Language is the most universal means of communication that reacts mobilely to changes in the needs of society. Every day one or more new words appear, which are the result of simplification or merging of existing ones, but the largest number of verbal novelties come from abroad. So, foreign words in Russian: why do they arise and what are they?
Original Russian vocabulary
The Russian language has been formed over many centuries, as a result of which three stages of the genesis of original Russian words have been identified.
Indo-European vocabulary arose in the Neolithic era and was based on the basic concepts of kinship (mother, daughter), household items (hammer), food (meat, fish), the name of animals (ox, deer) and elements (fire, water).
The main words were absorbed by the Russian language and are considered part of it.
Proto-Slavic vocabulary, which had a high relevance at the border of the 6th-7th centuries, made a great influence on Russian speech. and spread to the territory of Eastern and Central Europe, as well as the Balkans.
In this group, words related to the plant world (tree, grass, root), names of crops and plants (wheat, carrots, beets), tools and raw materials (hoe, fabric, stone, iron), birds (goose, nightingale) , as well as food products (cheese, milk, kvass).
Modern words of primordially Russian vocabulary arose in the period from the 8th to the 17th centuries. and belonged to the East Slavic language branch. The mass fraction of them expressed an action (run, lie down, multiply, lay), the names of abstract concepts arose (freedom, outcome, experience, fate, thought), words appeared that corresponded to household items (wallpaper, carpet, book) and the names of national dishes ( pigeons, cabbage soup).
Some words have taken root so firmly in Russian speech that they will not need to be replaced soon, while others were brazenly replaced by more consonant synonyms from neighboring countries. So "humanity" turned into "humanity", "appearance" was transformed into "image", and "competition" was called "duel".
The problem of borrowing foreign words
Since ancient times, the Russian people have had trade, cultural and political relations with speakers of other languages, so it was almost impossible to avoid mixing vocabulary.
New words were introduced into Russian speech both from neighboring states and from distant republics.
In fact, words of foreign origin are present in our speech so often and for a long time that we are already used to them and absolutely do not perceive them as something alien.
Here are some examples of well-established foreign words:
- China: tea.
- Mongolia: hero, label, darkness.
- Japan: karate, karaoke, tsunami.
- Holland: orange, jacket, hatch, yacht, sprats.
- Poland: donut, market, fair.
- Czech Republic: tights, pistol, robot.
Official statistics say that only 10% of words in Russian are borrowed. But if you listen closely to the colloquial speech of the younger generation, we can conclude that the clogging of the Russian language with foreign words has a more global scale.
We go to a fast food restaurant for lunch and order a hamburger and a milkshake. Having found free Wi-Fi, we will not miss the opportunity to visit Facebook to put a couple of likes under the photo of the best friend.
Borrowing foreign words: the main reasons
Why are we so attracted to vocabulary from neighboring countries?
Greece
Now consider the geography of borrowing.
The most generous country that has lent part of the vocabulary to the Russian language is Greece. She gave us the names of almost all known sciences (geometry, astrology, geography, biology). In addition, many words related to the field of education (alphabet, spelling, Olympiad, department, phonetics, library) have Greek origin.
Some foreign words in Russian have abstract meanings (victory, triumph, chaos, charisma), others characterize quite tangible objects (theater, cucumber, ship).
Thanks to the ancient Greek vocabulary, we learned how sympathy is expressed, felt the taste of style and were able to capture bright events in photographs.
It is interesting that the meaning of some words passed into the Russian language without change, while others acquired new meanings (economics - home economics, tragedy - a goat song).
Italy
What do you think, are there many words in Russian speech that come from the Apennine Peninsula? Surely, apart from the famous greeting “chao”, nothing will immediately come to mind. It turns out that Italian foreign words in Russian are present in sufficient quantities.
For example, an identity document was first called a passport in Italy, and only then this word was borrowed by many languages, including Russian.
Everyone knows the tricks of the Sicilian clans, so the origin of the word "mafia" is beyond doubt. Likewise, "carnival" has taken root in many languages thanks to a colorful costume show in Venice. But the Italian roots of “vermicelli” surprised: in the Apennines, vermicelli is translated as “worms”.
Recently, it has become fashionable to use the definition for the press as "paparazzi". But in direct translation, these are not journalists at all, as you might think, but "annoying mosquitoes."
France
But France gave Russian speech a lot of “delicious” words: grillage, jelly, croissant, canape, creme brulee, scrambled eggs, mashed potatoes, stew, soup, soufflé, eclair, cutlet and sauce. Of course, along with the names, recipes were borrowed from French chefs, many of which were to the taste of Russian gourmets.
A few more extensive branches of borrowing are literature, cinema and the entertainment industry: artist, ballet, billiards, magazine, couplet, play, purse, repertoire, restaurant and plot.
The French also became the inventors of seductive details of women's clothing (underpants and peignoir), taught the world the rules of behavior in society (etiquette) and the art of beauty (make-up, cream, perfumery).
Germany
German vocabulary is so different from Russian that it is difficult to imagine what kind of words could take root in it. It turns out there are quite a few of them.
For example, we often use the German word "route", which means a pre-chosen path. Or "scale" - the ratio of sizes on the map and on the ground. And the "font" in Russian is the designation of the characters of the letter.
The names of some professions also took root: a hairdresser, an accountant, a locksmith.
The food industry also did not do without borrowings: sandwich, dumplings, waffles and muesli, it turns out, also have German roots.
Also, the Russian language has absorbed several fashionable accessories into its vocabulary: for women - “shoes” and “bra”, for men - “tie”, for children - “backpack”. By the way, a smart child is often called a "wunderkind" - this is also a German concept.
Foreign words in Russian feel quite comfortable, they even settled in our house in the form of a chair, a bathroom and a tile.
England
The largest number of borrowed words come from Foggy Albion. Since English is an international language, and many people know it at a fairly decent level, it is not surprising that many words migrated into Russian speech and began to be perceived as native.
Foreign words in Russian are almost ubiquitous, but the most popular areas of their use are:
- business (PR, office, manager, copywriter, broker, holding);
- sports (goalkeeper, boxing, football, penalties, time-out, foul);
- computer technologies (blog, offline, login, spam, traffic, hacker, hosting, gadget);
- entertainment industry (talk show, casting, soundtrack, hit).
Very often, English words are used as youth slang, which is most influenced by fashion (baby, boyfriend, loser, teenager, respect, make-up, freak).
Some words have become so popular in the world that they have acquired a nominal meaning (jeans, show, weekend).
Words name objects, phenomena, signs and actions of the surrounding world. The more a person cognizes the world (including himself), the more he discovers something new in it, and accordingly he names everything new with words. The entire known world is thus reflected in the vocabulary of the language. The Russian language is one of the richest in the world in terms of vocabulary. “For everything,” wrote K. Paustovsky, “there are a great many good words in the Russian language.”
