Mass unit in the metric system of measures. History of creating a metric system

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International unit

Creation and development of a metric system

The metric measures was created at the end of the XVIII century. In France, when the development of industry trade ultimately urged the replacement of many lengths of length and mass selected arbitrarily, uniform unified units, which meter and kilogram.

Initially, the meter was defined as 1/40,000,000 part of the Paris Meridian, and kilogram - as a mass of 1 cubic water decimeter at a temperature of 4 s, i.e. Units were based on natural references. This consisted of one of the most important features of metric systems, which determined its progressive value. The second important advantage was the decimal unit of units, which corresponds to the calculus adopted system, and a single way to form their names (including the corresponding prefix in the name: Kila, Hekto, Deca, Santi and Milli), which went rid of complex transformations of some units to others and eliminated confusion in names.

The metric system of measures has become the basis for unifying units worldwide.

However, in subsequent years, the metric system of measures in the original form (m, kg, m, m. AR and six decimal consoles) could not satisfy the demands of the developing science and technology. Therefore, each knowledge branch chose comfortable units and units. Thus, the system of centimeter - gram - second (SGS) adhered to physics; The technique found a wide distribution system with basic units: meter - kilogram-power - second (ICGSS); In the theoretical electrical engineering, several units derived from the SGS system were used. In the heat engineering, systems based on, on the one hand, on a centimeter, gram and second, on the other hand, - on a meter, kilogram and seconds, with the addition of a temperature unit - degrees Celsius and generated units of the amount of heat - calories, cyocaloria, etc. . In addition, there were use of many other non-system units: for example, units of work and energy - kilowatt-hour and liter-atmosphere, pressure units - millimeter of mercury pillar, a millimeter of a water column, bar, etc. As a result, a significant number of metric systems of units was formed, some of them covered certain comparatively narrow industries, and many non-system units, the basis of whose definitions metric units were laid.

Simultaneous use in individual areas led to clogging of many calculated formulas with numerical coefficients, not equal to one, which greatly complicated the calculations. For example, the technique was the usual application for measuring the mass unit of the ISS system - kilogram, and to measure the force of the unit of the MKGSS-kilogram system. This seemed comfortable from the point of view that the numerical values \u200b\u200bof the mass (in kilograms) and its weight, i.e. The forces of attraction to the ground (in kilogram-forces) were equal (with accuracy sufficient for most practical cases). However, the consequence of equating the values \u200b\u200bof heterogeneous substantially values \u200b\u200bwas the appearance of 9.806 65 numerical formulas (rounded 9.81) and to mix the concepts of mass and weight, which gave rise to many misunderstandings and errors.

Such a variety of units and the associated inconvenience threatened the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating a universal system of units of physical quantities for all branches of science and technology that could replace all existing systems and individual non-system units. As a result of the work of international metrological organizations, such a system was developed and obtained the name of the international system of units with a reduced designation SI (system international). Si was adopted by the XI General Conference on measures and weights (GKMV) in 1960 as a modern form of the metric system.

Characteristics of the International Unit System

The versatility C is ensured by the fact that the seven major units laid on its basis are units of physical quantities reflecting the basic properties of the material world and make it possible to form derivative units for any physical quantities in all sectors of science and technology. The same goals are also the additional units necessary for the formation of derivative units dependent on flat and corngle. The advantage of C in front of other units systems is the principle of constructing the system itself: C was constructed for some system of physical quantities, which make it possible to present physical phenomena in the form of mathematical equations; Some of the physical quantities are accepted by the basic and all other are expressed through them - derivatives of physical quantities. For the basic values \u200b\u200bof units, the size of which is agreed at the international level, and for the remaining values \u200b\u200bderived units are formed. Thus, the units constructed and the units included in it are called coherent, since the condition is constructed that the relationship between numerical values \u200b\u200bof values \u200b\u200bexpressed in SI units does not contain coefficients other than those included in the originally selected equations that bind values. The coherence of UN units when applied allows to a minimum to simplify the calculated formulas due to the release of them from the transfer coefficients.

Si eliminated multiplicity of units to express the values \u200b\u200bof the same kind. For example, instead of a large number of pressure units used in practice, only one unit is Pascal.

The establishment for each physical value of its unit made it possible to distinguish between the concept of mass (a unit of C kilograms) and forces (CO - Newton Unit). The concept of mass should be used in all cases when the body or substance property is referred to, characterizing their inertia and the ability to create a gravitational field, the concept of weight - in cases where the force resulting from the interaction with the gravitational field.

Determination of the main units. And it is possible with a high degree of accuracy, which ultimately not only allows you to increase the accuracy of measurements, but also to ensure their unity. This is achieved by the "materialization" of units in the form of standards and transmission from the size of the dimensions of the measurement tools using a set of sample measurement tools.

The international system of units thanks to its advantages has been widespread in the world. Currently, it is difficult to call a country that would not have implemented SI, would be at the implementation stage or did not make decisions on the implementation of SI. So, countries that previously used the English system of measures (England, Australia, Canada, the USA, etc.) also accepted C.

Consider the structure of building an international system of units. Table 1.1 shows the main and additional units of C.

Derivatives of SI units are formed from the main and additional units. Derivatives of SI units with special names (Table 1.2) can also be used to form other derivatives of SI units.

Due to the fact that the range of values \u200b\u200bof most measured physical quantities currently can be very significant and only units are uncomfortable, since, as a result of the measurement, too large or small numeric values \u200b\u200bare obtained, the use of decimal multiple and dollane from units which are formed using multipliers and consoles shown in Table 1.3.

International unit

On October 6, 1956, the International Committee of Measures and Scales considered the recommendation of the Commission on Units and adopted the following important decision on the establishment of an international system of measurement units:

"International Committee of Measures and Scales, taking into account the task received from the Ninth General Conference on Measures and Sighs in its Resolution 6, regarding the establishment of a practical system of units of measure, which could be adopted by all countries that signed the Metric Convention; Taking into account all documents Received from 21 countries that answered the survey proposed by the Ninth General Conference on Measures and Sighs; Taking into account the resolution 6 of the Ninth General Conference on Measures and Weighs, which establishes the choice of the main units of the future system, recommends:

1) To be called the "international system of units", a system based on the main units adopted by the Tenth General Conference and are as follows;

2) To apply the units of this system listed in the following table, not predestine other units that can be added subsequently. "

At the session in 1958, the International Committee of Measures and Scales discussed and decided on a symbol for an abbreviated name "International Unit System" name. A symbol consisting of two letters Si (the initial letters of the word System International is an international system).

