How the heating system is arranged in multi-storey buildings. The standard scheme of the heating system of Khrushchev and its structure: the possibility of modernization and installation of autonomous complexes

The constructive varieties of heating systems in multi-storey residential buildings arose as a result of the gradual development of building technologies, an increase in the number of storeys and the desire of developers to obtain the best performance indicators at the lowest construction costs.

Most residents are usually not interested in the design and principles of the central heating of an apartment building. This issue can become relevant only in case of a decrease in the level of comfort in the premises and the need for adjustment or when carrying out repairs with the replacement of pipelines and batteries.

General classification

Heating systems in large urban buildings can be classified according to the type of heat source and the piping used to connect the heaters. Heat supply to apartments can come from:

centralized urban heating networks;
an autonomous boiler room serving only one building;
individual boilers installed in each individual apartment.

To distribute heat to individual rooms, the heating scheme of an apartment building may provide for the following general house piping schemes:

one-pipe;
two-pipe;
collector or beam.

Each of these schemes and their advantages and disadvantages will be described in more detail below.

Heat carrier used for heat supply

As a heat carrier circulating through pipelines and radiators, it is used hot water... In central heating networks and autonomous boiler houses, it is treated in a special way to remove dissolved oxygen, hardness salts and insoluble impurities. This makes it possible to reduce the corrosive effect on metal pipes, to avoid scale deposits and the formation of silty blockages.

Prepared water is more expensive than ordinary tap water, and therefore its draining to repair the heating system of an apartment building and its subsequent filling in order to start can only take place with the permission and control of the heat supply or operating organization. Unauthorized discharge of the coolant from the heating system entails an administrative penalty in the form of a fine.

In individual apartment heating, such preparation is not provided due to the small amount of circulating water and the guarantee that there is no leakage.

Supply from city networks

We inherited district heating in multi-storey residential buildings as a legacy of planned management from the days of the Soviet Union. Today, this method of providing the housing stock with thermal energy is still the most common.

The main advantage of central heating is that house residents do not have to deal with issues related to the operation and repair of equipment and pipelines. The annual start-up and the necessary overhaul of the networks is the responsibility of the city heat supply organization. With centralized and autonomous heating individual elements can be repaired or altered only by agreement with the heat supply organization.

The disadvantages of such engineering systems are considered to be large heat losses in distribution networks, the dependence of the population on the quality of the heat supply organization and the impossibility of providing individual conditions comfort.

The design supply temperature in urban networks can be in the range of 90-115˚C, and the existing standards for the safe operation of equipment prohibit heating accessible hot surfaces to more than 60˚C to prevent possible burns.

Therefore, a special elevator unit was installed at the entrance of pipes into the building. It mixes the hot coolant from the supply with chilled water from the return line returning from the consumer, changing the temperature to the allowable one. Calculation of elements, maintenance of elements and change of the control nozzle of the elevator is carried out only by employees of the heat supply organization.

Autonomous boiler room for one building

Heat sources serving only one city house began to be built in the last two decades. Boilers are installed in a special room on the roof, in an annex or in a detached building near a residential building. The level of automation of such a boiler house does not require the constant presence of maintenance personnel and can provide central dispatch control over the operation of the equipment.

The absence of large distribution networks makes it possible to eliminate the use of superheated water, which reduces heat losses and increases the level of comfort. The coolant is supplied to the apartments through the main risers located in each entrance or directly through the pipes of the upper distribution, if the boiler room is installed on the roof.

Boilers in apartments

This option for heating an apartment in an apartment building began to be used relatively recently in modern new buildings and residential buildings after reconstruction. Self-contained apartment structures provide the most high level comfort in the apartment. The owners themselves determine the temperature schedule of the boiler, regardless of third-party heat supply organizations. Such a system starts and stops only when necessary, avoiding unnecessary consumption of energy resources.

Among the disadvantages of individual heating are the need to provide maintenance and repair of installed equipment and dependence on stable electricity in the network. Many tenants were faced with the necessary choice of a company for a professional service and the development of additional protection equipment.

Types of in-house distribution systems

For the quantitative distribution of the coolant inside the MKD, pipes are used, through which water moves:

from the bottom up from the basement or underground;
from above from the attic or upper floor;
along the main entrance riser with the subsequent connection of each apartment.

The adopted method of distribution affects the uniformity of operation of heating devices and the level of accessibility for regulation and performance of current renovation works.

Bottom heat supply

A central heating system with a bottom distribution of the coolant usually works in apartment buildings up to six floors high, while structurally it can be one-pipe or two-pipe.

Single-pipe circuits

In this case, heating water is supplied through one vertical riser with sequential passage through all installed radiators. On the top floor, the pipe passes horizontally into the adjacent room and again descends vertically. The risers themselves are connected to the organized distribution of the distribution loungers in the basement of the building, which run along the outer wall.

The advantage of this design is minimum consumption necessary for the installation of pipes. Therefore, such thermal circuits were widely used in Soviet design developments, when design organizations received bonuses for saving materials. However, the main drawback single pipe system lies in the uneven distribution of heat between consumers. The first battery is the hottest during the campaign, and the last one will not be heated enough.

To change the situation, an improved Leningrad scheme was developed. It provides for the presence of a closing jumper between the two pipes for connecting the heater, which makes it possible to regulate the flow. In this case, part of the hot coolant passes by the radiator, and the heat distribution is more correct. However, as practice has shown, many enterprising residents began to install taps on these lintels and close them, which again led to the previous situation.

Two-pipe system

By the name of this scheme, it can be understood that the supply in the risers is carried out through one pipeline, and the chilled water is discharged through the other. In this case, heat is supplied more evenly, since the supply temperature is the same on all batteries. However, the installation of a second riser increases the consumption of pipes for installation by almost two times, in comparison with one-pipe circulation. That is why in Soviet times, two-pipe wiring did not receive widespread use.

Operational practice has shown that the use of two pipes is not ideal and does not completely solve the problem of correct heat distribution. Hydraulic flow distribution gives the first water flow to the devices clear advantage and launches more coolant in them. As a result, the lower floors are heated more efficiently, while the upper ones are worse. Performing a forced adjustment has no effect in practice. After a while, the tenants will independently return everything to its original state.

Top heat supply

It is used in houses with a height of more than seven floors. At each entrance, the coolant is supplied up to the attic or the last floor along the main riser large diameter... After that, it is diverted to the single-pipe risers through the distribution pipes and lowered down with the sequential passage of each heater.

For high-rise high-rise buildings with more than 12 floors, the entire structure can be divided into two or three separate blocks vertically and a device for a separate distribution of water flows for each of them. In this case, the building structure often provides for the presence of a special technical floor or distribution wiring is carried out inside the apartments. In the basement or technical underground, all risers are re-connected to the same return pipe.

The advantages and disadvantages of such systems fully correspond to the traditional one-pipe systems described above, with an even greater difference in the quality of heating between the upper and lower floors. Quite often, residents of the first floors are forced to live in the cold.

Separate connection of each apartment

The principle of operation of heat supply schemes with individual heat distribution provides for the device of a supply and return pipe of a large diameter, passing along the entrance or located in a technical niche. All apartments are connected to this main riser separately. A meter can be installed at the inlet of the pipes to organize the metering of consumed energy, and control valves to organize the required temperature regime in the premises.

The coolant inside the apartment can be distributed according to a horizontal one-pipe, two-pipe or beam scheme. The last version of hot water heating provides for a separate connection of each heating radiator to the distribution manifold. This allows ensuring not only uniform heat distribution, but also supplying the required amount of hot water to each radiator, maintaining a minimum temperature of the coolant.

Apartment beam or collector circuits are by far the most efficient and reliable in operation and maintenance. The presence of a heat meter allows residents to independently control their apartment heating costs. However, the high capital costs of installation are still not satisfactory for most companies and significantly limit the widespread use of beam distribution systems in residential construction.

Inhabitants of city apartments are usually not interested in how the heating works in their home. Need for such knowledge may arise when the owners wish to improve the comfort in the home or improve the aesthetic appearance of the engineering equipment. For those who are going to start repairs, we will briefly tell you about the heating systems of an apartment building.

Types of heating systems for apartment buildings

Depending on the structure, characteristics of the coolant and piping layouts, the heating of an apartment building is divided into the following types:

By location of the heat source

An apartment heating system, in which a gas boiler is installed in a kitchen or a separate room. Some inconveniences and investments in equipment are more than offset by the ability to turn on and regulate heating at your own discretion, as well as low operating costs due to the absence of losses in heating mains. If you have your own boiler, there are practically no restrictions on the reconstruction of the system. If, for example, the owners want to replace the batteries with warm water floors, there are no technical obstacles to this.
Individual heating, in which its own boiler room serves one house or residential complex. Such solutions are found both in the old housing stock (stoking rooms) and in the new elite housing, where the community of residents decides for itself when to start the heating season.
Central heating in an apartment building is most common in typical housing.