However, any language develops in interaction with other languages. Since ancient times, the Russian people entered into cultural, trade, military, political relations with other states, which could not but lead to linguistic borrowing. Gradually, borrowed words were assimilated (from Latin assimilare - to assimilate, assimilate) in the borrowing language and were no longer perceived as foreign.
Borrowed words - these are such foreign words that are completely included in the lexical system of the Russian language. They have acquired lexical meaning, phonetic design, grammatical features characteristic of the Russian language, are used in various styles, and are written in letters of the Russian alphabet.
Reasons for borrowing
In different historical periods, borrowings from other languages became more active both under the influence of external (non-linguistic) and internal (linguistic) reasons.
External causes – These are different connections between peoples. So, in the X century. Kievan Rus adopted Christianity from the Greeks. In this regard, along with borrowed religious ideas, objects of church worship, many Greek words entered the Old Russian language, for example: altar, patriarch, demon, icon, cell, monk, lampada, metropolitan and others. Scientific terms were also borrowed, the names of objects of Greek culture, the names of plants, months, etc., for example: mathematics, history, philosophy, grammar, syntax, idea, theatre, stage, museum, comedy, tragedy, alphabet, planet, climate, doll, poppy, cucumber, beetroot, January, February, December and etc.
From the 13th to the 15th centuries Ancient Rus' was under the Mongol-Tatar yoke. Words from the Turkic languages appeared: barn, cart, quiver, lasso, shoe, felt, coat, sash, sheepskin coat, heel, bloomers, noodles, khan, sundress, pencil, shed, chest, trestle bed, label.
During the period of transformations of Peter I, especially a lot of words came into the Russian language from Dutch, German, English, French. This:
military vocabulary: recruit, camp, watch, parade ground, uniform, corporal, order, soldier, officer, company, assault, harbor, fairway, bay, flag, cabin, sailor, boat, dugout, sapper, landing, squadron, artillery;
art terms: easel, landscape, stroke, leitmotif, highlight, full house, flute, dance, choreographer(from German); parterre, play, actor, prompter, intermission, plot, ballet, genre(from French); bass, tenor, aria, bravo, box, opera(from Italian); names of new household items, clothes: cuisine, sandwich, waffle, minced meat, tie, cap (and from the German language); scarf, suit, vest, coat, bracelet, veil, necklace, fashion designer, furniture, chest of drawers, sideboard, chandelier, lampshade, cream, marmalade(from French).
Internal causes - these are the needs of the development of the lexical system of the language, which are as follows:
1. The need to eliminate the ambiguity of the original Russian word, to simplify its semantic structure. That's how the words came about import Export instead of polysemantic primordially Russian import, export. Words import Export began to denote "import", "export", associated with international trade.
Instead of a descriptive name ( sniper - accurate shooter; motel - hotel for autotourists; sprint - running short distances; hit - fashion song; killer - hitman).
Similarly, the words tour, cruise. This process is also supported by the trend towards the creation of international terms. So, for example, football commentators of foreign players in domestic teams call legionnaires.
2. The desire to clarify or detail the relevant concepts of the language, to distinguish between its semantic shades. So, briefing - not any meeting casting - not just any competition, but primarily in show business. For example, in Russian the word jam called both liquid and thick jam. In order to distinguish thick jam from fruits or berries, which is a homogeneous mass, from liquid jam, in which whole berries could be preserved, thick jam began to be called the English word jam. Also, there were words reportage(with native Russian story), total(with native Russian general), hobby ( under native Russian hobby), comfort - convenience: service - service; local– local; creative– creative ; charm - charm, charm; relaxation - rest ; extreme- dangerous ; positive- optimism. Thus, the word already existing in the language and the newly borrowed word divide the spheres of semantic influence. These areas may overlap, but never completely coincide.
Linguistic features of borrowed words
Among the phonetic features of borrowed words, the following can be distinguished:
1. Unlike native Russians, who never begin with a sound A(which would be contrary to the phonetic laws of the Russian language), borrowed words have an initial a: profile, abbot, paragraph, aria, attack, lampshade, arba, angel, anathema.
2. The initial e distinguishes mainly Greekisms and Latinisms (Russian words never begin with this sound): epoch, era, ethics, examination, execution, effect, floor.
3. The letter f also testifies to the non-Russian source of the sound f and the corresponding graphic sign was used only to designate it in borrowed words: forum, fact, lantern, film, sofa, scam, aphorism, ether, profile and so on.
4. A special phonetic feature of Turkic origin is the harmony of identical vowels: chieftain, caravan, pencil, sundress, drum, chest, mosque.
5. The combination of two or more vowels in a word was unacceptable according to the laws of Russian phonetics, therefore, borrowed words are easily distinguished by this feature: poet, theatre, veil, cocoa, radio, punctuation.
Among the morphological features of borrowed words, the most characteristic is their immutability. So, some foreign nouns do not change by case, do not have correlative forms of the singular and plural: coat, radio, cinema, subway, cocoa, beige, mini, maxi, blinds and etc.
Borrowing the end XX - beginning XXI century.
Scope of use
There are two main types of borrowed words of our time. The first type is relatively old borrowings, updated in recent years in connection with a change in the political and economic system of Russia (for example, the word the president, borrowed in the Soviet era, became relevant in the 80s).
The second type is new borrowings. They are especially numerous.
In the 90s. the influx of borrowings into the Russian language has greatly increased, which was associated with changes in the political life, economy, culture and moral orientation of society.
Borrowings take the lead in the political life of the country: president, parliament, inauguration, summit, speaker, impeachment, electorate, consensus etc.
in the most advanced branches of science and technology: computer, display, file, monitoring, player, pager, fax, modem, portal, processor, and also in financial and commercial activities:auditor, barter, broker, dealer, investment, conversion, sponsor, trust, holding, supermarket, manager, default etc.
To the cultural realm invade bestsellers, westerns, thrillers, hits, showmen, digests, casting and so on.
It is noteworthy that the rapidly growing number of new names of persons in the Russian language is caused not only by the emergence of new professions, but to a greater extent this is due to the fact that new subcultures are distinguished, classified by way of life, by profession, by belonging to culture. Most of these words are borrowed from English. In modern Russian, this group of new names of persons can be considered still developing and constantly replenishing:
blogger - a person who, on a professional or amateur basis, is engaged in maintaining and maintaining a blog; game designer - a person who develops the rules of computer games; downshifter - a person who voluntarily gave up a high position and income for the sake of a simple and leisurely life with his family, for the sake of spiritual self-improvement, travel; skater - a person riding a skateboard; trapper - fur hunter; thrasher - a young man who has a non-standard appearance (an abundance of piercings and tattoos, shocking clothes), etc.