In October 1958, the International Committee of Legislative Metrology adopted the following resolution on the issue of the international system of units:

metric measure system weight

"The International Committee of Legislative Metrology, having gathered at the plenary meeting on October 7, 1958 in Paris, announces accession to the resolution of the International Committee of Measures and Weighs on the establishment of the International Measurement Units (SI).

The main units of this system are:

meter - kilogram-second-ampere-degree Kelvin-Candle.

In October 1960, the issue of the international system of units was considered at the eleventh General Conference on Measures and Sighs.

On this issue, the conference adopted the following resolution:

"The Eleventh General Conference on Measures and Sighs, taking into account the resolution 6 of the Tenth General Conference on Measures and Sighs, in which it adopted six units as a base for establishing a practical measurement system for international relations, taking into account resolution 3 adopted by the International Committee of Measures and Weighs in 1956, and taking into account the recommendations adopted by the International Committee of Measures and Scales in 1958, related to the abbreviated name of the system and to the filing for the formation of multiple and dolly units, decides:

1. Assign a system based on six major units, the name "International Unit System";

2. To establish an international abbreviation name of this system "Si";

3. Form the names of multiples and dolle units by following the following consoles:

4. Apply in this system the following units, not predetermined which other units can be added in the future:

The adoption of an international system of units was an important progressive act, summarizing a large long-term preparatory work in this direction and summarized the experience of scientific and technical circles of different countries and international organizations on metrology, standardization, physics and electrical engineering.

The decisions of the General Conference and the International Committee of Measures and Lights on the International System of Units are taken into account in the recommendations of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) on units of measurements and have already been reflected in the legislative provisions on units and in standards per units of some countries.

In 1958, the GDR approved a new provision on units of measurements, built on the basis of the international system of units.

In 1960, the International Unit System was adopted in the Governmental Law on Units of Measuring the Hungarian People's Republic.

State Standards of the USSR per units 1955-1958. Based on the system of units adopted by the International Committee of Measures and Libra as an international unit of units.

In 1961, the Committee of Standards, measures and measuring instruments at the Council of Ministers of the USSR approved GOST 9867 - 61 "International Units", which establishes the preferred use of this system in all areas of science and technology and in teaching.

In 1961, the international system of units in France and in 1962 in Czechoslovakia are legalized by the government decree.

The international system of units was reflected in the recommendations of the International Union of Clean and Applied Physics, adopted by the International Electrotechnical Commission and a number of other international organizations.

In 1964, the international system of units was based on the "Table of Units of Legal Measurement" of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.

In the period 1962 to 1965 In a number of countries, laws on the adoption of an international system of units were issued as mandatory or preferred and standards per units.

In 1965, in accordance with the instructions of the XII General Conference on measures and weights, the International Bureau of Measures and Libra conducted a survey regarding the provision with the adoption of SI in countries who joined the Metric Convention.

13 countries have accepted C as a mandatory or preferred.

In 10 countries, the application of the international system of units is allowed and prepared for the revision of laws in order to impart a legal, mandatory nature of this system in a given country.

In 7 countries C are allowed as optional.

At the end of 1962, a new recommendation was published by the International Commission on Radiological Units and Measurements (Spring), dedicated to the values \u200b\u200band units in the field of ionizing radiation. In contrast to the previous recommendations of this commission, which were mainly devoted to special (non-system) units for measuring ionizing radiation, the new recommendation includes a table in which the units of the international system are in the first place for all values.

On October 14-16, 1964, the seventh session of the International Committee of Legislative Metrology, which included representatives of 34 countries that signed the Intergovernmental Convention, the establishment of an international organization of legislative metrology, was adopted on the implementation of the following resolution:

"The International Committee of Legislative Metrology, taking into account the need to quickly spread the international system of SI units, recommends the preferred use of these SI units with all measurements and in all measuring laboratories.

In particular, in temporary international recommendations. The legislative metrology adopted and distributed by the International Conference, these units should be used preferably to graduate measuring devices and devices to which these recommendations are applied.

Other units whose application is allowed by these recommendations is allowed only temporarily, and they should be avoided as soon as possible. "

The International Committee of Legislative Metrology created the Secretariat-Rapporteur on the topic "Units of Measurements", whose task is to develop a model draft legislation on units of measurements based on the international system of units. The conduct of the Rapporteur Secretariat on this topic took on Austria.

Advantages of the international system

International system universal. It covers all areas of physical phenomena, all industries and folk economics. The international system of units organically includes such long-widespread and deeply rooted private systems in the art, as a metric system of measures and a system of practical electrical and magnetic units (amp, volts, Weber, etc.). Only the system in which these units entered could claim recognition as universal and international.

The units of the international system are most sufficiently convenient in their size, and the most important of them have convenient in practice their own names.

Building an international system meets the modern level of metrology. This includes the optimal selection of major units, and in particular their numbers and sizes; coherence (coherence) of derivatives of units; rationalized form of electromagnetism equations; The formation of multiple and dolle units through decimal consoles.

As a result, various physical quantities have in the international system, as a rule, and different dimensions. This makes it possible a full-fledged dimensional analysis, preventing misunderstanding, for example, when controlling the calculation. Indicators of dimension in C are integer, and not fragile, which simplifies the expression of derivatives through the main and generally operating with dimension. 4P and 2P coefficients are present in those and only those equations of electromagnetism, which relate to fields with spherical or cylindrical symmetry. The method of decimal consoles inherited from the metric system allows you to cover the huge ranges of changes in physical quantities and ensures the correspondence of the X decimal system.

The international system is inherent sufficient flexibility. It allows for a certain number of non-system units.

C - live and developing system. The number of major units can be even increased if it is necessary to cover any additional field of phenomena. In the future, the mitigation of some of the regulatory rules in force also is not excluded.

The international system, as its name itself, is also intended to become the universally used unique system of physical quantities. Unification of units represents a long overwhelming need. Already, Si made unnecessary numerous units.

The international system of units is adopted in more than 130 countries of the world.

The international system of units is recognized by many influential international organizations, including the United Nations Organization on Education, Science and Culture (UNESCO). Among those recognized by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the International Organization of Legislative Metrology (Moldova), International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), International Union of Clean and Applied Physics, etc.

