Every gardener dreams of getting a rich harvest from her vineyard. But for this there is little knowledge about how to properly care for grapes. It is necessary to get acquainted with grape diseases and methods of their treatment.
Grapes are subject to a variety of diseases, including rubella leaf
Types of grape diseases
An important technique of combating diseases is spraying bushes. It is better to start fulfilling it before the kidneys dissolve. It is necessary to spray the bushes in the spring with a three-percent solution of Bordeaux liquid. Method of preparation: in 5 l warm water Divide 300 gr copper Kaper And mix, in another dish for 5 liters of 300 grams of fresh lime, then mix both solutions, pouring a copper vapor into a limescale milk. Mixing and performing our mixture, pour it into the sprayer. Now you can process the entire vineyard, including the young and perennial bushes. Such prevention protects grapes, but does not fully save from diseases. Therefore, let's get acquainted with grape diseases and arms with ways to combat them.
Grape diseases are divided into two types:
- Infectious - these are diseases that are transmitted from sick bushes to healthy through viruses, fungi or bacteria. The danger is that with certain favorable conditionsThe infection can destroy the entire vineyard completely. Transfer of disease is possible by wind, water, animals and even workers garden inventory. You need to fight all available methods: Prevention of the disease, high anger and quarantine.
- Noncommunicable - these are diseases that occur due to adverse weather conditions, soil oxidation or an increase in alkaline balance. If weak development is observed grape vine, cracking and drying painting crests, shoots with short nodes, then it is necessary to immediately take measures to treat the patient's bush.
Below will look at the description and signs characterizing grape diseases.
Changing the color of the leaves may be a sign of non-infectious diseases of grapes
In other words, this disease is called ashitz or mildew. Caused by a fungal infection that affects not only foliage, berries, shoots, but also inflorescences grape bush. This disease is easy to detect by the presence of ash-gray plated on the leaves of plants, quickly fading and drying.
Oidium winter on the vine of grapes in the form of a dense mushroom, and in the summer, with the onset of warm and wet weather, Mushroom grills. Disputes are formed - sites that wind spread over the entire vineyard and cover greens mild ripple. The affected shoots grow weakly, and the fruits at all are discharged or dried. Oidium propagates with their own disputes during the entire warm season, so it is necessary to constantly carry out all common preventive procedures with which we met earlier in this article.
Oidium - Fungal grape infection
Different dew. This disease amazes all parts of the grape bush and represents the danger of death for the entire vineyard. The disease is manifested in the fact that the leaves begin to lose their shape, and their green color It seems smeared dirty oil. When in summer the temperature rises, the disease progresses, covering low part Leaf with gray cobwebs. Then the leaves change their color on dark brown, dry and fall. We observe the same picture with the urging, inflorescences and fruits of grapes that have a size with a pea. Large fruit The fungus does not affect.
Mildue usually winters in false foliage (winter disputes), and in the summer he grows into zootarangs at a temperature of 13 degrees and wet air. The incubation period for the spread of false income dew is the beginning of May - the end of July.
Appeated disputes easily move with water, hitting the grape vines and penetrated into the depths of the plant tissues. Running, mushroom thread covers grapes with oily spots.
To prevent Mildu's infection with a vineyard infection, such conditions must be performed:
- Do not land grape bushes in lowlands, where moisture is often delayed after fog or dew.
- Perform the conditions for venting and penetration of sunlight.
- Mandatory foliage cleaning.
- Timely treatment of bordeaux liquid.
Mildew arises in conditions high humidity
Anthracnose
it mushroom disease. Widespread on vineyards located in areas with warm and humid climates (Black Sea coast, Moldova, Ukraine).
Anxanosis fungus affects almost the entire bush. Long persists in the form of picnide, sclerocytes and mycelium (up to 5 years). By overwhelming on the affected parts of the bush, for the season, about 30 generations of dispute, which amaze all new and new sections of the vineyard ripen.
The disease is manifested by the appearance of brown spots with white border on grape leaves. In the middle of the spots, green tissue dies and falls. On the shoots are also formed brown, and then pink gray circles with a dark edging. The fabric cracks, deep wounds appear. The shoots are abandoned, dry and die away. The disease leads to the death of most harvest, inflicting tremendous damage to gardeners.
The anthracot of grapes is manifested by brown spots on the leaves
Chlorosis
This disease in the grape bush causes a violation of metabolism. The formation of chlorophyll occurs with violations, so the photosynthesis process is clearly slowed down. If you notice that your vine is practically not growing, and the leaves are strangely years old - it's time to beat the alarm. Your grape bushes got sick.
There is infectious and non-infectious chlorosis. If the hearth appears, then chlorosis affects not only grapes, but also all plants around.
It is necessary to pay attention to the composition of the soil of the vineyard. If there is an excess of lime, oversaturation or lack of minerals, then this often leads to this disease.
It is necessary to qualitatively change the state of the soil, and with high humidity, carry out drainage work.
Unnatural yellowing of the leaves - the first symptom of chlorosis
White Rot
Mushroom disease, striking grapes after hail, sun burns and Mildewa. Initially, the fungus is striking frozen, gradually moving to berries. This directly threatens all the crop, because grapes affected by white rot, soft and tasteless.
Winter mushroom on fallen berries and leaves. To successfully deal with this disease, it is necessary to carefully remove sick berries, because they are the main source of the disease.
Gray Gnil
A disease that is able to destroy the entire harvest. Swrying grape fruits are wrinkled, after which they burst and acquire a rotting gray raid. Such bunches of grapes are not suitable for storage and transportation.
There are no effective measures to combat this disease, it is important to comply with all preventive measures for crop growing.
Gray rot destroys the harvest of berries
Black Rot
Mushroom disease, striking shoots, leaves and berries. Call so because the spioning of the mushroom is black. The fungus conducts wintering in the soil or on the grape bush, and then during the rain it infects the plant.
The disease is manifested by the fact that the curved spots of the brown color appear on the berries. Over time, they acquire a purple shade and increase in size. Berry black and crept.