Attitude towards borrowing
Foreign words in the Russian language have always been the subject of close attention and discussion of scientists, public figures, writers, and lovers of the Russian language. Scientists were interested in what place borrowed words occupy in the vocabulary of the Russian language, from which languages most words are borrowed, what is the reason for borrowing, and whether foreign words clog up the native language. Repeated attempts were made to replace the words that came from other languages with Russian ones (by Peter I).
Borrowing is a completely natural way of enriching any language. Foreign words replenish the vocabulary of the language. This is their positive role. However, the abundant and unnecessarily use of foreign words makes communication difficult and leads to the formation of ridiculous phrases:
An identical decision was made by students of the 3rd "B" class.
Masha confidentially told her friend about this incident.
Until what time is the buffet open?
We want consensus in the family!
Errors in the use of borrowed words lead to the formation of tautological combinations: a leading leader, a young child prodigy, a free vacancy, your autograph, an old veteran, a forecast for the future, etc. On the other hand, reasonable borrowings enrich speech, give it greater accuracy.
In our time, the question of the appropriateness of using borrowings is associated with the consolidation of lexical means for certain functional styles of speech (for example, in scientific speech, preference is given to a foreign synonym - integration, not a union; flexion, not ending). Foreign terminological vocabulary is an indispensable means of concise and accurate transmission of information in texts intended for narrow specialists.
In our time, the creation of international terminology, common names for concepts, phenomena of modern science, production is also taken into account, which also contributes to the consolidation of borrowed words that have acquired an international character (medical, space terminology). For example: car, cosmodrome, democracy, republic, telegraph, dictatorship, philosophy.
The processes of vocabulary enrichment due to borrowings occur today in all modern languages. However, time will show how this will change the face of the Russian language, enrich it or “spoil it”. It will also determine the fate of borrowings, which in the end will be approved or rejected by the linguistic taste of the era.
Literature
2. Modern Russian language, edited by M., 1976
3. Brief etymological dictionary of the Russian language M., 1971
4. Dictionary of foreign words M: "Russian language", 1988
5. Romanovs and Americanisms in the Russian language and attitude towards them. St. Petersburg, 2000
Faterov Alexander, Karamova Fania
On the one hand, using borrowed words, we enrich our speech, we can communicate with other countries and peoples. But on the other hand, we lose that richness, that lightness that determines the uniqueness of our language.
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District competition of creative works of students
"Intelligence, Creativity, Fantasy".
Section: Linguistics
Subject: Borrowed words in Russian
Completed by: 9th grade students
GBOU secondary school No. 4, Pokhvistnevo
Faterov Alexander Evgenievich,
Karamova Fania Faritovna
Scientific adviser:
Karimova Ramilya Lukmanovna,
teacher of Russian language and literature.
Pokhvistnevo
year 2012
The most important way to know a person ... is to listen to how he speaks ... A person's language is his worldview
and his behavior, as he says, so therefore he thinks.
D.S. Likhachev
Introduction
The Russian language in the course of its history had various connections with the peoples of the whole world. The result of this was numerous foreign words borrowed by the Russian language from other languages.
The fate of the Russian language is a topic that cannot leave indifferent any modern person. We see how the language is changing significantly right before the eyes of one generation. The processes taking place in it, at the moment, require reflection not only on the part of language specialists. Rejoice at this or be upset? Fight change or accept it?
For our scientific and practical work, we have chosentopic "Borrowed words in Russian".Words borrowed from other languages affect our speech, therefore, our whole life, the quality of life.
This topic is relevant since the borrowing of foreign words occurs constantly. We increasingly feel the emergence of new concepts and foreign synonymous words that replace our Russian words. We feel the ebb of truly Russian concepts, we automatically replace them with foreign ones. This happens because a person has a constantly growing need for something new, in particular for new words.
Problem is that, giving preference to foreign words, we move away from using our own Russian words. We easily introduce new concepts and definitions into our vocabulary, which sometimes we cannot even explain. On the one hand, using borrowed words, we enrich our speech, we can communicate with other countries and peoples. But on the other hand, we lose that richness, that lightness that determines the uniqueness of our language.
aim Our work is to find out the reasons for the borrowing of foreign words into the Russian language and the conditions for their existence.
To achieve our goal, we set ourselves tasks, namely: we must find out how words are borrowed and mastered in our language; explain the reasons why people use foreign words; find out the sources of borrowed words; study the influence of foreign words on the Russian language.
Research material.The research is based on the materials of explanatory and etymological dictionaries, on the works devoted to linguistics.Practical value.The collected materials and the results obtained can be used in the lessons of the Russian language, as well as by all those interested in linguistics to expand their horizons
“All peoples exchange words and borrow them from each other” V. G. Belinsky
Chapter 1
About the "clogging" of the Russian language with foreign words.
In every language, along with native words, there are a large number of borrowings. Communicating, peoples "exchange words." According to scientists, borrowed words in the vocabulary of the modern Russian language make up 10% of its entire vocabulary.
Borrowing is a natural way of mutual enrichment of languages. In turn, many Russian words have penetrated and are penetrating into the languages of other peoples.
But is not the abundance of foreign words in the language evidence of its "inferiority"? Nothing happened! Quite the opposite: the easier a language learns international vocabulary, the more it is replenished by including in it all that valuable that is contained in other languages, the more perfect and richer this language is.
The penetration into the Russian language of a large number of words of international vocabulary (democracy, constitution, culture, progress, etc.) was perceived by some reactionary figures of the early 19th century as a "clogging" of the language with foreign words. That the Russian language must be respected, not distorted and not clogged with foreign words, has been said and written about more than once. And, of course, among the champions of the purity of the language, there were also those who, along with rubbish, were ready to sweep away almost all words of non-Russian origin, even the necessary ones, firmly established in everyday life and not requiring replacement. The Minister of Education A.S. Shishkov was especially furious. He suggested, for example, instead of the foreign word " sidewalk "use the word" toptalische" (invented by himself), instead of " galoshes" - "wet shoes", instead of "piano" - "tichograms ", etc. This desire of Shishkov to replace the foreign words that have already become widespread in the Russian language with his domestic "wet shoes" was met with a very critical voice by the progressive Russian public. So A. S. Pushkin, using in the eighth chapter of "Eugene Onegin" the French expression "comme il faut" ("com il faut"), which later entered the language of Russian fiction, ironically remarked: "... Sorry Shishkov, I don't know how to translate .".