Bibliography

1. Burdun, Vlasov A.D., Murin B.P. Units of physical quantities in science and technology, 1990

2. Ershov V.S. The introduction of the international system of units, 1986.

3. Kama D, Kremer K. The physical foundations of units of measurement, 1980.

4. Novosillese. The history of the main units C, 1975.

5. Damn A.G. Physical quantities (terminology, definitions, designations, dimension), 1990.

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USA, Liberia and Myanmar. Three Outlot of Ancient Units of Measurement

There are only three countries in the world that have not yet switched to the SI system. This is the United States, Liberia and Myanmar (until 1989 - Burma). The rest of the peoples of the world or switched to the metric system completely or at least officially accepted it as a standard. Another thing is how things are in the people. In Russia and now they can call the kilometer "vest" in conversation, but at the same time everyone clearly understand that this is about the most common metric kilometer, and not about the old Russian mile.

But in the US, the old folk system of measures and weights is used not only in everyday life. Football fields are measured in yards. Permanent by car engines in wonder futofuntes. Atmospheric pressure - in pounds per square inch.

Instead of the international system SI in the United States, U.S is used in the United States CUSTOMARY SYSTEM (traditional US system). It includes more than three hundred units of measurement of various physical quantities. The complexity is that many of these units are called the same, but at the same time mean completely different things.

We give the easiest and most understandable to every person, even very far from engineering wisdom. It would seem that maybe difficult in tonne? This is a thousand kilogram and in no way differently! But in the US there is at least nine definitions of the concept of "ton": short ton (short ton), offset ton (Displacement Ton), frozen ton (Nuclear Ton), cargo (freight) ton (Freight Ton) , REGISTER TON (REGISTER TON), metric ton (Metric Ton), jewelry ton (assay ton), fuel ton or ton in the coal equivalent (Ton of Coal Equivalent).

And despite all these obvious difficulties, nor in business, nor in the daily life of the United States is not used simple, understandable and unambiguous metric system. The reasons for that lie, as often happens, in the history of this country.

US attitude to the metric system at first was determined by the relationship with France

British Imperial System (British Imperial System) was used in Britain's colonies. At the end of the 18th century, a metric system was developed in France. Which, of course, did not accept the Britain itself, nor her colony.

When the United States gained independence, attempts were made in the country to streamline the measurement system of values. But they left, as it often happens, in a financial question. Thomas Jefferson, who occupied the post of US Secretary of State in George, approvingly belonged to the decimal system. But it turned out that it would be impossible to determine the metric units of length, without sending a delegation to France. And it was a matter of expensive.

Relations with France, which supported the United States in their struggle for independence, after 1795 entered the cooling stage. When in 1798, France invited representatives of various countries to familiarize themselves with the metric system, the Americans faced a dismissive attitude towards themselves.

And, nevertheless, representatives of the United States visited Paris and came from the metric system delight. But the probability of convincing the country's leaders in the need to move to a new system of measures and scales emanating from France was very weak. In 1821, US Secretary of State John Quince examined the units of 22 states of the country and concluded that U.S. Customary System is sufficiently unified and does not need changes.

In France, Napoleon reigned, and the Americans had doubts that the French themselves would preserve the loyalty to the system of measures and weights created by them. As a result, consideration of the metric system in the United States in the considered historical stage ceased. But this does not mean that she was not returned again and again as the SI system acquired more and more recognition in a variety of corners of our huge world.

US decide to take a metric system

In 1865, civil war ended in the USA. The Americans looked around and found that most European countries switched to a decimal metric system. And this obvious fact in the United States could no longer ignore. In 1866, the Congress of the country adopted the act, according to which the metric system became official for use in all contracts, transactions and trials.

Nine years later, France gathered representatives of leading countries in the world to discuss the details of the new international version of the metric system. The United States received an invitation and sent their delegation. Representatives of these countries signed an international convention, founding the International Bureau of Measures and Scales and the International Committee of Measures and Scales, whose tasks included consideration and making changes.

The agreement provided for the creation in the French city of Serve near Paris of the Special Hall, where there should be settings for metric standards, in particular a meter standard. This made it possible to avoid difficulties in understanding by various peoples of what is meant by one or another unit of measurement.

In 1890, the United States received copies of the international standard of meter and the international reference kilogram. According to the order of Mendencholla (named so named superintendent measures and scales), metric units were taken as a fundamental standard of length and mass in the United States. Yard was defined as 3600/3937 meters, and a pound as 0,4535924277 kilogram.

In 1959, English-speaking countries made some clarifications: 1 yard was equated to 0.9144 meters, and 1 pound to 0.4535923. That is, the United States has been formally 145 years old as a metric system as a standard of measures and scales and for about 120 years in this country should only be measured in meters and kilograms. But, as practice shows, making a decision does not mean its incarnation in real life.

Metric system in the US in our day

Many of the United States prominent scientists and political figures were supporters of the obligation of the metric system for the whole country. In 1971, it began to seem that the United States would finally be among those countries that took the metric system. The National Bureau of Standards issued a report Metric America, which recommended the country to switch to the metric system in a ten-year term.

In 1975, Metric Conversion Act was adopted by Congress, the essence of which was the same as the recommendations of experts on standards, but only with two important differences. The tough time frame was not put and the transition to the metric system assumed voluntariness. As a result, the schoolchildren of the country began to undergo a system of SI, and some companies attempted to "Metrification", which turned into unsuccessful propaganda, because there were no real actions for the transition to metric units of measurement.

It turned out that the United States uses units of measurement, which are already forgotten throughout the rest of the world. An increasing number of consumers of American products began to demand that the goods supplied to be accompanied by an indication of the characteristics in the metric system. Since American companies opened all new and new production facilities in Europe and Asia, there was a need to decide which units to use: metric or traditional American.

Realizing these difficulties, in 1988, Congress made changes to Metric Conversion ACT, according to which the metric system began to be considered a "preferred USA system and scales for the needs of trade and commerce." As of the end of 1992, the federal agencies needed to use metric units when measuring the values \u200b\u200brelated to procurement, grants and other issues related to business activity. But these prescriptions concerned only government structures. Private business remained free to use the usual measurement system of values. Attempts were made to interest the metric system of small business, but there was no big progress.

Today, "metrified" is only about 30% manufactured in the US products. The pharmaceutical industry of the United States is called "strict metric", since all the characteristics of the country's pharmaceutical products are indicated exclusively in metric units. On beverages there are designations and in the metric and in the traditional for US systems of magnitude. This industry is considered "soft metric". The metric system is used in the USA also manufacturers of film, tools and bicycles. The rest in the US prefer to measure in the old manner. In ancient inches and pounds. And this applies to even such a young industry as high technologies.

