The placement of the branches of the petrochemical industry is under the influence of factors, among which raw materials, energy, water, consumer, labor, ecological, infrastructure, play the greatest role. The role of each of them is different depending on the peculiarities of production. However, the integrated accounting of the influence of all interacting factors for the placement of any petrochemical production is obligatory.
The petrochemical industry as a whole is the high-tech industry. The simplified production scheme of the petrochemical industry is presented in the figure.
Petrochemical industry - the industry is energy intensive, with high specific expenditure of electrical, thermal energy and direct use fuel. For example, for the production of 1 tons of chemical fiber takes up to 15 - 20 thousand kW / h of electricity and up to 10 tons of fuel to generate heat (steam, hot water). The total consumption of TER in the petrochemical and chemical industries is about 20 - 30% of the total consumption in industry. Therefore, energy-intensive production is more common to sources of cheap electrical and thermal energy. It also contributes to the effectiveness of intra-industry and intersectoral ties in the petrochemical and chemical industry, which, in turn, provides intra-and inter-sectoral combining of production, the introduction of energy technological processes.
Water consumption in petrochemical industries is very large. Water is spent on flushing, cooling units, getting rid of waste industrial waters. Under the total consumption, the petrochemical industry (together with the chemical) ranks first among the industries. The production of 1 tons of fibers, for example, is consumed to 5 thousand cubic meters. m of water, and in the cost of water production unit, the aqueous component fluctuates from 10 to 30%.
Consequently, it is advisable to place water-based production in areas with a favorable water balance, in water sources.
The Russian industry plastics and synthetic resins originally originally in the Central, Volga-Vyatka, the Urals on imported raw materials. Currently, significant shifts in placement of the industry are occurred due to the wide use of hydrocarbon petrochemical raw materials. Synthetic resins and plastics were created in areas of oil refining, oil production and oil and gas pipelines: Volga region (Novokuybyshevsk, Volgograd, Volzhsky, Kazan), Uralsky (Ufa, Salavat, Sverdlovsk, Nizhny Tagil), Central (Moscow, Ryazan, Yaroslavl), North -Cavkazsky (Budennovsk), North-West (St. Petersburg), West Siberian (Tyumen, Novosibirsk, Omsk), Volga-Vyatka (Dzerzhinsk) regions.
In the future, the production of synthetic resins and plastics is more expedient to place in the eastern regions (Western and Eastern Siberia) on the basis of plants for the processing of Wessenosibirsk oil in Omsk, Tomsk, Tobolsk, Achinsk, Angarsk, where there is a favorable combination of raw materials, water resources and cheap electricity produced by Hydroelectric power plants of Eastern Siberia (fraternal, Ust-Ilimskaya, Krasnoyarskaya, Sayano-Shushenskaya).
The synthetic rubber industry occupies a noticeable place in the world. The production of synthetic rubber (SC) originated on the basis of food alcohol (in Krasnoyarsk). With the transition to hydrocarbon raw materials from oil, passing petroleum gases and natural gas, the placement of the IC was undergoing significant shifts. The predominant development was obtained by production in Central (Yaroslavl, Moscow, Efremov), Volga (Kazan, Volzhsky, Tolyatti, Novokuibyshevsk, Saratov, Nizhnekamsk), Uralsky (Ufa, Perm, Orsk, Sterlitamak), West Siberian (Omsk), East Siberian (Krasnoyarsk) Areas with highly developed oil refining industry. The main areas of the listed areas are Volga, Ural and West Siberian.
Raw and energy factors have the greatest impact on the placement of the production of SC. In the future, it will be expanded at the expense of the country's eastern regions on the basis of Western Unibirsk oil and passing gases as part of Omsk, Tomsk, Tobolsky oil refining and petrochemical complexes, as well as Eastern Siberian refineries (Achinsk, Angarsk) with favorable energy capabilities (fraternal, Krasnoyarskaya, Sayano -Shushenskaya HPP).
Chemical fiber industry, including the production of artificial and synthetic species, uses cellulose (for artificial) and oil refining products (for synthetic fiber species) as the initial raw material. Depending on the type, the production of chemical fibers is characterized by high expenditure of raw materials, fuel and energy, water and labor resources, as well as significant capital costs. Therefore, the proper placement of this industry requires integrated accounting of these factors.
