flotilla. The Navy includes:

submarine force- the main striking force of the fleet. Submarine forces are capable of secretly entering the ocean, approaching the enemy and inflicting a sudden and powerful blow on him by conventional and nuclear means. In the submarine forces, multi-purpose / torpedo ships and missile cruisers are distinguished.
surface forces provide covert access to the ocean and the deployment of submarine forces, their return. Surface forces are capable of transporting and covering amphibious landings, laying and removing minefields, disrupting enemy communications and protecting their own.
Naval aviation- the aviation component of the Navy. Allocate strategic, tactical, deck and coastal aviation. Naval aviation is designed to deliver bombing and missile strikes against enemy ships and coastal forces, conduct radar reconnaissance, search for submarines and destroy them.
Coastal troops designed to protect naval bases and fleet bases, ports, important sections of the coast, islands and straits from attack by enemy ships and amphibious assault forces. The basis of their weapons are coastal missile systems and artillery, anti-aircraft missile systems, mine and torpedo weapons, as well as special coastal defense ships. Coastal fortifications are being set up on the coast to ensure defense by troops.
Formations and units of special forces of the Navy- formations, units and subunits of the Navy, designed to conduct special events on the territory of enemy naval bases and in coastal areas, and conduct reconnaissance.

Commander-in-Chief of the Navy of the Russian Armed Forces - Admiral Viktor Chirkov, Chief of the Main Staff of the Navy - Admiral Alexander Tatarinov.

Independent branches of the military

Aerospace Defense Troops

Aerospace Defense Troops- an independent branch of the military, designed to communicate information about the warning of a missile attack, the missile defense of Moscow, the creation, deployment, maintenance and management of an orbital group of spacecraft for military, dual, socio-economic and scientific purposes. Complexes and systems of the Space Forces solve tasks of a nationwide strategic scale not only in the interests of the Armed Forces and other power structures, but also of most ministries and departments, the economy, and the social sphere. The structure of the Space Forces includes:

The First State Test Cosmodrome "Plesetsk" (until 2007, the Second State Test Cosmodrome "Svobodny" also functioned, until 2008 - the Fifth State Test Cosmodrome "Baikonur", which later became only a civilian cosmodrome)
Launch of military spacecraft
Launch of dual-purpose spacecraft
G. S. Titov Main Test Space Center
Office for the introduction of cash settlement services
Military educational institutions and support units (The main educational institution is the A.F. Mozhaisky Military Space Academy)

Commander of the Space Forces - Lieutenant General Oleg Ostapenko, Chief of the General Staff - Major General Vladimir Derkach. On December 1, 2011, a new branch of the military took up combat duty - the Aerospace Defense Forces (VVKO).

Strategic Rocket Forces

Strategic Rocket Forces (RVSN)- type of army Armed Forces, the main component of Russia's strategic nuclear forces. The Strategic Missile Forces are intended for nuclear deterrence of possible aggression and destruction as part of strategic nuclear forces or independently massive, group or single nuclear missile strikes of strategic objects located in one or more strategic aerospace directions and forming the basis of the military and military-economic potential of the enemy. The Strategic Missile Forces are armed with ground-based intercontinental ballistic missiles with nuclear warheads.

three missile armies (headquarters in the cities of Vladimir, Orenburg, Omsk)
4th State Central Interspecific Test Site Kapustin Yar (which also includes the former 10th Test Site Sary-Shagan in Kazakhstan)
4th Central Research Institute (Yubileiny, Moscow Region)
educational institutions (Peter the Great Military Academy in Moscow, military institute in the city of Serpukhov)
arsenals and central repair plants, storage bases for weapons and military equipment

Commander of the Strategic Missile Forces - Colonel General Sergey Viktorovich Karakaev.

Airborne Troops

Airborne Troops (VDV)- an independent branch of the armed forces, which includes airborne formations: airborne and airborne assault divisions and brigades, as well as individual units. Airborne Forces are designed for operational landing and combat operations behind enemy lines.

