The feudal possession of the Knight of the 9th century continue the story. Questions and tasks to section II

Relations between individual representatives of the class of feudalists in Western European countries were based on the principle of the so-called feudal hierarchy ("stairs"). At her top there was a king, who was considered the Supreme Senior of all the feudalists, their suzeraine - the head of the feudal hierarchy. Below, he was stood the largest secular and spiritual feudals, who kept their lands - often large areas - directly from the king. It was titled to know: the dukes, as well as the highest representatives of the clearing, graphs, archbishops, bishops and the abbreet of the largest monasteries that kept the lands from the king. Formally, they obeyed the king as his vassals, but were actually almost independent of him: they had the right to lead wars, minor coins, sometimes exercise the highest jurisdiction in their possessions. Their vassals are usually also very large landowners, who often worn the name of the barons, were the rank below, but they also enjoyed certain political power in their possessions. Below the barons were smaller faeodals - knights - the lowest representatives of the dominant class, which were not always vassals. In the IX early XI century. The term "knight" (Miles) indicated the warrior who had been having a vassal, usually equestrian military service to his senor (German - Ritter, from which the Russian "knight" occurs). Later, in the XI-XII century, as the feudal structure and consolidation of the feudal classes are strengthened, it acquires a broader meaning, becomes, on the one hand, synonymous with the knowledge, "nobility" in relation to commoners, on the other - the service to the military Class, unlike spiritual feudal. In submission of the knights, only the peasants were usually the holders who did not enter the feudal hierarchy. Each feudal feudal was the senory to the lower feudalue, if he kept the land from him, and the vassal of a higher feudal, whose holder he himself was.
Feedals that stood on the lower steps of the feudal staircase, as a rule, did not obey the feudalists, whose vassals were their immediate seniors. In all countries of Western Europe (except England), the relationship inside the feudal hierarchy was regulated by the rules "Vassal of My Vassal - not my vassal".

Among the church feudal feudalists, there was also their own hierarchy in the rank of their positions (from Pope to the parish priests). Many of them could simultaneously be vassals of secular feudalists in their land possessions, and vice versa.
The basis and provision of vassal relations was the feudal land ownership - feud, or in German Len, which Vassal kept from his senir (see ch. 4). As a specific military holding, the feud was considered a privileged, "noble" possession, which could only be in the hands of representatives of the dominant class. The owner of the feud was considered not only his immediate holder - Vassal, but also a senor, from which Vassal kept the land, and a number of other superior hierarchical stairs. The hierarchy inside the class of the feudal was determined, thus, the conditional and hierarchical structure of feudal land ownership. But it was drawn up in the form of personal contractual relations of patronage and loyalty between the Senor and Vassal. The transfer of the feud of Vassalu - the input to possession - was called the investment. The investment act was accompanied by a solemn ceremony of entry into the vassal dependence - the attachment of ommage (hommage - from the French word 1'homme - a man), - during which the feudal, who joins the vassal dependence on the other feudal, publicly recognized himself with his "man." At the same time, he brought an oath of loyalty to Senor. In the French, she was called "Fua" (in French FOI - loyalty).

In addition to the main responsibility, the military service (usually 40 days during the year) was in favor of Sengor (usually 40 days during the year), Vassal had never to take him to the detriment and at the request of the senory to protect his possession, to participate in his judicial currics and in certain cases defined by feudal custom, to provide him with monetary help: on the adoption of the knightly rank with his eldest son, when issuing his daughters, when redeeming from captivity. Señor, in turn, was obliged to defend Vassal in the event of an attack of enemies and assist him in other difficulties - to be a guardian of his young heirs, a defender of his widow and daughters.
Due to the confusion of vassal relations and frequent non-compliance with vassal obligation, conflicts on this soil were in the IX-XI centuries. ordinary phenomenon. The war was considered a lawful way of solving all disputes between feudalities. However, from the first half of the XI century. The church, although not always successfully, tried to weaken military conflicts, promoting the idea of \u200b\u200b"God's World" as an alternative to the war. From the internecine wars, the peasants were most suffering most of all, the fields of which were pulled out, the villages were burned and devastated at each other collision of their senory with its numerous enemies.
The hierarchical organization, despite the frequent conflicts within the dominant class, tied and united all its members into a preferred layer.
In the conditions of political fragmentation of the IX-XI centuries. And the lack of a strong central state office apparatus only the feudal hierarchy could provide individual feudalities the possibility of enhanced exploitation of the peasantry and the suppression of peasant performances. In the face of the last feudal, the feudals were invariably acted unanimously, forgetting his distribution.

Life and morals of the feudal.

The main occupation of the feudalists, especially during this early period, was the war and the robbery accompanying her. Favorite their entertainment were hunting, horseback contests, tournaments.
In the X-XI centuries. Europe was covered with locks. The castle is the usual dwelling of the feudal - at the same time he was a fortress, his refuge and from external enemies, and from the feudal-feudalists, and from the rebel peasants. He was the center of the political, judicial, administrative and military power of feudal, allowing him to dominate the nearby district and keep in submission all its population. Castles were usually built on a hill or on the high bank of the river, from where the surroundings were well overlooked and where it was easier to defend themselves from the enemy.