The spraying of the Bordeaux liquid is the most effective in combating black rot.
Acid rot
Drozophile (fruit) mushka damages the berries of the grape bush when ripening. This insect quickly decomposes and utilizes fruits with a semi-liquid pulp.
Acid rot is rotting browned berries in ripe bunches of grapes. Prevention will be the removal of spoiled berries, driving the harvest of garden gray.
If you do not remove the affected berries, the acidic rot will spoil the whole bunch
Escoriosis
In other words, black spot. In the summer, in early June, you can observe signs of illness. On the shoots of grapes and leaves, dark dots appear. They break into oval spots and fade. Even grape inflorescences are covered with these spots.
It is very difficult to deal with this chronic disease, but you need to process vine bushes regularly.
Necrosis
This disease is also called sucking, because it is manifested by drying and extincting the vine. The main problem is that this disease is not visible on the surface of the crust, because the stains are formed inside connecting into the ring. The main way to combat necrosis is prevention. Do not hide the vine for the winter by an earthen layer, it is better to use the cellophane or another insulation.
Bacterial cancer
The disease of the plant caused by a stick-shaped bacterium. Little whiteighs are formed on the vine. Then they acquire a dark color and become solid. Such tumors arise in places of vaccinations or other mechanical damage through which the bacteria penetrate. The diseased plant is poorly developing or dies quickly.
Measures to combat bacterial cancer is cutting tumors to a healthy tissue and processing mechanical damage to 5% copper sulfate solution.
Bacterial cancer growths need to cut and handle sections with copper vigorous
Rubella leaf
This is a common disease of the painted grape varieties.
In the summer, at the end of June - in July on some leaves you can see a red shade. This is the first sign of rubella leaves. Then the leaves are slowly thicken, become fragile - the death of living fabric begins.
The rubella of leaves often occurs if potassium lacks in the soil or after a long drought. To cure grapes necessary:
- enrich the soil with potash fertilizers;
- spray bushes of grapes nitrogen-acid potassium.
It can be concluded that the grape vines from most diseases saves ordinary prevention. This includes checking every seedling on grape disease, regular destruction of patients of bushes, circumcision of unnecessary residues - all these are common preventive measures for the health of your vineyard.
It is difficult to find a person who would remain indifferent to the sweet fragrant berries of grapes. And however, it happens when the grape harvest is dying because of your absence. Most often caused crop death various diseases. Therefore, people who decide to grow the growing vine, you need to know the main diseases of the grapes and methods of their treatment.
All grape diseases are divided into three groups:
- fungal;
- viral;
- bacterial.
Fungal diseases include:
- mildew;
- oidium;
- anthracnose;
- alternariasis;
- churchosposition;
- escoriosis;
- apoplexy;
- gray rot;
- white Rot;
- black rot;
- reinforcement;
- vertiecelese;
A group of bacterial diseases make up:
- bacterial cancer;
- bacteriosis;
- bacteriosis necrosis;
- bacterial spot:
- pier disease;
- acid rot;
Viral diseases of grapes are:
- marble leaves;
- print mosaic;
- necrosis of vessels leaves;
- chlorosis;
- shorter.
Treatable and therefore, only fungal diseases are relatively safe. Viral and bacterial diseases are practically incurable, and can destroy not only the harvest, but the entire vineyard.
Mildew
One of the most common grape diseases. It is often called false torment. The culprit of its appearance is the fungus plasmopar of the vicoole.
The disputes of this fungus easily transfer both frosts and heat. For the season, this malicious mushroom can give up to 15 generations. But for intensive breeding, he needs wet warm weather. At + 12 ° its development is practically stopped.
Fatty yellow spots appeared on the leaning yellow spots appeared on the lesion of Mildu grapes. On the bottom side of the sheet of colony of fungi form a white flare. As the diseases develop, the stains increase in size and become brown, the leaves dry and prematurely fall.
You can fight Mildu as chemicals and folk remedies. From folk remedies are the most effective are landing near the grape vines of dill - its smell does not like fungus.
You can also spray the bushes with a water garlic or tail decoction. For its preparation take 75 g of garlic or a horsetail on the water bucket.
Of the chemical reagents with Mildu, fighting, spraying the shoots containing copper: Bordeaux mixture, copper and chlorine oxide. The causative agents of the disease are killed, the working component of which is Mankotheb - Mankotheb, Acrobat MC, Rapid Gold, Atdid, etc.
Effective against Mildewa Ridomil and Ridomil Gold, in which the main " shock power"Speakers metalaxyl. For effective struggle You can treat Mildue and biological drugs: Planriz, Delan, Alarin-b.
For the processing of grape bushes, a working solution is prepared, the contents of the drug in water according to the instructions attached to it, and the plants spray these solutions. Treatment is repeated three times: the first time the plants are treated in early spring, Before the dissolution of the kidneys, the second - before flowering, the third - at the beginning of the berry tying.
Oidium (mildew)
The causative agent of the disease - the fungus has broken grapes. May hit grape bushes throughout the growing season. Amazes a young vine, leaves, inflorescences and berries.
The leaves on the amazed fungi bushes are standing, completely covered with a white bloom, and it is observed not only on the outer, but also on the back of the leaves. For optimal conditions Development (moderate humidity and warm weather) The fungita grows so much that it covers the plant as the second bark. Berries on affected plants crack up, it seems that the grains of them are about to break out.
To combat the disease use chemicals: Topaz, Tiovit-Jet, Sorrow, Bayleton. Also today are produced and combined drugs that can protect the grape landing both from Oidium and Mildu. This is a quadris, Storbie, Cardio.
Of folk methods Sometimes milk solution (1 l of milk is bred in bucket of water), 5% milgantaneous solution (5 g of manganese are diluted in a bucket of water), which are sprayed several times during the growing season, are used.
Gray Gnil
Disease pathogen - Mushroom Botritis Gray. Almost all terrestrial parts of the plant are affected by the disease. Externally, its manifestations are very similar to ordinary rot, but, unlike her, high humidity The fungus is rapidly breeding, hitting extensive areas.