In turn, the most zealous admirers of the West rejected any replacement of someone else's word with Russian, non-stop pouring foreign words into speech and trying to tightly close the folk, the origins of the Russian language. Such an inappropriate clutter of the Russian language with foreign words and terms that can be easily dispensed with has always caused a just protest from those who are fighting for the real purity of their native language.
But does this mean that foreign words should always be avoided in Russian speech, replacing them with Russian ones? After all, many borrowings have Russian synonyms: outline - outline, liquidation - termination, passive - inactive, personal - personaletc. No not always. In bookish and especially in scientific speech, they are, as a rule, appropriate and necessary as special terms. For example, in a journalistic article, the Latin word " topical " can hardly be replaced by the Russian word " important" because "relevant" is “very important for the present time, meeting the most important issues of our time.
Of course, a lively, more and more extensive communication with other countries - sports, scientific, cultural, commercial, political; mutual trips - all this provides an opportunity to exchange views, discoveries and, of course, words. The language is already heavily influenced by the newspaper-radio-television machine. And there is nothing terrible in this, it is beneficial, because it contributes to mutual enrichment and development. However, you always need to know what we need and what we do not need abroad. In any case, language is no less in need of protection than nature, although we do not always feel it so keenly and do not seem to be fully aware of it.
Chapter 2
Positive and negative aspects of borrowing.
A borrowed word is a lexical unit taken, borrowed by us (or our ancestors) from some other language. Back in the 19th century writers and linguists were concerned about the issue of foreign words in the Russian literary language. A large and positive role in protecting the Russian language from the excessive use of foreign words in it was played by N.I. Grech, N.A. Polevoy, V.G. Belinsky, A.I. Herzen, V.I. Dal.
V.G. Belinsky believed that "... to use a foreign word when there is a Russian word equivalent to it means to offend both common sense and common taste"
Russian speech has recently been replenished and continues to be replenished with many foreign words. Foreign words in the Russian language have long been the subject of close attention and discussion of scientists, public figures, writers, lovers of the Russian language. Scientists were interested in what place borrowed words occupy in the vocabulary of the Russian language, from which languages most words are borrowed, what is the reason for borrowing, whether foreign words clog up the native language. Repeated attempts were made to replace words that came from other languages with Russian ones (by Peter I, M.V. Lomonosov, V.I. Dalem).
Borrowings without measure clog speech, make it not understandable to everyone. Excessiveness, inappropriateness, groundlessness of the use of foreign words leads to the formation of ridiculous pseudo-scientific phrases. For example: "We delegated a student of our group to buy textbooks." Errors in the use of borrowed words lead to the formation of tautological combinations.These can be repetitions of words with the same meaning:open vacancy(a vacancy is a vacancy) June (June is just the name of the month) first debut (debut - first performance. The unjustified introduction of borrowed words into the text causes great damage to artistic speech. Speech becomes discolored if bookish, inexpressive words are preferred to diverse and vivid Russian synonyms. For example, they write: “I remembered well the modulations of her voice” (and why not say "overflow" or "how her voice sounded").
On the other hand, reasonable borrowing enriches speech, gives it greater accuracy.Imagine that we are talking about the life of some distant country, such as Japan. You can, of course, say a nobleman instead of a samurai, and a cherry instead of a sakura, but a samurai is not quite the one we used to call a nobleman, and the Japanese cherry sakura is unlike ours. In addition, such familiar Japanese words askamikaze, kimono, hara-kiri, ikebana, judo, in general, perhaps, it is impossible to translate into Russian in one word.
The greater social prestige of a foreign word, felt by many, in comparison with the original one, sometimes causes a phenomenon that can be called an increase in rank: a word that in the source language names an ordinary, "ordinary" object, in the borrowing language is attached to the object, in one or in another sense, more significant, more prestigious. So, in French, the word boutique - means a shop, a small store, and being borrowed by our fashion designers and merchants, it acquires a meaning - a fashion store.
Of course, many foreign words, having lost their foreign accent (form, meaning), have replenished the composition of the Russian language, and their use is not objectionable. If we didn’t need these words at all, the language itself would reject them, as, for example, in the time of Peter I they didn’t say victory, but victory, not pleasure, but blazir, not travel, but voyage, not courtesy, but politeness. … Such words have not stood the test of time.
At the same time, in the Russian language there are many such borrowed words that are used in everyday life, and without which we also cannot live: how elsename a movie, taxi, cologne, chandelier finally the steak, mayonnaise, orange.
With the advent of new technical means, the Russian language was replenished with words from the English language such as immobilizer (car alarms), trimmer (mustache and beard trimmer) thermopot (thermos and kettle in one). The functional diversity of these means was the reason for the replenishment of the Russian language with anglicisms that nominate these functions: split systems (in a refrigerator), memory stick (video camera function), roaming (communication), etc. New facing materials came along with the Anglicisms denoting them:siding, moldingetc., the passion for arranging garden plots was the reason for borrowing anglicism mixborder.
Along with previously borrowed Anglicism sandwich in the speech of a Russian person of the late 90s, anglicisms function:hamburger, fishburger, cheeseburger, chickenburger, performing a differentiating function.
The terminology of computer technology that has developed on the basis of the English language is easily replenished with new terms of English origin. Wordswebsite, banner, browserand others are used in the speech of people dealing with computers, which are becoming more and more every year. Consequently, these anglicisms from a purely professional sphere pass into the speech of many Russian people.
The Russian mass media, especially television, also contributes to the “Anglotization” of the Russian language. Words like summit, briefing, talk show, dog showspread through the media.
In general, foreign words included in the Russian language have a positive and negative side. On the one hand, the appearance of new words expands the vocabulary of native speakers of the Russian language, and on the other hand, its originality and unique beauty are lost.
Research work with borrowed words.
The essence of the research work was, firstly, to determine which language has a special influence on the Russian language, that is, words from which language come to us more often than others. Secondly, we had to divide borrowings from different languages into groups according to their significance in the Russian language, that is, what the borrowed words in Russian serve for.
To achieve our goals, we worked with a dictionary of foreign words. We chose a thousand words for ourselves (Appendix 1) and distributed them into groups according to what language they came from: French, English, Latin, German, Spanish, etc. (Appendix 2).
In the course of our work, it was found, firstly, that the language from which a huge number of words were borrowed into the Russian language is Latin. Although Latin is a dead language, it is the international language of medical terms. We use in our speech such words of Latin origin asdonor, medicines, procedure, appendicitis, operationand others. Latin is the main language for the names of many diseases, names of medicines. Latin is the language of medical terminology.
Secondly, we managed to distribute foreign words into groups.
I found out that the Greek language is the basis of legal, legal, political concepts. In our speech, we use such concepts of Greek origin asanarchism, democracy, ochlocracy, charter, organ.