What prevents a very developed industrially country to switch to the system of measures and scales conventional on our planet? There are a number of reasons for it.

Conservatism and costs interfere with the transition to the metric system

One of the reasons are those costs that would have to incur the country's economy in the event of a transition to the SI system. After all, technical drawings and instructions would have to recycle and instructors. It would require considerable work of highly paid specialists. And, therefore, money. For example, NASA engineers reported that the translation into units of the metric system of drawings of cosmic shuttles, software and documentation would cost $ 370 million, that is, about half the cost of the usual launch of the space shuttle.

But only with high expenses for the transition of the cool attitude of Americans to the metric system will not be explained. Psychological factors play their own, and far from the last, role in curbing the process of the country's transition to an international system of measures and scales. Persistent conservatism of Americans forces them to resist any innovations, especially those that come from foreigners.

Americans love to always come in their own way. Individualism is the main feature of representatives of this people. The descendants of the conquerors of the endless expanses of the wild West with perseverance reject attempts to make them abandon their usual inches and pounds.

No high technologies can make a person review their conservative views. For example, commercial. But truly only in the early 1980s. Events occur only when the consciousness of the average person is ready to accept them. And this, in turn, is only possible when a person sees meaning in this. And a special point for myself personally in the metric system, the middle American simply does not see.

Therefore, all the efforts to introduce a metric system in the United States rest in the impregnable stronghold of the daily lives of ordinary citizens of the country who do not want to let me there be meters and kilograms. There is another important reason why we previously talked about. A significant part of the world's largest corporations are located in the United States. Their products are competitive in the world market, even despite unusual inches and pounds. What's unusual there! The whole world is very surprised if one day the diagonal of the screen of the next smartphone will be indicated in centimeters familiar with the school bench, and not in inches, it would seem that the history textbook appeared from the pages. And this means that Americans have no reason to abandon their traditional system of measures and scales.

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Wikipedia material - free encyclopedia

Metric system - The general name of the international decimal system of units based on the use of meter and kilogram. Over the past two centuries, there were various variants of the metric system, differing in the choice of major units. Currently, the international system of units (SI) is universally recognized. In some differences in the details, the elements of the system are the same all over the world. Metric units are widely used worldwide both for scientific purposes and in everyday life. Currently, the metric system is officially adopted in all states of the world, except US, Liberia and Myanmar (Burma).

Attempts to introduce metric units for measuring time (by dividing the day, for example, per milli s) and corners (by dividing the turnover of 1000 millibrotovotes, either by 400 degrees), but they did not succeed (although Grad later found quite wide use when measuring angles in geodesy). Currently, seconds are used in si (they are divided into milliseconds, etc.) and radians.

History

The metric system has grown out of the decrees adopted by the National Assembly of France in 1791 and 1795 to determine the meter as one-tig-million share of one quarter of the Earth Meridian from the North Pole to the Equator (Paris Meridian).

XIX century

Decree, published on July 4, 1837, the metric system was declared mandatory for use in all commercial transactions in France. She gradually displaced local and national systems in other European countries and was legally recognized as permissible in the UK and the United States.

Determining the meter as a ten-millionth fraction of a quarter of the earth's meridian, the creators of the metric system sought to achieve invariance and accurate reproducibility of the system. For a unit of mass, they took a gram, determining it as a mass of one million cubic meter of water at its maximum density. To facilitate the use of new units in everyday practice, metal standards were created, with the maximum accuracy of the reproducing ideal definitions.

Soon it turned out that the metal standards of length can be compared with each other, making a much smaller error than with a comparison of any such standard with a quarter of the earth's meridian. In addition, it became clear that the accuracy of comparing metal standards of mass with each other is much higher than the accuracy of the comparison of any such standard with a mass of the appropriate volume of water.

In this regard, the International Commission on the meter in 1872 decided to take for the standard "Archive" meter, stored in Paris, "such what it is." In the same way, the members of the Commission took for the standard of mass archive platinum-iridium kilograms, "considering that a simple ratio, established by the creators of the metric system, between the weight unit and the unit of volume seems to be an existing kilogram with an accuracy sufficient for ordinary applications in industry and trade, and accurate Sciences need not in a simple numerical ratio of this kind, but in the maximum perfect definition of this relation. "

On May 20, 1875, seventeen countries signed the Metric Convention, and the procedure for coordinating metrological standards for the global scientific community through the International Bureau of Measures and Libra and the General Conference on Measures and Sighs was established.

The new international organization immediately engaged in the development of international standards of length and mass and the transfer of their copies to all participating countries.

XX century

The metric measures was allowed to be applied in Russia (optional) by law of June 4, 1899, the project of which was developed by D. I. Mendeleev, and was introduced as a mandatory decree of the temporary government of April 30, 1917, and for the USSR - a decree SCS of the USSR dated July 21, 1925.

On the basis of the metric system, the XI General Conference on Measures and Sighs The International System of Units (C) was developed and adopted in 1960. During the second half of the 20th century, most countries of the world switched to the SI system.

End of the XX-XXI century

In the 1990s, the widespread dissemination of computer and household appliances from Asia, in which there were no instructions and inscriptions in Russian and other languages \u200b\u200bof the former socialist, but were in English, led to the pure of the metric system in a number of ways of technology. Thus, the size of CDs, floppy disks, rigid discs, diagonal monitors and televisions, digital camera matrices in Russia are usually indicated in inches, despite the fact that the original design is usually made in the metric system. For example, the width of the 3.5-inch hard disks is actually 90 mm, the diameter CD and DVD is 120 mm. All computer fans use a metric system (80 and 120 mm). The most popular format of 4r amateur photographs (known in the USA as 4x6 inches, and in countries with a metric system as 10x15 cm) is tied to a millimeter and has a size of 102 × 152 mm instead of 101.6 × 152.4 mm.

To date, the metric system is officially adopted in all states of the world, except US, Liberia and Myanmar (Burma). The last country from the already completed transition to the metric system was Ireland (2005). In the UK and Saint Lucia, the transition process to SI has not yet been completed. In Antigua and Guyana, actually this transition distance from completion. China, which completed this transition, nevertheless uses the Ancient Chinese names for metric units. In the United States, the SI system was adopted for use in science and manufacture of scientific instruments, for all other areas - the American version of the English system of units.