On the affected bushes, the whole harvest of berries dies. Effective drugs There is no, most often for the processing of affected plants, use the preparations of the Wipset or Fundazole.
From people's ways to spray the bushes with a solution of iodine: 1 g of the drug is bred in a bucket of water and this solution is carried out. But both chemical preparations and iodine solutions can only slow down the development of the disease, but do not stop it completely.
As prevention against gray rot, you can consider stepsing of grape bushes and removing part of the leaves. These measures contribute to the best ventilation of the bush, which significantly reduces the risk of the disease.
Anthracnose
Pathoom - Gloeosporium Ampelinum fungus. On the leaves and berries of the affected plants, spots of a pinkish gray shade with a buoy edge along the edges appear. Leaves and berries dry quickly and fall, appear on the crust deep cracksDue to difficulty with food, the bush is lagging behind in development.
When identifying the first signs of the disease, the processing of the vineyard with drugs of Ridomil, Archerid, Acrobat is carried out. It is necessary to carry out 3-4 processing per season, from the intervals of 10-14 days, while it is better to alternate drugs.
Alternariasis
The pathogen is the fungi alternaria. Usually the disease is rampant in the spring, hitting ground parts of the bush. On the leaves and the crust appear silver brown spotsAnd on the berries they have a white color. In crude weather, the spots become olive.
For the prevention in the spring, the grape bushes are treated with copper vigorous, and when identifying signs of plant disease, rapid-gold, kolfog, super.
White Rot
The causative agent is scleotinia fungus. With high humidity and high temperatures Mushroom develops very quickly. Infection of bushes is most often happening in August. Amazes mostly berries and young shoots. Externally, it looks like white dust on berries and shoots.
Berries affected by white rotting become soft, as if firing. When creating signs of white rot, the bushes need to immediately treat the drugs of the Fundazole or KFFC super. To finally defeat the disease, it is necessary to carry out a minimum of 3-4 processing.
Bacterial diseases
Bacterial diseases are a consequence of the development on a bush of various pathogenic bacteria. Almost all of them are practically not amenable to treatment, and the only way to get rid of them is to completely remove and dispose of a bush.
Bacterial cancer
The causative agent of the disease is a sticky-shaped, gram-negative bacterium.
It operates in late autumn and in winter, hitting a grape vine. First, the bubble on the infected plant is covered with bubbles, and then rushes. Some of the owners of the vineyards are trying to fight this attack with the help of tetracycline oxide, but the effectiveness of this tool causes serious doubts.
The only one for today in an effective way Fighting bacterial cancer is a complete removal of a bush. But after that, on an affected land for 4 years, strict quarantine observation is established.
Viral diseases
Viral diseases appear under the influence of malicious viruses. Like bacterial, virtually no treatable. Today, 35 grape diseases are known associated with the defeat of its virus. But they studied are still very small, in most cases there are only descriptions of diseases, and they are not always complete.
You can infect a malicious virus a healthy plant only with infected juice. Most often this happens when pruning the patient and healthy bushes with one tool. Natural variations of viruses are nematodes and sucking insects.
Sometimes the symptoms of viral diseases are weakly expressed or not available - it all depends on the natural immunity of the plant itself or varietal stability. But there are cases when the development of such diseases proceeds quickly and violently.
Short Supply
The leaves of grapes become asymmetric, begin to "coaches". Upholstery-shorty, sometimes one intercourse is accommodated nearby, sometimes one of the intercourse is located next to the other (double intercourse). Young shoots from affected bushes become flattened and Wils. Berries are creepy, not dosing, bushes are quickly degenerated.
Yellow Mosaic.
It is clearly noticeable in the spring when the affected bushes change natural color, yellow. On the leaves appear yellow spots or stripes. There are almost no covers on the vine, and no more pea grow on the generated berries. The growth of bushes ceases, the plant dies.
Wood furochiness virus
On the crust of infected plants there are longitudinal recesses in the form of a fossa or furrows. The bark is thickened, becomes loose. The growth of bushes stops, and the plants die quickly.
Virus of abnormality
The leaves on the affected bushes become markedly smaller than healthy, have a yellowish color. In the future, with the development of the disease, they quickly blush and fall out.
Leaf twisting virus
Symptoms of infection are similar to virginity virus. The disease in the second half of summer develops, the leaves on infected plants are quickly yellowing or blushing, but at the same time a green strip remains along the central vein. The leaves are thickened, twisted, the tied berries are creepy, not caused.
You can deal with viral infections in only one way - the complete removal of infected bushes. On the affected area, the grapes can not be grown for 5-6 years.
Despite such a huge number of diseases, and even with a kind dozen pest annoying grapes, it is possible to grow it.
Just belong to it needed little child - Care, protect, in time to perform prophylactic "vaccinations", processing bushes to prevent the appearance of diseases. And then in the fall of grapes thanks you with sweaturated tassels, in each berry which a piece of sunny summer will be concluded.
I am not a botanist and if not my vineyard, it would never have written this article.
But how much we suffered with the whole family, fighting with one grape disease, then on the other. Fused in the names and methods of treatment.
How easier would be the gardeners in the absence of various diseases that are striking with such love grown cultures. But the choice does not remain - you need to behave with them.
In selected photos - grape diseases. Not all diseases are healing, there are among them and deadly ailments, so it is especially important to recognize them on time.
Mildew (Peronospora Vitico De Bary)
With this disease, gardeners are not familiar with it, because it has to fight most often because it is one of the most common diseases. Mildew is also called false torment. it fungal disease It is manifested by the lesion of leafy plates with yellow spots and a gray bloom. Without special treatment, grapes may die.
The fungus can damage not only grape leaves, but also fruits.
Oidium, or real powdery dew (Oidium Tuckeri Berk)
This fungus is somewhat less common than false mildew dew. The disease is manifested in the appearance of gray plates on sheet plates and fruits. Especially the disease is particularly covered with hot weather. If not starting treatment with fungus, it can destroy the harvest, berries will begin to crack, and for several years all grape vines will die.