The Airborne Forces have 4 divisions: 7th (Novorossiysk), 76th (Pskov), 98th (Ivanovo and Kostroma), 106th (Tula), Training Center (Omsk), Ryazan Higher School, 38th communications regiment, 45th recon. regiment, 31st brigade (Ulyanovsk). In addition, in the military districts (subordinate to the district or the army) there are airborne (or airborne assault) brigades, which administratively belong to the Airborne Forces, but are operationally subordinate to the commander of the military district.

Commander of the Airborne Forces - Colonel General Vladimir Shamanov.

Armament and military equipment

Traditionally, starting from the middle of the 20th century, foreign military equipment and weapons were almost completely absent in the USSR Armed Forces. A rare exception was the production of the socialist countries 152-mm self-propelled guns vz.77). In the USSR, a completely self-sufficient military production was created, which was capable of producing for the needs of armed forces any weapons and equipment. During the years of the Cold War, its gradual accumulation took place, and by 1990 the volume of armaments in the USSR Armed Forces reached unprecedented levels: only in the ground forces there were about 63 thousand tanks, 86 thousand infantry fighting vehicles and armored personnel carriers, 42 thousand artillery barrels. A significant part of these reserves went into Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and other republics.

At present, the T-64, T-72, T-80, T-90 tanks are in service with the ground forces; infantry fighting vehicles BMP-1, BMP-2, BMP-3; airborne combat vehicles BMD-1, BMD-2, BMD-3, BMD-4M; armored personnel carriers BTR-70, BTR-80; armored vehicles GAZ-2975 "Tiger", Italian Iveco LMV; self-propelled and towed cannon artillery; multiple launch rocket systems BM-21, 9K57, 9K58, TOS-1; tactical missile systems Tochka and Iskander; air defense systems Buk, Tor, Pantsir-S1, S-300, S-400.

The Air Force is armed with MiG-29, MiG-31, Su-27, Su-30, Su-35 fighters; front-line bombers Su-24 and Su-34; Su-25 attack aircraft; long-range and strategic missile bombers Tu-22M3, Tu-95, Tu-160. An-22, An-70, An-72, An-124, Il-76 aircraft are used in military transport aviation. Special aircraft are used: the Il-78 air tanker, Il-80 and Il-96-300PU air command posts, A-50 early warning aircraft. The Air Force is also armed with combat helicopters Mi-8, Mi-24 of various modifications, Mi-35M, Mi-28N, Ka-50, Ka-52; as well as anti-aircraft missile systems S-300 and S-400. The Su-35S and T-50 multirole fighters (factory index) are being prepared for adoption.

The Navy has one project 1143.5 aircraft-carrying cruiser, project 1144 and project 1164 missile cruisers, project 1155 and project 956 large anti-submarine destroyers, project 20380 and project 1124 corvettes, sea and base minesweepers, project 775 landing ships. the submarine forces include multi-purpose torpedo ships of project 971, project 945, project 671, project 877; project 949 missile submarines, project 667BDRM, 667BDR, 941 strategic missile cruisers, as well as project 955 SSBNs.

Nuclear weapon

Russia has the world's largest stockpile of nuclear weapons and the second largest grouping of strategic nuclear weapon carriers after the United States. By the beginning of 2011, the strategic nuclear forces had 611 "deployed" strategic carriers capable of carrying 2,679 nuclear warheads. In arsenals in long-term storage in 2009, there were about 16,000 warheads. The deployed strategic nuclear forces are distributed in the so-called nuclear triad: intercontinental ballistic missiles, submarine-launched ballistic missiles and strategic bombers are used to deliver it. The first element of the triad is concentrated in the Strategic Missile Forces, where the R-36M, UR-100N, RT-2PM, RT-2PM2 and RS-24 missile systems are in service. The naval strategic forces are represented by R-29R, R-29RM, R-29RMU2 missiles, which are carried by strategic missile submarines of projects 667BDR "Kalmar", 667BDRM "Delfin". The R-30 iRPKSN missile of project 955 "Borey" was put into service. Strategic aviation is represented by Tu-95MS and Tu-160 aircraft armed with Kh-55 cruise missiles.

