What is better: state or non-state university? Why are universities call universities, then academies, then institutions?
What do the explanations mean in the names of universities: "National Research" and "Federal"? Let's finally understand this.
State VS non-state university
At the expense of this classification of universities there are several malicious myths, in particular: 1) a state diploma can be obtained only in the state university; 2) budget places and scholarships can only be in the state university; 3) State universities give a better education than non-state. Is it really?
Myth 1: Gosldipl give only in the state university
"State" in the name of the educational institution means only the form of ownership. The state can conduct a merger of the university with another, eliminate it, to highlight a greater or smaller budget for certain activities, that is, it may dispose of its educational organization (or partially dispose of).
However, the form of ownership and the right to issue a state-owned diploma - two completely different things. Such right may also appear in a private university if it receives state accreditation.
Conclusion: the state diploma can issue all universities regardless of the form of ownership. It all depends on the availability and type of accreditation.
Myth 2: You can only enter the budget in the State University
Until 2012 it was, but now, all universities with state accreditation participate in the competition on the distribution of budget places among higher educational institutions. If the directions and specialties are in demand and the qualifications of teachers are not in doubt, the state is still, which university to transfer funds to the preparation of the necessary professionals - state or non-state.
If you are considering only free higher education, remember this old myth and do not limit your capabilities.
Myth 3: State universities give a better education than non-state
The roots of this myth should be sought in times when all education in our country was state. We are accustomed to such an educational world order, this understanding has passed our children. In addition, the media regularly flashes news about the refusal to accredit any particular universities.
Nevertheless, it is worth noting that the low quality of education does not depend on the form of ownership. Everything rests on the accreditation and the current reputation of the university. State accreditation guarantees a student that he will be trained not lower than the Federal State Educational Standard (GEF). And excellent reputation guarantees that the university will not be limited to the standard and will try to give more knowledge and skills.
Universities, Academy, Institutes
If you speak simple, for a student there is no difference, which of these status has an educational institution. Just the word "university" indicates that the university is large and leads training in many and fundamentally different areas of preparation. "Academy" suggests that the set of trends and specialties is sharpened to the specific industry: national economy, art, construction, etc. "Institute" specializes in one scientific or practical area. Sometimes institutions call special faculties at universities.
No matter how much the scale of the university, in terms of the law they all give a full-fledged higher education.
"National Research" and "Federal": what kind of beasts?
These are special categories of state universities, which are endowed with the right to create their own educational standards (above the requirements of GEF). In addition to them, the MSU has traditionally possess this right. M.V. Lomonosov and St. Petersburg State University, as well as a special list of universities, which is periodically updated and published by the government. This is the national research and federal similarities, but there are also differences.
National Research Universities
This category is not constant and is given university only for 10 years. What is important for applicants, universities receive this status in a competitive struggle, and therefore the "NiU" console in the title can be safely considered as a guarantee of the quality of education. And "NiU" suggests that the university programs are prevailing studies and science (integration of education and science).
29 National Research Universities in Russia in Russia. This category is necessarily indicated in the name of the university.
Federal universities
Very large universities that were created from smaller to improve the personnel and socio-economic situation in the regions. Of course, and in these universities are actively engaged in science, but the goal is still wider.
The category "federal" is awarded by the government outside the competition, therefore it does not indicate that the university succeeded in something. She testifies that the university has many opportunities to succeed, a lot of resources and that there are high goals to improve life in the region.
So choosing a university for receipt in 2017, remember:
- The right to issue a state diploma does not depend on the form of ownership of the university (state or non-state (private), but depends on the state accreditation of the university and accreditation of the direction of preparation / specialty.
- You can enter the budget in the non-state (private) university.
- The quality of education does not depend on the form of ownership of the university (state or non-state (private), but depends on the state accreditation of the university and accreditation of the preparation / specialty, as well as from reputation.
- Universities, Academy, Institutes - Concepts that talk about the breadth of areas and specialties within a single educational institution, and not about the quality of higher education.
- National research and federal universities have the right to learn in their own educational standards (higher requirements of the GEF).
- National Research Universities receive their status for 10 years during the competition (selection).
- Federal universities are created as a result of the merger of many universities to improve the personnel and socio-economic situation in a specific region.
Higher education is an education obtained in the learning process in higher educational institutions, as well as special courses. Institute, University, Academy - Higher education institutions that implement educational programs of higher professional education, as well as educational programs of postgraduate vocational education. Externate is an independent study of learning disciplines under the main educational program of higher professional education in the chosen direction of training (specialty) with the subsequent current and final certification in the higher educational institution.