Initially appeared in old industrial areas with developed chemistry, this industry has taken strong positions in Western regions of Russia (more than 2/3 of the total production of products): in Volzhsky - about 1/3 (Tver, Wedge, Ryazan), Central - about 1/3 (Engels, Balakovo, Saratov, Volzhsky), Central Chernozem - 9% (Kursk). The share of eastern areas is less than 1/3: Western Siberia (Barnaul, Kemerovo), Eastern Siberian (Krasnoyarsk).
In the future, significant territorial shifts in the production of chemical fibers will occur due to the eastern regions of the country provided by raw materials, fuel and energy and water resources. According to the results of carefully conducted calculations, in Siberia in the Far East, it is advisable to place unearmable and non-diplotte, but high-energy, raw material and water-consumables, taking into account intra-separable links of the chemical and forestry, petrochemical and energy industries.
Petrochemical industry The heavyweight industry covers the production of synthetic materials and products is mainly based on oil refining products and natural combustible gases. In enterprises N. P. Synthetic rubber are produced, products of main organic synthesis (ethylene, propylene, polyethylene, surfactants, detergents, some types of mineral fertilizers), soot, rubber products (auto strokes, rubber products and widespread items), Asbestoshechnical products.
Oil, as the most important source of chemical raw materials, was one of the first to indicate D. I. Mendeleev. The fundamental work in the field of petrochemistry was fulfilled in the late 19th and early 20th century. V.V. Markovnikov, L. G. Gurvich, N. D. Zelinsky, A. A. Summer, S. S. Hint, as well as foreign scientists M. Bertle (France), Y. Houdri (USA), M. Pyom (Germany), etc. However, the industrial production of organic products to the 1st World War 1914-18 was based only on the processing of coking coal and food raw. The use of petroleum hydrocarbons has significantly expanded the raw material base and made it possible to carry out the most economical processes of production (see Petrochemical synthesis, Main organic synthesis ).
Conditions for the emergence of N. p. Created as a result of the introduction of new methods of oil refining - cracking and pyrolysis. In the USA from cracking gases, the production of isopropyl alcohol (1918), aliphatic chemical products (1920), vinyl chloride and others was mastered.
In the USSR, the formation of N. p. Occurred in the years of the first five-year plan 1929-40. During this period, industrial production of synthetic rubber was established on a number of enterprises (in Yaroslavl, Voronezh, Efremov). Entered into operation (1932) Tire Plant of the Yaroslavl Rubber Assembly Plant. Entering new capacities and the reconstruction of production allowed in 1940 to release auto strokes 35 times more than in 1927-28. The production of rubber products by the end of the 1st five-year plan (1932) increased 5 times and amounted to 35% in the total volume of the rubber industry. Soot production grew as follows: in 1916-300 t, In 1930 - about 2 thousand. t,in 1940 - about 60 thousand. t.
After the Great Patriotic War, 1941-1945 many enterprises N. P. In 1949, the first joint production of phenol and acetone was organized in the world in the world for the most progressive (cumen) method developed by Soviet scientists. The prospective economic regions of the country were determined, in which the construction of refinery and petrochemical enterprises was developed.
The development of N. p. Directly associated with an increase in the scale and improvement of oil refining processes (see ). For N. P. The USSR is characterized by high growth rates (Table 1).
Table. 1.- The growth rates of the total volume of products of the petrochemical industry,%
| Petrochemical industry (generally) | |||||
| Including: | |||||
| production of main organic synthesis products | |||||
| rubber Asbestos Industry |
In 1970, compared with 1965, the production of plastic masses and nitrogen fertilizers increased by 2 times, synthetic detergents - 1.7 times, synthetic fatty acids - 1.6 times; The production of synthetic rubber increased by more than 1.5 times. Such an increase was achieved mainly as a result of the construction of large-capacity objects for the production of qualitatively new stereoregular rubbers.
In 1966-70 in the USSR, for the first time in the world, the mass production of high-quality pneumatic tires without the use of natural rubber was organized; Created enterprises for the release of radial tires. In 1973, the production of auto strokes in the USSR increased 1.6 times compared with 1965 and reached 42.3 million pieces.