Oidium fungus - a relative with mildewing dew on apple trees, currants and other plants in the garden. Most of all suffer inflorescences and fruits.
Anthracnose
When this disease appears, it becomes noticeable on the leaves and all ground parts of the plant spots of the dark brown. Gradually affected places begin to die.
Anthrand pathogens - imperfect mushrooms GloEosporium, Colletotrichum, Kabatiella. This disease was called the "bird eye" for some similarity. The disease is manifested in the leaves, stiffs, crests of Cunning and young shoots. Patients of the grape vines slowly begin to dying, and then completely die away. Most of all susceptible grape brushes with start of flowering.
Alternariasis
Most often, the disease appears in the spring. At the same time, branches and leaves, and berries suffer. Fruits begin to be covered with white spots, and the rest of the plants are brown or silvery. Infected fruits begin to spit literally in front of her eyes.
Alternariasis is especially evolving with hot weather. With the widespread climate warming. Recently, this disease has spread very widely in all areas of growing grape culture.
Churchosposition
Sheet plates and berries are covered by spots of brown shades that begin to grow. Leaves and fruits dry and die away.
Escoriosis
The fungus leads to manifestation on the branches and leaves of black spots. Frames gradually dry and fall off.
Apoplexy
Infection comes from fungal infection, but allocated by mushrooms when expanding in huge quantities Toxins can lead to fatal outcome. This disease is also called ex. Most of all the manifestation of the disease is observed in summer time. If the disease has an acute form, then the plant dies literally in a few days. In the chronic course of the disease, the plant suffers over several years.
The sign of the disease is the manifestation of white spots on the lower leaf of the vine.
Gray Gnil (Botrytis Cinerea)
A gray rotting fungus damages the above-ground part of the vine, sore places begin to be covered with a tiny shade. First of all suffer the lowest clusters located near the Earth. The fruits at the same time acquire a browned hue, and then covered by a raid gray.
White Rot
In this case, the fruits of grapes suffer. White raid, how moss is spreading in berries. They begin to deform and fall.
White rotting often accompanies mechanical injuries of a vine vine.
Black Rot
This fungus is manifested by the appearance of dark purple spots on the leafy plates and fruits of grapes. The disease quickly spreads, covering rotting the increasing area
Reinforcement
This disease leads to the yellowing of foliage, and the roots become brown. Autumn on the affected places germinate yellow mushrooms.
Verticillome
With a verticillosis, the plant leaves yellow, and shoots very quickly begin to die. The fungus can be maintained up to five years.
Various diseases of grapes and their treatment, video:
Bacterial diseases
Bacterial cancer
This is a very dangerous and incurable bacterial disease. Manifests itself in the emergence of growths on the plant. During the first two years, Vine gradually ceases to be froning, and then the patient's vine dies. The affected plants are immediately removed and certainly burned to exclude the spread of terrible disease. Over the next two years, it is impossible to plant a grape vines.
Bacteriosis
Bacteriosis disease is manifested in the form of wrinkled pink-purple spots on grapes. The reason is the scorching rays of the sun.
Bacteriomic necrosis
At the same time, berries are covered with black, clearly defined stains, branches dry and die.
Sour rot
Berries acquire brown color And begin to decompose. Fruit rotting begins. As a result, it can lead to the death of the whole crop.
Viral diseases of grapes
Viral diseases are deadly dangerous, treatment from them has not yet come up with. Sick plants are certainly subject to destruction.
There is only one way to protect yourself - choose for landing on a grape variety area resistant to viral diseases.
Most often, plants suffer from:
- marbles of foliage;
- consuming mosaic;
- necrosis sheet;
- chlorosis - bleaching.
Noncommunication chlorosis
Viral diseases
Diseases of viral origin is extremely difficult to recognize. The symptoms are similar to many other illnesses that do not have viral nature:
- wood cracks;
- the leaves are deformed and their coloring is changed;
- false inflorescences;
- the plant slows down in growth and development.
Ways to treat grape vines
The following fungicides have proven against fungal bacterial infections.
- Mildew, White and Black Rotina:
It is good for the processing of Gold, Polychom, Arzerid, Copper Chlorokis, Bordeaux Liquid.
- To combat Oidium:
It can be treated with topaz, strobe, acrobat MC, chorus, tibit, with colloidal sulfur.
With sulfur checkers, they are protected from oidium in greenhouses, burning them in autumn, after the end of the vegetation. And also in spring, immediately after the shelter is shot.
- For treatment with alternariasis, Cercospose use Bordeaux liquid
- In escoriosis, treatment is carried out by borobos liquid and benzophosphate.
- When apoplexy is best to use the arsenit, however, the drug is very poisonous.
- At the anthracosis, use Bordeaux liquid, polychom, chlorokising copper.
- From gray rot, they enjoy a swirl, chorus, Anthrakol.
- Copper-containing fungicides are suitable from the armilization.
- During verticelace, it is used as a spraying of Fundazole.
Bacterial diseases are treated most difficult. In mandatory, urgently remove patients or even the plant. The insecticide from insects is necessarily carried out, which can be the sickness of the disease, and then carry out the processing of the plant by the Bordeaux liquid.
Diseases of viral origin is almost not treatable. With their detection, patients are better destroyed.
But it must be remembered that best tool From all diseases is prevention. And this is the right care.
And, of course, with a natural desire to improve the quality of the harvest, I want to minimize the chemical treatment of plants.
It is in this case that prevention comes to the fore, becoming an ally in the struggle for good harvest grapes.
- Prevention will reduce the risks of possible diseases and, as a result, will reduce the use of insecticidal preparations during plant processing.
- In prophylactic treatments, measures are carried out after harvesting, which reduces the possible accumulation of harmful toxic substances in the fruits.
- The dosage of chemically active substances in the prevention of one and a half - two times less than for therapeutic purposes.
- Prevention measures contribute to the preparation of a healthy material for reproduction of plants.
The best way to prevent is the right care. With experience, an understanding of the need for prophylactic trends of the grape vines, but many gardeners believe that the cultivation of grapes without the use of chemistry is the best way.