The central heating device of an apartment building, heat transfer from the CHP is carried out through the local heating point.

According to the characteristics of the coolant

Water heating, water is used as a heat carrier. In modern housing with apartment or individual heating, there are economical low-temperature (low-potential) systems, where the temperature of the coolant does not exceed 65 ºС. But in most cases and in all typical houses, the coolant has a design temperature in the range of 85-105 ºС.
Steam heating of an apartment in an apartment building (water vapor circulates in the system) has a number of significant drawbacks, it has not been used in new buildings for a long time, the old housing stock is widely transferred to water systems.

According to the wiring diagram

Basic heating schemes in apartment buildings:

Single-pipe - both the supply and return of the coolant to the heating devices are carried out along one line. Such a system is found in the "Stalinkas" and "Khrushchevs". It has a serious drawback: the radiators are located in series and due to the cooling of the coolant in them, the heating temperature of the batteries drops as they move away from the heating point. In order to preserve heat transfer, the number of sections increases in the direction of movement of the coolant. In a clean one-pipe system, it is not possible to install control devices. It is not recommended to change the configuration of pipes, install radiators of a different type and size, otherwise the operation of the system may be seriously impaired.
Leningradka is an improved version of a one-pipe system, which, due to the connection of heating devices through a bypass, reduces their mutual influence. You can install regulating (not automatic) devices on radiators, replace the radiator with a different type, but of a similar capacity and power.

On the left is a standard one-pipe system, which we do not recommend making any changes to. On the right - "Leningrad", it is possible to install manual control valves and correct replacement of the radiator

The two-pipe heating scheme of an apartment building began to be widely used in "brezhnevka" buildings, and is popular to this day. The supply and return lines are separated in it, so the coolant at the entrances to all apartments and radiators has almost the same temperature, replacing radiators with a different type and even the volume does not significantly affect the operation of other devices. Control devices, including automatic ones, can be installed on batteries.

On the left - an improved version of the one-pipe scheme (analogue of the "Leningrad"), on the right - a two-pipe version. The latter provides more comfortable conditions, precise regulation and wider possibilities for replacing the radiator

The beam scheme is used in modern atypical housing. The devices are connected in parallel, their mutual influence is minimal. The routing is usually carried out in the floor, which allows the walls to be free of pipes. When installing control devices, including automatic ones, accurate dosing of the amount of heat in the premises is ensured. Technically, both partial and complete replacement of the heating system in an apartment building with a beam pattern within an apartment is possible, with a significant change in its configuration.

With a beam scheme, the supply and return lines enter the apartment, and the wiring is carried out in parallel with separate circuits through the collector. Pipes, as a rule, are placed in the floor, radiators are neatly and discreetly connected from below

Replacement, transfer and selection of radiators in an apartment building

We will make a reservation that any changes to apartment heating in an apartment building must be coordinated with the executive authorities and operating organizations.

We have already mentioned that the principal possibility of replacing and transferring radiators is due to the circuit. How to choose the right radiator for an apartment building? Consider the following:

First of all, the radiator must withstand the pressure, which is higher in an apartment building than in a private one. How more quantity floors, the higher the test pressure can be, it can reach 10 atm, and in high-rise buildings even 15 atm. Exact value can be inquired from your local operating service. Not all radiators on the market have the appropriate characteristics. A significant part of aluminum and many steel radiators are not suitable for an apartment building.
Is it possible and how much to change heat output radiator, depends on the applied circuit. But in any case, the heat transfer of the device must be calculated. In one typical section of a cast-iron battery, the heat transfer is 0.16 kW at a coolant temperature of 85 ºС. Multiplying the number of sections by this value, we get the thermal power existing battery... The characteristics of the new heater can be found in its technical data sheet. Panel radiators are not recruited from sections; they have fixed dimensions and power.

The average heat transfer data for different types of radiators may vary depending on the specific model.

The material also matters. Central heating in an apartment building is often characterized by a low quality of the heating medium. Traditional cast-iron batteries are the least sensitive to pollution, and aluminum ones react the least to an aggressive environment. Bimetallic radiators have shown themselves well.

Installing a heat meter

A heat meter can be installed without problems with a beam wiring diagram in an apartment. Typically in modern houses metering devices are already available. As for the existing housing stock with standard heating systems, such an opportunity is by no means always available. It depends on the specific piping layout and configuration, consultation can be obtained from the local operating organization.

An apartment heat meter can be installed with a beam and two-pipe wiring scheme, if a separate branch goes to the apartment

If it is not possible to install a metering device for the whole apartment, you can place compact heat meters on each of the radiators.

An alternative to an apartment meter is heat metering devices placed directly on each of the radiators

Note that the installation of metering devices, replacing radiators, making other changes to the heating device in an apartment building require prior approval and must be performed by specialists representing an organization licensed to carry out the relevant work.

Video: how heating is served in an apartment building

teploguru.ru

Heating system of an apartment building: one-pipe and two-pipe

V Russian Federation mostly heating systems multi-storey buildings are centralized, that is, they operate from a CHP or a central boiler house. But the water circuits themselves are mounted in different ways, that is, they can be made, both single-pipe and double-pipe.

For passive users, this does not matter at all, but in the case of a do-it-yourself overhaul of an apartment, you will have to learn to understand these nuances.

Two-pipe and one-pipe radiator connection system

Independent centralized heating scheme

First, let's pay attention to the local or autonomous heating system, used mostly in the private sector and in rare cases (as an exception) in multi-storey buildings. In such cases, the boiler room is located directly in the building itself or near it, which allows correct adjustment of the coolant temperature.

But the price of autonomy is quite high, so it is easier to build a CHP or one powerful boiler house to heat an entire residential area with it. The heat carrier is supplied from the center through the main pipes heat points, from where it is already distributed among the apartments. Thus, at the TP, it is possible to make additional adjustment of the coolant supply using circulation pumps, that is, this principle of supply is called independent.

Dependent centralized heating circuit

There are also dependent heating systems, as in the photo above, this is when the coolant enters the apartment radiators directly from the CHP or boiler house, without additional distribution. But the water temperature does not depend on whether there are distribution points or not. Such units basically serve as something like an additional circulation pump in an autonomous heating system.

It is also possible to divide the systems into closed and open ones, that is, in a closed hot water supply system, the coolant from the CHP or boiler room enters the distribution point, where it is supplied separately to radiators, and separately to DHW (hot water supply). Open heating systems do not provide for such a distribution, and the selection for hot water supply occurs directly from the mains. Therefore, it is impossible to provide residents with hot water in open systems outside the heating season.

Connection types

It is not within your power to change the scheme of the centralized water circuit, therefore, the heating system of an apartment building can be adjusted only at the level of your apartment. Undoubtedly, there are situations when in a separate building, residents completely redo the system, but here the so-called "localization" comes into force, and the principles of heating with one or two pipes remain unchanged.

On this page you can also watch a video clip that will help you understand the topic.

One-pipe heating system

Scheme single pipe connection multi-storey buildings

One-pipe heating systems for apartment buildings, due to their economy, have many disadvantages, and the main one is a large heat loss along the way. That is, water in such a circuit is supplied from the bottom up, in each apartment getting into the radiators and giving off heat, because the water cooled in the device returns to the same pipe. The coolant reaches the final destination already fairly cooled, therefore, complaints are often heard from the residents of the upper floors.

Connection diagram for radiators of a one-pipe heating system

But sometimes such a system is simplified even more, trying to raise the temperature in the heating batteries, and for this they are cut directly into the pipe. It turns out that the radiator itself is a continuation of the pipe, as shown in the lower diagram.

Diagram of connecting radiators through a pipe

Only the first users benefit from such a connection, and the water gets even colder into the last apartments. In addition, the ability to adjust the radiators is lost, because by reducing the flow in a single battery, you reduce the water flow throughout the pipe. It also turns out that during the heating season you cannot change the radiator without draining the water from the entire system, therefore, in such cases, jumpers are installed to turn off the device and direct water through them.
For one-pipe heating systems ideal solution there will be an arrangement of radiators in size, that is, the first batteries should be the smallest and, gradually increasing, at the end you need to connect the largest devices. Such a distribution could solve the problem of uniform heating, but, as you yourself understand, no one will do this. It turns out that saving money on the installation of the heating circuit results in problems with heat distribution and, as a result, in the complaints of residents about the cold in apartments.

Two-pipe heating system

Scheme of two-pipe connection of multi-storey buildings

A two-pipe heating system in an apartment building can be open and closed, but it allows you to keep the coolant in the same temperature regime for radiators of any level. Pay attention to the radiator wiring diagram below, and you will see why this is so.