The results of our work showed that the French language is the cultural, artistic basis of Russian words. We use French words likemenu, carnival, necklace, blinds, dessert, masterpiece, defile, present etc. It's no secret that France is a trendsetter. Therefore, many words have been borrowed from French into Russian, meaning wardrobe items: jacket, jacket, over the knee boots, etc.
Now consider the group of Englishcomputer terminologywords. Borrowings from English are the basis of sports terminology andcomputer terminology. We use words likebasketball, match, volleyball, badminton, hockey, bobsleigh, butterfly, boxing, golf,website, banner, browser, .
Conducting a study among the words of German origin, it turned out that the German language had little impact on the Russian language. When Peter I "cut a window to Europe", some words were borrowed from Germany. These are words likerod, potatoes, backpack, bay, folder, brand, slotted spoon.
As for the words of the Italian language, they are the basis of musical concepts, for example,operetta, trio, quartet, maestro. There are very few words of Italian origin in Russian.
There are borrowings from other languages, for example, from Arabic ( almanac, sheikh), Persian (shah), Spanish ( eldorado, armada), Dutch (steering wheel, storm), Czech (jewelry ), from the Sanskrit language ( yogi ), etc. But, according to our research, borrowings from these languages are very insignificant.
Also, in the course of my research, I noticed that not only whole words are borrowed from other languages, but also parts of words that determine the lexical meaning of Russian words. Many compound word prefixes come from Greek, such as the prefix hydro… , which indicates the relationship of these words to water ( seaplane, hydroelectric power station), prefix bio… indicating the relation of these words to life, to life processes, biology (biography, biosphere). In compound words, we often use prefixes of Latin origin, such as video… , indicating the connection of these words with the visible image (video recorder, video).
Conclusion.
Borrowing foreign words is the basis of communication between countries and peoples. Countries and peoples in the process of their communication adopt each other's words and rearrange them according to the internal rules of their language.
Our work led us to the following conclusions: the reasons for borrowing foreign words are political, cultural, economic ties between countries. Most often, we do not even think about what word we pronounce - borrowed or Russian. Borrowings are so easily introduced into our lives that we perceive them as our own words. If we use borrowed words, then at least we should clearly understand its meaning.
Borrowed words are needed only if they better express the main meaning of the given concept or if they cannot be replaced by a Russian concept. But if the Russian language already has a synonymous word, then it is not necessary to replace it with a foreign language. We, as native Russian speakers, should pay more attention to our Russian words and use the vocabulary that our Russian language is rich in.
The spoken language is fading away
Conversational beauty;
Retreating into the unknown
Speeches of Russian miracles.
Hundreds of words native and well-aimed. Having drooped, lost his voice,
Locked up like birds in a cage
Dozing in thick dictionaries.
You let them out of there
Return to everyday life.
So that speech - a human miracle -
Not missing these days.
(V. Shefner "Oral speech")
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Introduction to linguistics. Reader. Compiled by B. Yu. Norman and N. A. Pavlenko. Ed. A. E. Suprun. Minsk, “Highest. school", 1977.
Brief Dictionary of Foreign Words / Comp. S. M. Lokshina. - 8th ed., stereotype. – M.: Rus. yaz., 1985. - 352 p.
My language is my friend / Comp. L. T. Grigoryan: Materials for out-of-class. works in Russian lang.: A guide for the teacher. - 2nd ed., Rev. and additional – M.: Enlightenment, 1988. – 207 p.
Vartanyan E.V. "Journey into the Word", M. "Enlightenment", 1987
Lustrova Z. N., Skvortsov L. I. "To Friends of the Russian Language", M. "Knowledge" 1982
Uspensky L. V. "On the roads and paths of the language", M. "Children's Literature", 1980.
Yakovlev K. "How we spoil the Russian language", "Young Guard", 1976
Borrowed words in Russian
By the nature and volume of borrowings in the Russian language, one can trace the paths of the historical development of the language, that is, the paths of international travel, communications and scientific development, and, as a result, the crossing of Russian vocabulary and phraseology with other languages. Observing the transition of words and phrases from any foreign language into the Russian language helps to understand the history of the Russian language, both literary and dialects.
Borrowings and foreign words
It is necessary to distinguish between borrowings and foreign words.
Borrowings (words, less often syntactic and phraseological phrases) are adapted in the Russian language, undergoing the necessary semantic and phonetic changes. Adaptation to the realities of the Russian language is the main feature that distinguishes borrowings from foreign words. Foreign words retain traces of their foreign origin. Such traces can be phonetic, spelling, grammatical and semantic features.
In the history of the language, periods of predominant borrowing alternated:
- from Germanic languages and Latin (Proto-Slavic period);
- from the Finno-Ugric languages (the period of colonization by the Slavs of Northern and North-Eastern Rus');
- from the Greek, and then the Old / Church Slavonic language (the era of Christianization, further book influence);
- from the Polish language (XVI-XVIII centuries);
- from the Dutch (XVIII), German and French (XVIII-XIX centuries) languages;
- from the English language (- the beginning of the XXI century).
Borrowing history
Borrowings in Old Russian
Many foreign words borrowed by the Russian language in the distant past are so assimilated by them that their origin is discovered only with the help of etymological analysis. These are, for example, some borrowings from the Turkic languages, the so-called Turkisms. Words from the Turkic languages have penetrated into the Russian language since Kievan Rus coexisted with such Turkic tribes as the Bulgars, Cumans, Berendeys, Pechenegs and others. Around the 8th-12th centuries, such ancient Russian borrowings from the Turkic languages \u200b\u200bdate as boyar, tent, hero, pearl, koumiss, gang, cart, horde. It should be noted that historians of the Russian language often disagree about the origin of certain borrowings. So, in some linguistic dictionaries the word horse is recognized as Turkism, while other experts attribute this word to the original Russian.
A noticeable trace was left by Greekisms, which came into the Old Russian language mainly through the medium of Old Slavonic in connection with the process of completing the Christianization of the Slavic states. Byzantium played an active role in this process. The formation of the Old Russian (East Slavonic) language begins. The Greekisms of the period of the X-XVII centuries include words from the area religions: anathema, angel, bishop, daemon, icon, monk, monastery, lampada, sexton; scientific terms: mathematics, philosophy, story, grammar; household terms: lime, sugar, bench, notebook, flashlight; denominations plants and animals: buffalo, beans, beet and others. Later borrowings refer mainly to the area arts and sciences: trochee, comedy, mantle, poem, logics, analogy and others. Many Greek words that received international status entered the Russian language through Western European languages.
By the 17th century, translations from Latin into Church Slavonic appeared, including the Gennadiev Bible. Since then, the penetration of Latin words into the Russian language has begun. Many of these words continue to exist in our language to this day ( Bible, doctor, medicine, lily, rose and others).