In cases of damage to bushes, the question is already quite different: either lose the vineyard completely, or try to save it with the help of products chemical industry. In such situations experienced gardeners Usually choose the second option.
Anyone who grows in its sector of grapes knows how many work is incolding into care for this plant, and therefore should be able to cope with a variety of diseases and pests. So that the fight against diseases and pests of grapes has passed the most effectively, you need to be able to recognize the symptoms and choose required funds Treatment.
Types of diseases that are subject to grapes
There are a large number of diseases from which grapes may suffer. It is necessary to study their symptoms to be able to choose the right treatment.
Noncommunicable chlorosis
With noncommunicable chlorose, the grape leaf plate first changes the dark green color to the light green. Then the leaves are yellow and green there are only leaf veins and a small amount of fabric next to them. Subsequently, the affected leaf dies.
Not only leaves suffer from non-infectious chlorosis, but the whole plant is entirely. The vine slows down its development, the growth point of the entire shrub is dying, wound up. In addition, the risk of what sick shrubs may not survive the winter.
The following varieties are most simply exposed to chlorose: Agat Donskoy, Italy, Magarach, Isabella, Pinot (Black and Blanc), Aligote. The least susceptible to the shasle (white and pink), Saint Laurent, Muscatter, Pinot Messen.
In case of non-infectious chlorose, the sheet turns yellow, but its veins remain green
The causes of noncommunicable chlorosis may be several.
- unfavorable climatic conditions. Noncommunicable chlorosis often occurs due to cold rainy weather;
- unsuitable soil. Grapes can get sick if it grows in airtight clay soil. Also playing the level of alkalinity of the soil plays a major role. If the level is high enough (PH8 and higher), then your grape will be difficult to extract iron from the soil, which is necessary for the synthesis of green pigment - chlorophyll, and absorb it, so the leaves will begin to change the color and shroud.
Treatment of noncommunicable chlorosis
If you have noticed signs of non-infectious chlorosis on grapes, take the following actions:
- Check the alkalinity of the soil. If the indicators are high, then you will be able to put in the soil of salts of ammonium sulfate from the calculation of 100-150 g per bush, as well as the use of the solution iron Camp. For its manufacture, dissolve 50 g of powder in 10 liters of water. Spray the bush for 5 days. Remember that it is necessary to do it in the spring to the dissolution of the kidneys or in the fall after the foliage fell. If you need urgent treatment of the plant, then the concentration of the solution should be weaker, otherwise you risk burning leaves. In this case, you will split 2-5 g of powder in 10 liters of water, spray the plant for 5 days until the leaves restore the previous color. This procedure is desirable to do in the evening.
- IN spring period It is useful to perform spraying drugs containing iron in chelany (capable of transformation) form, for example Bracyl FE, iron chelating, etc.
- Also in quality extra -orn subordinate Preparations enriched with such macroelements as phosphorus and potassium (for a supephosphate solution, divert 20 g of piston in 10 liters of water, for a solution of potassium sulfate - 5 g of powder on 10 liters of water), as well as containing zinc microelements, boron, manganese and magnesium ( For example, a murgeant sulfate solution is 4 g per 10 liters). They must be used simultaneously with chelated drugs.
- Improve the quality of the soil. For this effective measure is a deep people of the site. In this case, you remove from the soil excess moisture Due to her evaporation. And if you have a heavy primer on your site, then regularly spend its loosening and do not forget to make compost.
With infectious chlorosis (otherwise, this disease is called a yellow mosaic) grape leaves are covered with yellow spots, including alkali. Infection of the grapes by this ailment entails such consequences as the penetration (sample) of berries, the elimination of leaves, the shniotion of frost resistance. In Russia, infectious chlorosis is more common in regions with warm climate and soft winters.
In case of infectious chlorosis, grape leaves also shine alkali
The reasons for the occurrence of this disease can be as follows:
- The presence of nematodes. Worms and their larvae are carriers of this ailment. Nematodes settle on the stems, leaves and roots of the plant, as a result of which the plant is ill. Note that the most favorable wet environment is most favorable for nematodes.
- Using the infected lead.
Unfortunately, grapes affected by yellow mosaic, treatment is not led. If you have noticed the symptoms of this disease on your grapes, then you are best to irrigate and burn a bush, and the ground is treated with a solution of iron vitriol (50 g per 10 liters of water).
Twisting leaves
Twisting grape leaves can be caused by both infection and unfavorable conditions.
- Infection. When infected with grape leaves twist and dry out. Fruits become less sweet, decrease in size, and also change their painting. All this inevitably leads to a decrease in quality and quantity. Symptoms, as a rule, are manifested at the end of August, and if the shrub is irrigated, then in early June. The leaves begin to curb inside. First of all, this happens with the leaves located at the base of the bush. Closer to the top of the leaves twisted out. Also changing their color: in varieties of white grapes, the leaves become yellow, in varieties of color - red, the bodies remain green. Infection usually occurs through the lead, so try to use a healthy vaccination material.Unfortunately, such a shrub is not amenable to treat. You will need to immediately destroy it to avoid infection of other plants.
- Unfavourable conditions. These include insufficient moisture level, hot dry weather and lack of nutrients (potassium, nitrogen, sulfur, manganese). Fight measures. It is possible to solve this problem by providing grapes with regular irrigation, as well as in the soil of potassium sulfate (about 50 g per bush), ammonium nitrate (30 g per 10 liters of water) or ammonium sulfate (40 g per 1 m 2).
If the leaf twisting began with the top of the bush, then this is a sign of lack of useful substances, twisting at the base indicates the presence of an infection.
Twisting grape leaves can be caused by both diseases and unfavorable conditions.
The antraznosis is manifested in the form of small brown rashes on the leaves and shoots, which are then merged into big stain. The stain dries up and breaks, so the leaves of grapes seem tortured. This disease undermines the vital activity of the entire bush, as it loses the foliage and cannot produce the necessary substances with her.
If you are treated in the spring, then keep in mind that it is possible to do this before reaching the shoots of 10 cm.