Steps of higher professional education - bachelor, certified specialist and master. Past final certification is assigned appropriate qualifications.
The structure of the system of higher professional education is a combination of state educational standards and educational programs of the highest and postgraduate education; having licenses of higher educational institutions and educational institutions of the relevant additional higher professional education; scientific, design, industrial, clinical, medical and preventive, pharmaceutical, cultural and educational enterprises, institutions and organizations leading research and ensuring the functioning and development of higher vocational education; management bodies of higher professional education, as well as subordinate enterprises, institutions and organizations; Public and public associations: creative unions, professional associations, scientific and methodical advice and other associations.
Correspondence form of higher education
This form of education, or a form of self-education, is regulated and implemented by the state on the basis of a unified national educational standard. At the same time, students are trained twice for the school year in the university's audiences at the installation sessions. For them, students are given lectures, consultations are given, the results of control works.
For students, signs, special methodological manuals, training and controlling materials have been developed. There are very original techniques for managing the process of independent training - 70% of academic times are engaged in the teacher.
The development of absentee education is considered as a peaceful revolution, which can radically change the whole process of training and training, for it is precisely the individualization of training, accessibility for various segments of the population, the economic profitability, speed of development, practical activities. Correspondence education was originally introduced only for those who could not regularly visit ordinary educational institutions. By voirs, like the diaries, common to all curriculum, the total deadlines for the commissioning of the control computerization brings together correspondence education with remote.
The structure of higher education of the Russian Federation
Currently, in the structure of the highest technical, for example, the formation of Russia is provided by three steps, as indicated in the figure
higher professional education
The first step is incomplete higher education, the receipt of which allows to continue education at the next steps.
The second step with a learning date for at least 4 years provides for the acquisition of the academic degree of bachelor of sciences in the chosen area. All of the bachelor's degree of sciences can continue their education to obtain qualifications or a degree corresponding to the third stage.
The third stage of higher education makes it possible to acquire the qualification of the engineer in the chosen specialty or the degree of Master of Science in the direction.
Receiving education in accordance with the Master's Program, each study has the right at the same time, by following the required tasks and a diploma project, get a diploma engineer.
In other cases, training, with the aim of obtaining a diploma, if there is a diploma on the formation of the third stage, is considered as obtaining a second higher education and can be carried out on a fee basis.
The multivariance of methods for obtaining higher technical education requires the development of clear standards and requirements for graduates and educational programs.
Higher Educational Institution - (Reduced university) This is an educational institution gives higher vocational education.
There are public and private universities. The university may have branches and offices in other settlements.
Classic status
Today in Russia there are three types of higher educational institutions that meet a certain accreditation status in which the Higher Professional Education can be obtained: Institute, Academy and University.
For the status of the "Institute" educational institution, it is enough to train students at least by one specialty and conduct scientific work.
The university covers a wide range of specialties from different areas. For example, Technical University or Classic University. Research activities are carried out, as a rule, in several directions and constitutes a significant part of the activities of the university. Universities in Russia are the main centers for the development of scientific schools and trends.
The Academy differs from the university by a narrower spectrum of specialties, as a rule, for one branch of the economy. For example, Samara State Agricultural Academy, Samara State Academy of Culture and Arts. At the Academy, considerable attention is paid to research activities in the profile direction.
Different statuses of universities suggest completely different educational paths and opportunities. The same university, especially if he is very strong, can have several diverse status. And the students depends on how reasonably upon receipt of education they will be able to use the resources of the university. The current situation in the educational services market is such that there are a lot of universities on it. Many of them are considered weak, such people are waiting for a planned check and are afraid of closure. Also, the demographic situation was not the best: if the university does not get the first-year students, he may stop existence. Therefore, to survive, universities wish to unite into something university-like. That is, simultaneously with such a natural process there are new statuses of universities.
Autonomous university
This status will receive a significant part of Russian universities; He implies freedom and right to dispose of extrabudgetary funds. Such universities will lead the supervisory council, by a third consisting of representatives of the university itself, and the remaining two-thirds from employers, officials and the public. The rector is equated to the hired manager. The idea is that at the exit, the employer should receive a specialist who exactly corresponds to the requirements of the modern enterprise.
Academy
It should be followed by the updated information from the Ministry of Education and Science: the Academy is about to give a new definition.