Diagram of connecting radiators to a two-pipe heating system

In a two-pipe heating circuit, the cooled water from the radiator no longer returns to the same pipe, but is diverted to the return channel or to the "return". Moreover, it does not matter at all whether the radiator is connected from a riser or from a lounger - the main thing is that the temperature of the coolant remains unchanged throughout its entire path along the supply pipe.
An important advantage in a two-pipe circuit is the fact that you can regulate each battery separately and even install taps with a thermostat on it to automatically maintain the temperature regime. Also, in such a circuit, you can use devices with side and bottom connections, use the dead-end and associated movement of the coolant.

DHW in the heating system

Single-pipe DHW system diagram

Hot heating systems in Russia for multi-storey buildings are mainly centralized, and water for hot water supply is heated by a heat carrier in central heating points. Hot water supply can be connected from a one-pipe or two-pipe heating circuit.
Depending on the number of pipes in the line (one or two), you can get either warm or cold water... For example, if you have a one-pipe heating system in a 5-storey apartment building, then by opening the hot tap, you will receive cold water from it within the first 20-30 seconds.

In a one-pipe system, hot water may not appear immediately

This is explained very simply - at night there is practically no parsing of hot water, and the water in the pipe cools down. When you turn on the tap, water from the central heating station is supplied to your house, that is, parsing appears and the cooled water is drained until hot. This disadvantage is also caused by the excessive consumption of water, because you simply pour unnecessary cold water into the sewer.
In a two-pipe system, water circulation is continuous, so there are no such problems. But sometimes a riser with heated towel rails is looped through the hot water system, then this turns into a problem - they are hot even in summer!
Many people have a question, why with the end of the heating season hot water disappears and sometimes for a long time? The fact is that the instruction requires post-heating tests of the entire system, and this takes time, especially if you find yourself in a damaged area. But here one can very positively characterize the utilities, since they are trying in any way, even changing the supply scheme, to provide citizens with hot water - after all, this is their earnings.
Also, in the middle of summer, the entire heating system is awaiting current and major repairs, when certain sections have to be turned off. With the onset of autumn, tests of the repaired sections are carried out and some places may not withstand, and this is again a shutdown. Don't forget that the system is still centralized!

Radiators for centralized heating systems

Column cast iron radiator

Many of us have long been accustomed to cast iron radiators, established from the moment the house was built, and even, if the need arises, they are replaced with similar ones. For centralized heating systems, such batteries are good enough, because they can withstand high pressure, so the battery has two numbers in the passport, the first of which indicates the working pressure, and the second is the pressure (test) pressure. For cast iron appliances, this is usually 6/15 or 8/15.

Sectional bimetallic radiator

But in a nine-story building, the working pressure usually reaches 6 atmospheres, so the above-described batteries are quite suitable, but in a 22-story building, the pressure can reach 15 atmospheres, so devices made of steel or bimetal are more appropriate here. Only aluminum radiators are not suitable for centralized heating, since they will not withstand the operating state of the centralized circuit.

Recommendations. If you have started a major overhaul in your apartment and also want to replace the radiators, then, if possible, replace the wiring pipes. These ½ ”or ¾” pipes are probably not in very good condition either, and an ecoplast would be better used instead. Steel and bimetallic (sectional or panel) radiators have narrower watercourses than cast iron ones, so they can become clogged and lose power.

To prevent this from happening - put a regular filter on the water supply to the battery, which is installed in front of the water meter.

Conclusion

If the heating system of a multi-storey building does not meet our expectations, then we often scold utilities or even a particular plumber, but in 99% of cases they do not deserve it. The main problems with heat arise from the design of the water circuit and the maintenance personnel are no longer able to change anything.

otoplenie-gid.ru

Heating system in an apartment building: types, pressure testing, calculation and discharge

High-quality heating plays a very important role in creating a pleasant atmosphere in apartments in apartment buildings. Now the heating system of an apartment building is somewhat different in design from an autonomous one, it is it that provides heat in apartments even in the most severe cold. Below we will talk about what types of systems are, what is in them optimum temperature how the repair is made.

The heating system of any modern multi-storey building requires mandatory compliance with the conditions specified in the regulatory documents - SNiP and GOST. According to these standards, the temperature in the apartment must be maintained by heating within the range of 20-22 ° C, and the humidity - 30-45%.

It is possible to achieve such indicators with the help of a special design, installation of high-quality equipment. Even during the design of the heating system in an apartment building, that is, creating a circuit, professional heating specialists calculate all the necessary characteristics, achieve the same coolant pressure in the pipes on both the first and the upper floors.

One of key features modern centralized heating system for high-rise buildings - operation on overheated water. It goes from a combined heat and power plant with a temperature in the range of 130–150 ° C to the heating system of an apartment building and a pressure of 6–10 atm. Due to the high pressure, no steam is generated in the system. In addition, it allows water to be directed even to the highest point of the house.

The temperature of the water flowing back through the system (return) is approximately 60-70 ° C. In winter and summer, this indicator may differ, since the values depend only on the environment.

Temperature graph heating systems

Types of heating systems in an apartment building

In our country, the central heating system of an apartment building is widely used. Here the city boiler house (CHP) supplies the heat carrier. However, water circuits are constructed according to two different schemes: one-pipe and two-pipe. In most cases, consumers are rarely interested in such questions. However, as soon as it is time to make repairs and install new modern heating radiators, you need to know these details.

Individual heating in residential buildings

This type of heat supply is rarely used, but over the past few years it has become more common in new homes. In addition, local heating systems are installed in the private sector. If there is an individual heating system in an apartment building, the boiler room is located in a separate room located in the same building, or in the immediate vicinity, since it is important to control the degree of heating of the coolant.

The price of this type of heating in an apartment building is quite high, that is, it is more profitable to run one boiler house, which can warm up and provide hot water to an entire microdistrict.

Central heating system of an apartment building

The coolant goes from the central boiler house through the main pipelines to the MKD heating unit, after which it is distributed throughout the apartments. Its additional adjustment according to the degree of supply is carried out at the heating point itself by means of circular pumps.

The various schemes for organizing central heating developed in our time make it possible to figure out which heating system is in an apartment building, to make several classifications according to certain categories.

By the mode of consumption of thermal energy:

seasonal, heating is required only during the cold season;
year-round, requiring constant heating.

By the type of coolant used:

Aquatic are the most widely used species in MKD. The advantages of the operation of such heating systems in an apartment building are ease of use, the ability to transfer the coolant from afar (while not deteriorating quality indicators, centrally adjusting the temperature if necessary), good sanitary and hygienic qualities.
Air - such heating systems in apartment buildings are capable of both heating and ventilation of buildings; due to the high price, this system is less widely used.
Steam - are recognized as the most profitable, since small diameter pipes are taken for heating, the hydrostatic pressure in the heating system in an apartment building is small, this makes it easier to maintain. True, this type is recommended for facilities that require, in addition to heat, the supply of water vapor (this includes mainly industrial facilities).

By connection method heating system to the heat supply:

An independent heating system of an apartment building - water circulating through it or steam in a heat exchanger transfers heat to the heat carrier (water) in the heating system.
The dependent heating system of an apartment building - the heat carrier heated by a heat generator is directly supplied to consumers through the networks.

By the method of connection to the hot water supply system:

Open heating system of an apartment building - heated water comes from the heating network.
Closed heating system of an apartment building. Here, water is taken from the general water supply system, heat energy is transferred to it in the centralized network heat exchanger.

Installation of a heating system in an apartment building

One-pipe heating system of an apartment building

One-pipe heating systems for apartment buildings, due to their economy, have many disadvantages, and the main one is a large heat loss along the way. Water in this circuit is directed from bottom to top, getting into the radiators of all apartments and transferring heat to them. The water cooled down in the device goes into the same pipe. She comes to the last apartments, having already lost significant amounts of heat. For this reason, residents of the upper floors often complain about the cold.

In some cases, this scheme is made even easier, trying to increase the temperature in the radiators - they are cut right into the pipe. Then the battery becomes part of the pipe.

The users, whose apartments are closest to the beginning of the circuit, benefit from such interference in the heating system of an apartment building, while the water comes to the last consumers even more cooled down. In addition, it is now impossible to regulate the level of heat in the apartment, because if you reduce the flow in such a radiator, the water flow in the entire system will decrease.

While the heating season is underway, the owner will not be able to replace such a battery without intruding into the internal heating system of an apartment building and without draining the coolant. For such cases, jumpers are placed, making it possible, by turning off the device, to maintain the coolant flow.