The total volume of products of the rubber-asbestos industry in 1972 increased compared with 1960 by 272%. The production of rubber shoes and other goods of public consumption increased significantly. Novoufimsky, Omsk, Novokuibyshevsky, Novoyaroslavsky, Novogorikovsky, Kirishsky, Ryazan factories and combines are put into operation; Polotsky refinery in the BSSR, major plants for the production of synthetic rubber, auto strokes and rubber products in the central and eastern part of the USSR. Centers for complex processing of oil and petrochemistry are created and created in Azerbaijan, Bashkiria, Tataria, Chechen-Ingushetia, as well as in Ukraine, in Belarus, in the Far East, in Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. A number of plants and installations for the production of high-quality polyethylene, polypropylene, polyisobutylene and other polymer products based on hydrocarbon raw materials, production of polyethylene and ethylene copolymers increased in 1972 compared with 1965, 5.4 times and reached 307 thousand. t.
The development of N. P. is characterized by a high rate and continuous increase in production efficiency. High-performance installations are being introduced, highly specialized multi-duct production are being created, catalytic systems are beingraided, a flow and automatic lines for elastomers and products are created, automated control systems are being introduced.
In the production of synthetic rubber, installations are widely used to obtain isoprene, the unit power has increased by 2-3 times. This equipment allows 20% to reduce the specific investment, to 5% reduce the cost of isoprene and increase the productivity of labor to 2 times.
The USSR provides technical assistance to other socialist countries in the creation and development of N.Sh. Countries - Members of the CEV coordinate their plans in this area. The share of CMEA member countries in the global production of chemical goods has increased significantly. The fraternal assistance of the Soviet Union was played a huge role in the supply of CEV oil, gas, as well as in the construction of important objects, primarily "Friendship" pipeline.
The increase in the production of such essential petrochemical products, such as polyethylene and ethylene copolymers, as well as auto strokes, show data Table. 2 and 3.
Table. 2.- Production of polyethylene and copolymers of ethylene in the CMEA member countries, thousands. t.
| Bulgaria | |||
Table. 3.- Production of auto strokes in countries CMEA members, thousand pieces
| Bulgaria | |||
The widespread development of the production of products N.P. is observed in capitalist (especially in developed) countries (see Table 4).
Developing countries - India, Iraq, Algeria, and others, attach great importance to creating their own NP. In the implementation of industrialization plans, raising the standard of living of the population and strengthening national independence. The USSR expands cooperation with these countries and provides them with technical assistance in the development of N. P.
Table. 4.- Production of some petrochemical products in capitalist countries in 1970, million t.
| Propylene | Butadiene |
|||
| BCE capitalist countries | ||||
| Western European countries | ||||
Lit. See at art. Oil refining industry.
V. S. Fedorov.
Big Soviet Encyclopedia M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969-1978
Sectoral composition of the petrochemical industry
Production of synthetic rubber;
Production of basic organic synthesis products, including petroleum products and technical carbon;
Rubber-absorbable (production of asbestos products).
In addition, on the basis of exhaust gases and by-products, a certain part of the chemical products is produced in the coke-chemical industry, non-ferrous metallurgy, pulp and paper, woodworking (timber) and other industries. According to the technological basis for the chemical industry, it is possible to include the production of cement and other binders, ceramics, porcelain, glass, a number of food products, as well as microbiological industries (protein-vitamin concentrates, amino acids, vitamins, antibiotics, etc.). Chemicalization of the national economy is one of the decisive levers of improving the efficiency of production and quality of work in all spheres of human activity.
Placement of the industry and its structure
The placement of sectors of the chemical industry is under the influence of factors, among which raw materials, energy, water, consumer, labor, environmental, infrastructure, play the greatest role. Chemical industry as a whole - high-tech industry. The cost of raw materials due to the high values \u200b\u200bof raw materials or significant specific costs ranges from 40 to 90% in the production of 1 tons of annual products. It is characterized by the use of a huge number of the names of raw materials of mineral, vegetable, animal origin, as well as air, water, all sorts of industrial gas emissions - waste of color and black metallurgy. In the modern chemical industry of organic synthesis, hydrocarbon oil and gas raw materials play a major role.