Metric system in aviation, cosmic and maritime

Despite the widespread metric system in the world, in some industries it is quite different. So, historically it happened that in aviation (civil) and in the maritime, an outdated system of measures based on feet and miles applies. Despite the categorical position ICAO. (International Civil Aviation Organization) on the unconditional seizure of nonmetric units from aviation practice. In aviation, a pure metric system is used in Sweden, in Russia, in China and in some other countries, which sometimes creates some misunderstanding between the dispatchers and the pilots.

On November 17, 2011, partial recognition of measures based on feet was held in civil aviation of the Russian Federation. Thus, civil aviation of Russia approaches civil aviation standards of English-speaking countries.

But in the space area, including the United States (NASA), the transition to the metric system has fully occurred.

Consoles for multiple and dolle units

Multiplicity	Console		Designation		Example
Multiplicity	Russian	International	Russian	International	Example
10 1	dese	Deca.	Yes	DA	Dal - Devalitra
10 2	hecto	Hecto.	G.	H.	GPa - hectopascal
10 3	kilo	Kilo.	to	K.	KN - Kilonutyton
10 6	mega	Mega.	M.	M.	MPa - Megapascal
10 9	Giga	Giga.	G.	G.	GHz - Gigaghertz
10 12	Tera	tera.	T.	T.	TV - Teravolt.
10 15	Peta	PETA	P	P.	Pfloft - Petaflop
10 18	ex	Exa	E.	E.	Eb - exabath
10 21	Zetta	Zetta.	Z.	Z.	ZVE - Zettaelektronevolt
10 24	IOTTA	Yotta.	AND	Y.	Ig - Iottagram

Together with the main and derivative units in the metric system, a standard set of consoles for the formation of multiple and dolle units are used. (This idea was proposed by Gabriel Muton - the French mathematician and theologian in 1670. For example, Kilo's prefix is \u200b\u200bused to form a length of length (kilometer) exceeding the base unit of measurement of 1000 times. International system of units (SI) recommends the use of standard decimal consoles C for the formation of names and designations of multiple and dolle units.

Metric variants of traditional units

There were also attempts to slightly change the traditional units so that the relationship between them and metric units has become simpler; This also allowed to get rid of the ambiguous definition of many traditional units. For example:

metric ton (exactly 1000 kg)
metric carat (exactly 0.2 g)
metric pound (exactly 500 g)
metric foot (exactly 300 mm)
metric inch (exactly 25 mm)
metric horsepower (exactly 75 kgf · m / s)

Some of these units have taken place; Currently in Russia "ton", "karat" and "horsepower" without clarification always denote the metric variants of these units.

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// Small Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 4 tons - St. Petersburg. , 1907-1909.
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Excerpt characterizing a metric system

- What kind of people? He shouted on people, scattered and timidly approaching trembling. - What kind of people? I'm asking you? - repeated the police officer who did not receive a response.
"They, your great," said the telled in Frisovaya Schinel, - they, your troop, on the announcement of the largest graph, not sparing the belly, wanted to serve, and not that the riot is what is said from the largest graph ...
"The Graph did not leave, he is here, and the order will be about you," said Polumaster. - went! He told Kumor. The crowd stopped, bored near those who heard what the bosses said, and looking at the departing yeast.
A police officer at that time frightened back, something told Kumor, and his horses went faster.
- Deception guys! Lead! - shouted the voice of a high small one. - Do not let, guys! Let's give a report! Hold! They shouted the voices, and the people rushed over shivers.
The crowd after a police officer with a noisy talk headed for Lubyanka.
- Well, gentlemen Yes, the merchants were vicious, and we disappear for me? Well, we are dogs, that - I heard more often in the crowd.