Institute
So there will be only 150 universities of regional importance. Since, according to officials, in the future, government financing will receive only the best universities, the opportunity to receive budgetary education in institutions remains in question. Although they say that the number of budget places in universities of the whole country as a whole will not be reduced.
University Master
This is a university specializing in the preparation of masters. The first Master's University in Russia plans to become a GU - Higher School of Economics.
Scientific and educational center
These are only two universities - Moscow State University and St. Petersburg State University. Recently, they received the right to develop their own curricula.
University of National Research
This status came up with another founder of Stanford University (USA), but in Russia about national research universities spoke only in 2008. This is Moscow State University, SPbSU, Federal Technology University based on MISIS, Federal Nuclear University based on MEPI. It has not yet been formed. The rector of Moscow State University V. Sadovnichi assumes that MSTU them will also become national research universities. N. E. Bauman, and also - Polytechnic and Mining Universities in St. Petersburg. These universities are recommended to do those who, from the first year, plans to be included in serious scientific work, by the end of their studies in high school wants to become the author of several dozen scientific articles, and throughout his career will conduct research important for Russia. This will make a strong scientific school (or a number of schools) of the university and its programs formed on a scientific basis.
Olympic University
Russian International Olympic University (RMOU) will open in 2012 in Sochi. This information may be useful to current applicants already for the second higher education, if there are plans to become professionals in the field of international sports management.
Especially valuable object of cultural heritage of the Peoples of the Russian Federation
This status is initially invented not for universities, but nevertheless, 10 of them he is. Three of them - in Moscow (MSU, MSTU them. Bauman, RGAU (MSHA. K. A. Timiryazev), four - in St. Petersburg (St. Petersburg State University, Military Medical Academy named after Kirov, Russian State Pedagogical University named after A. I. Herzen , St. Petersburg State Mining Institute name
G. V. Plekhanova), one - in Kazan (University) and two - in Tomsk (University and Polytechnic University). The territory of such universities is under the protection of the state. Here the walls help to learn.
Applied undergraduate
It is introduced from the upcoming academic year on the basis of secondary educational institutions (see the heading "Writing Table of the Journal of Applicant"). This is an option for those who may not have enough stars from the sky, but wants to have higher education, seriousprofession and high salary. Already in the very idea of \u200b\u200bsuch status of educational institutions, the desire to offer a decent answer to the request of industrial enterprises, which are needed highly qualified employees. What kind? Today in the deficit, say, welders with the knowledge of modern technologies of work.
University
Soon they will be about 450 less. And to the question of what kind of university, a new answer will sound - new, since new rules are being developed for which universities, academies and institutions will be delimited. Those who are going to any university whose name is not given on these pages, one should consider the option that you will be able to do something, maybe at the university, but to be issued - perhaps already from the Institute.
Federal university
Such only two - Moscow State University and St. Petersburg State University. They may not be submitted to government standards for education. They will be able to create enterprises, launch innovative projects - and this, if you think about the future, unique jobs. Over time, federal will be about 55 universities, which will receive a maximum of state financial support.
Federal University
President Medvedev came up with them - and news agencies have already called them new types of educational institutions. The idea is as follows: for one federal district - one federal university.
And every university "glues" from the classic university and, let's say technical. The Siberian Federal University in Krasnoyarsk was created by combining four universities, the South in Rostov combined two. These are real universities, they already have, you can do there. Next - the creation of Far Eastern State University in Vladivostok. And such universities would like to create Voronezh, Yekaterinburg, Kazan and Kaliningrad. In 2015, training programs will receive international accreditation, and graduates' diplomas are international recognition.
In the Russian Federation, there are the following main types of higher education institutions: institutes, academies, universities. The differences between these types of universities are listed in Article 9 of the Federal Law on Higher and Postgraduate Professional Education.
