The calendar year on Mercury lasts 88 days. Scientists believe that every 58-59 days Mercury makes turn around its axis. Sunny day on the planet (a sunny day is a day and night, taken together) is approximately 180 Earth days. When determining the duration of a sunny day on Mercury, it should be borne in mind that the axis of rotation of this planet coincides with the plane of its orbits, in other words, the planet "lies on the side."
As was found, Venus makes one turn around its axis in 243 days.
Mars about the same as much as the earth. This planet has another amazing property: it is the same as the Earth, is located at some angle regarding the conditioned vertical axis, and therefore the time of the year is also shown here.
Jupiter, the largest planet of the solar system, rotates much faster than the Earth and makes a turn around his own axis every 10 hours.
Saturn also rotates faster than the Earth, and it takes 10 hours and 2 minutes to make one turn around its own axis.
And with uranium, there is something incredible at all, since this planet almost lies on one side - the angle of inclination of the planet is so great.
Neptune and Pluto are at a huge distance from the Earth, and while scientists know a little about them. One can only assume that both planets rotate. Neptune bypass once around the Sun for 165 Earth years, and Pluto - for 249.
We live in an era of research on outer space, when each day scientists are more and more learning about our solar system, so the day is not far when we have more complete information about all the planets.
See also: how much does earth weigh?
Even in the old days, the scholars of men began to understand that the Sun rotates around our planet, and everything happens with an accuracy of the opposite. The point in this fact was a fact that Nikolai Copernicus put the fact. Polish astronomer created his heliocentric system, in which convincingly proved that the Earth is not the center of the Universe, and all the planets, according to his solid belief, rotate in orbits around the sun. The work of the Polish scientist "On the rotation of heavenly spheres" was published in German Nuremberg in 1543.
The ideas about how the planets are located on the sky first in their treatise "Great Mathematical Building on Astronomy", expressed an ancient Greek astronomer Ptolemy. He was the first to suggest that they make their movements in a circle. But Ptolemy mistakenly believed that all the planets, as well as the moon and the sun moving around the Earth. Before the work of Copernicus, his treatise was considered generally accepted both in Arabic and Western world.
From Braga to Kepler
After the death of Copernicus, his works continued Dane Quiet Brage. Astronomer, which is a very wealthy person, equipped the island belonging to him, impressive bronze circles, which caused the results of observation of heavenly bodies. The results received by Brage helped in the study of mathematics Johann Kepleru. The movement of the planets of the solar system is the German systematized and brought the three of his famous law.
From Kepler to Newton
Kepler first proved that all 6 planets known by that time move around the sun in a circle, but by ellipses. An Englishman Isaac Newton, discovering the law of world community, significantly advanced the representation of humanity on the elliptic orbits of celestial bodies. His explanations that tides and foals on Earth occur under the influence of the Moon, turned out to be convincing for the scientific world.
Around the Sun.
Comparative sizes of the largest satellites of the solar system and the planets of the earth group.
The term for which the planets make a complete turn around the Sun, naturally different. Mercury, the closest to the star, it is 88 terrestrial day. Our land passes cycle for 365 days and 6 hours. The largest planet in the solar system, Jupiter completes its turnover for 11.9 Earth years. Well, at Pluto, the planet's most distant from the sun turnover and at all is 247.7 years.
It should also be taken into account that all the planets in our solar system are moving, not around the shine, but around the so-called center of mass. Each at the same time, rotating around its axis, slightly swing (like Yule). In addition, the axis itself can slightly shifted.
Our planet is in constant motion. Together with the Sun, it moves in space around the center of the Galaxy. And that, in turn, moves in the universe. But the rotation of the Earth around the Sun and its own axis plays the greatest importance for all living things. Without this movement, the conditions on the planet would be unsuitable for maintaining life.
solar system
The land as the planet of the solar system according to the calculations of scientists was formed more than 4.5 billion years ago. During this time, the distance from the shine almost did not change. The speed of the planet and the strength of the attraction of the sun balanced her orbit. It is not perfectly round, but stable. If the force of attraction of the shine was stronger or the rate of land decreased noticeably, it would have fallen into the sun. Otherwise, it would sooner or later flew into space, having ceased to be part of the system.
The distance from the Sun to the Earth makes it possible to maintain the optimal temperature on its surface. The atmosphere plays an important role in this. During the rotation of the Earth around the Sun, the seasons change. Nature has adapted to such cycles. But if our planet was removed for a greater distance, then the temperature would be negative. It is closer - all the water would have evaporated, since the thermometer's column would exceed the boiling point.
The path of the planet around the shore is called an orbit. The trajectory of this flight is not perfect round. It has ellipseality. The maximum difference is 5 million km. The closest point of the orbit to the Sun is 147 km away. It is called perichelium. Earth it takes place in January. In July, the planet is from the shining at the maximum distance. The greatest distance is 152 million km. This point is called Appliament.