On the evening of September 1, after his dating with Kutuzov, the Count Menivers, distressed and offended by the fact that he was not invited to the Military Council that Kutuzov did not pay any attention to his proposal to take part in the protection of the capital, and surprised by the newly opened in the camp , in which the question of the tranquility of the capital and about the patriotic mood was not only a secondary, but completely unnecessary and insignificant, - a distressed, offended and surprised by all of this, Count Meschatchin returned to Moscow. Hairred, the graph, without undressing, was prefused on Canape and in the first hour he was awakened by the courier, which brought him a letter from Kutuzov. In the letter it was said that since the troops retreat to the Ryazan road for Moscow, whether the count would not send police officers to the count, for troops through the city. The news it was not the news for damac. Not only from yesterday's databa with Kutuzov on Poklonnaya Mount, but also from the Borodino battle itself, when all the generals who came to Moscow said that it was impossible to give battles, and when with the resolution of the count every night, there were already state property and residents of up to half vicked, - Count Mensor knew that Moscow would be left; But nevertheless, the news is informed in the form of a simple note with the order from Kutuzov and received at night, during the first sleep, surprised and irritated the graph.
Subsequently, explaining its activities during this time, Count Mensor in his notes wrote several times that he then had two important goals: de Maintenir La Tranquillite A Moscou et D "en faire partir les habitants. [Save calm in Moscow and to pay out Her residents.] If you allow this dual goal, the damnation is impeccable. For which the Moscow shrine, weapons, cartridges, gunpowder, bread reserves, for which thousands of residents are deceived by the fact that Moscow will not surrender, and are broken? - To In order to keep calm in the capital, the explanation of the Count Menching is responsible. For what was taken out of unnecessary papers from pretty places and a bowl of leppijah and other items? - In order to leave the city empty, the explanation of the crust crust is responsible. It is worth allowing something threatened People's calm, and any action becomes justified.
All terror horrors were based only on taking care of folk calm.
What was the basis of the fear of the crust crust about people's peace in Moscow in 1812? What is the reason to assume a tendency to indignation in the city? Residents left, troops, retreating, filled Moscow. Why should the people rebel due to this?
Not only in Moscow, but in the whole of Russia, at the entry of the enemy, nothing like the indignation occurred. On September 1, on September 2, more than ten thousand people remained in Moscow, and, in addition to the crowd, gathered at the courtyard of the commander-in-chief and attracted by him himself - nothing. Obviously, it was even less necessary to expect unrest in the people, if after the Borodino battle, when the remaining of Moscow became obvious, or at least probably - if, then, instead of exciting the people of distribution of weapons and posses, crushing took measures To the removal of the whole shrine, gunpowder, charges and money and directly will declare the people that the city is left.
Mensor, ardent, Sanguine man, always rotating in the highest circles of the administration, although in with a patriotic feeling, did not have the slightest concept about the people he thought to manage. From the very beginning of the entry of the enemy in Smolensk, Mensmen in imagination amounted to the role of the head of a folk feeling - the heart of Russia. He did not only seemed to him (as he seems to be every administrator) that he managed by the external actions of Moscow residents, but it seemed to him that he led them to the mood through his appeals and posters, written by the territory, which in his environment the people whose and whom he did not Understands when hears it from above. I liked the beautiful role of the head of a folk feeling so much, he was so burned with her that the need to get out of this role, the need to leave Moscow without any heroic effect found him by surprise, and he suddenly lost the ground from under his feet, which stood, did not know What to do. He although he knew, but did not believe everything in the last minute to leaving Moscow and did not do anything for this purpose. Residents leveled against his desire. If the pretrial places were taken out, then only at the request of officials, with which the graph reluctantly agreed. He himself was busy only by the role that he did for himself. As it often happens with people gifted to the ardent imagination, he already knew for a long time that Moscow would leave, but he knew only on reasoning, but he did not believe in this soul, not transferred to the imagination into this new position.
All his activities, diligent and energetic (as far as it was useful and reflected on the people is another question), all his activities were sent only to excite the feeling that he himself was experiencing, - patriotic hatred for French and confidence in itself.
But when the event took its real, historical sizes, when it turned out to be insufficient only with the words to express his hatred for the French, when it was impossible to express this hatred even by the battle, when the confidence in himself was useless in relation to one issue of Moscow, when the entire population as one person , throwing his property, flowed out of Moscow, showing this negative effect the full force of his folk feeling, then the role chosen by messenger was suddenly meaningless. He felt suddenly lonely, weak and funny, without soil under his feet.
Having received, awakened from sleep, a cold and aggressive note from Kutuzov, Meschatchin felt all the more irritated, the more he felt guilty. In Moscow, everything remained what was entrusted to him, all that was stateless that he should take out. It was not possible to take out.
"Who is to blame for this who allowed it before? - he thought. - Of course, not me. I was all ready, I kept Moscow like! And that's what they brought the case! Fools, traitors! " - He thought, not determining the good one who had these bastards and traitors, but feeling the need to hate these some of the traitors who were to blame for a false and funny position in which he was.
All this night, the Count of Massanchin gave orders, followed by from all sides of Moscow to him. The approximate never seen the graph so gloomy and irritated.
"Your creation, from the progress department came, from the director for orders ... from the consistory, from the Senate, from the university, from the educational house, the vicarial sent ... asks ... About the fire team how to order? From the Ostrog, the caretaker ... From the Yellow House, the caretaker ... "- all night, without ceasing, reported the column.
The Count of all these questions gave short and angry answers, showing that his orders now do not need that everything diligently prepared by him is now spoiled by someone and that this someone will bear all responsibility for everything that will happen now.
"Well, tell me to this nerd," he answered the inquiry from the popular department, "so that he remained a box of his papers." Well, you ask nonsense about the fire team? There are horses - let go to Vladimir. Not the French leave.
- Your shyness, came the warden from the crazy house, how do you order?
- How do I order? Let everyone go, that's all ... and crazy to release in the city. When we have crazy armies command, so God ordered.
To the question about the wells that were sitting in the pit, the count of angrily shouted on a caretaker:
- Well, you give two convoy battalion, which is not not? To put them, and that's it!
- Your creation, there are political: bags, Vereshchagin.
- Vereshchagin! He is not hanged yet? - shouted crushing. - bring it to me.

To nine o'clock in the morning, when the troops have already moved through Moscow, no one else came to ask orders of the graph. Everyone who could go drove by themselves; Those who remained, solved with themselves that they had to do.
The count ordered to serve horses to go to Sokolniki, and, frowning, yellow and silent, folding his hands, sat in her office.
Every administrator in a calm, not a rapid time seems to be that only its efforts the subordinate population moves to him, and in this consciousness of its need, each administrator feels the main reward for their works and efforts. It is clear that until the historic Sea is calm, the ruler to the administrator, with his dwon boat resting the sixth to the ship of the people and the most moving, should seem to seem that his efforts the ship in which he rests. But it is worth climbing a bora, to worry the sea and move the ship itself, and then there is no misleading. The ship is going on his huge, independent move, the pole does not reach the driving ship, and the ruler suddenly from the rule of the ruler, the source of force, goes into an insignificant, useless and weak person.
Mensor felt it, and this was annoying him. Policheister who stopped the crowd, together with the adjutant, who came to report that horses were ready, entered the count. Both were pale, and a police officer, having passed on the execution of their assignment, said that there was a huge crowd of the people in the courtyard, who wanted to see him.
Mensor, not answering a word, got up and quick steps went to his luxurious bright living room, went to the door of the balcony, took the handle, left it and moved to the window, from which the whole crowd was visible. The high small stood in the front rows and with a strict face, waving his hand, said something. The crystal blacksmith with a gloomy look stood beside him. Through the closed windows heard was a buzz of votes.
- Ready crew? - said Mozchatchin, leaving the window.
"Ready, your cereal," said Adjutant.
Mensor again approached the balcony door.
- What do they want? He asked the police officer.
"Your creation, they say that they gathered to go to the French at your ordinary, something shouting about treason. But a lush crowd, your shiny. I went to Nasil. Your creation, dare to offer ...

The metric system has grown out of the regulations adopted by the France National Assembly in 1791 and 1795 to determine the meter as one-year-old share of one quarter of the earth's meridian from the North Pole to the Equator (Paris Meridian).

Russian system of mer. - The system of measures traditionally used in Russia and in the Russian Empire. A metric system of measures has come to replace the Russian system, which was applied to the application in Russia (in an optional) under the law of June 4, 1899. The following are the measures and their meanings according to the "Regulations on measures and scales" (1899), unless not specified Other. The earlier values \u200b\u200bof these units could differ from the above; Thus, for example, the casting of 1649 was installed versta in 1 thousand seedlings, whereas in the XIX century, the versta was 500 kept; Length 656 and 875 seedls were used.

Sa? Zhen., or so it? Ny (Sugin, seedlings, straight soot) - Starus units of distance measurement. In the XVII century The basic measure was the cassenaya plant (approved in 1649 with "cathedral deposits"), equal to 2.16 m, and containing three ARSHIN (72 cm) of 16 vershs. In the time of Peter and Russian lengths of length were equalized with English. One Arshin accepted the value of 28 English inches, and the plant - 213.36 cm. Later, October 11, 1835, according to Nicholas I "On the Russian Measurement System and Scales", the length of the plant was confirmed: 1 Kazenny Sazhen is equivalent to the length of 7 English feet , That is, the same 2.1336 meters.