Until the end of the X in. The castles were most often a two-story wooden tower, in the upper floor which there was a feudal, and in Nizhny - squad and servants. Here, or in the extensions there were warehouses of weapons, a provisionant, space for livestock, etc.
The castle was surrounded by a shaft and moat filled with water. A lifting bridge was transferred through ditch. Approximately from the beginning of the XI century. Feudals began to build a stone locks, surrounded by usually two or even three high walls with braces and towers in the corners. The center of the high-rise tower is still towers in the center - "Donta". The dungeons of such towers often served as a prison, where captives were languished in chains, recalcitable vassals and knocked out in any peasants. Usually the castle passed the enemy only as a result of a multi-month siege. Small feudalists who did not have means for the construction of such powerful structures, tried to strengthen their homes with strong walls and watchdogs.
The main type of troops in Europe X - XI centuries. It becomes a heavy cavalry. Each feudal was obliged to be His Senor Horse Military Service. The main weapon of the knight at the time was a sword with a cruciform handle and a long heavy spear. He also enjoyed a closet and combat top-rum (secury); To protect against the enemy, mail and shield were served, a helmet with a metal lattice plastic - by pick. Later, in the XII-XIII centuries, knightly lats appeared.

Having held all their lives in wars, violence and robbees, who despised the physical work of the feudals, especially secular, were ignorant, rude and cruel. Also, they appreciated physical strength, dexterity, courage in battle and generosity against their servants and vassals, in which they saw the manifestation of their power and inborn nobility, in contrast to despised or "screeds", in their opinion, men and citizens. The idealized code of "knight" behavior drawing a knight as a noble defender of weak and offended, developed in feudal Europe much later - in the XII-XIII centuries. But even then he corresponded little to the actual appearance of the feudal knight, remaining for most unattainable ideal. With a rude knight-barber of the early Middle Ages, this ideal, especially one no longer had anything in common.

the overall characteristics of the feudal structure of Europe is given in the article feudalism in the West

Feudal ownership, allood, feud, holding

The most noticeable feature of the feudal order. Forked to give him this name, the form of land tenure.

To IX century A normal type of ownership was an alod. Complete property, without any grant, with the unconditional right of alienation. But since the owners distributed their lands in the form of herds to peasants and in the form of faeds knights. There were three ways to hold: allod feud, use under the condition of noble service and holding (in the form of censorship, vilenza and servo), use subject to the payment of duties. Based on the usual law of the Middle Ages, these owners became hereditary, and three types of inheritance appeared. These forms of ownership can be connected, obeying one another: three different owners own the same land as censorship, feudomes and an allood, not counting the hereditary clerk, who also has immutable rights. In this sense of the expression "Allod", "Feed", "censor", inaccurate, should be said: possession of "in the form of an aloda", "in the form of a feud", "in the form of censorship."

Homage. Medieval miniature

But the position of the owner, in the end, attached to his site, so that all the land received a constant quality that goes to any new owner. Now these lands are called already censorship, vilenzes, feuds, allods. And since only nobleman can own feudomes, they began to distinguish the noble and naughty lands. Nearby Earth is the holding of the peasants of the noble earth - this is a spare part (indominicata), operated by the noble owner of the feud or allody. The nobleman, acquiring censorship, can no longer turn her into the noble land the peasant, who owns the feud (when the usual right allows him to him), no longer deprives him of the quality of the noble earth.

Allod may be addressed by the owner in the feud feud can not be made by an alod. Therefore, allods are ever less often. Finally, in the XIII century. Especially in the north of France, they become so rare that they look at the Allod as an exceptional and implausible type of ownership. It is sometimes called Franc Alleu (free allod), and they say that he does not know anyone and depends only on God, but in its existence they believe only when they are formal evidence, because everyone is confident that every land is either a feud, or Holding: "NULLE TERRE SANS SEIGNEUR" (no land without a senory).

British lawyers say that there is only one owner - the king.

In the south of France, there are much more alodes. When in 1273, the English king was a census of Hyena Duchy, many nobles stated that they were not obeyless to anyone, or even that they were not obliged to answer the questions of the Duke.

The right of feudal inheritance

The land is transmitted over two opposite inheritance systems. According to the ancient system, common to Roman law and German customs. Property is divided equally between children without sex differences. This rule continues to be applied to the feudal era to allements, both noble and non-invalid, and applies to all the non-heaven lands (burdened by the insights that heir - whoever he was, - can carry) differ only - when there are no children - The hereditary land, she, as the property of the surname, should return to the line, which is happening, and the acquired, the owner can dispose of his arbitrariness. Such is the usual right.

On the contrary, in the inheritance of the feuding the right of heirs is contrary to the right senory. According to the strict logic, the feud must be indivisible and is in possession of the heir who is capable of service: it passes entirely to the eldest and always to a man the right of seniority and exclusion of women - distinctive features of feudal law. But the principle is more or less, depending on which country, - retreated before universal custom: younger were allowed to share feudal inheritance with the elders (this is called Parage), daughter - to inheritance in the absence of sons. Only the elder received a larger part and the men had an advantage over women-heirs the same degree with him.

During all middle ages, there are examples of the underworkers' feuds, and it has not even been proven that the feud was not originally a non-unwanted holding. It is about the most common form.

In addition, there are still many other secondary feudal rights when (as it usually happens) there are several degrees of vassals.

An extremely inaccurate language of the Middle Ages is sometimes used by the concept of allod to feuds, when it wants to designate that they are hereditary or what is subject to insignificant mantles.

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Chapter 5.

Inheritance status transmission

Dedication to the knights is an act of gratuitous, both for the dedication and for the dedication. In principle, it depends on the presence of material conditions: weapons involving considerable well-being of the dedicated or huge generosity of "godfall", and moral: honor and dignity, but does not depend on the origin.

Obviously, in the French knighthood a solemn handing of weapons, unlike a similar rite among the Germans, about which Tacitus tells, did not mean the transition from one age group to another, from the young men in the warriors for the dedication to this achievement, for a dedication - a choice, and at all It is not necessary that family or related bonds exist between the first and second.