Borrowings under Peter I
The flow of borrowed foreign vocabulary characterizes the reign of Peter I. The transformational activity of Peter became a prerequisite for the reform of the literary Russian language. The Church Slavonic language did not correspond to the realities of the new secular society. The penetration of a number of foreign words, mainly military and craft terms, the names of some household items, new concepts in science and technology, in maritime affairs, in administration, in art, etc., had a huge impact on the language of that time. Russian borrowed foreign words such as algebra, optics, globe, apoplexy, varnish, compass, cruiser, port, frame, army, deserter, cavalry, office, Act, rent, rate and many others.
Dutch words appeared in Russian mainly in the time of Peter the Great in connection with the development of navigation. These include ballast, buer, spirit level, shipyard, harbor, drift, tack, pilot, sailor, yardarm, rudder, flag, fleet, navigator and so on.
From the English language at the same time, terms from the field of maritime affairs were also borrowed: barge, bot, brig, whaleboat, midshipman, schooner, boat and others.
It is known, however, that Peter himself had a negative attitude towards the dominance of foreign words and demanded that his contemporaries write “as intelligibly as possible”, without abusing non-Russian words. So, for example, in his message to Ambassador Rudakovsky, Peter wrote:
“In your communications, you use many Polish and other foreign words and terms, behind which it is impossible to comprehend the case itself: for the sake of you, from now on, write your communications to us in Russian, without using foreign words and terms”
Borrowings in the XVIII-XIX centuries
A great contribution to the study and regulation of foreign borrowings was made by M.V. Lomonosov, who in his work "Anthology on the History of Russian Linguistics" outlined his observations about Greek words in Russian in general, and in the field of the formation of scientific terms in particular.
“... Avoiding foreign borrowings, Lomonosov at the same time sought to promote the convergence of Russian science with Western European, using, on the one hand, international scientific terminology, composed mainly of Greek-Latin roots, and on the other hand, forming new Russian terms or rethinking already existing words
Lomonosov believed that the Russian language had lost its stability and linguistic norm due to the "clogging" of the living spoken language with borrowings from a variety of languages. This prompted Lomonosov to create a "Foreword on the Usefulness of Church Books", in which he manages to lay the foundations of the Russian language, corresponding to the time.
Active political and social ties with France in the 18th-19th centuries contributed to the penetration into the Russian language of a large number of borrowings from the French language. French becomes the official language of court and aristocratic circles, the language of secular noble salons. Borrowings of this time are the names of household items, clothing, food products: the Bureau, boudoir, stained glass window, couch; shoe, veil, wardrobe, vest, coat, bouillon, the vinaigrette, jelly, marmalade; art words: actor, entrepreneur, poster, ballet, juggler, director; military terms: battalion, garrison, gun, squadron; socio-political terms: bourgeois, declassed, demoralization, department and others.
Italian and Spanish borrowings are mainly associated with the field of art: aria, allegro, Bravo, cello, short story, piano, recitative, tenor(Italian) or guitar, mantilla, castanets, serenade(Spanish), as well as with everyday concepts: currency, villa; vermicelli, pasta(Italian).
By the end of the XVIII century. the process of Europeanization of the Russian language, carried out mainly through the French culture of the literary word, has reached a high degree of development. The Old Book linguistic culture was supplanted by the new European one. The Russian literary language, without leaving its native soil, consciously uses Church Slavonicisms and Western European borrowings.
Borrowings in the XX-XXI centuries
Leonid Petrovich Krysin in his work "On the Russian Language of Our Days" analyzes the flow of foreign vocabulary at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries. In his opinion, the collapse of the Soviet Union, the activation of business, scientific, trade, cultural ties, the flourishing of foreign tourism, all this caused an intensification of communication with native speakers of foreign languages. Thus, first in professional, and then in other areas, terms related to computer technology appeared (for example, computer, display, file, interface, Printer and others); economic and financial terms (for example, barter, broker, voucher, dealer and others); names of sports windsurfing, skateboard, arm wrestling, kickboxing); in less specialized areas of human activity ( image, presentation, nomination, sponsor, video, show).
Many of these words have already been fully assimilated into the Russian language.
Word formation using borrowings
In addition to borrowing foreign vocabulary, the Russian language actively borrowed some foreign word-building elements to create proper Russian words. Among such borrowings, special mention is
- prefixes A-, anti-, archi-, pan- and others from Greek ( apolitical, anti-worlds, rogues, pan-Slavism); de-, counter-, trance-, ultra- from Latin ( deheroization, counteroffensive, trans-regional, far right);
- suffixes: -ism, -PC, -izirov-a(t), -er from Western European languages: collectivism, essayist, militarize, boyfriend.
At the same time, these word-building elements are often used in the Russian language together with the word-building model, which is characteristic of foreign words or elements of this model ((fr.) conductor, trainee and (Russian) boyfriend with a French suffix). This shows the regularity of the introduction of foreign borrowings into the Russian language and their active assimilation to a borrowed language.
Thus, the formation of foreign language structural elements as independent morphemes in the Russian language takes place, in other words, the process of morphemization is carried out. It is clear that this is a long-term, gradual process, involving a number of stages and stages in the acquisition of morphemic properties in the Russian language by a foreign structural element.
Quotes
Aphorism of the Russian poet V. A. Zhukovsky:
Academician A. A. Shakhmatov:
Notes
Literature
- Shcherba L.V. Selected Works on the Russian Language, Aspect Press, 2007 ISBN 9785756704532.
- Sobolevsky A.I. History of the Russian literary language. Languages of Slavic Culture 2006 ISBN 5-95510-128-4.
- Filkova P. D. On the assimilation of Church Slavonicisms by the lexical system of the Russian literary language // Issues of historical lexicology of East Slavic languages. - M., 1974.
- Explanatory dictionary of the modern Russian language. Language Changes at the End of the 20th Century, Astrel, 2005, ISBN 5-17-029554-5.
- Krysin L.P. Russian word, one's own and someone else's, 2004, ISBN 5-94457-183-7.
- Brandt R. F. Lectures on the History of the Russian Language 2005, ISBN 5-484-00038-6.
- Demyanov V. G. Foreign vocabulary in the history of the Russian language in the XI-XVII centuries. Problems of morphological adaptation Nauka, 2001, ISBN 5-02-011821-4.
- Uspensky B. A. Historical and Philological Essays, Languages of Slavic Culture, ISBN 5-95510-044-X.
- Lotte D.S. Issues of borrowing and ordering foreign terms and term elements. - M., 1982.
- Vinogradov V.V., Essays on the history of the Russian literary language of the XVII-XIX centuries. - M., 1938.