Clarifying comments on this article are reduced to the table:
|
Universities |
Academy |
Institutions |
|
Implement training on a wide range of specialties |
Implement the training of specialists in certain areas, above all, scientific and scientific and pedagogical |
Implement training of practitioners in certain areas |
|
Conduct fundamental and applied scientific research on a wide range of sciences. |
Perform fundamental and applied research, however, in a certain area of \u200b\u200bscience or culture |
Conduct fundamental and (or) applied scientific research |
|
Are leading scientific and methodological centers in areas of their activities |
In the field of their activities, the Academy should be the leading scientific and methodical center |
Are not leading scientific and methodical centers |
Educational institution established and existing on the basis of the legislation of the Russian Federation on education, having the status of a legal entity and implementing educational programs of higher vocational education in accordance with the license. The main tasks of the highest educational institution are: satisfaction of the identity needs in intellectual, cultural and moral development by obtaining higher and (or) postgraduate vocational education; The development of sciences and arts through scientific research and creative activities of scientific and pedagogical workers and students, the use of the results obtained in the educational process; preparation, retraining and advanced training of workers with higher education and scientific and pedagogical workers of higher qualifications; the formation of the student civil position, the ability to work and life in the context of modern civilization and democracy; preservation and increase in the moral, cultural and scientific values \u200b\u200bof the Company; Dissemination of knowledge among the population, an increase in its educational and cultural level. Higher education institutions may have their own structural units and branches. The structural divisions of the highest educational institution may implement educational programs of the initial general, main general, secondary (full) general, primary professional and secondary vocational education, as well as educational programs of additional education in the presence of a higher educational institution of the relevant license. The branches of higher educational institutions are separate structural units located outside of its location. The branches of higher educational institutions are licensing and certification independently, and state accreditation - as part of a higher educational institution. Admission to higher educational institutions is carried out according to statements of persons who have a secondary (full) general or secondary vocational education, on a competitive basis based on the results of entrance examinations or in a different order determined by the founder (founders) of the highest educational institution. The graduate school of higher educational institutions (scientific institutions or organizations) are accepted by citizens of the Russian Federation, having a higher professional education, as a rule, on a competitive basis. The doctoral studies of higher educational institutions (scientific institutions or organizations) are accepted by citizens of the Russian Federation, having a scientist degree of candidate of science. The following types of higher educational institutions are established in the Russian Federation: University, Academy, Institute. The status of a higher education institution is determined depending on its type, organizational and legal form, the presence or absence of state accreditation. The status of the highest educational institution is included in its name. The name of the highest educational institution is established when it is created and changes in mandatory when it changes its status. If a special name is used in the name of the highest educational institution (Conservatory, Higher School and other names), along with him, the type of higher education is indicated.
Consider some educational institutions in which you can get seconded special and higher education.
Features of secondary educational institutions
In colleges, pedagogical and medical schools, legal and veterinary technical schools, graduates of the main school can be trained. They appeared in our country thanks to the revolutionary reform of Lunacharsky. In the thirties, technical schools were created in the Soviet republic, which became middle link between top institutions and schools.
At that time, medium special educational institutions became a tool for mass preparation of workers of factories, agriculture. In parallel, the development of factory schools, which were named professional technical schools.
Studies of training in dsuch
Educational institutions of the middle link are designed for two or three years of study. The duration of study depends on the direction, the initial level of the applicant. After reforming Russian education, in many secondary educational institutions, the rules of admission have changed, only graduates of secondary schools are trained.
Composition of secondary education system
Educational institutions of this area are functioning in St. Petersburg, Moscow.
Pedagogical colleges
Despite the fact that recently, interest in pedagogical specialties has significantly decreased, in each Russian region there are educational institutions of a similar direction. In addition to traditional specialties related to the preparation of primary school teachers, such special educational institutions are engaged in training future teachers of a foreign language, educators. For example, the Arkhangelsk Pedagogical College offers applicants for additional English courses, computer literacy training.
Calculation of college is carried out on the basis of secondary education. The results of the USE do not take into account, but the additional certificate competition is being carried out. Additional balls can be obtained for providing personal achievement portfolio.
Almost all educational institutions after completion of training help graduates in employment.
Documents for colleges and technical schools
Regardless of the direction of activity, there are general requirements for documents provided by the applicant to the Reception Commission. In addition to the original of the certificate, the first page of the Civil Passport (Copies), four photos with dimensions of 30 by 40 mm, a medical certificate is provided, confirming the absence of contraindications to learning.
Institutions of higher level
Find out what educational institutions are considered in demand from modern graduates. In recent years, the number of schoolchildren who choose medical universities and academies has significantly increased. What is the reason for the demand of such universities? What specialty in them can be obtained? Medicine has become an attractive direction after those transformations that were conducted in our country in this industry.
Wage raising, employment opportunity, made medical education in demand and prestigious. Regardless of the geographical location of the Medical University (Institute), training is carried out in the following areas:
- dentistry;
- general practice (therapy);
- pediatrics;
- pharmaceutics.
When submitting documents to the admission committee, the applicant provides the results of a single state exam in chemistry, biology, Russian language. The average score depends on the faculty, region, the number of dialing.