However, it can be said that the knighthood, which we know him and try to give him a definition, perhaps only within the framework of feudalism, which entails the transfer of the land to Sissenen Vassalu or the proposal of the Earth by Vassal Sisseru for the Supreme Department, which makes him a faithful person. This action entails the duties : From the part of a more powerful to provide patronage, and from the outside less powerful - to assist. A complex system of interconnection of the Earth attracted the emergence of a system of interconnection of people, replaced by the overall antiquity subordination to the state-sovereign state.

Now that we figured out it, the difference between feudalism and chivalry is striking. On the one hand, the concept of knighthood does not entail either the transfer of the feud or allod, nor the appearance of personal dependence between the accepted and "criss". It is impossible to be "whose knights", "Knight of someone", but the need to recruit the equestrian army, especially in the conditions of the rapid onset of Arabs in the VIII century, significantly contributed to the creation and development of chivalry.

Another important difference lies in the absence of blood bonds between the dedicated and dedication and, as a result, in the absence of claims dedicating to a dedicated commitment to its kind.

Consequently, in principle, but only in principle - it is not necessary to have noble origin, that is, to be selected, belong to the feudal and land aristocracy. It is enough to be a freebious or freedness, since the serv was attached to the Earth, and the mobility is the most important characteristic of the knightly class, hence such a numerous and restless class of the wandering knights, which we will talk about.

In principle, the problem of race and nationality does not occur either, but if, with the exception of the King of Balthazar and Black Devs, we do not hear anything about knights-blacks, then Saracins or Arabs from the knightly class are not excluded. National origin does not interfere at all, it is enough for them to move into the Christian faith - this is the main thing. Therefore, there are no knights of the Jews, the Turks, Tatars, Finns, not to mention the Chinese and the Japanese, about which medieval Europe knew little, with the exception of Marco Polo's stories. As for the Greeks, their heroes, Achilles or Ajax from Homer's poems, Caesar or Alexander from history, in the medieval manner of the form, appeared perfect knights before this concept appears. They depict novelists and miniaturists.

And now consider careful facts in their historical development. "Created in 1119 to protect possessions in the Holy Land Order of the Temple united two groups of soldiers who blocked on costumes, arms and blood: at the top of the" knights "at the bottom - simple" sergeants "- white raincoats against brown." The oldest charter, 1136, does not mention that this difference is caused by the difference in origin, but the second charter, 1250, speaks directly about it.

To put on a white cloak, the applicant before joining the Order should be devoted to the knights, and in addition, he must be the "son of a knight or originate from the knights on the father's line" in one word, to be nobleman. Only on this condition a person must and can be dedicated to the Knight's title. Hospitallers have a similar rule.

Here is the predominance of caste spirit over the spirit of democratic. Then the striking equality that the church adheres to and which allows anyone - a gray or freedom, commoner or villain - to achieve any height, even the Episcopian department and the papal throne, is not respected here. The knighthood could become a personnel reserve of the nobility, introducing a stream of fresh blood into it, absorbing the best, most brave and most virtuous, despite their origin. But it was very little tolerant from this tendency, despite the traditions of the church, dominated by the knighthood.

Since 1140, King Roger II Sicilian, and from 1294. Since 1294, Count Karl II Provensky demands to devote only the descendants of the knights into Knights.

The lawyers of the court of Louis Holy and Actually, the right are expressed in the same way: "With the exception of the special grace of the king, no initiation in the knights will be valid if the father of the dedicated or his grandfather was not knitters."

Some customs of champags allowed the transfer of knightly dignity on the maternal line.

Be that as it may, this requirement changes the nature of the chivalry institution itself, which you can only regret. But immediately declare the existence of numerous exceptions allowed by custom or purchased for money.

Philippe de Bomanaur, lawyer of the XIII century, in his "Kutumes Bovzi" number 1100 speaks of the legal act for which four witnesses of the knight. But only three ways can be found. Then they invent the trick to get the fourth: they meet the commoner, "a wealthy person who goes on their affairs, and dedicate him to the knights, give him a tear and declare:" Be a knight! "

Obviously, such an act of dedication was canceled, but not because of some small formalities, but due to fraud dedicates.

So the "beddown" can become a knight. "Lord! How badly comes a warrior who makes the son of Villan Knight! " - At about 1160 exclaims the author of "Girard de Roussillon", but his indignation itself indicates the possibility of such actions.

In 1302, in the battle of Kurtra, Flemish princes (and Flanders had been a vassal possession of the French crown) gave a mischief of several bourgeois, rich enough to acquire a horse and the necessary weapons.

Prince du Puy (Character "Leaf Games" Adam Gorbun, called Gallic) in Arras, about 1276, gives himself a knight and participates in tournaments that sometimes puts it in a funny position. The imitation of the bourgeoisie nobility is caused by the thirst along with wealth to get and honors. We are familiar well. That is exactly this way and the number of the ruling class has increased. The servants of Seenors and lawyers who replenished the nobility, at first, were also not hereditary estates.

So, initially, "every knight has the right to dedicate to the knights," but the dedicated to anything did not have to devote him, except for gratitude, and does not bear any obligations, except for the observance of the moral norms of the Order.

It is surprising that in civilization, hierarchized from the basement to Vassalu, from Vassal to Susser, there is a completely lack of gradation in titles, age and rank. While professional corporations (who at that time no one calls this) know the degrees of the student, apprentices and master, the squire once becomes a full knight, who is obliged by the eldest only respect for their age as a knight he generally feels equal to the king.