It is extremely important to comprehensively use raw materials, especially hydrocarbon, to obtain many types of chemicals and chemical materials. Widespread development in chemistry received intra-separable combination and cooperation of production. Chemical and petrochemical plants emerged, in a complex with gas and oil refining.
The placement of the industry can be represented as a list of economic regions specializing in the chemical industry. The specialization coefficients of the chemical industry in the regions of the European part of the country are: Volga, Volga-Vyatka, Central Black Earth, Northwest. They are also significant in the Central, Urals, North Caucasus and West Siberian.
From here we can conclude: the chemical industry is developed as a branch of specialization in all areas, in addition to the outskirts, remote, not possessing a fairly powerful socio-economic factor - there is no large number of population, qualified labor resources and consumers (Northern, East Siberian, Far Eastern). Except here is the West Siberian district, whose specialization in the chemistry of organic synthesis is due to large objects of hydrocarbon mining in the main oil and gas province of the country and the construction of new processing plants here. The largest nodes of the chemical industry in Russia are cities: Nizhnekamsk, Tolyatti, Moscow, Ufa, Sterlitamak, Dzerzhinsk, St. Petersburg.
The chemical industry consists of two main parts: chemistry of organic synthesis and polymers (or organic chemistry) and the main (inorganic) chemistry, including the mining and chemical industry. In addition, a group of other industries is allocated, which includes paint and varnish, anilic paint, photochemical, etc.
Chemistry of organic synthesis and polymers: This is a relatively new industry that uses oil, passing and natural gas as raw materials, coal. Oil and gas is based on oil and sources of raw materials (oil, natural and passing gas), and their products are recycled: gasoline, propane, butane and other raw materials for the production of polymer chemistry. Industry of polymeric materials and polymeric semimposes (ethylene - polyethylene; propylene - polypropylene, etc.).
Thus, the enterprises of the fuel industry of the central regions of the country using imported oil and gas emit raw materials for the chemical industry, as it were, their own raw materials. These enterprises are placed, as a rule, in the central regions of the European part of the country, in the final clauses of oil and gas pipelines or by their tracks, as well as in fuel mining areas. Since the possibilities of combining production in oil and gas chemistry are extremely wide - from powerful combines of the full cycle to individual production of the raw or final stage - one can allocate the following individual production in this multistage process. The plastics and synthetic resins industry originally originally in the Central, Volga-Vyatsky, Ural region on imported raw materials. This industry is allocated by the largest production scale among all industries of the polymeric materials, due to the wide use of plastics as a modern construction material, replacement of valuable non-ferrous metals (copper, nickel), glass, wood and others. From plastics produce many subjects of folk consumption. The volume of plastics and synthetic resins in the country are still insufficient: if there are 15 kg in Russia in 2003, then in economically developed countries - at 10 - 13 times more (Germany - 143, USA - 125, Japan - 116 kg). Production is widespread in industrial areas of the European part of the country: Central Economic District (Moscow, Vladimir, Orekhovo-Zuevo); Northwest (St. Petersburg); Volga region (Kazan, Volgograd, Samara); Volga-Vyatsky district (Dzerzhinsk); Ural (Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Tagil, Ufa, Salavat); as well as in Western Siberia (Tyumen, Novosibirsk, Kemerovo, Tomsk).
The industry of chemical fibers and threads in recent years has changed the structure due to the growth of synthetic fibers (Capron, Loven, Nylon), with a decrease in the shares of artificial, primarily viscose, which are mainly made of cellulose, and acetate, raw materials for which is Lint - Cotton down. Raw materials for obtaining chemical synthetic products are synthetic resins obtained on the basis of oil refining, passing petroleum and natural gases and coal. Synthetic fibers are widely used for the manufacture of a variety of tissues, knitwear and carpets, parachute silk, fishing nets, cord for tires, leatherette and many other products. Volumes of production of chemical fibers and threads and, therefore, the level of their use in the domestic textile industry is 5-8 times less than the volumes produced in economically developed countries. If in Russia per capita in 2003 they produced only about 1 kg, then in economically developed countries - more than 10 (USA - 17, Japan - 14, Germany - 13 kg). Enterprises to the areas of concentration of the textile industry, among which the Central Economic District (Serpukhov, Wedge, Tver, Ryazan, Shuya), North-West (St. Petersburg), Volga region (Saratov, Balakovo, Engels) stand out. Separate large enterprises are placed in the Central Black Earth area - Kursk (9%), Western Siberia (Barnaul), Eastern Siberia (Krasnoyarsk). The synthetic rubber industry occupies a noticeable place in the world. The production of synthetic rubber arose on the basis of food alcohol (in Central Black Earth, Volga, Central District) and Hydrolysis Alcohol (in Krasnoyarsk). Rubber is needed in the production of widely used rubber products.