Machy soot - Starus unit of measurement, equal to the distance in the scope of both hands, along the ends of the middle fingers. 1 Machy soot \u003d 2.5 ARSHIN \u003d 10 PIDE \u003d 1.76 meters.

Kosy Sazhen - In different regions, was from 213 to 248 cm and was determined by the distance from the fingers to the end of the fingers stretched up diagonally. From here there is a hyperbole-born hyperbole "oblique soap in the shoulders", which emphasizes the warriors and become. For convenience, they were equated with SA? Zhen and oblique soil when used in construction and land.

Span - Starus unit of length measurement. Since 1835, it was equated to 7 English inches (17.78 cm). Initially, the span (or small span) was equal between the ends of the elongated fingers of the hand - large and index. Also known, "Big Page" - the distance between the tip of the big and middle fingers. In addition, it was used, the so-called "spider with a cluster" ("Poor with Kutyraka") - a span with an increase in two or three joints of the index finger, i.e. 5-6 vershkov. At the end of the 19th century was excluded from the official system of measures, but continued to be used as a people's consumer measure.

Arshin - was legalized in Russia as the main measure of the length of June 4, 1899, the "Regulations on measures and scales".

The growth of man and large animals was marked in top of two Arshin, for small animals - beyond one Arsshin. For example, the expression "man of 12 heights of growth" meant that its growth is 2 Arshinam 12 tops, that is, approximately 196 cm.

Bottle - distinguished two types of bottles - wine and vodka. Wine bottle (measuring bottle) \u003d 1/2 so-called. Ammonic tote. 1 vodka bottle (beer bottle, trading bottle, semistof) \u003d 1/2 so-called. Decade crumpler.

Shtof, semistof, cloth - used, among other things, when measuring the number of alcoholic beverages in the cabins and taverns. In addition, the halftof could be called any bottle of ½ ton. The scale was also called the vessel of the corresponding volume, in which vodka was supplied in the cabins.

Russian lengths of length

1 mile \u003d 7 Wool \u003d 7.468 km.
1 verst \u003d 500 sages \u003d 1066.8 m.
1 soot \u003d 3 ARSHIN \u003d 7 feet \u003d 100 acres \u003d 2,133,600 m.
1 Arshin \u003d 4 quarters \u003d 28 inches \u003d 16 vertices \u003d 0.711 200 m.
1 quarter (span) \u003d 1/12 Sazhena \u003d ¼ ARSHINA \u003d 4 VERES \u003d 7 inches \u003d 177.8 mm.
1 foot \u003d 12 inches \u003d 304.8 mm.
1 Tier \u003d 1.75 inches \u003d 44.38 mm.
1 inch \u003d 10 lines \u003d 25.4 mm.
1 weaving \u003d 1/100 soot \u003d 21,336 mm.
1 line \u003d 10 points \u003d 2.54 mm.
1 point \u003d 1/100 inches \u003d 1/10 line \u003d 0.254 mm.

Russian measures Square

1 square verst \u003d 250,000 square meters. Sedes \u003d 1.1381 km².
1 tenty \u003d 2400 sq. M. Seedlings \u003d 10 925.4 m² \u003d 1,0925 hectares.
1 Check \u003d ½ tenth \u003d 1200 square meters. Seedlings \u003d 5462.7 m² \u003d 0.54627 hectares.
1 Octifynik \u003d 1/8 tenth \u003d 300 square meters. Seedlings \u003d 1365.675 m² ≈ 0.137 hectares.
1 square Sashen \u003d 9 square meters. Arshinam \u003d 49 square meters. feet \u003d 4,5522 m².
1 square Arshin \u003d 256 sq. M. tops \u003d 784 sq. M. inches \u003d 0.5058 m².
1 square foot \u003d 144 sq. M. inches \u003d 0.0929 m².
1 square Verzhok \u003d 19,6958 cm².
1 square inch \u003d 100 square meters. Lines \u003d 6,4516 cm².
1 square line \u003d 1/100 square. inches \u003d 6,4516 mm².

Russian measures of volume

1 cubic. Sashen \u003d 27 cubic meters. ARSHINAM \u003d 343 cubic meters. feet \u003d 9,7127 m³
1 cubic. Arshin \u003d 4096 cubic meters. tops \u003d 21,952 cubic meters. inches \u003d 359,7278 dm³
1 cubic. Verzhok \u003d 5,3594 cubic meters. inches \u003d 87,8244 cm³
1 cubic. foot \u003d 1728 cubic meters inches \u003d 2,3168 dm³
1 cubic. inch \u003d 1000 cubic meters. Lines \u003d 16,3871 cm³
1 cubic. line \u003d 1/1000 cubic meters. inches \u003d 16,3871 mm³

Russian measures of bulk bodies ("bread measures")

1 Cebras. \u003d 26-30 quarters.
1 Kud (Quality, Okov) \u003d 2 Bolster \u003d 4 quarters \u003d 8 Osmintam \u003d 839.69 l (\u003d 14 Punches of rye \u003d 229.32 kg).
1 Kul (rye \u003d 9 Punches + 10 pounds \u003d 151.52 kg) (oats \u003d 6 pounds + 5 pounds \u003d 100.33 kg)
1 shelter, midnter \u003d 419.84 l (\u003d 7 Punches of rye \u003d 114.66 kg).
1 quarter, notes (for bulk bodies) \u003d 2 Osmintam (Receive) \u003d 4 semi-poles \u003d 8 chops \u003d 64 Garnitsa. (\u003d 209.912 L (DM³) 1902). (\u003d 209.66 l 1835).
1 Oshmina \u003d 4 ferechikov \u003d 104.95 l (\u003d 1¾ Pone rye \u003d 28,665 kg).
1 Polomen \u003d 52.48 l.
1 Chetverik \u003d 1 measure \u003d 1/8 quarters \u003d 8 Garnatsam \u003d 26,2387 l. (\u003d 26,239 dm³ (L) (1902)). (\u003d 64 pounds of water \u003d 26.208 l (1835 g)).
1 Receive \u003d 13.12 liters.
1 hundred \u003d 6.56 liters
1 garmen, small chime \u003d ¼ buckets \u003d 1/8 of the four \u003d 12 cups \u003d 3,2798 liters. (\u003d 3.28 dm³ (L) (1902)). (\u003d 3,276 l (1835)).
1 Poligarnets (Paul-Small Chetverik) \u003d 1 shtof \u003d 6 cups \u003d 1.64 liters. (Paul-Paul-Small Chetserik \u003d 0.82 l, floor-floor-half-small ferechik \u003d 0.41 l).
1 cup \u003d 0.273 liters