All this leads us very far from only the German initiation, but also from the gross morals of the XI century, the reflection of which is literature.

But the knighthood easily generates the brotherhood in arms - this very strong connection, which I myself felt in the war of 1914, its excellent examples are Olivier and Roland in the literature, tancred and boam in the first crusade. This feeling is excellent in the following words (Roll. Poems 1734-1735):

Today, our friendship will end: before the evening we both die.

Sometimes "Song of Roland" emphasizes the connection of friends-associate familiarity of names, as if predetermining it: AMIS and AMIL, Basil and his brother Bazan (Rol. 326), Ivory and Ivon (Rol. 1895), Gerier and Herern (Rol. 794) . This is an epic pair of warriors.

§ 12. In the knightly castle

Why and under what conditions the Frankish Mayor-House of Karl Martell distributed the earth to his warriors?

What relationship was associated by Señora and Vassal? one.

Castle feudal. From the VIII century, first to protect against the attacks of Normans and Hungarians, castles were built in Europe. Gradually, each lord tried to build a castle, depending on the possibilities - a huge or modest one. The castle is the dwelling of feudal and its fortress.

Knight's army on a privala.

First, the locks were built of wood, later - from stone. Powerful walls with gear towers served as reliable protection. The castle was often erected on a hill or a high rock, surrounded with a wide moat with water. Sometimes it was built on the island in the middle of the river or lake. Through the ditch or duoka, the lifting bridge, overnight and during the attack, the enemy was raised on the chains. The surroundings took the guard and, noticing in the distance of the enemy, the alarm of the alarm. Then the warriors were in a hurry to take their places on the walls and in the towers.

The armament and armor of the knights in the figure differ from the depicted on with. 96-97?

To penetrate the castle, I had to overcome many obstacles. The enemies were supposed to fall asleep, overcome the hill in the open space, approach the walls, climb them along the assault stairs or break the taran with oak, came the gate gland.

Castle in Edinburgh - the ancient capital of the gate with the lifting mos

What ways of medieval builders did castles in impregnable?

On the heads of the enemies threw stones and brices, lily boiling water and a hot resin, the spears were methali in them, shoved them with arrows. Often the attackers had to storm the second, even a higher wall.

The main tower in which the feudal siege could withstand the long siege could stand over all the buildings, if other fortifications were already captured. In the basement, the well was done and the stocks of the products were kept.

The only rail door was located high above the ground. If you managed to break it, then I had to fight for every floor. With the help of the withdrawal stairs, it was necessary to break through the hatches, which were closed with heavy stone slabs. In the case of the tip of the tower in the thickness of the wall, the owner of the castle was made along with her family and the warriors could go down to the saving

underground move, which took the river or forest.

Knight XI-XIII centuries. 2.

Knight's gear. Military affair has become an occupation of almost exclusive feudals of different rank. The knight was armed with a big sword and a long spear often he also used a combat ax and a closet - heavy bubble with a thickened end. The knight could cover the big shield to the legs. The body of the knight defended the chain mail - a shirt woven from the iron rings (sometimes in 2-3 layers) and reaching the knees. Later, the Kolchuga changed the lats - armor of steel plates. On the head, the knight was put on his helmet, and at the moment the danger dropped on the face took - a metal plate with eye slits. Knights fought on strong, trained horses, which were also protected by armor. The knight was accompanied by a squire and several armed warriors, horse and hiking. 3.

Education knight. Feudals were preparing for military service since childhood. They constantly practiced in fencing, horseback riding, wrestling, swimming and throwing a spear, studied acceptances and battle tactics.

In childhood, teachers who trained their singing, dancing, the ability to dress, behavior in society, were invited to the future knights, but not always reading, writing, arithmetic.

Often, from seven years, the boy - the son of the knight - left the father's castle and served as a pack of the court of a noble feudal. He performed various orders of Señora and his family members. At 15, the young man became a squint of the knight. In the castle, he looked after hunters and hunting dogs, met guests, in campaign

armor of the knight, and during the battle was behind him, so that at any time to apply a spare weapon. Only after a long service or military fellowships were dedicated to the knights. During the holiday, the warrior was kneeling in front of the most significant of the guests, and he hit his palm or sword Plafhmy on the back either on the shoulder - the only blow in his life, which the knight could receive without answering him. Then the knight put on the spurs and washing his sword. The ceremony ends by showing the knight's agility: Jumping on the horse, he tried to pierce the target with a spear. But often the dedication in the knights took place on the battlefield, for the manifested valor and loyalty.

Bringing the vassal of the oath of loyalty to Senor.

Miniature XIV century four.

Entertainment knights. The Lords were rarely engaged in economic affairs themselves.

Knight Tournament. Medieval miniature

Describe the episode captured in the figure, on behalf of one of the characters depicted (participant in the battle, ladies, men observers).

4 - E. V. Agibalova for this in each estate they kept managers. The main time of the Lord was given to wars and military exercises, hunting and femors. Favorite rod entertainment - hunting and tournaments - were associated with military affairs.

During the hunt, it was possible to show a courage and dexterity: the fight against a furious wild boar or a bear was as dangerous as with the enemy warrior, and the pursuit of deer coached in horseback riding in the rough terrain.

Tournaments - Military knights in force and dexterity - organized kings and noble feudals. There were many viewers, sometimes from several countries. five.