How to treat an anthraznosis:
- For processing, burglar liquid is suitable for 3, after a week 1. It is possible to spray the bushes in the morning or in the evening.
- After twofold use of burgundy fluid, use the preparation for the spraying the drug, the Order or Fundazole every 10 days.
- In the fall, after trimming or spring to the dissolution of the kidney, you can treat a shrub of a solution of the DNA (2.2%).
With anclaze leaf is covered with flat brown spots
Symptoms black spotty appear on different parts Plants in May-June, by the end of blossom, in the form of small black spots or chlorotic (gray-yellow) spots with a black center. The stains are formed along the leaf veins, gradually increasing in size. The stains have a bright light shade. The amazed leaf on the touch becomes wavy, and then holes appear on it. Subsequently, the leaves are falling.
On shoots, especially annual, the disease is manifested. First, dark points or strokes appear on the nodes within the first 6-7 intercosals. Then points increase and merge into large spots, which, in turn, spread and crack along in the middle. The wood of the lower interdoses becomes grayish-white. If the disease struck the barrel deep enough, he can dry. Also, with black spot, Morozowstability decreases, and winter shrubs can climb.
Black spotty - one of the most dangerous grapes, leading to his death
As for berries, the symptoms appear after ripening. Berries get first brown, then violet, and then fall. If you do not start the treatment in a timely manner, then after 5-6 years the shrub will die.
At the beginning of the disease, the symptoms of black spot can be confused with the lesion by tick phillockoptis. To distinguish them, inspect the leaf against the light and through the magnifying glass: if the veins of the sheet converge in one place, and this stain has yellow middle, then grapes amazed by tick.
The disease is caused by a fungus, which penetrates the fabric of the plant and spreads in it, causing eminoction of cells. The disputes of the fungus with drops of water are transferred.
The most resistant to black spotty grade Kabyrne-Sauvignon, Riesling, relay, Tavrida. The least stable Italy, Aligote, Muscat White, Cardinal, Chardonon.
The treatment of grapes from this disease is a long time:
- When the first signs appear, remove the striking parts of the shrub and burn.
- Treat a shrub solution of sulfur or sulfur-containing drugs (ditan, polyram). It must be done in the period between the swelling of the kidneys and the growing shoots up to 10 cm.
- You can also handle a shrub 1 percent bordeaux liquid.
- IN autumn period After the fallout foliage, treat the grapes in the wood.
It manifests itself in the form of rashes of olive color on the leaves, subsequently rashes are covered with a velvety raid. The leaves are compressed and dying, the marking is satisted, and the fruits, if they are matured, then become different size, crack and are covered by the same stains. As treatment, the following means can be used:
- A solution of colloidal sulfur (100 g of powder on 10 liters of water). Spray the bush in the morning or in the evening when the sun is least actively, otherwise the leaves can get burns.
- Fundazol (10 g per 10 liters of water) or a tissue in the same dosage.
It usually grabs three treatments, but if the disease is running, then their number may increase to five. Also useful to the grapes of ammonium spit (10 g of powder on 10 liters of water) or ammonium sulfate (10 g per 10 liters of water).
With briske, the leaves are covered with a wave, which then darkens
Oidium, or pulse dew, manifests itself in the form of white clutchWhich covers the leaves on both sides, and also strikes inflorescences and berry clusters. The inflorescences fall out, and the berries minor and burst so that their bones are becoming visible. The plant decreases mortstability and in winter it can die.
It is noted that the sick plants occurs a strong smell of rotten fish.
The reason for the appearance: Oidium is a fungal disease, the fungus lives on the surface of the shrub and its disputes are easily transferred to the wind, infecting plants. Incubation period Oeodene takes no more than two weeks.
The lesion of the grapes of the oidium significantly reduces the quality of the fruit and can lead to the death of the shrub
The most susceptible to the mildew of grapes of Chardonnay varieties, Cabernet-Sauvignon, Rkaziteli. A relatively resistant variety Aligote, Merlo, Semilong.
- Puffy dew is successfully treated with gray (you can use colloidal). For the preparation of the solution, spread 100 g of powder in 10 liters of water. Remember that spraying is necessary in the morning or in the evening when the sun is least actively, otherwise you risk burning leaves. The temperature at the time of the procedure should be no less than +20 o C. Repeat the handling of the shrub every 10-20 days before recovery.
- Also, gardeners for the fight against this disease are often used in the blast. It is done like this: the sole barrel on the third is filled with humus, poured water with water +25 o C, covered with burlap and insist for 6 days, stirring regularly. The resulting solution must be strain, and then spray shrubs in cloudy weather or in the evening. Re-processing is carried out in a week.
- If you want to use a special drug, then treat your amazed shrub Fundazole, toopaz, tiotite, prepare it according to the instructions. As a rule, there is enough double processing with an interval per week. But remember that during the ripening period of berries, the chemicals cannot be used, so at this time spray shrubs with a solution of mangalls to determine the disease.
Video: Oidium on the vineyard
Mildu, or false mildew, one of the most common and dangerous fungal diseases of grapes. The main symptom is the formation of oily yellow spots, which will then become brown, on outside Sheet and white raid on the inner, but in dry weather he may not appear. The infectious inflorescences are yellow and twisted, and then dry out. Berries are very smashed.
With mildew leaning, grape leaves are covered with white raid from the inside
Treatment
One of the most effective tools To treat Mildu, a mixture of burgundy liquid and a lime solution. The concentration of copper sulfate depends on the spraying time: 3 percent composition is used before the renal disclosure, in a later period - 1 percent. The solution is prepared as: in 5 l hot water Divide 100 (300) g of copper sulfate, in a separate dish, spread 75 g of negated lime and 10 liters of water, and then mix both composition, strain and process shrubs, special attention By paying back the leaves. If it was soon after the procedure passed rain, then repeat the processing.
From drugs to combat Mildu, the downtown, Anthraklas, Dzopozat are suitable. Note that with sufficient efficiency, they can also slow down the development of shrubs.