- Semenova M. Yu. Dictionary of Anglicisms. - Rostov n / a, 2003.
see also
- Lists of borrowings in Russian from:
- Arabic
Links
- Explanatory Dictionary of Foreign Words, 2007, Over 25 thousand words and phrases, Library of Dictionaries of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Compiled by L. P. Krysin
- Formation of Russian vocabulary. Mastering borrowed words in Russian
- Horse and horse. Turkisms in Russian. Interview with I. G. Dobrodomov Radio Liberty
- L. Bozhenko. Borrowed vocabulary in modern Russian
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Everyone knows that cultural contacts with neighbors are vital for the normal development of any nation. Mutual enrichment of vocabulary, borrowing words, terms and even names are inevitable. As a rule, they are useful for the language: the use of the missing word allows you to avoid descriptive phrases, the language becomes simpler and more dynamic. For example, a long phrase "trade in a certain place once a year" in Russian is successfully replaced by the word that came from the German language fair. In modern Russia, unfortunately, one often has to deal with the illegal and unjustified use of foreign words in everyday speech. all sorts of shops, consulting, marketing and leasing literally litter the Russian language, by no means decorating it. However, it should be recognized that sweeping prohibitions can harm its normal development. In the article brought to your attention, we will talk about the successful use of foreign words and terms.
Let's start with terms that are close and familiar to any teacher of the Russian language and literature. Word poetry has become so firmly established in our language that we no longer think about its meaning. However, in Greek it means "creation". Word poem translates as "Creation", A rhyme – "proportionality","consistency", the word rhythm is the same root to it. Stanza translated from Greek "turn", A epithet – "figurative definition".
Ancient Greece is associated with such terms as epic ("collection of stories"), myth(word, speech),drama ("action"), lyrics(from the word musical), elegy("the mournful tune of the flute"), Oh yeah ("song"),epithalamus("wedding poem or song"),epic ("word", "story", "song"), tragedy ("goat song"), comedy("bear holidays"). The name of the latter genre is associated with the holidays in honor of the Greek goddess Artemis, which were celebrated in March. This month, the bears came out of hibernation, which gave the name to these performances. well and scene- of course, "tent" where the actors performed. Concerning parodies, that is - "singing inside out" .
Whereas the Greeks took upon themselves the "duty" of naming poetic and theatrical terms, the Romans took up prose in earnest. Latin connoisseurs will tell us that this short word can be translated into Russian with the phrase "purposeful speech." The Romans generally liked precise and short definitions. No wonder it was from the Latin language that the word came to us lapidary, i.e. "carved in stone" (short, concise). Word text means "connection", "compound", A illustration – "explanation"(to the text). Legend- This "what needs to be read",memorandum – "things to remember", A opus– "work", "work". Word plot translated from Latin means "story", "tale", but it came to Russian from German with the meaning "plot". Manuscript- This handwritten document, well and editor- This a person who has to "put everything in order". Madrigal- also a Latin word, it comes from the root "mother" and means song in native, "mother" language. To finish with literary terms, let's say that the Scandinavian word runes originally meant "all knowledge", Then - "secret" and only later began to be used in the meaning letters, letters.
But let's get back to the Romans, who, as you know, developed a unique set of laws for that time (Roman law) and enriched the world culture with many legal terms. For example, justice ("fairness", "lawfulness"), alibi ("in the other place"), verdict ("truth spoken"), advocate(from Latin "call"), notary– ("scribe"),protocol("first leaf"), visa ("viewed") etc. Words version("turn") And intrigue ("confuse") is also of Latin origin. The Romans coined the word blunder – "fall", "mistake", "wrong step". Most medical terms are of Greek and Latin origin. As an example of borrowings from the Greek language, one can cite such words as anatomy("dissection"), agony ("struggle"), hormone ("set in motion"), diagnosis("definition"), diet ("lifestyle", "mode"), paroxysm ("irritation"). The following terms are Latin in origin: hospital("hospitable"), immunity ("liberation from something"),disabled person ("powerless", "weak"), invasion ("attack"),muscle ("mouse"), obstruction ("blockage"),obliteration ("destruction"), pulse ("push").
At present, Latin is the language of science and serves as a source for the formation of new words and terms that never existed. For example, allergy – "another action"(the term was coined by the Austrian pediatrician K. Pirke). Christianity, as you know, came to us from Byzantium, whose inhabitants, although they called themselves Romans (Romans), spoke mainly Greek. Along with the new religion, many new words came to our country, some of which were sometimes represented by tracing paper - a literal translation of Greek terms. For example, the word enthusiasm ("divine inspiration") was translated into Old Church Slavonic as "rage"(!). This interpretation was not accepted by the language. More often, new terms were adopted without change. The original meaning of many of them has long been forgotten, and few people know that angel- This "herald", apostle –"messenger",clergy – "lot", icon case – "box", liturgy – "duty", deacon –"servant", bishop– "seeing from above", A sexton– "watchman". Word hero also Greek and means "saint"- no more, no less! But the word that has become abusive filthy came to us from the Latin language and means only "rural"(inhabitant). The fact is that pagan cults were especially tenacious in rural areas, as a result, this word became synonymous with pagan. Foreign in origin are also the words that are called representatives of the other world. Word daemon "deity", "spirit". It is known that Mikhail Vrubel did not want the demon depicted in his paintings to be confused with the devil or the devil: “Demon means“ soul ”and personifies the eternal struggle of the restless human spirit, seeking reconciliation of the passions that overwhelm him, knowledge of life and not finding an answer to his doubts either on earth or in heaven, This is how he explained his position. What do the words devil and devil mean? Crap- this is not a name, but an epithet ( "horned"). Devil same - "deceiver", "slanderer"(Greek). Other names for the devil are of Hebrew origin: Satan – "opposite", "adversary", Belial- from the phrase "useless". Name Mephistopheles invented by Goethe, but it is composed of two Hebrew words - "liar" and "destroyer". And here is the name Woland, which M.A. Bulgakov used in his famous novel The Master and Margarita, is of Germanic origin: in medieval German dialects it meant "deceiver", "rogue". In Goethe's Faust, Mephistopheles is once mentioned under this name.
Word fairy is of Latin origin and means "fate". The Welsh believed that fairies were descended from pagan priestesses, while the Scots and Irish believed that they were from angels seduced by the devil. However, despite the centuries-old domination of Christianity, Europeans still treat fairies and elves with sympathy, calling them "good people" and "peaceful neighbors."
Word dwarf invented by Paracelsus. In Greek it means "inhabitant of the earth". In Scandinavian mythology, such creatures were called "dark elves" or "zwerg". Brownie in Germany is called "kobold". Later this name was given to a metal that had "bad character", - made it difficult to smelt copper. Nickel called elf living by the water, a big fan of jokes. This name was given to a metal similar to silver.