In our time, about 3t liquid gases is spent on obtaining 1T synthetic rubber, instead of 9t grains or potatoes. Therefore, the production of synthetic rubber was largely moved from the central regions (Yaroslavl, Efremov, Voronezh), where it arose for the first time on alcohol from potatoes, in the Volga region (Tolyatti, Nizhnekamsk, Kazan), to the Urals (Perm, Sterlitamak, Tchaikovsky) and Western Siberia (Omsk, Tobolsk). As a rule, joint production is integrated: oil refining - synthetic rubber - Saint and cordon production - tire production (Omsk, Yaroslavl). There are examples with other source raw materials: Wood hydrolysis - Synthetic rubber - Tire production (Krasnoyarsk).
Basic Chemistry: It is mainly based on the mining and chemical industry, produces mineral fertilizers, acids, sicks, soda and a large number of other products.
In 2004, Russia was produced in Russia (in terms of 100% nutrients) 9.5 million tons of mineral fertilizers (per capita - 65 kg). In the USA (1995) - 25 million tons (95kg). In Canada, for example, 400 kg of mineral fertilizers are produced per capita.
Economic regions of the country in which the largest complexes of the chemical industry
Central District - Polymer Chemistry (Production of plastics and products of them, synthetic rubber, tires and rubber products, chemical fiber), production of dyes, varnishes, nitrogen and phosphoric fertilizers, sulfuric acid;
Ural district - production of nitrogen, phosphate and potash fertilizers, soda, sulfur, sulfuric acid, polymeric chemistry (production of synthetic alcohol, synthetic rubber, plastics made of oil and passing gases);
North-West District - production of phosphate fertilizers, sulfuric acid, polymeric chemistry (production of synthetic resins, plastics, chemical fiber);
Volga region - petrochemical production (orgsintesis), production of polymer products (synthetic rubber, chemical fiber);
North Caucasus - production of nitrogen fertilizers, organic synthesis, synthetic resins and plastics;
Siberia (Western, East) - Chemistry of organic synthesis, nitrogen industry on coke gas, production of polymer chemistry (plastics, chemical fiber, synthetic rubber), tire production.
From the point of view of the territorial organization of production in Russia, four enlarged chemical and chemical forest bases can be distinguished in accordance with the raw materials and processing capabilities of various regions.
The North European Base includes huge reserves of chiban apatitis, vegetable (forest), water and fuel and energy resources. On the apatite raw materials of the Kola Peninsula, the main chemistry is based - the production of phosphate fertilizers of the country. Organic chemistry in the future will be developed due to the processing of local oil and gas resources of the Northern Economic Area.
The central base has formed due to the consumer demand for the production of the processing industry operating mainly on imported raw materials: oil refining, petrochemistry, organic synthesis, polymeric chemistry (chemical fibers, synthetic resins and plastics, synthetic rubber), tire production, engine fuel, lubricating oils, etc. . Basic chemistry was placed on the basis of local and imported raw materials: mineral fertilizers, sulfuric acid, soda, pharmaceutical products.
The Volga-Ural base is formed on the huge reserves of potash, cooking salts of the Urals and the Volga region: sulfur, oil, gas, non-ferrous metal ores, hydropower and forest resources. The share of chemical products of the Volga-Ural base is more than 40%, petrochemical - 50%, forest industrial products - about 20%. The detecting factor in the further development of this base is the environmental factor.
The Siberian base has the most promising possibilities due to the unique and diverse resources of raw materials: oil, gas of Western Siberia, coal of Eastern and Western Siberia, salt, hydropower and forest resources, as well as reserves of non-ferrous and black metal ores. Accelerated development, thanks to a favorable combination of raw materials and fuel and energy factors, received petrochemical (Tobolsk, Tomsk, Omsk, Angarsk) and a carbonic (Kemerovo) industry.