Blackleg
Black leg - fungal disease. Grapes may suffer if you put it in an infected soil. It is manifested by the fact that the escape from the bottom is black and looks evaporated, can soften. Young plantings suffer the strongest. From the stem, the disease passes to other parts of the plant, and the grapes can start yellowing the leaves and rot the fruits.
When a black leg is manifested on the stem, then the stem looks like an evaporated earth
Treatment: The fungus is well multiplied in a wet environment, so adjust the amount of irrigation, and also dry the soil (dig up, spoil and sprinkle), plants are spoiled by a solution with the addition of energy Energy 10 g by 10 liters of water or xome 4 g per 10 liters of water.
Video: Mildu on the vineyard
Defeat of grape pests
OSS
The wasps are common grape pests, and it is possible that you will find on your shrub bodied by them berries. Usually these insects do not reach the end of the berry, and by spoiling one, go to the next, so even a small amount of pests can spoil a significant part of the crop.
OS attracts a sweet smell emanating from ripening grapes
The control measures are reduced to the following:
- Destruction osin nest. It is better to spend this event in anxiety (late in the evening, at night or early in the morning) when insects are least active. Spray the nest with the poisoning substance (dichlofos, raptor, raid), after 20-30 minutes, carefully remove it into the closing container and burn. Note that for this event you need to wear a dense, fully closing body with clothing and protect your face, for example, a grid.
- Use protective bags. If there are no nests nearby, it is possible to protect the grape brushes, putting on them special bags of fabric in a small cell. The advantage of this method will be that so you will save grapes also from birds. Minus is a large consideration of mumery, so this method is better to apply in small areas with a small amount of grape bushes.
- Production of poison. You can place a flat dishes with a diluted honey or jam mixed with regent or actar (per 100 g of 1 g of preparation).
Pincers
There are several types of ticks that can cause damage to your grapes. The lesion of the ticks causes a slow growth and development of shrubs, the destruction of young shoots, a decrease in quality and quantity (by 20-50%) of the harvest.
The main features of this pest include the availability of outdoor side Leaves of red, silver and pale yellow spots, as well as the appearance of a membrane between a sheet and stem.
The presence on the leaves of plants of small yellow peas indicates the appearance of a paustic tick
If you notice on the outside of the vine-leaves of bloating and bulges of red, and on the inner - brown spots, then this says that the felt tick started on your shrub.
The main symptom of grape infection by felt tick - the presence of red convex rashes
- Remove crammed leaves and shoots from bush
- Treat grapes with the following drugs, paying particular attention to inner side Sheet, if you use them in summer:
- Colloid sulfur solution. It is used in the rustling of shoots by 5 cm and at a temperature not lower than 20 ° C. For the preparation of the solution, spread 100 g of powder in 10 liters of water. Please note that this solution is affected only on adult insects, so you spend another treatment with a special preparation (Apollo, Neon, Phytover) in the fall after the leaffall.
- Special preparations (Apollo, Neon, Phytover) prepared according to the instructions. But keep in mind that using them during the ripening of fruits is undesirable.
- DNO It is used in spring (before the blown of the kidneys) or in the fall (after the leaffall). Prepared in the usual way.
Red tick
If this pest started on your grapes, then the leaves will acquire a bronze tint. The treatment is reduced to the removal of all amazed leaves and handling the shrub with a solution of sulfur or special prepaption, as in combating other ticks.
Phylloxera
Filloxer, or grape wave refers to the most dangerous vintage pests. An unpleasant feature of this pest is its rapid distribution throughout the vineyard.
Also with the phyllox can be struggling with the help of drugs Fosalon, Kimniks (suitable for both types of philloxes), accility. They are especially well suited for treating a small vineyard.
Other grape problems
In addition to diseases, there are several more problems with which you may encounter in the process of growing grapes.
Furious mice
Rodents often use grape shrubs as feed in the winter period. In the greatest danger there are plants located near forests or fields, in which sunflower or grain crops were grown in summer.
You may find that your grapes are destroyed by mice, after you are freeing a bush from winter shelter. If such a situation occurred, then the first to appreciate the scale of the damage.
Most often mice are damaged to relatively young shoots, not many years of strains and sleeves.
Separate fruit vines are damaged. Remove shoots with fully spilled crust and outdoor eyes, but at the same time try to leave the kidneys at the very reason for such escape. Subsequently from these kidneys will grow new shoots, and you will be able to form new fruit vines on them.
Separate sections of fruit vines are damaged. Cut the most damaged places, including those where there are no whole kidney. Note that even an harvest can be raised on a briefly circumcised vine, and on new burning shoots to form a vine.
Skipping of grapes
This can occur for several reasons.
- Features of the variety. When ripening, grapes of some varieties may turn (Ukrainka, Rusball). Therefore, carefully examine information on the variety you are going to plant.
- Lack of trace elements in the soil. If the soil is poor with useful substances, then it is possible to eliminate this problem with the help of ash - make it in the ground during the weeding or in the spring at the peroxide. In August, you will help the use of an ash solution of 2 kg per 10 liters, broke from 1 to 7 days. 1 time every 10 days before the autumn leaves.
Cracking of the crust
If you notice the cracks on your grapes going on the trunk, then it is not necessary to worry, because it is due to the natural growth process of wood.
To avoid falling infection, do the following:
- Treat the wounds with three-or five percent solutions of copper sulfate.
- If you live in a cold climate, then for the winter there are burlap shrubs.
Drying leaves
This can happen with a lack of nitrogen. If you encountered this problem, then adopt the shrub of ammonium nitrate from the calculation of 30 g per 10 liters of water.
Vint leaves can dry with a lack of nitrogen
Drying or rotting of the vine
Such a situation may occur when the shrub from the winter shelter is released. In this case, take a square from the runnerdoor (1 side - 50 cm), in the center. Slide a hole with a diameter of 10 cm. Get off to the heel roots, cover them with rubberoid and sprinkle with the addition of growth stimulator.
Grape protection calendar from lesions
You can protect grapes from lesions according to the following calendar:
- The first processing: it is carried out in the spring until the shoots reached 10 cm long. Preparations: Tyovit Jet (100 g) + ABIGA peak (40 ml) + 10 liters of water. This mixture will enrich grapes with gray and copper, the cracks are of the most effective means in the fight against pests.