"Shame and convince me terrible - not the end." Noble knights were considered people noble, proud of antiquity of their birth and famous ancestors. The knight had his emblem - a distinctive sign

Notable gentlemen, judges and ladies were squeezed in the stands, and simple people were crowded behind the wooden barrier around the arena. Special Heralds - Geroldov - announced the names and motto of the knights who joined the battle. Participants of the tournament dressed in battle armor, drove into opposite ends of the arena. By the sign of the judge, they rushed at the horses towards each other. Dumb tournament spear knight tried to knock the opponent from the saddle. Sometimes the competition ended up serious injuries and even the death of participants. The winner received a horse and armor of a defeated opponent as a reward. Occasionally played the battle of two knightly detachments, which were lined up with chains against each other.

Typically, the tournament was completed by the peak. And the solemn feasts on the occasion of holidays, victories, coronations, weddings and other important events were often involved not only for feast and dancing, but also tournament competitions, and often dedication to the knights. In the evenings, the inhabitants of the castle and the guests were collected in a common room, where a huge focus was burning - the fireplace played bones, checkers and chess, saw wine and beer, solved their family affairs.

On the feasts, the river was poured, the tables were leaving under the severity of snacks. The animal carcasses were fried in the foci of the whole, on the huge spit. Ladies and gentlemen danced everyone had fun jesters and dwarfs, invited artists and, of course, court poets. And the motto is a brief saying that usually explained the meaning of the coat of arms.

The knight is dancing with beautiful ladies. Medieval miniature

The knight was supposed to despise herds, thrift, to show generosity.

The incomes received from the peasants and military prey most often spent on gifts, feasts and treat friends, hunting, expensive clothes, on the maintenance of servants and warriors.

Another important quality of the knight was considered loyalty to Senor: to serve him - the main responsibility. Treason imposed a stigma of the storm for the entire genus of the traitor. "Who changes to his senir, he must be brought to right," - it is said in one of the poems. In the legends about the knights, courage, delete, contempt for death, nobility.

In this developed code (laws) of the Knight's credit, other special rules were included: perform feats, deal with

From the writings of Robert de Blois "Good tone for ladies"

Notable medieval women were pleasant educated interlocutors, they knew how to play chess with a cavalier. They had special rules of conduct.

"A lady who does not get out of place and hides a face when Senor welcomes it, it is considered badly brought up, because they may think that her teeth hurt. If the lady rides riding, then let him wear a veil. If it happens to laugh, it should be gracefully covered with your mouth with hand. If you have a good voice, please, but not too long, because it often tires. If the lady turns out to be in a situation where they speak with it in a low-tech manner, then the best way out is to be silent, while maintaining your good name.

Watch yourself at the table, it is very important. Laugh a little, say moderately. If you eat with someone from one plate, leave the best pieces to him. Do not pull in the mouth of pieces or too hot, nor too big. Each time you drink, wipe your lips, but beware of closer to the napkin to the eyes or nose or stack your fingers. Let your hands be clean, nails are well trimmed and light. There is no beauty that could make forget about tiders. " T.

i 1. What, judging by these instructions, was to be the perfect noble lady - the mistress of the medieval castle? 2. What do you think, can these instructions be useful and these days?

the enemies of the Christian faith, protect the honor of the ladies, as well as weak and offended, especially widows and orphans, to be fair and gallant.

But these rules of the Knight's honor were usually used in relations between the gentlemen. All those who were considered ungoligated, knights despised, behaved with them arrogantly and cruelly. However, in relations between noble people, the rules of the Knight's honor were not always respected.

1. Using text and illustrations, describe the knight's equipment, castle and its siege. 2. Explain why the military business was in the Middle Ages the main occupation of the feudalists. 3. How were they brought up and what did the future knight taught? 4. What qualities are especially appreciated among the feudalists? What was the understanding of the Knight's honor? 5. As far as the image of the "ideal knight" corresponded to the real appearance and the behavior of the Lord?

P7 | 1. A knightly feud was fully transmitted to the inheritance of the eldest son Feeo-? J Dala. Why wasn't it divided between all the sons? 2. What was the power, and what is the weakness of the knight as a warrior on the battlefield? 3. As characterized by noble feudal motories: "It is better to die, than to disgrace", "My God and My right", "Glory - award for courage", "I am not a king and not prince, I am Count de Kushi"? 4. Suppose why images of animals on knight's arms are always turned on the right side (it was called heraldic). 5. Discuss in the class, what behavior we now call Knight. Are modern young people and men follow such norms of the Knight's Code, as defense of weak, respect for a woman, halanery? 6. Why did the church forbade Knight's tournaments? Argument your answer. 7. Make a story "Festive Day of Feudal", including a description of the castle, a tournament (or hunting), a pyr in the castle.

by the middle of the XI century, feudal system was established in Europe

the peasants were in the gramale or personal dependence on the senor and carried in his favor.

the peasants were combined into a community for joint cases and mutual assistance

in feudal estates, natural economy dominated

the center of the estate was the fortified castle of feudal

knights from childhood were preparing for military service, had severe weapons and armor the knight worked out their code of honor, was distinguished by a special way of life and culture.

Questions and tasks for chapter IV 1.

What role did chivalry play in the medieval society? 2. What connected among themselves the peasants and their owners - feudalists? 3. What determined the community in the life of the peasants? 4. What was caused by the domination of the natural economy in the Middle Ages? 5. Complete the phrase. The warrior, who received a feud away from anyone, was considered His: a) Senor b) Knights c) Vassal d) feudal. 6.

What is a natural economy (choose the right answer): a) the farm in which only natural raw materials and materials used for the production of goods are used in which all major products and things are manufactured not for sale, but for their own consumption in) the economy, which products and things are produced for sale in the market

d) the farm in which people are assigned in the finished form what nature gives?