Russian measures of liquid bodies ("Wine measures")

1 barrel \u003d 40 vendram \u003d 491,976 l (491.96 l).
1 Korchaga \u003d 1 ½ - 1 ¾ buckets (contained 30 pounds of clean water).
1 bucket \u003d 4 quarters of bucket \u003d 10 tood \u003d 1/40 barrels \u003d 12,29941 l (for 1902).
1 quarter (buckets) \u003d 1 garment \u003d 2.5 tonph \u003d 4 bottles for wine \u003d 5 vodka bottles \u003d 3,0748 l.
1 garmen \u003d ¼ bucket \u003d 12 cups.
1 dust (mug) \u003d 3 pounds of clean water \u003d 1/10 bucket \u003d 2 with vodka bottles \u003d 10 chambers \u003d 20 Scalers \u003d 1.2299 L (1,2285 l).
1 Wine Bottle (bottle (unit volume)) \u003d 1/16 bucket \u003d ¼ Garnza \u003d 3 glasses \u003d 0.68; 0.77 l; 0.7687 l.
1 vodka, or beer bottle \u003d 1/20 bucket \u003d 5 chambers \u003d 0.615; 0.60 l.
1 bottle \u003d 3/40 buckets (Decree of September 16, 1744).
1 Koshka \u003d 1/40 buckets \u003d ¼ mug \u003d ¼ of the tote \u003d ½ half-half \u003d ½ vodka bottle \u003d 5 sacks \u003d 0.307475 l.
1 Quarter \u003d 0.25 l (currently).
1 cup \u003d 0.273 liters
1 charca \u003d 1/100 bucket \u003d 2 Scalers \u003d 122.99 ml.
1 Label \u003d 1/200 bucket \u003d 61.5 ml.

Russian weight measures

1 LAST \u003d 6 quarters \u003d 72 Punches \u003d 1179.36 kg.
1 quarter alloy \u003d 12 Punches \u003d 196.56 kg.
1 Berkhets \u003d 10 Punches \u003d 400 hryvnias (large hurgers, pounds) \u003d 800 hryvnias \u003d 163.8 kg.
1 Congar \u003d 40.95 kg.
1 PUD. \u003d 40 Large humerens or 40 pounds \u003d 80 Small humeren \u003d 16 impressions \u003d 1280 lots \u003d 16,380496 kg.
1 halfway \u003d 8.19 kg.
1 Batman \u003d 10 pounds \u003d 4,095 kg.
1 measure \u003d 5 Small humeren \u003d 1/16 Pone \u003d 1,022 kg.
1 Half savings \u003d 0.511 kg.
1 large hryvnia, hryvnia, (later - pound) \u003d 1/40 Pone \u003d 2 Small humeren \u003d 4 semigenives \u003d 32 Lotam \u003d 96 spools \u003d 9216 shame \u003d 409.5 g (11-15 centuries).
1 pound \u003d 0.4095124 kg (accurately since 1899).
1 Malaya hryvnia \u003d 2 semps \u003d 48 spools \u003d 1200 kidneys \u003d 4800 cakes \u003d 204.8 g
1 semigraved \u003d 102.4 g.
Used as well: 1 library \u003d ¾ pound \u003d 307.1 g; 1 Ansur \u003d 546 g, not received widespread.
1 lot \u003d 3 spools \u003d 288 shame \u003d 12,79726
1 Škotov \u003d 96 shame \u003d 4,265754
1 Škotov \u003d 25 kidneys (until the XVIII century).
1 share \u003d 1/96 spools \u003d 44,43494 mg.
From the XIII to the XVIII century, such measures were used asbud and pie:
1 kidney \u003d 1/25 spool \u003d 171 mg.
1 Pie \u003d ¼ kidney \u003d 43 mg.

Russian weights of weight (mass) pharmacy and troy.
Pharmacy Weight - a system of mass measures used in the weighing of drugs until 1927.

1 pound \u003d 12 oz \u003d 358,323
1 oz \u003d 8 drachm \u003d 29,860
1 drachma \u003d 1/8 oz \u003d 3 scrupul \u003d 3,732
1 scrupul \u003d 1/3 drachmas \u003d 20 granov \u003d 1.244
1 Grand \u003d 62.209 mg.

Other Russian measures

Quire - Units of scores, equal to 24 sheets of paper.

In 1795, a law on new measures and scales was adopted in France, which set a single length of length - meterequal to the ten-million part of a quarter of the arc meridian passing through Paris. Hence the name of the system is metric.

A platinum rod one meter long and a very strange form was elected as a standal meter. Now the size of all lines, a length of one meter, had to correspond to this standard.

Units were installed:

- liter As a measure of the capacity of liquid and bulk bodies, equal to 1000 cubic meters. centimeters and accommodating 1 kg of water (at 4 ° heat Celsius),

- gram as a unit of weight (weight of pure water at a temperature of 4 degrees Celsius in the volume of cube with an edge of 0.01 m),

- aR as a unit of space (square square with a side of 10 m),

- second As a unit of time (1/86400 part of the average sunny day).

Later the main unit of mass became kilogram. The prototype of this unit served as a platinum giry, which was put under the glass flasks and fade the air - so that the dust would not fall and the weight did not increase!

The prototypes of the meter and kilogram today are stored in the national archive of France and are called the "archive meter" and "kilogram of the archive", respectively.

Different measures were before, but the important dignity of the metric measures was its decade, since the dolly and multiple units, according to the rules adopted, were formed in accordance with the decimal score with the help of decimal faults, which correspond to the Council of the Council, Santi, - Milli - Deck, - hecto- and kilo.

Currently, the metric system of measures is adopted in Russia and in most countries of the world. But there are other systems. For example, the English system of measures in which foot, pound and second are adopted for the main units.

Interestingly, in all countries there are familiar packs for different products and drinks. In Russia, for example, milk and juices are usually failed in liter packages. And large glass jars - all the tri-liter!

Remember: On professional drawings, the dimensions (sizes) of products are signed in millimeters. Even if it is very big products, like cars!

Volkswagen "Kadi".

Citroen "Burlingo".

Ferrari-360.

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