Non-strategic nuclear forces are represented by tactical missiles, artillery shells, guided and free-fall bombs, torpedoes, and depth charges.

Funding and provision

Financing armed forces is carried out from the federal budget of Russia under the item of expenditure "National Defense".

Russia's first military budget in 1992 was 715 trillion non-denominated rubles, which was equal to 21.5% of total spending. It was the second largest expenditure item of the republican budget, second only to the financing of the national economy (803.89 trillion rubles). In 1993, only 3115.508 billion non-denominated rubles (3.1 billion in nominal terms at current prices) were allocated for national defense, which amounted to 17.70% of total spending. In 1994, 40.67 trillion rubles were allocated (28.14% of total expenditures), in 1995 - 48.58 trillion (19.57% of total expenditures), in 1996 - 80.19 trillion (18.40 % of total expenses), in 1997 - 104.31 trillion (19.69% of total expenses), in 1998 - 81.77 billion denominated rubles (16.39% of total expenses).

As part of the appropriations under section 02 "National Defense", which finances most of the expenses of the Russian Ministry of Defense in 2013, budgetary funds are provided for solving key issues of the Armed Forces, including further re-equipment with new models of weapons, military and special equipment, social protection and provision of housing for military personnel, solving other problems. In the bill, expenditures under section 02 "National Defense" for 2013 are provided in the amount of 2,141.2 billion rubles and exceed the volumes of 2012 by 276.35 billion rubles, or 14.8% in nominal terms. National defense spending in 2014 and 2015 is provided for in the amount of 2,501.4 billion rubles and 3,078.0 billion rubles, respectively. The growth of budget allocations compared to the previous year is envisaged in the amount of 360.2 billion rubles (17.6%) and 576.6 billion rubles (23.1%). In accordance with the draft law, in the planned period, the growth in the share of national defense spending in total federal budget expenditures will be 16.0% in 2013 (14.5% in 2012), 17.6% in 2014 and 17.6% in 2015. - 19.7%. The share of planned spending on national defense in relation to GDP in 2013 will be 3.2%, in 2014 - 3.4% and in 2015 - 3.7%, which is higher than the parameters of 2012 (3.0%) .

Federal budget expenditures by sections for 2012-2015 billion rubles
	Name	Changes to the previous year, %
	Name
	Military establishment
	Mobilization and non-military training
	Mobilization preparation of the economy
	Preparation and participation in ensuring collective security and peacekeeping activities
	Nuclear weapons complex
	Implementation of international treaties in the field Military-technical cooperation
	Applied Defense Research
	Other issues in the field of national defense

Military service

military service in Russian Armed Forces provided both by contract and by conscription. The minimum age of a serviceman is 18 years (for cadets of military educational institutions it may be less at the time of enrollment), the maximum age is 65 years.

Acquisition

Army, aviation and navy officers serve only under contract. The officer corps is trained mainly in higher military educational institutions, after which the cadets are awarded the military rank of "lieutenant". The first contract with cadets - for the entire period of study and for 5 years of military service - is, as a rule, concluded in the second year of study. Citizens who are in the reserve, including those who have received the rank of "lieutenant" and are assigned to the reserve after training at military departments (faculties of military training, cycles, military training centers) at civilian universities.

Private and junior officers are recruited both by conscription and by contract. All male citizens of the Russian Federation liable for military service between the ages of 18 and 27 are subject to conscription. The term of service on conscription is one calendar year. Conscription campaigns are carried out twice a year: spring - from April 1 to July 15, autumn - from October 1 to December 31. After 6 months of service, any soldier can submit a report on the conclusion of the first contract with him - for 3 years. The age limit for the conclusion of the first contract is 40 years.

The number of people called up for military service through conscription campaigns
	spring	Total number

The vast majority of military personnel are men, in addition, about 50 thousand women are serving in the military: 3 thousand in officer positions (including 28 colonels), 11 thousand ensigns and about 35 thousand in private and sergeant positions. At the same time, 1.5% of female officers (~45 people) serve in primary command positions in the troops, the rest - in staff positions.