Creative works and projects

Group creative project "Medieval Village". Draw the area plan and apply objects to it so that the plan of the medieval village is. Think out how you place them relative to each other and natural objects: forests, meadows suitable for pasture, rivers (for example, where you put the mill, forge). Give your village name. Tick \u200b\u200bthe objects that were in the overall use of all the peasants of the village, and the other are those who belonged to a separate peasant family. Determine the time of year to write about. Make a routine of one day for an imaginary peasant family. Think over what the head of the family will do, what the children and the hostess will be engaged.

Collective information project "Knight's Castle". Separate in the class for four groups. Topics for study: "Castle Construction", "Defense of the Castle", "Attack on the Castle", "Life in the Castle". With the help of additional, reference books and Internet resources, each group should raise information on its topic. Systematize information, write a plan of your speech, prepare illustrations and (if possible) a lock model, siege guns. Spend in the classroom lesson-presentation "Knight's Castle". Ii / t "T." M "m

10. The device of the feudal society of the early Middle Ages

The European feudal society was divided into three estates. In the first place was those who pray - monks and clergy.

The feudal society over the centuries remained poor in material and technical relationship, relying mainly on the physical strength of people engaged in the production of agricultural and craft products. The people lived the injignment. But not believing with the costs of funds, forces and time, residents of Europe were erected by grand cathedrals and countless churches, gave the clergy with tenth - the tenth share of the harvest and other income. Wanting to save your souls, rich and poor owners gave their land ownership to church institutions and monasteries. The church was not only a huge political and economic force, but at the same time the spiritual power. Naturally, spiritual persons occupied most of government posts and actively influenced the policies of secular states.

The church had a strict hierarchical structure. Her chapter was the Roman dad, the cardinals were standing at the second step - the nearest pope helpers. Pope appointed bishops - managed by church districts (dioceses) and abbots of monasteries - abbates. The parish priests and monks occupied the lower step of the church hierarchy. The priests gave vows not to have personal property, families, refused worldly pleasures. They were released from paying taxes and obeyed only the church court. The rulers of European states needed support for the Pope, which was greatly influenced by believers, therefore Pope claimed not only to the spiritual power of the church, but also to power over all the monarchs of Europe. Dad possessed the real secular power, being the ruler of the papal region.

The second estimation of the medieval society was the feudals - warriors and landowners. Caused by the new wave invasion of the need for a heavy professional worm led to the emergence of chivalry. Knight - Connon, but he was not just a rider, but was an independent combat unit. The knight is dressed in the mail (in the future, forged lats were changed) His helmet was put on his head (over time, the Knight's face began to defend himself). In addition, he was covered with a shield in battle, on which his coat of arms was depicted. Knight's arms made up a sword and a long heavy spear. The combat armor did the knight almost invulnerable to strikes the enemy. Knight on a horse - a kind of little moving fortress. Armament and equipment was very expensive, there were a significant part of income received from the peasants who inhabited his feud. The knightly service could only carry a very secured feudal.

The son of the knight usually received one-sided and rather rude upbringing. From the small years he was taught to ride and own weapons leisurely he spent on the hunt. Reading, letter, arithmetic was not interested in noble adolescents, at one important exception. The fact is that the goal of the knight was to not allow the fragmentation of the knightly feud. It was transferred entirely to inheritance only to the eldest son, who received dedication to Knight's dignity. Younger brothers remained with any of them, and many of them had to bend into monks. And it was them, intended for spiritual title, often studied reading, letter and other "arts". The eldest son of the knight at the age of 7 left his native house and became a parag of a noble feudal. By the age of 15, he was already a squirrel knight. Only after a long service, especially distinguished themselves in the knights. Becoming the knight, the young man passed through the procedure of dedication: his señor hit him with a plastle sword on the shoulder, they exchanged a kiss that symbolized their mutual loyalty dedicated to the sign of knightly dignity - Spurs. Once and forever, the established rites accompanied all the important moments of the lives of the knights. These rituals and rituals, gestures and spokespring simultaneously with them and the oath made the relationship between people intense. The solemnity of these procedures contributed to the fact that they were forever remained in the memory of their participants and numerous witnesses. The knight had his coat of arms - a distinctive sign of the kind, and his motto is a brief saying that explained the meaning of the coat of arms. Knights were proud of their nobility, antiquity of the kind and victories in battle. Readiness for the feat, the fight against the enemies of the Christian faith, the faithfulness of the Word is the Code of Knight's honor. However, in fact, the knights often changed the rules, especially when communicating with those who were considered "non-financial", subaneren. The favorite students of the knights were hunting and tournaments - Military contests in agility and strength.

In order to reflect the numerous invasions from the outside, it was necessary to build the strengthening of a new type that neither the Romans nor the Germans did not know, the stone castles and fortresses with constant garrisons in them. The castle dominated the countryside. It was surrounded by water filled with water, and it was possible to penetrate into the fortress only on a protected suspended bridge. Over the steep walls of the castle, guard towers have risen. Often, there were two rows of walls in the castle - internal and external, so that even if the enemy mastered the outer wall, the owner of the castle could hide in internal strengthening. The Central Tower of the Castle - Donta - consisted of several floors, where there was a dwelling of feudal and service, a kitchen, a feast room and storage facilities, in which the reserves were kept in order to withstand a long siege. The dungeon was located in the basement - it contained prisoners and convicted feudal criminals. Inside the castle was a well from which water was taken. The castle could be an underground move through which you could get out.