Word the Dragon in Greek means "sharp seeing". Interestingly, in China, this mythological creature was traditionally depicted without eyes. The legend tells that one artist of the Tang era (IX century) got carried away and painted the eyes of a dragon: the room was filled with fog, there was thunder, the dragon came to life and flew away. And the word Hurricane comes from the name of the god of fear of the South American Indians - Huracana. The names of some precious and semi-precious stones also have their own meaning. Sometimes the name indicates the color of the stone. For example, ruby – "red"(lat.), chrysolite – "golden"(Greek), olevin – "green"(Greek), lapis lazuli– "sky blue"(Greek), etc. But sometimes their name is associated with certain properties that were attributed to these stones in antiquity. So, amethyst translated from Greek as "not drunk": according to legends, this stone is able to "curb passions", therefore Christian priests often use it to decorate vestments, insert it into crosses. For this reason, amethyst has another name - "bishop's stone." And the word agate in Greek means "good", which he had to bring to his owner.
There were cases when the same word came to our country from different languages and at different times, resulting in different meanings. For example, words colossus, machination and machine- single root. Two of them came to us directly from the Greek language. One of them means "something huge", other - "trick". But the third came through Western European languages and is a technical term.
Sometimes words are formed as a result of combining roots belonging to different languages. For example: word abracadabra contains a Greek root with the meaning "deity" and Hebrew with the meaning "word". That is "word of God"- an expression or phrase that seems meaningless to the uninitiated.
And the word snob interesting because, being Latin in origin, it appeared in England at the end of the 18th century. It came from the Latin expression sine nobilitas ( "no nobility"), which was reduced to s. nob.: so on English ships passengers who did not have the right to dine with the captain began to be called. Later, in English houses, this word was placed on the guest lists opposite persons who should have been announced without a title.
But what about other languages? Did they contribute to the Russian vocabulary? The answer to this question is clearly in the affirmative. There are many examples. So, the Arabic phrase "lord of the sea" became a Russian word admiral.
Fabric name atlas translated from Arabic means "beautiful", "smooth".cabal- This "receipt", "commitment",shackles – "fetters", "fetters" etc. Long been perceived as Russian Turkic words scribble ("black or bad hand") And peanut ("like a watermelon"). About the antiquity of the word iron evidence of its Sanskrit origin ( "metal", "ore"). Weight- This "heavy"(Persian), stage –"platform"(Spanish), coat of arms – "inheritance"(Polish). Words bank(from "put the ship on its side") And yacht(from "drive") are of Dutch origin. Words rush ("top everything"– over all), bluff("deception"), velveteen("velvet") came to Russia from England. The last word is interesting because it is a “false friend of the translator”: readers have probably been surprised more than once that at receptions and balls, kings and court ladies flaunt in velvet suits and dresses. The words came from the German language cabin boy("boy"), tie("scarf"), vane ("wing"), flask ("bottle"), Workbench ("workshop"). There are a lot of borrowings from Italian and French. For example, trampoline("hit"),career("run"), feint ("pretense", "fiction"), stamp ("seal"), relay race ("stirrup") are Italian. scam ("case"), gauze ("Kiseya"), balance ("scales"),compliment("Hello"), negligee ("negligence") are French.
Italian and French have given life to so many musical and theatrical terms. Here are some of them. Italian word conservatory("shelter") recalls the decision of the authorities of Venice to turn 4 convents into music schools (XVIII century). Virtuoso means "valor", word cantata derived from Italian kantare –"sing", capriccio- from the word "goat"(a work with a galloping, “like a goat”, change of themes and moods), opera –"composition", tutti – "performing by the whole team".
Now it's France's turn: arrangement – "tidying up", overture from the word "open", benefit – "profit", "benefit", repertoire– "scroll", decoration –"decoration", pointe shoes(solid toe ballet shoes) - "point", "tip",divertissement– "entertainment", foyer – "hearth". And in modern pop music, the word is very popular plywood which comes from the German "impose"(voice to already recorded music).
Speaking of borrowing from the French language, one cannot ignore the culinary theme. Yes, the word garnish derived from French "to equip", "to equip".Glace- Means "frozen", "icy". Cutlet – "rib". Consomme – "bouillon".Langet – "tongue". Marinade– "put in salt water". Roll- from the word "clotting". Word the vinaigrette– exception: being French in origin (from vinaigre – "vinegar"), it appeared in Russia. All over the world this dish is called "Russian salad".
It is interesting that many dog names popular in our country have a foreign origin. The fact is that peasants in Russian villages could not often afford to keep a dog. The landlords, on the other hand, often kept dozens and even hundreds of hunting dogs on their country estates (and even took bribes with “borzoi puppies”) and several lap dogs in city houses. Since the Russian nobles knew French (and later English) better than their native language, they gave foreign names to their dogs. Some of them are widely spread among the people. What familiar word could be heard by a peasant who did not know French, nicknamed Cheri ("Cutie")? Of course, Ball! Trezor translated into Russian means "treasure"(French), nickname watchdog derived from the French word "bearded", A Rex- This "tsar"(lat.). A number of nicknames are derived from foreign names. For example, Bobik and Tobik- these are variants of the Russian adaptation of the English name Bobby,Bug and Julie descended from Julia. And the nicknames Jim and Jack do not even try to hide their foreign origin.
But what about the great and mighty Russian language? Did he contribute to the development of foreign languages? It turns out that the Russian word has entered many languages \u200b\u200bof the world man. Word grandmother in English is used in the meaning "women's headscarf", A pancakes in Britain is called small round sandwiches. Word vulgarity got into the English dictionary because V. Nabokov, who wrote in this language, having despaired of finding its full-fledged analogue, decided to leave it without translation in one of his novels.
Words satellite And comrade known all over the world and kalashnikov for a foreigner - not a surname, but the name of a Russian machine gun. Relatively recently, the now somewhat forgotten terms made a triumphal procession around the world perestroika and glasnost. Words vodka, matryoshka and balalaika are used so often and out of place by foreigners talking about Russia that they cause irritation. But for the word pogrom, which entered the dictionaries of many European languages in 1903, is frankly a shame. Words intelligentsia(author - P. Boborykin) and disinformation are not Russian "by origin", but they were invented precisely in Russia. From the Russian language that became their "native" language, they passed into many foreign languages and became widespread throughout the world.
In conclusion, we will give several examples of the successful formation of new words that were invented by poets and writers and appeared in the Russian language relatively recently. So, the appearance of words acid, refraction, balance we must M.V. Lomonosov.N.M. Karamzin enriched our language with words influence, industry, public, generally useful, touching, entertaining, focused.