The rotation of the Earth around its axis and the Sun provides respectively by the change of daily modes and annual periods.
For a person, the movement of the planet around the center of the system is unnoticed. This is due to the fact that the mass of the Earth is huge. Nevertheless, every second we flush in space about 30 km. It seems unreal, but these are calculations. On average, the land is from the Sun at a distance of about 150 million km. One full turn around the shone it is done for 365 days. The distance traveled over the year is almost a billion kilometers.
The exact distance that our planet goes over the year, moving around the shone, is 942 million km. We are moving along with it in space along an elliptical orbit at a speed of 107,000 km / h. The direction of rotation - from the west to the east, that is, against the conditioned clockwise.
The total turnover of the planet ends not exactly 365 days, as it is considered. At the same time takes about six hours. But for the convenience of the summer, this time takes into account the total in 4 years. As a result, one extra day "comes", add it in February. Such a year is considered leap.
The speed of rotation of the Earth around the Sun is inconsistent. It has deviations from the average. This is due to the elliptical orbit. The difference between the values \u200b\u200bis most manifested at the points of the perihelium and afhelia and is 1 km / s. These changes are invisible, since we and all the items around us are moving in the coordinate system equally.
Changing seasons
The rotation of the Earth around the Sun and the tilt of the planet's axis makes it possible to change the seasons. It is less noticeable at the equator. But closer to the poles, annual cyclicity appears more. The northern and southern hemispheres of the planet are heated by the energy of the Sun unevenly.
Moving around the shone, they pass four conditional points of the orbit. At the same time, alternately twice for a half-year cycle, they turn out to be further or closer (in December and June - the days of solstice). Accordingly, in the place where the surface of the planet is warmed better, there is an ambient temperature above. The period in such territory is customary in summer. In another hemisphere at this time, it is noticeably colder - there is winter.
Three months later, the planetary axis is located in half a year in such a way that both hemispheres are in the same conditions for heating. At this time (in March and September - the days of the equinox) temperature modes are approximately equal. Then, depending on the hemisphere, autumn and spring are coming.
Earth axis
Our planet is a rotating ball. Its movement is carried out around the conditional axis and occurs on the principle of the wag. Relying the base in the plane in the promoted state, it will hold the balance. When the speed of rotation weakens, the top drops.
The land of the stop does not have. On the planet there are the forces of the attraction of the sun, the moon and other objects of the system and the universe. Nevertheless, it is withstanding a permanent position in space. The speed of its rotation, obtained in the formation of the nucleus, is sufficient to maintain relative equilibrium.
The earth's axis passes through the ball of the planet is not perpendicular. It is tilted at an angle of 66 ° 33. The rotation of the Earth around its axis and the Sun makes it possible to change the seasons of the year. The planet "tumbled" would be in space if it had not had a strict orientation. There would be no speech about any continued environmental conditions for the conditions of the environment and life processes on its surface.
Axial rotation of the Earth
The rotation of the Earth around the Sun (one turn) occurs during the year. The day on it is replaced by day and night. If you look at the North Pole of the Earth from the space, then you can see how it rotates counterclockwise. Full turnover it makes approximately 24 hours. This period is called day.
The speed of rotation determines the speed of a change of day and night. In one hour, the planet turns around at approximately 15 degrees. The speed of rotation at different points of its surface is different. This is due to the fact that it has a spherical shape. At the equator, the linear speed is 1669 km / h, or 464 m / s. Closer to the poles, this indicator decreases. On the thirtieth latitude, the linear speed will already be 1445 km / h (400 m / s).
Because of the axial rotation, the planet has a slightly compressed form. Also, this movement "causes" moving objects (including air and water flows) from the initial direction (Coriolis strength). Another important consequence of such rotation are tides and flows.
the change of night and day
The ball object is the only source of light at a certain point illuminated only by half. With regard to our planet in one part of it at this moment will be the day. The unlit part will be hidden from the Sun - there is night. The axial rotation makes it possible to replace these periods.
In addition to the light mode, the conditions for heating the surface of the planet of the energy of the shining are changed. Such cyclicity is essential. The speed of shift of light and thermal modes is carried out relatively quickly. For 24 hours, the surface does not have time to warm up, neither cool below the optimal indicator.
The rotation of the Earth around the Sun and its axis with a relatively constant speed has a value defining for the animal world. Without constancy, the orbit of the planet would not be held in the zone of optimal heating. Without axial rotation, the day and night would last for half a year. None of any other contributes to the emergence and preservation of life.
Non-uniformity of rotation
Humanity for his story got used to the fact that the change of the day and night occurs constantly. This served as a certain standard of time and a symbol of uniformity of life processes. During the period of rotation of the Earth around the Sun to a certain extent, the influence of the ellipsence of orbit and other planet systems is affected.