The third and most numerous estate was the peasants. They provided all necessary clergy and feudalists. The peasants formed the foundation of the feudal hierarchy, being officially outside it. But the peasants were not vassals, but filed and with them did not concluded agreements on loyalty, as with noble. In order to avoid the worst - the looting of the economy by an armed and warlike neighbor, ordinary people had to look for protection from a powerful feudal feud or a monastery. The Lord of the Peasants appropriated ownership of their land, often including community - grazes for livestock, forests and wastelands. He demanded from them the execution of the Barchina on the Lord of the village of the village field (the so-called domain) and the payment of occurrences. The dependence of the peasant from feudal was expressed in the fact that he was submitted to him personally, a large landender judged him in his own local court, the peasant did not have the right to leave his master and without his permission or payment of duties to move to another locality (but in reality, many peasants simply ran away from their Lords in the areas where new sites were hoping from under the forest).

The urban population in the early Middle Ages was few. In the structure of a medieval society, the citizens, despite the fact that they were politically and economically active force, did not stand out in a separate estate.

Educational and thematic plan for the work of the research mug Western European knighthood as a variety of medieval society

The relevance of the methodological development of the research circle "Western European chivalry as an estate of a medieval society"

Problems of studying the position of the knightly class in the Western European society is one of the relevant in mediating. The knights stood out in society, were carriers of certain ideals and values \u200b\u200bthat served as guidelines for contemporaries.

The heyday of the knighthood in historiography is the timeXI-XIIIIV. However, the inkiv-early XVIIVEK Knights as the estate did not disappear, although their role in society is not great.

The relevant issue of medieval is the study of knighthood as a separate structure within the capacity of feudal. Moreover, the knighthood is not studied in this quality, the other side of the history of the knighthood is presented in the literature - ethics, lifestyle.

At school, familiarity with chivalry begins in primary classes in the lessons of the surrounding world and continues mainly in the lessons in the history of the middle ages in the 6th grade.

Fragment of thematic planning history of the middle ages in grade 6

Concepts and personalities

Feudal, knight, castle

Feudal hierarchy. Knowledge knight: social status, lifestyle

learn to independently analyze the conditions for achieving the goal on the basis of the actions dedicated by the teacher in the new educational material (the rights and obligations of the knightly estate)

When working in pairs on the textbook (the life of a medieval knight), students will learn to carry out mutual control and provide the necessary mutual assistance.

learn to disclose the meaning of concepts: Knight, castle. Represent a description of the external and internal lock device. Characterize the basic rules of the behavior of the knight: Code of Knight

after studying the topic, they will be able to come up with a story "In the knightly castle and illustrate it"

Crusades, heretic, inquisition.

Crosses: goals, participants, results. Spiritual and knight ordinary.

independently plan to work with educational material, when searching for answers to fill out the "Major Crusades" table, they control their results with the reference to the teacher.

learn to work in a group, the ability to formulate your own opinion and position, argue it and coordinate it with the positions of classmates

learn to characterize the situation and activities of the church in medieval Europe. Explain the causes and consequences of crusades. Show on the map direction of crusades. Compare the behavior of the Crusaders and Muslims during 4 crusades and explain the reasons for this.

it will be learned to express evaluation judgments about the essence and consequences of crusades for residents of Europe and the Muslim world.

Thus, the study of the knighthood as the estate is familiarized in nature, despite the fact that this topic has a large educational and research potential. The knightly ideal demonstrated, provided a model and norms of "noble" behavior and remained attractive for subsequent generations. The knighthood marked the beginning of secular ethics in the Western European world. French historians were engaged in a lot of recreation of knightly culture, as an element of the whole medieval culture.

The training activities of students are a means of implementing the requirements of the standard for personal and meta-reported results of the development of the main educational program, it specifies the methods of formation of universal educational actions of students in terms of improving the motivation and effectiveness of educational learning activities.

The program is aimed at developing the creative abilities of students, the formation of the foundations of the culture of research activities, system ideas and positive social experience in the application of methods and technologies of these activities, the development of the learning skills to independently determine the goals and results of their activities.
Methodological apparatus of research mug "Western European knighthood as a variety of medieval society"

The object of the study is the medieval Western European society.

The subject of the study is the knightly estate in the X-XIV centuries.

Chronological research framework

The chronological framework of the study is within the limits of X to XIV centuries. The lower boundary is taken by us as the time of the beginning of the formation of the Western European knighthood. Upper border-period of approval in the medieval society of moral and ethical values. These temporary boundaries are relative, since in this paper we considered the position of the estate in different countries.

The work is used - a historical and genetic method that allows you to identify the origins of the formation of a knightly behavior model during battles and fights, a historical and comparative method in the process of comparing individual historical facts and phenomena, to make certain conclusions of the historical system method, which allows you to identify a number of regularities when analyzing The presented material and achieve the objectives of the study.

The source base includes writing sources translated into Russian, which covered the position of the medieval knighthood. These include: "Jerusalem Chronicle about the Holy War" Albert Aachensky (XII century), "The history of the francs who took Jerusalem" Ramunda Agensky (XII century), "Acts of Franks and other Jerusalemsev" (XI century), "Book About the Knight's Order "Raymond Lully (XIIIV), MEMUARY JOFFRA WILLARDUEN" On the conquest of Constantinople "(XIIIV)," History "of Nikita Honiata (XIVV.), Freedrich II decrees (XIIV) and others.

Sources can be grouped as follows. One group is medieval chronicles (Albert Aachensky, Raimund Agensky, "Acts of Frankov"), telling about the participation of chivalry in crusades. The author of "Acts of Frankov" is an unknown Italian-Norman Knight. Raimund Agensky was the confessor of Graph Ramunda Toulouse and consisted of his retinue. All these chronicles are reliable and are important sources on the history of the crusader. The authors of the chronicles noticed the vital sides of what is happening.