A distinction is made between the current mobilization reserve (the number to be drafted in the current year), the organized mobilization reserve (the number of those who previously served in the Armed Forces and are enlisted in the reserve) and the potential mobilization reserve (the number of people who can be drafted into the troops (forces) in case of mobilization). In 2009, the potential mobilization reserve amounted to 31 million people (for comparison: in the USA - 56 million people, in China - 208 million people). In 2010, the organized mobilized reserve (reserve) amounted to 20 million people. According to some domestic demographers, the number of 18-year-olds (the current mobilization reserve) will be reduced by 4 times by 2050 and will amount to 328 thousand people. Making a calculation based on the data of this article, the potential mobilization reserve of Russia in 2050 will be 14 million people, which is 55% less than in 2009.

Number of members

In 2011, the number of personnel Russian Armed Forces was about 1 million people. The million army was the result of a gradual long-term reduction from 2,880 thousand in the armed forces in 1992 (-65.3%). By 2008, almost half of the personnel were officers, ensigns and midshipmen. During the military reform of 2008, the positions of warrant officers and midshipmen were reduced, and about 170 thousand officer positions were also eliminated, whereby the share of officers in the states amounted to about 15%[ source not specified 562 days], but later, by decree of the President, the established number of officers was increased to 220 thousand people.

In staffing sun includes ordinary and junior command staff (sergeants and foremen) and officers serving in military units and central, district and local military authorities in military positions provided for by the staff of certain units, in commandant's offices, military commissariats, military missions abroad, as well as cadets of higher military educational institutions of the Ministry of Defense and military training centers. Outside the state are servicemen transferred to the disposal of commanders and chiefs due to the temporary absence of vacancies or the impossibility of dismissing a serviceman.

Cash allowance

The monetary allowance of military personnel is regulated by the Federal Law of the Russian Federation of November 7, 2011 N 306-FZ "On the monetary allowance of military personnel and the provision of certain payments to them." The salaries for military positions and salaries for military ranks are established by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 5, 2011 No. 992 "On the establishment of salaries for the monetary maintenance of military personnel serving under a contract."

The monetary allowance of military personnel consists of salary salaries (salary according to military position and salary according to military rank), incentive and compensatory (additional) payments. Additional payments include:

for seniority
for excellent qualification
for work with information constituting a state secret
for special conditions of military service
for the performance of tasks directly related to the risk to life and health in peacetime
for special achievements in service

In addition to six monthly additional payments, annual bonuses are provided for conscientious and efficient performance of official duties; the established coefficient to the salary of military personnel serving in areas with adverse climatic or environmental conditions, outside the territory of Russia, and so on.


Military rank	Salary amount
senior officers
General of the Army, Admiral of the Navy
Colonel General, Admiral
Lieutenant General, Vice Admiral
Major General, Rear Admiral
senior officers
Colonel, captain 1st rank
Lieutenant Colonel, Captain 2nd Rank
Major, captain of the 3rd rank
junior officers
Captain, Lieutenant Commander
Senior Lieutenant
Lieutenant
Ensign

Summary table of salaries for some military ranks and positions (since 2012)
Typical military position	Salary amount
In the central military administration
Head of the main department
Department head
Group leader
Senior officer
In the troops
Commander of the military district
Combined Arms Commander
brigade commander
Regiment commander
Battalion commander
Company commander
Platoon commander

Military training

In 2010, more than 2 thousand events were held with practical actions of formations and military units. This is 30% more than in 2009.

The largest of them was the operational-strategic exercise "Vostok-2010". Up to 20 thousand military personnel, 4 thousand units of military equipment, up to 70 aircraft and 30 ships took part in it.

In 2011, it is planned to hold about 3,000 practical events. The most important of them is the Center-2011 operational-strategic exercise.

The most important event in the Armed Forces in 2012 and the end of the summer training period were the strategic command and staff exercises "Kavkaz-2012".