Another feature is a change in the duration of the day. The axial rotation of the Earth occurs unevenly. Several major reasons. Seasonal oscillations associated with the atmosphere dynamics and precipitation distribution are important. In addition, the tidal wave, directed against the movement of the planet, constantly slows it. This figure is negligible (40 thousand years per second). But for 1 billion years, under the action of this, the duration of the day increased by 7 hours (from 17 to 24).
The consequences of the rotation of the Earth around the Sun and their axis are studied. These studies have great practical and scientific importance. They are used not only to accuracy the definition of stellar coordinates, but also to identify patterns that can affect human life and natural phenomena processes in hydrometeorology and other areas.
15. The speed of rotation of the planets - what is due
All planets rotate around their own axis. However, each of the planets rotates with its own speed. These are these quantities:
01. Mercury is one turn around the axis about 58 terrestrial days;
02. Venus - turnover in 243 days;
03. Earth - turnover in 24 hours;
04. Mars - turnover in 24 hours 37 minutes;
05. Jupiter - turnover in 9 hours 55 minutes;
06. Saturn - turnover in 10 hours 40 minutes;
07. Uranus - turnover in 17 hours 14 minutes;
08. Neptune - turnover in 16 hours 03 minutes;
09. Pluto - turnover for 6.38 days.
The speed of rotation of the planets is entirely due to only one factor - the speed of heating its surface layers.
As mentioned earlier, the mechanism of rotation of the planets is explained by the appearance of the repulsion field in the region of the planet, at the moment to the sun. The forming field of repulsion of the planet meets the resistance from the Sun repulsion field and makes this area away from the sun. At the same time, colder areas of the same hemisphere are striving for the Sun. Both of these factors, combined, make the planet turn around their axis.
In each of the two hemispheres of the planet, there exists a parallel, which is the border between the anti-expenditory areas, where there is no disappearing the repulsion field, and the supremor regions, where there is no such field, and there is only an attraction field. It is on this border parallel that the repulsion field occurs only in the area that is currently addressed to the Sun. When this area turns away from the sun, the repulsion field gradually decreases and then disappears, in order to appear again when this area turns back to the Sun.
So, it is precisely the rate of occurrence of a non-permanent point of repulsion on the border parallel determines the speed of rotation of the planet.
And now let's find out from which factors the appearance of the repulsion field on the border parallel depends. These factors just will determine the magnitude of the speed of rotation of the planet.
First factor affecting the speed of rotation of the planets - the distance from the planet to the sun. The distance is not important in itself. The distance of the distance to the Sun informs us about the amount of solar particles with repulsion fields reaching the planet. The smaller the distance to the Sun, the more solar particles with the pushing fields reaches the planet, the more the surface layers are heated and the faster the planet rotates. Conversely, the larger the distance, the less particles reaches the planet, and the less the heating speed of the surface layers.
Second factor - This is the degree of heating the substance of the region of both border parallels of the planet separating areas, where there is an non-disappearing field of repulsion from the areas where there is no such field. There are two borderless parallels for any planet. The substance whose degree of warming is interested in us, this is the whole fatty substance that is located under this parallel, up to the center of the planet. The degree of heating agent means the amount of solar particles with the repulsion fields accumulated by the chemical elements of this substance. That is, the more solar particles with the repulsion fields accumulated the substance of the planet in the parallel data area, the faster the planet will occur with the planet not constant field of repulsion, and the faster the planet will rotate. The greater the substance of the revenue of the planet, the less its field of attraction. So, elementary particles from the Sun who have reached the planets, and accumulated by chemical elements of the surface layers (atmosphere), will slowly move downwards, in the direction of the center of the planet. Consequently, the required repulsion field will be formed by these particles faster.
Third factor - The composition of the atmosphere of the planets and its thickness (if the planet is present at all). The more rarefied (less dense) gases form the atmosphere of the planet, the easier it is such an atmosphere to start producing an repulsion field - that is, to start emitting the ether. This is explained by the fact that the smaller the density of the gas, the faster when accumulating the chemical elements of this gas particles with the repulsion fields, these elements are formed by the repulsion field. Speaking by the language of modern physics, less dense gases are easier to heat. But more dense gases are harder to heat. This means that for the emergence of these gases of the elements, the repulsion field, they must accumulate (absorb) more particles with repulsion fields.
As you know, the most rarefied gases are part of the atmospheres of planets-giants. Such gases as helium and hydrogen are very easy to heat, and they quickly begin to emit ether - that is, they quickly occur the repulsion field.
Now, if you summarize the three indicated factors and analyze their influence in relation to the specific planets of the solar system, it will be approximately the following.