In the presence of one-pipe systems, the most reasonable approach would be to install batteries according to size: at the beginning of the system, small ones should be placed, and, gradually increasing in size, in last apartments you need to connect the largest devices. Such a move would make it possible to overcome the difficulties of uniform heating, but, obviously, it is not used in practice. Thus, financial savings on the installation of a heating circuit are followed by difficulties with heat distribution and complaints about cold apartments.

Two-pipe heating system of an apartment building

A two-pipe heating system in an apartment building can be open and closed, but it allows you to keep the coolant in one temperature mode for radiators of any level. Look at the radiator connection diagram, then it will become clear what this feature is connected with.

The principle of the heating system in an apartment building with a two-pipe circuit is as follows: the liquid that has lost thermal energy from the radiator is not directed into the pipe through which it came, but goes into the return channel. In this case, it does not matter how the radiator is connected: from a riser or from a sunbed. The bottom line is that the level of heating of the coolant is stably maintained throughout the entire supply pipe.

Another important plus of the two-pipe circuit is that residents can regulate each battery separately or supply taps with a thermostat that automatically maintain the required temperature. In addition, such a circuit allows you to choose batteries with side and bottom connections, dead-end and passing movement of the coolant.

Adjusting the heating system in an apartment building

Adjustment of this system in the MKD is necessary, since it consists of pipes of different diameters. The speed of movement and pressure of the liquid together with steam, and hence the level of heat, vary directly depending on the diameter of the pipe hole. In order for this procedure to be carried out correctly, products of different diameters are used.

Heating pipes of an apartment building maximum size(100 mm) are located in the basements. The connection of the entire system begins with them. Pipes with a diameter of no more than 50–76 mm are installed in the entrances for uniform distribution of heat energy.

Unfortunately, such an adjustment does not always lead to the desired heating effect. Residents of the upper floors suffer from this, where the temperature drops dramatically. This process can be balanced by starting the hydraulic heating system. This step involves the connection of circulating vacuum pumps, which allows the automatic pressure control system to start working. Installation and start-up takes place in the collector of a separate building. Accordingly, the heating distribution system at the entrances and floors of an apartment building is changing. When the number of floors exceeds two, the start of the system is necessarily accompanied by pumping for water circulation.

What is the procedure for calculating the payment for heating by metering devices

How is the payment for heating in an apartment building calculated?

Very often, after paying their heating bills, tenants complain about the management company. In some apartments, people are constantly freezing, in others, on the contrary, they open windows to cool the room. These examples clearly demonstrate how imperfect the heating system of an apartment building (its principle of operation, scheme) is, and the payment for heat is unfairly high.

You can deal with these problems by installing apartment heating meters. The owners will then receive the maximum benefit, who are also going to install a thermal energy controller in the form of the final stage of preparing the premises for insulation.

What meters are suitable for the heating system in an apartment building with different schemes?

Single-pipe diagrams with a vertical type of wiring - one meter is installed per riser and a separate temperature sensor for all batteries.
Two-pipe schemes with a vertical type of wiring - it is necessary to install a meter, a temperature sensor on each radiator.
One-pipe diagrams with a horizontal type of wiring - one meter is enough for a riser.

In houses with the first two wiring schemes, residents usually prefer the installation of a general house meter. When the wiring is done according to the third type, the choice of one device per apartment is more justified.

Ultrasonic or mechanical controllers of thermal energy consumption act as measuring instruments that allow to determine the volume of the coolant passed through each of the radiators.

Structurally and functionally, the meters of the mechanical type are considered the simplest. Their principle of operation in a heating system in an apartment building is based on the transformation of the translational energy of the movement of the coolant into the rotation of the measuring elements.

Ultrasonic models measure the time difference during the passage of ultrasonic vibrations in the direction and against the flow of the liquid. Preferential number similar devices powered by autonomous energy sources - lithium batteries. They are enough for more than a decade of uninterrupted service.

To install a separate meter in the MKD, the owner needs:

obtain information on technical conditions from the heat supply organization or from the balance holder of the building;
create an installation project together with craftsmen licensed in this field;
to carry out the installation of a heat meter in full compliance with the technical conditions and the originally developed project;
sign an agreement with a heat energy supplier for payment according to the meter readings.

The most widely used option for a multi-storey building is the installation of a general meter to calculate the heat energy used.

In the case of installing one device on the riser of an apartment building, the formula is used for the calculation:

Po.i = Si * Vt * TT,

where Si is the total area of an apartment building; Vt is the average volume of consumed heat energy per month based on the readings of the previous year (Gcal / sq. M); TT - tariffs for heat energy consumption (RUB / Gcal).

divide the meter reading for the previous year by 12;
Divide the resulting number by the total area of the house, taking into account all heated rooms: basements, attics, entrances. You will receive the average amount of heat energy consumed per square meter per month.

True, several legitimate questions follow from the above.

Where can I get the indicators of the consumed energy for the previous year, given that the general meter has just appeared? There is nothing difficult here. During the first year from the date of installation of the metering device, the owners pay, as before, according to the tariffs. Only in a year will it be possible to use this formula to calculate the monthly payment.

How to calculate the required amount of heat, starting from the area of the apartment

There's an easy formula for that. For 10 squares of living space, on average, no more than 1 kW of heat is needed. The value is adjusted according to the coefficients depending on the region:

for houses in the south of the country, the required amount of energy is multiplied by 0.9;
for the European zone of the country (for example, the Moscow region) take a coefficient of 1.3;
for the Far North, eastern regions, the demand increases by 1.5-2 times.

Let's take a look at a simple calculation. Imagine that it is important for us to find out the amount of heat energy for an apartment in an apartment building in the Amur Region. This region is characterized by a rather cold climate.

The area of this room in a multi-storey building is 60 m2. Let's take into account that about 1 kW of thermal energy is spent on heating 10 m2 of housing. According to the peculiarities of the climate of a given area, a coefficient of 1.7 is selected.

We translate the area of the apartment from units to tens, this gives us the number 6, we multiply it by 1.7. Eventually required value- 10.2 kW, otherwise 10 200 W.

The counting method described here is very easy. But it entails significant errors associated with such situations:

the amount of required heat energy directly depends on the volume of the apartment. Obviously, more will be needed to heat a living space with ceilings 3 meters high;
a large number of windows, doors, which increases the consumption of thermal energy when compared with monolithic walls;
the location of apartments at the ends or in the middle of the building also strongly affects the heat costs if standard batteries of the heating system of an apartment building are installed.

The basic, standardized value of sufficient heat output per 1 cubic meter of living space is 40 W. Based on this figure, it is easy to find out how much heat is required for the entire apartment or for individual rooms.

If you want to calculate the required amount of thermal energy as accurately as possible, you will not only have to multiply the volume by 40, but also throw about 100 W on all windows and 200 W on the doors, after which the same regional coefficients are used as when calculating by area apartments.

What is pressure testing of a heating system in an apartment building

Pressure testing of the heating system is a hydraulic (or pneumatic) test of its components, which makes it possible to find out its tightness, the ability to work at the design working pressure of the coolant, as well as during water hammer. This procedure allows you to detect potential leaks, strength, installation quality, and ensure stable operation throughout the cold season.

Pressure testing, that is, hydraulic (water), in some cases and pneumatic (compressed air) tests of heating systems is started:

immediately after the heating system of an apartment building is installed and put into operation;
on systems that have already been used;
as a result of repair work, replacement of any part;
during inspections before all heating seasons;
at the end of the heating season (in MKD).

In multi-apartment residential buildings, industrial, administrative premises, pressure testing is performed by certified employees of services that operate and Maintenance of these systems.

The course of pressure testing of the heating system of an apartment building varies in accordance with the type and number of floors in the building, the complexity of the system (number of circuits, branches, risers), wiring diagram, material, wall thickness of elements (pipes, batteries, fittings), etc. Usually such tests are hydraulic - carried out by water injection. However, pneumatic ones are also possible - with excess air pressure. Since the hydraulic type is more common, let's talk about it first.

Hydraulic pressure testing in an apartment building

Before starting such tests, preliminary work is carried out:

inspection of the elevator (feed unit), main pipes, risers and other parts of the system;
inspection of the presence and integrity of thermal insulation on heating mains.

For a system that has been in operation for more than 5 years, it is recommended to flush with a compressor to flush the heating system of an apartment building before pressure testing.

Hydraulic pressure testing is carried out as follows:

the system is filled with water (if it was just installed, flushing was carried out);
an electric or manual pump builds up excess pressure in it;
using a pressure gauge, it is checked whether the pipes retain pressure (within 15-30 minutes);
if the pressure is maintained (the pressure gauge readings do not change) - the system is sealed, without leaks, the elements cope with the crimping pressure;
if there is a drop in pressure, all parts (pipes, connections, batteries, accessories) are checked to detect water leaks;
after determining this place, it is sealed or the entire element is replaced (part of the pipe, connecting fitting, shut-off valves, batteries, etc.), the tests are duplicated.