The chemical complex of the Kemerovo region is one of the largest in Siberia, complicated by the structure, including the industry of organic synthesis, chemical fibers, production of mineral fertilizers, synthetic resins, plastic masses, etc.
The birth of the chemical industry in Kuzbass is associated with the beginning of construction in 1915 in Kemerovo Coxochemical Plant. This was the beginning of the development of carboni on the basis of the use of coke gas obtained in the process of sintering coal in coke batteries.
Today, the Chemical Industry of Kuzbass represents 15 large and medium-sized industrial enterprises, 8 of them are located in Kemerovo.
Urgent tasks in the Chemical Industry of Russia are: overcoming a prolonged crisis, technical re-equipment of enterprises with extensive use of new and new technologies that can provide comprehensive use of mineral and hydrocarbons, growth in the efficiency of production, reducing pollution emissions, utilization of industrial waste, financing priority development areas.
Synthetic materials and products mainly based on oil refining products and natural combustible gases. In enterprises. . Synthetic rubber, products of main organic synthesis (ethylene, propylene, polyethylene, surfactants, detergents, some types of mineral fertilizers), soot, rubber products (auto strokes, rubber products and widespread items), asbestoshechnical products. On oil, as the most important source of chemical raw materials, one of the first pointed out. . Mendeleev. The fundamental work in the field of petrochemistry was fulfilled at the end 19 and early 20. V. V. Markovnikov ,. . Gurvich, N. D. Zelinsky ,. A. Summer ,. S. Nametkin, as well as foreign scientists. Bertlo (France) ,. Hoobri (USA), M. Pyom (Germany), etc. However, industrial production of organic products to the 1st World War 1914-18 was based only on the processing of coking coal and food raw materials. The use of petroleum hydrocarbons has significantly expanded the raw material base and made it possible to carry out the most economical processes of production (see petrochemical synthesis, main organic synthesis). Conditions for the occurrence of N. p. Created as a result of the introduction of new methods for refining oil - cracking and pyrolysis. In the USA from cracking gases, the production of isopropyl alcohol (1918), aliphatic chemical products (1920), vinyl chloride and others was mastered. In the USSR, the formation of N. p. Occurred in the years of the first five-year plan 1929-40. During this period, industrial production of synthetic rubber was established on a number of enterprises (in Yaroslavl, Voronezh, Efremov). Entered into operation (1932) Tire Plant of the Yaroslavl Rubber Assembly Plant. Entering new capacities and the reconstruction of production allowed in 1940 to release auto strokes 35 times more than in 1927-28. The production of rubber products by the end of the 1st five-year plan (1932) increased 5 times and amounted to 35% in the total volume of the rubber industry. Soot production increased as follows: in 1916-300 T, in 1930 - about 2 thousand tons, in 1940 - about 60 thousand tons. After the Great Patriotic War, 1941-1945 were restored and reconstructed many enterprises N. p. In 1949 it was The world's first joint production of phenol and acetone on the most progressive (cumen) method developed by Soviet scientists was organized. The prospective economic regions of the country were determined, in which the construction of refinery and petrochemical enterprises was deployed. The development of N. p. Directly associated with an increase in the scale and improvement of oil refining processes (see the oil refining industry). For N. P. The USSR is characterized by high growth rates (Table 1). Table. 1.- The growth rates of the total production of the petrochemical industry,% 19601965197019711972 The petrochemical industry (as a whole) 100182283306328 Including: Production of main organic synthesis products100225406427453 Rubber-asbestos industries100157233253272 In 1970, compared with 1965, the production of plastic masses and nitrogen fertilizers increased by 2 times synthetic detergents - 1.7 times, synthetic fatty acids - 1.6 times; The production of synthetic rubber increased by more than 1.5 times. Such an increase was achieved mainly as a result of the construction of large-capacity objects for the production of qualitatively new stereoregular rubbers. In 1966-70 in the USSR, for the first time in the world, the mass production of high-quality pneumatic tires without the use of natural rubber was organized; Created enterprises for the release of radial tires. In 1973, the production of auto strokes in the USSR increased 1.6 times compared with 1965 and reached 42.3 million pieces. The total volume of products of the rubber-asbestos industries in 1972 increased compared with 1960 by 272%. The