As you know, the planets-giants rotate faster than all: Jupiter - turnover in 9 o'clock 55 minutes, Saturn - in 10 hours and 40 minutes, Uranus - in 17 hours 14 minutes, Neptune - in 16 hours 03 minutes. Faster everything you can see, Jupiter and Saturn are rotating. But at the same time, the distance factor is not on their side. Four planets are located towards the Sun closer than Jupiter, and five planets are closer than Saturn. The distance to the Sun has the rest of the planets-giants even more. Nevertheless, even the most distant from the planets-giants - Neptune - rotates faster than any of the planets of the earth group. What is the case? And it's all in the joint influence of two other factors - the degree of warming the planet and the measures of the affairs of its atmosphere.
The farther from the Sun there is a planet, the more hesitant the substance in the field of its border parallels. And the planets are giants who will take the sun on the planets of the earthly group, just formed from the solar substance earlier, and therefore longer experience the warming effects of sunlight.
Well, of course, the atmosphere of planets-giants contains a larger percentage of such sparse gases as helium and hydrogen, which also contributes to greater speed of their warm-up, and hence greater speed of rotation.
As for the speed of rotation of such planets of the earth group as land and Mars, it is less than that of planets-giants, but much more than Mercury and Venus. The Earth makes a turn around his axis in 24 hours, Mars - 24 hours 37 minutes. Earth and Mars rotate quite quickly thanks to the greater heating of the substance than in Mercury and Venus, as well as thanks to a fairly high degree of affairs of their atmospheres.
Mercury's rotation speed is so small - one turnover for 58 terrestrial days - due to the fact that Mercury's substance is very weak (less than that of all the other planets), and also because Mercury has almost no atmosphere.
Now relative to Venus. Its speed is 1 turnover in 243 days. So, the speed of rotation of Venus would be much more, it is rotating in the straight, and not the opposite direction. This means that with the direct rotation of Venus would rotate much faster than Mercury. After all, Venus is stronger than Mercury, and also has a well-pronounced atmosphere (albeit dense), while Mercury atmosphere can say no.
It should also be said about the fact that the speed of rotation of uranium would be much more if he also rotated in the forward direction, and not reverse. At present, Uranus rotates slower than the more distant Neptune.
So, the slowdown of rotation of Venus and Uranus should be explained so.
And now, in fact, about why Venus and Uranus rotate slower than they could, whether their rotation is direct, and not reverse.
To do this, we should remember that in the mechanism of rotation of the planets, two factors play an equally important role. First, this appearance in the warmed area of \u200b\u200bthe repulsion field planets, which causes this area to strive to move away from the Sun. And, secondly, the desire of the planets cooled on the night side approach the Sun.
The field of attraction of the sun is an ether stream moving counterclockwise, in the direction of poles and the supremor regions of the Sun (yes, the sun also has a pole). So, then the hemisphere of the planet, that side, which turns out to be in this ethereal stream closer to its source (i.e., the sun absorbing ester), will experience more attraction from the magnetic poles of the Sun, as the attraction force, as is known, decreases with distance. These are the most hemispheres, the next to the source of the sun attraction in the planets with direct rotation turns out eastern hemisphere (moving from the night side to daytime), and the planets with reverse rotation is western hemisphere (moving on the day side for night).
Accordingly, the second hemisphere of the planet, more remote from the source of the sun attraction field, will experience a much less attraction to the Sun, since the force of attraction is reduced. For planets with direct rotation, this is a more remote hemisphere - West. But for the planets with reverse rotation is the eastern hemisphere.
It is on the eastern hemisphere of the planet has a field of attraction. Moreover, its magnitude is the highest compared to other areas of the planet, since it was this area that was on the night side and the most cooled. It is the eastern hemisphere due to its greatest aspiration for the sun, makes the planet turn.
In turn, the Western hemisphere is characterized by a repulsion field, gradually turning into the field of attraction (due to gradual cooling). Western hemisphere also strives to get closer to the sun, but in a much lower.
And here please note. The planets with direct rotation, on the Western Hemisphere, the area where the repulsion field disappears and the field of attraction appears instead, it turns out to be so unscrew from the sun and separated from the source of its field of attraction, which for this area the shortest path to the source of the sun attraction is the movement counterclockwise (i.e., continuation of an existing movement). The planet does not seek to turn back clockwise.
But the planets with reverse rotation, the Western hemisphere turns out to be the closest to the source of the sun attraction. As a result, the Western Hemisphere region, where the repulsion field due to the cooling of the planet disappears and replaced by the field of attraction, is experiencing a significant strength of attraction to the Sun. So it turns out that the eastern hemisphere near the planets with reverse rotation is from the source of the sun attraction field further, which reduces his aspiration to the sun. And, moreover, seeks to the Sun and the Western hemisphere. As a result, this desire to the Sun of the Western Hemisphere slows down the rotation of the planet, as it prevents the desire for the Sun from the side of the Eastern Hemisphere.
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