The water pressure for these checks depends on the operating pressure of the system. It is capable of changing due to the material of pipes, batteries. For new systems, the crimping pressure should exceed the operating pressure by 2 times, for already used - by 20-50%.

All types of pipes and radiators are manufactured under a certain allowable pressure. Taking this into account, the maximum working pressure and test pressure are established. For cast iron batteries, the operating pressure in the heating system of an apartment building is a maximum of 5 atm. (bar), but remains within 3 atm. (bar). The check is carried out here, pumping up to 6 atm. And systems with convector-type batteries (steel, bimetallic) are subjected to higher pressure, up to 10 atm.

Pressure testing of the input unit is carried out separately, with an injection of at least 10 atm. (1 MPa). This requires electric pumps. The tests are recognized as successful if the indicator has dropped by no more than 0.1 atm in half an hour.

Air pressure testing of the heating system of an apartment building

Air system checks are rare. They are possible in small buildings when hydraulic tests are not suitable for some parameters. Let's say we want to know if the system has been installed with high quality, and water, injection equipment is not available.

Then an electric air compressor, a mechanical (foot, hand) pump with a pressure gauge is connected to the make-up or drain cock, and overpressure is created. It can be no more than 1.5 atm. (bar), since if there is a depressurization of the connection, a rupture of the system at high pressure, there is a possibility of injury by the inspectors. Plugs are used instead of air valves.

Pneumatic tests are associated with a longer exposure of the system under high pressure... Since air is compressed, which is not the case with a liquid, therefore, long-term stabilization and equalization of the pressure in the circuit are required. At the first stage, the pressure gauge may show a decrease in readings, even if everything is sealed. After the air pressure has stabilized, it is important to withstand it for another half hour.

Pressure testing of open heating systems

To pressurize the heating system in an open circuit apartment building and the principle of operation, it is necessary to seal the connection point of the open expansion tank... This can be done with a ball valve mounted on a water pipe. When pumping fluid, it plays a role air valve, and as soon as the system is filled, that is, before the actual pressure build-up, the valve is closed.

Operating pressure of such heating systems in an apartment building usually varies depending on the height of the expansion tank: for 1 m of its deviation from the level of input to the return boiler, 0.1 atm of excess pressure is given in this place. In one-story houses, it is placed under the ceiling, in the attic. The water column then corresponds to 2–3 m, and the excess pressure - 0.2–0.3 atm. (bar). If the boiler room is located in the basement or in two-storey houses, the difference between the level of the expansion tank and the boiler return reaches 5–8 m (0.5–0.8 bar). A lower fluid overpressure (0.3–1.6 bar) is then created for the hydraulic test.

In addition to this feature, pressure testing of open systems (one-pipe and two-pipe) does not differ from testing closed systems.

Repair of the heating system of an apartment building

There are three main types of heating system repair.

Emergency. It is necessary to restore the functioning of the heating system after an accident: breakthrough of the riser, disconnection of the battery supply, defrosting of the heating at the entrance.
Current. It allows you to identify minor malfunctions, conduct a routine check of the shut-off valve performance, its revision and installation of a new one instead of the already used one. Some of these malfunctions are discovered by residents, the latter make themselves known during routine rounds, the rest when preparing the system for winter.
Overhaul is associated with complete or partial replacement of equipment. Here you can dismantle all pipes, replace them with metal-plastic ones, install radiator plates instead of those that have worked for the prescribed period.

Now let's talk about the malfunctions that each type of repair of the heating system of an apartment building struggles with.

Emergency repair of the heating system of an apartment building

Let's take a look at the most common system “diseases” faced by emergency locksmiths and their normal treatments.

There is no heating on the riser. They look at the valves, discharges of the heating system of an apartment building: uncoordinated repairs are often to blame. If no faults are found here, the risers are distilled to discharge in both directions, which makes it possible to localize the fault. The malfunction can be provoked by a piece of slag in the bend of the pipe, a sunken valve of the screw valve. If the problem is eliminated, and water flows without a hitch through the riser, be sure to bleed air on the upper floor.

Fistula in the heating pipe. It happens that there is no risk of complete destruction of the riser, liner, then the emergency team makes a bandage that eliminates the leak. Then the maintenance team welds the place.

Leaking locknuts in front of the radiator. The riser is dropped, the thread is rewound. If it has suffered due to corrosion, the squeegee on the liner is replaced by welding, manual threading.

Heavy leakage between radiator sections. The reason here is the broken nipple. The risers are reset, the battery is removed and moved.

The flush valve does not close after flushing the radiator. The riser is dropped, the valve gasket is replaced.

Access heating defrosted. The riser is turned off, the affected sections are removed, the working radiator is started. The emergency brigade repairs the connections, registers, etc. by welding.

Defrosted access heating radiator. You just need to detach the last sections.

Maintenance of the heating system of an apartment building

Below we will talk about the repair of heating systems carried out by housing and communal services workers in preparation for the cold season.

Revision of valves in the elevator heating unit. Here they watch the work of all relief, control valves, gate valves (if necessary, they are repaired). Periodic maintenance is in progress: oil seals are stuffed, rods are lubricated.

Valve repair consists of replacing the gasket. Even a beginner can do it himself without having serious skills, but revision, repair of valves will be more difficult.

If necessary, the spacer wedge between the cheeks is replaced, welded on, the mirrors in the body, on the cheeks are lapped, the stem is restored, the pressure ring on the gland is replaced and other work in the heating system of an apartment building.

Revision of the cast iron valve on the stand. From the outward appearance of this part, it is difficult to understand the need for repair.

Revision and repair of valves on risers is an equally important task. Even with a small leak, the entire house has to be dumped. In frosts, this can lead to defrosting of the contour sections, which is most important in the entrances.

The rewinding of the locknuts on the risers should also be periodically performed.

Replacing heating risers, eliminating various small pipe leaks and welds between them. A solution to this problem is chosen according to the situation: a small fistula in the apartment is welded, and the heavily corroded section of the pipe of the heating system of an apartment building is replaced. In the basement, small fistulas are most often bandaged with a clamp with a gasket, dense rubber and annealed wire.

Maintenance crews also carry out maintenance of the heating system: starting, stopping heating, removing air locks (if the residents of the upper floors themselves cannot) and annual hydropneumatic flushing of the heating.

Overhaul of the heating system of an apartment building

There is a certain sequence of signing contracts for the overhaul of the heating system.

A defective statement is written for the planned overhaul with an approximate list necessary work and consumables.
A tender is announced for the supply of equipment, repairs. Any municipal, private enterprise that has, among the services offered, "repair of the heating system" (OKDP code 453) - it is entered during registration can participate in it.
An agreement is signed with the winning company, which includes a list of necessary services, the procedure for calculation and control, guarantees and liability of the parties, and a dozen more points.
Further work ends with the satisfaction of the parties or litigation.

But in practice, the contract is often concluded with the service organization and its emergency, maintenance teams, which repair the heating systems of apartment buildings in their free time. This method justifies itself: the performer strives to do everything perfectly, because troubleshooting after a poor-quality repair will fall on his own shoulders.

What works are covered by the term "major repairs"? Their list is small:

complete or partial replacement of risers and heating pipes;
complete or selective replacement of heating devices;
replacement of everything elevator unit or shut-off valves in it;
full or partial replacement of heating spills.

All works are carried out during the warm season, after the heating season.

How to get rid of overpayments for heating

Why do I need to flush the heating system in an apartment building

The efficiency of the heating system in an apartment building falls for two inevitable reasons.

1. Heating batteries and horizontal pipe sections silt over time. This becomes a misfortune in places where the coolant flows slowly: spills, connections to the radiator and directly heating batteries.

Where does the sediment come from? It includes sand, rust crumbs, scale from welding, everything that is carried by heating mains. The CHP plant constantly draws and heats up such large volumes of liquid that it is impossible to clean them to an ideal state.

2. Illness steel pipes without anti-corrosion coating - mineral deposits. Calcium and magnesium salts narrow the lumen, forming a hard coating on the inner walls. This is only a problem with steel pipes. Galvanized and internal pipes polymer coating such deposits are not susceptible.

Sludge, sand and other suspended matter reduce the speed of water movement in the heater. Gradually, their volume increases, and water enters only the first sections. Deposits are sometimes the reason for the inoperability of a section of the circuit when the pipe lumen is clogged.

Consequently, the flushing of this system, documented by the act, restores the required efficiency. It is important to remember that for MKD the flushing frequency of this system is specified in SNiP 3.05.01-85 and is equal to 1 year.

How to flush a heating system in an apartment building

Chemical flushing of the heating system of an apartment building

Chemical flushing works in the following situations.