Food for military personnel

To date, the diet of military personnel Russian Armed Forces is organized according to the principle of building food rations and is built "on a system of natural rationing, the structural basis of which is a physiologically based set of products for the corresponding contingents of military personnel, adequate to their energy consumption and professional activities." According to Vladimir Isakov, head of the logistics of the Russian armed forces, “... today, the diet of a Russian soldier and sailor has more meat, fish, eggs, butter, sausages and cheeses. For example, the daily norm of meat for each serviceman, according to the norm of combined arms rations, has increased by 50 g and now stands at 250 g. Coffee appeared for the first time, and the norms for issuing juices (up to 100 g), milk and butter were also increased ... ".

By decision of the Minister of Defense of Russia, 2008 was declared the year of improving the nutrition of the personnel of the armed forces of the Russian Federation.

The role of the armed forces in politics and society

According to the Federal Law "On Defense" military establishment form the basis of the defense of the state and are the main element in ensuring its security. Military establishment in Russia they are not an independent political entity, they do not take part in the struggle for power and the formation of state policy. At the same time, it is noted that a distinctive feature of the Russian system of state power is the decisive role of the President in the relationship between power and armed forces, whose order actually outputs sun from under the report and control of both the legislative and executive branches, with the formal presence of parliamentary oversight. In the recent history of Russia, there were cases when military establishment directly intervened in the political process and played a key role in it: during the coup attempt in 1991 and during the constitutional crisis of 1993. Among the most famous political and state figures of Russia in the past, active military personnel were V.V. Putin, the former governor of the Krasnoyarsk Territory Alexander Lebed, the former plenipotentiary representative of the President in the Siberian Federal District Anatoly Kvashnin, the governor of the Moscow region Boris Gromov and many others. Vladimir Shamanov, who headed the Ulyanovsk region in 2000-2004, continued his military service after resigning as governor.

Military establishment are one of the largest objects of budget financing. In 2011, about 1.5 trillion rubles were allocated for national defense purposes, which amounted to more than 14% of all budget expenditures. For comparison, this is three times more spending on education, four times more on healthcare, 7.5 times more on housing and communal services, or more than 100 times more on environmental protection. However, military personnel, civil servants Armed Forces, workers in defense production, employees of military scientific organizations make up a significant proportion of the economically active population of Russia.

Russian military installations abroad

Current

Russian military installations in the CIS
On the territory of the city of Tartus in Syria, there is a MTO point of Russia.
Military bases on the territory of partially recognized Abkhazia and South Ossetia.

Planned to open

According to some Russian media, in a few years Russia will have bases for its warships on the island of Socotra (Yemen) and Tripoli (Libya) (due to the change of power in these states, plans will most likely not be implemented).

Closed

In 2001, the Russian government decided to close military bases in Cam Ranh (Vietnam) and Lourdes (Cuba) due to changes in the geopolitical situation in the world.
In 2007, the Georgian government decided to close Russian military bases in its country.

Problems

In 2011, 51 conscript soldiers, 29 contract soldiers, 25 ensigns and 14 officers committed suicide (for comparison, in the US Army in 2010, 156 military personnel committed suicide, in 2011 - 165 military personnel and in 2012 - 177 servicemen). The most suicidal year for the Russian Armed Forces was 2008, when 292 people in the army and 213 in the navy committed suicide.

There is a direct relationship between suicide and the loss of social status - what is called the "King Lear complex". Thus, a high suicide rate among retired officers, young soldiers, people taken into custody, recent pensioners

Corruption

Employees of the Military Investigation Department of the Russian Investigative Committee conduct pre-investigation checks on the fact of the activities of not only the central office of Slavyanka, but also its regional divisions. Most of these inspections develop into investigations into embezzlement of budgetary funds. So, the other day, military investigators near Moscow opened a criminal case on the fact of the theft of about 40,000,000 rubles received by the Solnechnogorsky branch of Slavyanka OJSC. This money was supposed to be used to repair the buildings of the Ministry of Defense, but it turned out to be stolen and “cashed out”.

Problems of realization of freedom of conscience

The establishment of the institution of military priests can be considered a violation of freedom of conscience and religion.

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