- Second processing: It is carried out 3 weeks after the first. Thanks to them, you are full fat protect grapes from anthrand.
- Third processing: It is carried out immediately before flowing. Mix the preparations of Cabrio Top (30 g) and Aktar (4 g) in 10 liters of water. The validity period is about two weeks.
- Fourth processing: Try not to delay, because the ovary is not protected and is easy production for pests and infections. It is necessary to treat grapes with a convertible top with the same dosage.
- Fifth processing: It is carried out in 10-12 days, the berries are already the size of peas. Make such a mixture: Ridomil Gold (30 g) + topxin M (20 g) + Aktar (4 g) + 10 liters of water.
- Sixth processing: held after 14 days. Required solution: Tanos (4 g) + topaz (4 ml) + 10 liters of water. These drugs leave no traces on berries.
Summing up, we can say that, although the treatment of grapes will require a lot of strength from you, with the right implementation of all therapeutic measures and in time conducted preventive processing you have every chance to keep your shrub and ensure healthy development.
How to facilitate the life of gardeners the absence of all diseases affecting beloved cultures. Unfortunately, they are not going anywhere - there are only steady and courageously fighting. Today we consider grape diseases - photos and how to treat. Tips for experienced gardeners in this matter are always especially valued by farmers.
Unfortunately, not all grape diseases can be cured. Some of them are not amenable to the action of any of the well-known and secure funds. It is good to treat almost all fungal diseases, but to save grapes from bacterial and viral infections almost impossible.
Learning to distinguish fungal diseases of grapes
Mildew
This disease is well acquainted with gardeners and, since it is most often found. His second name - false mild dew. Hitting a plant, mushroom causes appearance on the leaves yellow spots and gray plaque. Without proper intervention, the culture quickly disappears.
On the photo fungal disease of Mildew grapes Oidium
It occurs a little less frequently false mildew. The second name of the disease - puffy dew. Manifestation - gray raid on leaves and berries. The disease develops into hot weather, and if it is not stopped, will lead to cracking of berries. In a few years, the vineyard will completely disappear.
Anthracnose
On the picture dark spots Anxanosis Alternariasis
The disease is mainly developing in spring. It strikes all the above-ground parts of the plant, only on berries it is manifested by white spots, and on the other parts - brown or silver. The affected berries quickly deteriorate.
Churchosposition
Escoriosis
For everyone overhead parts The mushroom bush causes black spots. The affected fruit often dries and breaks.
In the photo Escoriosis of grapes Apoplexy
This disease cause mushrooms, and the death of the plant occurs as a result of the allocation by them large number toxins. The second name - eSCA. Most often appears in the midst of summer. In case of sharp shape, the bush disappears in a matter of days. Chronic form lasts for several years, and it can be recognized on white spots on the lower sheets.
Gray Gnil
A fungal disease that can hit any overhead parts of the grape bush. The affected areas are covered with a fluffy silence. Most often infected by the brush hanging to the ground.
White Rot
Flap white color Covers plants berries. Over time, they completely change the color and fall to the ground. The appearance of the disease most often provoke mechanical damage to the bush.
On photo White rot grapes Black Rot
A fungal disease manifested by purple spots on berries and leaves. When the disease progresses, spots covered with stains increases.
Reinforcement
With the damage to this fungal disease, grapes are yellowing leaves and boil roots. With the onset of autumn, the affected plants are covered with yellow mushrooms.
Verticillome
In this case, the fungus leads to the yellowing of the leaves and the rapid death of the shoots. The fungus retains vital activity up to 5 years.
Bacterial diseases of grapes
Bacterial cancer
This is the name of a dangerous and non-treatable disease caused by bacteria. Manifestation - highlights on the vine. In the first two years, yield will sharply decrease, and in the future the affected plant will completely disappear. This is one of the incurable cultural diseases. The next two years in this place grapes are better not to plant.
Bacteriosis
On berries appear wrinkled dark pink plots. The impetus to their education is scorching sun.
On the photo bacteriosis grapes Bacteriomic necrosis
Black spots with a clear brown outline are formed on berries, shoots dry.
Acidic
Viral diseases
Experienced gardeners know how dangerous diseases of viral nature. Since they are not amenable to treatment, the affected grape bushes are advised to completely remove. The only way Protect your vineyard from them - to purchase a steady grade of culture.
Among viral diseases are often found:
marble leaves,
Print mosaic,
necrosis of vessels leaves,
chlorosis - discoloration,
short Supply - Dwarf.
In the photo chlorosis of grapes Viral diseases are extremely difficult to diagnose. They have common specific traits: Wood cracking, leaf deformation and change of their color, focusing inflorescences, slow development of the plant.
In addition, there are a number of non-infectious diseases that arise due to unsuitable conditions or disadvantages. nutrients. They can manifest themselves in different ways: stains on the leaves, lag in development, drying of bushes and berries, sprinkling berries, etc.
What to treat grape diseases?
After you learned to recognize grape diseases, it's time to learn effective methods To cope with them. Best to make preventive measures that are concluded proper care. Some experienced gardeners conduct prophylactic spraying of bushes, however, most prefers to grow grapes without the use of chemistry.
In cases of damage to bushes, the question is already quite different: either lose the vineyard completely, or try to save it with the help of products of the chemical industry. In such situations, experienced gardeners usually choose the second option.
What fungicides (preparations against plant mushrooms and bacteria) showed themselves from a good side?
Mildew. From this fungal lesion will help the spraying by such drugs: the godmisol is gold, strobe, polych, arration, copper chlorine, burglar liquid.
Oidium. In the struggle, such fungicides will help: topaz, strides, acrobat MC, chorus, teovit, colloid sulfur, carbis top.
Alternariasis. Bordeaux liquid helps to cope well.
Cercosposis. It is best to use a burglar mixture in this case.
Escoriosis. Experienced gardeners are used to fight benzophosphate and Bordeaux liquid.