1. It is necessary to restore the functioning of the MKD heating system, which has been in operation for several decades. Unavoidable silting, overgrowing of steel pipes, results in a frightening decrease in efficiency during this time.

But non-galvanized steel pipes are so badly corroded over the decades that the benefits of processing may not be visible. The fact is that chemical substances corrode rust, and many new leaks are found during pressure testing.

2. It is necessary to remove deposits from the gravity system, consisting of steel pipes. Most of them accumulate in the heat exchanger of a boiler or furnace; The sludge is distributed throughout the filling, with large volumes at the bottom.

When flushing, a chemical is poured into the heating circuit instead of water. It is a solution of alkali (usually caustic soda) or acid (phosphoric, orthophosphoric, etc.). Then the pump, which is part of the equipment for flushing the heating system of an apartment building, starts continuous circulation in the circuit, which lasts for several hours. After that, this reagent is drained and a new pressure test is carried out.

The cost of the reagent for flushing starts from five to six thousand rubles for 25 liters. According to the rules for maintaining housing, the used substance must not be drained into the sewer, although if there is no other way out, this composition is neutralized with a special agent.

Hydropneumatic flushing of the heating system of an apartment building

Such flushing of the heating system has long been widely used by domestic housing and communal services and has managed to prove itself well. But it is only effective when used correctly.

The instructions for flushing the heating system are not so complicated: the circuit is started up for discharge into the sewer, first from the supply to the return flow, then in the opposite direction. At the same time, a powerful air pump pumps air into the water. The pulp, passing along the entire circuit, washes away part of the scale and sludge.

Flushing of the heating system used in housing and communal services works as follows:

the house valve is closed on the return pipeline;
a compressor is connected to flush the heating system of an apartment building to a metering valve on the supply after the house valve;
the discharge on the return line opens;
when the pressure in the ballast tank of the compressor reaches 6 kgf / cm2, the valve connected to it opens;
groups of risers are alternately overlapped so that ten are open at the same time, no more. So flushing the heating pipes and the heating devices connected to them will give a good result.

The time of the procedure can be chosen by checking the contamination of the water leaving after it by eye. If the liquid becomes transparent, you can proceed to another group of risers.

When all risers are flushed, the heating switches to reset in the opposite direction:

the discharge closes, the valve to which the compressor is connected;
the house valve on the supply is blocked and opens on the return;
the discharge from the supply opens, the compressor is connected to the metering valve on the return pipeline, it opens.

The flushing of the riser groups takes place again, but with the opposite direction of the pulp flow.

Where can I get the program for flushing the heating system in MKD?

At whose expense the heating system of an apartment building is drained

A well-functioning heating system is essential for a fulfilling and enjoyable life in any kind of home. It happens that residents need to install new batteries, eliminate leaks, move the riser to the wall.

Such actions with the system, obviously, should not be carried out without draining the water inside - it is impossible to open the pipes when the network is full. Therefore, before repair, preventive work, it is required to drain water from the riser of the heating system of an apartment building.

The correct operation of communications in MKD is the responsibility of the management company. This means that the drain is agreed with her in advance. For this reason, tenants have such questions.

1. Does the owner have the right to set the day of this procedure on his own?

Doesn't have. The term is chosen by the Criminal Code. But it will be possible to ask to do the work at a specific time, having coordinated this with several specialists of the Criminal Code.

2. Who pays for the drain of the riser?

Owner. Funds are charged for the approval and for the activities of the masters. Tariffs differ depending on regions and companies. It is impossible to name the price in advance: in some localities it will cost 1,000 rubles, in others - 5,000 rubles. This includes system shutdown, fluid drain, refill.

If there is a need for repairs during the heating season, the owner will have to spend time convincing the management company to pay a much more serious amount. When the frost is from -30 ° C outside, the procedure will not be allowed. This rule does not apply to accidents.

3. Is it always necessary to drain the riser?

Small repairs and installation of a new battery instead of the old one are not associated with draining water in the entire heating system of an apartment building. In almost any apartment, it will turn out, without affecting the circuit itself, to block a specific radiator. This is done like this:

turn the tap on the riser, block the water flow;
open the drain valve on the battery / unscrew the plug with an adjustable wrench, drain the water into any container.

It happens that the system is not equipped with either a plug or a drain valve, then disconnect the radiator and drain the liquid.

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What are the heating systems of an apartment building - schemes

The heating systems of most multi-storey buildings in our country, as a rule, are connected to a CHP or a central boiler house, that is, they are centralized. Depending on how the water circuits are mounted in the heating system of an apartment building, it can be either one-pipe or two-pipe.

Let us consider in more detail what heating systems exist for multi-storey buildings, and what are their advantages and disadvantages.

Centralized heating systems

First of all, it is worth mentioning the local or autonomous heating system. The advantage of this system is that it operates from a boiler room located inside the apartment building itself, or next to it. This allows you to independently regulate the temperature of the coolant.

The disadvantages of autonomy include its high price, because of which it is extremely rarely used in multi-storey buildings (basically, this system is chosen by the owners of private houses).

Much more often they build a CHP or arrange one powerful boiler house to heat an entire residential area. In this case, the coolant flows through the main pipes from the center to the heating points, and from there - to the apartments. This principle of supply is called independent, since it allows you to additionally regulate the supply of the coolant using circulation pumps.

In the dependent heating system of a residential apartment building, the coolant is supplied to the apartment radiators directly from the CHP or boiler house. However, there is no significant difference between these two systems, since heat points perform here a function comparable to that performed by additional circulation pumps in an autonomous heating system, and do not affect the temperature of the coolant itself.

Also, the heating systems of an apartment building are divided into closed and open (you can familiarize yourself with the options for schemes on the Internet).

In a closed system, the coolant from the CHPP or boiler room enters the distribution point, from where it is separately supplied to the hot water supply and to the apartment radiators.

In an open system, such distribution is not provided, that is, it does not allow providing residents of the house with hot water outside the heating season.

Connection types

As mentioned above, according to the type of connection, the systems of an apartment building are single-pipe and two-pipe.

The single-pipe heating system of an apartment building has great amount disadvantages, the most significant of which is considered to be a large heat loss along the way. In such a heating system of an apartment building, the scheme of which is simple, the coolant is supplied from the bottom up. Getting into the apartment radiators of the lower floors, and giving off heat, the water returns to the same pipe and, being fairly cooled, continues its way up. Hence the frequent complaints of residents of the upper floors that the radiators in their apartments do not warm up well.

The two-pipe heating system in the apartment (the diagram can be viewed on the Internet) is most widely used in construction. Basic distinctive feature such a system is the presence of two highways: supply and return.

Through one pipe (supply), the coolant is transported from the heating boiler to heating devices... The second line (return) is necessary to remove already chilled water and return it back to the boiler room.

The main plus of the two-pipe heating system of an apartment building is that the coolant is supplied to all heating devices evenly with the same temperature, regardless of whether the apartment is located on the first floor or on the sixteenth.

It is also important that the presence of two pipes greatly simplifies the process of flushing the heating systems of an apartment building.

There are two ways to arrange pipes, combined into a single heating network: horizontal and vertical.

A horizontal heating network, implying constant circulation of the coolant, is usually installed in low-rise buildings that have a long length (for example, in production workshops or in warehouses), as well as in panel-frame houses.

Vertical two-pipe system heating an apartment building is used in multi-storey buildings, where each floor is connected separately. The indisputable advantage of such a network is that it practically does not form air jams.

Two-pipe heating network and types of wiring

Both pipe layouts (both vertical and horizontal) allow you to use two types of routing - lower and upper. Moreover, in heating systems multi-storey buildings where pipes are arranged in a vertical pattern, bottom routing is usually used.

What is the difference between the bottom layout and the top one?

When installing the lower wiring, the supply line is laid in the basement or basement, and the return line (the so-called "return") is even lower.

An upper air line device is required to vent excess air when using bottom routing. For an even distribution of the coolant throughout the system, it is recommended to place the boiler as low as possible in relation to the heating radiators.

The upper wiring is most often done in the attic, which must be well insulated. With this method of wiring, an expansion tank is installed at the highest point of the heating system. The main advantage of the upper distribution is the high pressure in the supply lines.

As you know, most of the housing stock in Russia is carried out through centralized heating. Recently, this scheme for supplying heat to apartments and houses of our compatriots has been increasingly criticized due to imperfection, the use of outdated equipment and the lack of self adjustment... Over the years of its existence, the centralized heating system has proven its effectiveness and right to life. This article will consider the structure, principle of operation, advantages and disadvantages of central heating in apartment buildings.

Purpose and structure

Central heating is quite complex and ramified engineering network, a feature of which is the generation and supply of heat and hot water from a source to a group of buildings and structures through a main pipeline.