production of rubber shoes and other goods of public consumption increased significantly. Novoufimsky, Omsk, Novokuibyshevsky, Novoyaroslavsky, Novogorikovsky, Kirishsky, Ryazan factories and combines are put into operation; Polotsky refinery in the BSSR, major plants for the production of synthetic rubber, auto strokes and rubber products in the central and eastern part of the USSR. Centers for complex processing of oil and petrochemistry are created and created in Azerbaijan, Bashkiria, Tataria, Chechen-Ingushetia, as well as in Ukraine, in Belarus, in the Far East, in Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. A number of plants and installations for the production of high-quality polyethylene, polypropylene, polyisobutylene and other polymer products based on hydrocarbon raw materials, production of polyethylene and ethylene copolymers increased in 1972 compared with 1965 by 5.4 times and reached 307 thousand tons. Development of N. P. It is characterized by a high rate and continuous increase in production efficiency. High-performance installations are being introduced, highly specialized multi-duct production are being created, catalytic systems are beingraided, a flow and automatic lines for elastomers and products are created, automated control systems are being introduced. In the production of synthetic rubber, installations are widely used to obtain isoprene, the unit power has increased by 2-3 times. This equipment allows 20% to reduce the specific investment, to 5% reduce the cost of isoprene and increase the productivity of labor to 2 times. The USSR provides technical assistance to other socialist countries in the creation and development of N.Sh. Countries - Members of the CEV coordinate their plans in this area. The share of CMEA member countries in the global production of chemical goods has increased significantly. The fraternal assistance of the Soviet Union was played a huge role in the supply of CEV oil, gas, as well as in the construction of important objects, primarily "Friendship" pipeline. The increase in the production of such essential petrochemical products, such as polyethylene and ethylene copolymers, as well as auto strokes, show data Table. 2 and 3. Tab. 2.- Production of polyethylene and copolymers of ethylene in countries - members of the CMEV, thousand tons of 196519701972 Bulgaria-34,238,7, Hungary-5,324,9,9,23,6,733.4 Romania7,865,984,7 USSR57,0267307 CHsss-29,230.3 Table. 3.- Production of tires in countries CMEA, thousand pcs. Strany196519701972 Bolgariya4749191220 Vengriya92110901037 GDR375046925191 Polsha281844954963 Rumyniya132925083055 SSSR264343462038752 CHSSR299539335189 extensive development manufacture products N. n. Capitalist observed (especially in developed) countries (see. Table. 4). Developing countries - India, Iraq, Algeria, and others, attach great importance to creating their own NP. In the implementation of industrialization plans, raising the standard of living of the population and strengthening national independence. The USSR expands cooperation with these countries and provides them with technical assistance in the development of N. p. Table. 4.- Production of some petrochemical products in capitalist countries in 1970, million tons of eBCE Capitalistic countries19.09,88,83.0 Western European countries5.63,62.70.8 US8,43,23,41.4 Japan3 12,11,20.5 lith. See at art. Oil refining industry. V. S. Fedorov.
The petrochemical industry of the Russian Federation develops progressively and plays an essential role in the economic development of the state. It is one of the most important, since due to its development other industries are provided with the necessary raw materials. Also, new directions also develop. The development of the petrochemical industry entails improvements in the production processes of other industries that directly depend on it.
New developments in the chemical industry contribute to the acceleration of waste disposal process, as well as their processing.
The development of the petrochemical complex is important. In the modern world, the needs of people living in it are constantly growing. Agriculture, as well as everyday life require production of all new and new varieties of a particular product.
Industries depend on the constant development process of this complex:
- Mining and chemical
- Laco-colorful industry
- Oil refinery
- Lesochemical and other
Chemical, as well as petrochemical enterprises focus in themselves about eight percent of the fundamental funds of the entire industry of the Russian Federation.
The enterprises of the petrochemical industry play a considerable role in ensuring the defense security of the state, the production of innovative electronics, drugs, cosmetics, etc. All enterprises of the petrochemical complex supply the rest of the sectors various materials: varnishes, paints, plastic, fertilizers, etc.