For several years, a competition to higher institutions of the legal and economic profile. Despite the fact that far from all graduates later employed, to enroll in such universities on the budget basis is quite difficult.
Conclusion
After signing our country in 2003, the Bologna Declaration, the system of higher education has undergone significant transformations. Among the positive innovations can be noted the possibility of unhindered movement of students between the countries participating in the Bologna Treaty.
There are numerous international projects, internships, a chance for employment in any countries. In addition to the specialist, a magistracy and undergraduate appeared in Russian higher education, which is the norm for the European system. Graduates of large domestic universities are now owners of two diplomas: domestic and European sample.
In 1992, the legislation of the Russian Federation to the system of higher education introduced educational standards. This positively affected the quality of training qualified personnel. Currently, graduate studies are allocated as a separate level of higher education.
Some domestic educational institutions, such as MSU named after M. V. Lomonosov, St. Petersburg State University, received the right to independently develop educational standards, as well as to introduce additional entrance tests for applicants. What kind of educational institution to choose to obtain vocational education should choose the graduate of Russian schools. Currently, special courses aimed at helping them in choosing a profession are organized for students of the ninth and eleventh grades.
Higher educational institution, his tasks and structure
1. The highest educational institution is an educational institution established and existing on the basis of the legislation of the Russian Federation on education, which has the status of a legal entity and implementing educational programs of higher vocational education in accordance with the license.
2. The main tasks of the highest educational institution are:
1) satisfying the needs of the personality in intellectual, cultural and moral development by obtaining higher and (or) postgraduate vocational education;
2) the development of sciences and arts through scientific research and creative activities of scientific and pedagogical workers and students, the use of the results obtained in the educational process;
3) preparation, retraining and advanced training of workers with higher education and scientific and pedagogical workers of higher qualifications;
4) the formation of the student civil position, the ability to work and life in contemporary civilization and democracy;
5) the preservation and increase in the moral, cultural and scientific values \u200b\u200bof the Company;
6) the dissemination of knowledge among the population, an increase in its educational and cultural level.
3. Higher educational institutions are independent in the formation of their structure, with the exception of their branches, unless otherwise established by federal laws.
The status and functions of the structural division of the highest educational institution are determined by the charter of a higher educational institution or in the manner prescribed.
The structural divisions of the highest educational institution may implement educational programs of the initial general, main general, secondary (full) general, primary professional and secondary vocational education, as well as educational programs of additional education in the presence of a higher educational institution of the relevant license.
1. The following types of higher educational institutions are established in the Russian Federation: Federal University, University, Academy, Institute.
1-1. Federal University - Higher Educational Institution, which:
implements innovative educational programs of higher and postgraduate vocational education integrated into the world educational space;
provides systemic modernization of higher and postgraduate vocational education;
provides preparation, retraining and (or) raising personnel training on the basis of the application of modern educational technologies for the complex socio-economic development of the region;
performs fundamental and applied scientific research on a wide range of sciences, ensures the integration of science, education and production, including by bringing the results of intellectual activity to practical application;
he is a leading scientific and methodical center. (p. Entered by Federal Law of 10.02.2009 N 18-FZ)
2. University - Higher Educational Institution, which:
Implements educational programs of higher and postgraduate vocational education on a wide range of areas of preparation (specialties);
Preparations, retraining and (or) improvement of the qualifications of highly qualified workers, scientific and educational workers;
Performs fundamental and applied scientific research on a wide range of sciences;
It is the leading scientific and methodological center in the areas of its activities.
3. Academy - Higher Educational Institution, which:
Implements educational programs of the highest and postgraduate vocational education;
Maintains, retraining and (or) improving the qualifications of highly qualified workers for a specific field of scientific and scientific and pedagogical activities;
Performs fundamental and applied scientific research mainly in one of the regions of science or culture;
He is a leading scientific and methodological center in the field of its activities.
4. Institute - Higher Educational Institution, which:
Implements educational programs of higher professional education, as well as, as a rule, educational programs of postgraduate vocational education;
Preparations, retraining and (or) improvement of employee qualifications for a particular area of \u200b\u200bprofessional activities;
Leads fundamental and (or) applied scientific research.
Questions for self-control
1. Give the definition of higher vocational education.
2. Describe the structure and forms of learning in the university.
3. List the main periods of implementing higher education programs.
4. What tasks are facing the highest educational institution?
5. What types of universities exist in the Russian Federation?