This system includes several structural elements:

The source of thermal energy is a boiler house or a CHP. The first, to transfer heat to heated rooms, heat water by burning gas, fuel oil, coal. Initially, in heating plants, steam is produced, which, by rotating the turbines, becomes a source of electricity, and after cooling down, it is used to heat the coolant. Thus, heated water is supplied to the heating systems of consumers.
The main pipeline is used to transport the coolant from the source to the consumer. This system is a complex and extended network of two large-diameter heat pipes (supply and return), the laying of which is carried out underground or overground.
Consumers of thermal energy are considered to be equipment that uses a heat carrier to transfer heat to a heated room.

All modern heating systems (CO) can be classified according to the following criteria:

the type of coolant they use;
work schedule;
method of connecting to a heat source and hot water supply.

There are the following types of heating systems:

Water.
Steam.
Air.

Each of them has its own characteristics, advantages, disadvantages and characteristics, which will be discussed below.

Water heating systems for apartment buildings are most common in the Russian Federation. They are easy to operate and allow you to move the coolant over long distances without a significant deterioration in its performance. The temperature of the coolant in the given CO can be controlled centrally.

Air COs are less common due to their high operating costs. A huge plus is the ability to use hot air for heating rooms and organizing a ventilation system.

The steam heating system is most often used in industrial facilities. This is primarily due to the need for this coolant for production needs. Since this when moving steam does not create a large hydrostatic pressure, pipes of a smaller diameter are used in steam COs.

All types of CO can be divided into two groups according to the schedule of heat energy consumption: year-round or seasonal cycle.

According to the method of connecting CO to a heat supply source, heating systems can be dependent and independent.

First, the coolant is supplied directly from the source to the consumer. In the second case, the heated coolant enters the heat exchanger through which water circulates. It is the water heated in this way that enters the CO of the apartment building.

According to the method of connecting hot water supply to the heat supply system, all COs are divided into open and closed. When open, hot water is taken directly from the heating system. In a closed water heating system, hot water is heated in the source heat exchangers.

Principle of operation and design features

In centralized heating, everything is arranged quite simply: the source produces a coolant of the required temperature and through the heating network system supplies it to the central heat receiving point, where the water temperature is corrected. From the central heating station, the coolant flows directly to the heated structures, at the entrance of which house valves and filter elements are installed.

Important! Shut-off valves on the coolant water in the house CO allows you to disconnect the general house heating circuit from central system heat supply in case of emergencies and in the summer, when the heating system of the house is not functioning.

After entering the common building CO, the coolant enters the elevator, which brings the temperature of the coolant to the standard values that allow it to be used by heating devices. Today, as part of the thermal modernization of houses, elevator systems are being replaced with automated control units for the heating system.

Behind the elevator, shut-off valves are usually installed to control the supply of coolant to the entrances. According to the latest requirements, heat meters are installed on the heating inputs to the entrance. Further, through the risers, the coolant is supplied directly to consumers.

Advantages and disadvantages

District heating has its pros and cons. Among the advantages are:

Reliability, which is ensured by special services subordinate to the municipal authorities.
Environmentally friendly thanks to the use of environmentally friendly equipment.
Simplicity due to the lack of the ability to independently adjust the pressure and temperature of the coolant.

The disadvantages of this heat supply system are:

Seasonality, which does not allow the end consumer to use CO in the off-season.
The inability to independently adjust the temperature of the radiators.
High heat losses due to the length of heating networks.

And as a conclusion: the imperfection of the system district heating became one of the reasons for the high tariffs for heating and hot water supply. That is why many of our compatriots, by hook or by crook, are trying in every possible way to abandon this CO and switch to an autonomous heating option with an individual gas boiler.

Advice: central heating is an important engineering system at home. That is why any interference with it carries penalties. If you have problems with heating the premises, do not exercise self-repair or modernization of CO, contact the managing organization.

Today, the lion's share of our compatriots lives in. Of course, they do not have to think about how to maintain a high temperature in each of the rooms: central heating easily and without hassle solves this problem for them. Yes, you have to pay a decent amount every month for such comfort, however, it's worth it.

Heating scheme for an apartment building

Still, tenants do not have to think about spending a lot of money on installation the necessary equipment and many forces to maintain the temperature in each of the rooms at the desired level.

After all, the heating standards for apartment buildings in 2019 allow each of the inhabitants to feel comfortable. For example, an acceptable minimum for living rooms is the temperature +20 degrees Celsius. For a bathroom or a combined bathroom, this figure rises to +25 degrees. In kitchens, the temperature does not drop below +18 degrees.

In problematic side apartments, of which strong wind able to quickly blow out heat, the normal temperature is +22 degrees. Temperature levels in rooms are often 3–7 degrees higher than those listed above, so that residents can feel very comfortable without wearing warm sweaters and trousers.

But all this is achieved through the application of considerable effort! Tens and hundreds of people go to work every day to provide high-quality heating residential buildings.

As mentioned above, most modern houses in cities are heated with a centralized heating system. That is, there is a heating station where (in most cases with the help of coal) heating boilers heat water to a very high high temperature... Most often it is more than 100 degrees Celsius!

Therefore, in order to avoid boiling and evaporation of water, the pressure in the pipes is very high - about 10 Kgf.

Water is supplied to all buildings connected to the heating main. When a house is connected to a heating plant, input valves are installed to control the process of supplying hot water to it. A heating unit is also connected to them, as well as a number of specialized equipment.

heating unit operation scheme

Water can be supplied both from top to bottom and from bottom to top (when using a one-pipe system, which will be discussed below), depending on how the heating pipes are located, or simultaneously to all apartments (with a two-pipe system).

Hot water, getting into the heating radiators, heats them up to the right temperature, ensuring its required level in every room. The dimensions of the radiators depend both on the size of the room and on its purpose. Of course, the larger the radiators are, the warmer it will be where they are installed.

What is heating

Bearing in mind the heating of an apartment building, one cannot boast of a large selection. All houses are heated in approximately the same way. In each room there is a cast-iron heating radiator (its dimensions depend on the size of the room and its purpose), which is supplied with hot water of a certain temperature (heat carrier) coming from the thermal station.

example of a cast iron radiator

However, the entire water supply scheme may differ depending on what kind of heating distribution is provided in a particular building - one-pipe or two-pipe. Each of these options has certain advantages and disadvantages. To better understand this issue, you need to know exactly everything about the former and the latter. So let's briefly describe them.

Of course, it is impossible to change the type of heating system in an apartment; it requires titanic efforts and enormous work that will affect the entire house. But still, it will be useful for every apartment owner to know about the pros and cons of different types of heating systems.

This video provides a broad overview of various heating systems.

Heating system project development

The heating device, starting from the introductory system and ending with heating radiators, is created immediately after the frame is built. Of course, by this time, a heating project for an apartment building must be developed, tested and approved.

And it is at the first stage that a number of difficulties often arise, as in the performance of any other, very complex and important work.
In general, the heating system of an apartment building is complex.

The power of a heating system can depend on the strength of the wind in your area, the material of which the building is built, the thickness of the walls, the size of the premises, and many other factors. Even two identical apartments, one of which is located on the corner of a building and the other in its center, require a different approach.

After all, a strong wind in the winter season cools the outer walls rather quickly, which means that the heat loss of a corner apartment will be much higher.

Therefore, they must be compensated by installing larger heating radiators. Take into account all the nuances, pick up optimal solutions can only be experienced specialists who know exactly how all the equipment works and how it works.

A beginner who decides to calculate the heating system in an apartment building will be doomed to failure from the very beginning. And this will not only lead to a significant waste of resources, but also put the lives of the inhabitants of the house in danger.

How heating radiators can affect room temperature

Speaking about heating the apartment and the house as a whole, one cannot but pay attention to heating radiators. Still, it is they who are the main suppliers of heat to most of the premises of the apartment. Most people are used to cast iron radiators, which began to be installed in homes almost a century ago.

These massive, slowly heating "monsters" are still in most apartments today.

Homeowners paint them, hang them with curtains and tulle, and even install special screens to hide them.

But any obstacles reduce heat transfer, due to which the temperature in the room can drop by several degrees. That is why many apartment owners prefer to install more modern species radiators. They can be made from different materials.

This is what the main market for heating radiators looks like today. A large selection allows you to choose a suitable solution even for the most picky buyer who is not satisfied with outdated massive cast iron radiators.

Initially, the houses of the Khrushchev projects were conceived as temporary, to solve the housing problem. However, to this day, they occupy a fair share of the fund. The main problem of living is the scheme of the heating system of the Khrushchev and its arrangement. Taking into account natural wear and tear, it often does not fully fulfill its functions.