The main strategic task of the petrochemical complexes of the state is the full provision of the necessary materials and the raw materials of the above industries in order to increase the competitiveness of that products that they are produced. In case, in the speed of development and in terms of production, Russian enterprises will populate the world level, the domestic products in the petrochemical industry will lose their competitiveness in relation to the products of enterprises of other states. And such a turn of events may entail a significant decline in the country's economy.
That is why, in the current period of time, the petrochemical industry of Russia should work as efficiently and produce the necessary amounts of raw materials and materials for other industries, corresponding to the world level of production of such products. Quality and wide range - the main rules of Russian production.
In order to successfully fulfill the strategic task, petrochemical enterprises need to perform the following steps:
- Carry out technical re-equipment.
- Modernization of existing industries, in order to create new, more efficient.
- More products manufactured for export.
- Earn a domestic product market obtained by the petrochemical industry.
- Release the products of the highest quality.
- Develop new resource and commodity opportunities for the further development of petrochemical complexes.
The development of this type of industry is hampered by many problems. One of many is the presence of old equipment - most of the equipment and equipment have long been necessary to write off, since their main part is in operation more than two decades, which is unacceptable for such a scope. In the other countries, the maximum service life of equipment installed at petrochemical enterprises does not exceed six to ten years. Old equipment does not allow fully developing the industry and prevents the growth of the competitiveness of Russian products in the global market.
The Russian state is more than sufficiently provided with raw materials in order to develop the petrochemical industry and hold a leading position in the global market. But so far the situation is different. Prices for domestic products produced grow, and on the world market, as is known, the main level of competitiveness is the low price level. Many investors do not show the desire to invest their own funds in export projects. After all, taking into account transport and other expenses, such investments are not economically beneficial for them.
For several years on the territory of the Russian Federation, about five kilograms per year of production of the chemical industry are produced on the territory of the Russian Federation on one person living here. And the level of consumption of this product by one person annually is about thirty kilograms. This suggests that the industry is not even as developed as this requires the situation within the country. There is an obvious problem between the process of the development of the petrochemical industry and the need for the market.
The reason for its appearance served:
- The need to use a large number of resources.
- Restrictions in the amount of raw materials produced within the state.
- Backwardness of innovative innovations in this industry applicable to other states.
Despite the above problems, petrochemical complexes of the Russian Federation still have the opportunity to provide full-fledged competitiveness to complexes of other states, as well as to take the leading positions on the volume and quality of products on other world countries.
Such prerequisites are real due to the presence of the following factors:
- The presence of an internal market, which is actively developing and looking for ways to replace goods imported from abroad.
- The presence of natural resources that are necessary for the production of products manufactured by the complex.
- Ability to establish a production process by introducing new equipment and fixed assets.
- The presence of scientific and technical capabilities.
The petrochemical complex of the Russian Federation consists of fifteen industries, each of which specializes in the release of various types of products. Seven hundred and sixty enterprises of different power are trying to ensure the needs of the internal, as well as the world market. The most significant role in the development of this industry is played by enterprises: "Ak Sibur", "Lukoil-Neftekhim", "Gazprom", "Amtel". Each of them works for wear and produces a significant part of the products that is an inner gross product. The above companies have the necessary equipment and other possibilities in order to carry out all the necessary manipulations for the manufacture of one or another products to the degree from raw materials to finished petrochemical products. Corporations are leaders in the chemical market of Russia.
In order to actively and effectively, the petrochemical industry in the state should be involved about one hundred scientific, as well as experimental centers.
Most enterprises engaged in the production of petrochemical products are investing significant financial resources to such scientific centers in order to open innovation in this field and the introduction of those in production.
The full provision of those enterprises that are engaged in the production of petrochemical products, hydrocarbon raw materials plays an important role in the successful activity of the latter. Most companies in the industry of this species are capable of producing their products only in the presence of hydrocarbon raw materials, which include liquefied gases, natural gas, as well as ethane.
Despite the fact that in terms of the volume of petrochemical products produced by Russia takes only a twentieth position relative to other world countries, its chances of growing positions gradually grow. And all due to the fact that within the Russian state there is a greater number of deposits.
One of the most important tasks to improve the situation on the development of the petrochemical industry in Russia, set before the leadership of the country, is to establish ways of entering the necessary raw materials to relevant enterprises.
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Petrochemical complex
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