Centralized heating scheme for Khrushchev

The houses of this project are characterized by a one-pipe scheme, when the distribution of the coolant starts from the upper (5th) floor and ends with the entrance of cooled water into the basement. Such heating systems in Khrushchev have one significant drawback - the uneven distribution of heat throughout the apartments.

This is due to the alternate passage of the coolant through the floors, i.e. the greatest degree of its heating will be at the 5th, 4th, and at the 1st, the amount of heat is not enough to heat the room. In addition, the heating scheme of the five-story Khrushchev has the following disadvantages:

Poor condition of heating elements. Lime build-up on the inner surface of pipes and batteries leads to a decrease in diameter, and as a result, a decrease in heat transfer;
Lack of temperature control system on batteries. It is impossible to reduce the flow of coolant with devices, as this will affect the hydraulic pressure in the entire system. Output - installation of a bypass for each radiator.

To solve these problems, it is necessary to carry out modernization - to install modern radiators and pipes. Metallic heating devices and polymer pipelines have proven themselves best. They possess increased rates heat transfer, which contributes to the fastest heating of rooms. However, in order to create a truly efficient heating system in Khrushchev, it is necessary to replace all floors. If old pipes and radiators are left on the upper ones, then the rate of passage of water in the system will be unsatisfactory as before.

The implementation of such modernization can be carried out not only by the forces of residents, but also by attracting the resources of the housing office. This organization is obliged to carry out a planned replacement of pipelines. They also know how the heating system is arranged in Khrushchev - the layout and location of pipelines for a particular house.

Auxiliary heating in Khrushchev

What to do if, even after performing the improvement and replacing the elements, the temperature in the apartment is far from ideal. The best option is autonomous heating in Khrushchev. However, this is not always possible - the installation of a gas boiler is not allowed due to low pressure in the line or due to inappropriate chimney ducts.

Then they begin to develop alternative ways to increase the temperature in the room. The negative point is that the heating scheme of the five-story Khrushchev house does not provide for the connection of additional radiators. This can lead to a decrease in pressure in the pipes and significant heat loss for residents below. In order to avoid unpleasant moments, you can perform a number of actions that contribute to energy saving in the apartment.

Insulation of the outer walls of the Khrushchev

It is recommended to install a thermal insulation layer on the outer walls. It will help to reduce heat losses and will not affect the current state of the heating system in Khrushchev. It is also necessary to replace old wooden windows with new ones made of PVC or laminated veneer lumber. Particular attention should be paid to the thickness of the glass units. For effective thermal insulation, this parameter should be at least 28 mm.

Warm floor in Khrushchev

This is one of the best mechanisms for raising the temperature in an apartment. It can be installed not only in the bathroom and kitchen, but also in living quarters. It is best to choose infrared floor heating models, since their installation requires a minimum increase in thickness flooring... The heating circuit of the Khrushchev is not designed for connecting a water heated floor. Its installation can lead to malfunctioning of the entire heating circuit of the house.

Heaters for apartments

They can solve the problem with the speed of heating the air in the apartment and do not affect the operation of the main heating system of apartments in Khrushchev. Along with traditional oil and converter-type electric heaters, infrared models have become very popular. They raise the temperature not of the air, but of objects, heating their surface. However, the disadvantage of such devices is the increase in financial costs for electricity.

Before connecting the heaters, check the wiring. Often the cross-section of the wire is not designed for heavy loads. The heating scheme for a five-story Khrushchev is designed only for a water heat carrier.
Therefore, it is first recommended to replace it, only then install powerful electrical appliances.

Autonomous heating systems in Khrushchev: the choice of the boiler and the correct piping

Contrary to popular belief, you can make individual heating in the Khrushchev. For this, it is necessary to select a boiler that meets the standards and provide the management company with the developed project. Previously, she gives technical conditions, on the basis of which an autonomous heating system in Khrushchev is compiled.

What should you pay attention to when solving this problem? Consider the main components autonomous heating in Khrushchev - a boiler, a piping system and radiators.

Heating boiler for Khrushchev

Average area two-room apartment in Khrushchevs does not exceed 60 m2. Therefore, the optimal power of a gas boiler should be 7-8 kW. The next condition is the type of burner - it must be closed. Since the arrangement of the heating system in Khrushchev according to the scheme does not provide for the installation of the boiler, normal air exchange should be ensured for its operation. This is necessary to take air from the street using a coaxial chimney. In some cases, it is possible to install systems for removing carbon monoxide gases into the air ducts of the building. But before that, it is necessary to obtain the approval of the fire department. Often this is exactly what is an obstacle to the installation of individual heating in Khrushchev.

Heating pipes and radiators

For laying the line, it is best to use reinforced polypropylene pipes. They are characterized simple installation, affordable cost. Their advantages include the possibility of hidden installation. It can only be carried out in the floor, since the strobing load-bearing walls forbidden. The heating system in Khrushchev is designed in such a way that the place where the radiators are installed is most often under the windows. When designing autonomous system heating, you can provide for the installation of additional batteries. Most often they are installed in the bathroom.

Khrushchev project and heating schemes

When developing a heating scheme for a Khrushchev, it is necessary to provide for all the nuances. In particular, the provision of hot water supply. Therefore, it is best to purchase double-circuit heating boilers.

The requirements for the scheme are no different from the standard ones.

Compliance of temperature and pressure with the operational characteristics of pipes, radiators;
Connection to the water supply system to make up the heating;
Installation of an expansion tank and a circular pump.

In this case, it is possible to install a water heated floor. For this, the Khrushchev heating scheme provides for the installation of a collector. It will distribute the coolant through the underfloor heating pipelines, the built-in system for mixing hot and cold water flows (two-way valve) will automatically adjust the temperature.

To minimize the increase in floor thickness, it is recommended to use decorative coating designed for installation directly on hot water pipes. The packaging must be marked accordingly.

In addition to the modernization of the autonomous heating installation, a number of actions can be performed, the result of which will lead to a decrease in current operating costs and payment for utility services. Given the specific layout of the heating system in Khrushchev, the installation of heat meters in an apartment is impractical. This is due to the absence of a central riser, i.e. even for studio apartment you will have to install at least three counters - in the bathroom, in the kitchen and in the living room.

The total cost of installing one device can range from 25 to 30 thousand rubles. The way out of this situation is to install a common house meter. It will take into account the amount of heat consumed for the entire building. Fortunately, the centralized scheme inherent in all types of heating Khrushchev allows you to do this. As an additional function, a mode for adjusting the heating agent supply depending on the outside temperature can be provided.

For the central heating circuit of a five-story Khrushchev, a balancing riser can be installed. It will perform the functions of evenly distributing the coolant over all floors of the house. However, which project is being carried out only by agreement with the housing office, since it belongs to the category of changing the principle of hot water supply.

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How the heating system is arranged in multi-storey buildings. The standard scheme of the heating system of Khrushchev and its structure: the possibility of modernization and installation of autonomous complexes

General classification

Heat carrier used for heat supply

Supply from city networks

Autonomous boiler room for one building

Boilers in apartments

Types of in-house distribution systems

Bottom heat supply

Single-pipe circuits

Two-pipe system

Top heat supply

Separate connection of each apartment

Types of heating systems for apartment buildings

By location of the heat source

According to the characteristics of the coolant

According to the wiring diagram

Replacement, transfer and selection of radiators in an apartment building

Installing a heat meter

Video: how heating is served in an apartment building

Heating system of an apartment building: one-pipe and two-pipe

Connection types

One-pipe heating system

Two-pipe heating system

DHW in the heating system

Radiators for centralized heating systems

Conclusion

Heating system in an apartment building: types, pressure testing, calculation and discharge

Types of heating systems in an apartment building

Installation of a heating system in an apartment building

Adjusting the heating system in an apartment building

How is the payment for heating in an apartment building calculated?

How to calculate the required amount of heat, starting from the area of ​​the apartment

What is pressure testing of a heating system in an apartment building

Repair of the heating system of an apartment building

Why do I need to flush the heating system in an apartment building

How to flush a heating system in an apartment building

At whose expense the heating system of an apartment building is drained

What are the heating systems of an apartment building - schemes

Centralized heating systems

Connection types

Two-pipe heating network and types of wiring

What is the difference between the bottom layout and the top one?

Purpose and structure

Principle of operation and design features

Advantages and disadvantages

What is heating

Heating system project development

How heating radiators can affect room temperature

Centralized heating scheme for Khrushchev

Auxiliary heating in Khrushchev

Insulation of the outer walls of the Khrushchev

Warm floor in Khrushchev

Heaters for apartments

Autonomous heating systems in Khrushchev: the choice of the boiler and the correct piping

Heating boiler for Khrushchev

Heating pipes and radiators

Khrushchev project and heating schemes

How to calculate the required amount of heat, starting from the area of the apartment