The Jerusalem Chronicle of the Holy War of Albert Aachensky covers events from 1095 to 1121. Albert Aachensky was not a member of the first crusade. But, being a contemporary of the events described, he decided, according to his own words, "transfer the memory of the offspring" everything that he was told and explained eyewitnesses to the conquest of Jerusalem. The work of Albert Aachensky was written in vivid, thoroughly, according to the first impressions of the returned Crusaders, transmitting what they had seen and experienced. The historian is not trying to bother in his work knights, on the contrary, it shows their true behavior, their greed, the cruelty and the suffering they carried the peaceful population.

Another group of sources, also characterizes the period of crusades, but is dedicated to individual most important events. So MEMUARS JOFFRA WILLARDUEN "On the conquest of Constantinople" (XIII century), written in French, talk about events from 1198 P1207 and are an important source on the history of the crusader movement, valuable material on the preparation of knights to the cross campaigns, as well as those What is written by a secular face reflecting their impressions in memoirs. "Chronicle" of the Byzantine writer Nikita Honiata shows the behavior of the knights within the Byzantine Empire during the fourth crusade. Additional data on the participation of the Crusaders in the fourth crusade contains the "Chronicle" of Robert de Clari (beginning of the XIIV). The author was a knight-crusader, his notes are interesting and valuable as the judgment of the contemporary and knight.

A special group of sources is two works: Raymond Lully "Book about the Knight's Order" (XIII century) and Joffroa de Charnelie "Book about chivalry" (beginning of the 50s of the XIV century). They are used as sources in which the authors are theoretically justify the ideals of the knighthood. Lully's work is considered a classic source on the history of European knighthood.

The author offers the reader in an entertaining story about a noble squire (i.e., a young man who is not yet dedicated to the knights), who, making his way through the forest to the royal palace, where he (along with many others) and must pass the rite of initiation, loses the road and, having lost , detects a lonely hut elderly hermit. As it turns out, this hermit has been serving a knightly armor for many years, but subsequently retired in the forest, wanting to spend the rest of life in prayers and reflections. Having learned where and why a young traveler is directed, the hermit detects that he is surprisingly unreleased in terms of his future duties of the knight, and begins to read him different passages from a small book explaining the very concept of christmas. R. Lully challenged the knighthood as the most essential link in the social hierarchy.

In the composition of Joffwru de Charnelie "Book of chivalry" (the beginning of the 50s of the XIVV.) Little theoretical reasoning, but many practical advice and, mostly, young people who want to become knights. The author, leaning on his own experience, advises them to be fun and beautiful, beware of loneliness and drunkenness, not to be pie and wasteful, keep this word, bypassing the next public houses. In the composition of the challenium, a realistic picture of war and tournaments is presented.

Exposures from inaccessible medieval written monuments that are in the monographic works of researchers were used as sources.

Thus, in this paper, sources are presented with the XI century to the XIV century, which reflect different sides of the lives of the knights.

The purpose of circle occupations

The goal is to analyze the state and position of the knighthood in the Middle Ages Societyx-XIII centuries.
Tasks

A number of provisions and conclusions can be used in the preparation of lessons in a secondary school, as well as educational purposes when working with young people in historical associations.

The course is designed for the first half of the year (13 hours) in 6-7 grade. Classes are held once a week. The final lesson is carried out in the form of a round table, where the results are summed up.

Educational and thematic plan for the work of the research mug "Western European knighthood as an estate of a medieval society"

Name of sections

Feudalism is customary to call a social system that existed in Europe in the V - XVII centuries. In each country, he had his own characteristic features, but usually this phenomenon is considered by the example of France and Germany. The period of feudalism in Russia has a temporary framework other than European. Over the years, domestic historians have denied its existence, but they were wrong. In fact, feudal institutions did not work out except in Byzantium.

A little about the term

The concept of "feudalism" was introduced into use of European scientists on the eve of the Great French Revolution. Thus, the term appeared just then, when the European feudalism, essentially ended. The word is formed from the late Latinsky "feodum" ("feud"). This concept appears in official documents and denotes the conditional inherited land ownership, which Vassal receives from Mr. if he fulfills any obligations in relation to it (under the latter, the military service is most often meant).

Historians did not immediately manage to identify the overall features of this social system. Many important nuances were not taken into account. However, by the XXI century, due to system analysis, scientists were finally able to give an exhaustive definition of this complex phenomenon.

Characteristics of feudalism

The main value of the pre-industrial world is the Earth. But the owner of land land (feudal) agriculture was not engaged. He had another duty - service (or prayer). The earth processed the peasant. Although he had his home, cattle and tools, the earth did not belong to him. It was economically dependent on his Mr., which means that there are certain duties in his favor. Still, the peasant was not a slave. He possessed relative freedom, and to control them, the feudalway involved non-economic mechanisms forcing.

At the time of the Middle Ages, the estates were not equal. The land owner in the era of feudalism had much more rights than the holder of the Earth, i.e. the peasant. In his possessions, feudal was an unconditional sovereign. He could execute and kindly. Thus, the land ownership of this period was closely related to political opportunities (power).

Of course, economic dependence was mutual: in fact, the peasant fed feudal, which he himself did not work.

Feudal staircase

The structure of the dominant class in the era of feudalism can be defined as hierarchical. Feudals were not equal, but they all exploited the peasants. Relations between the owners of the Earth were built on interdependence. At the upper stage of the feudal staircase, there was a king who kicked the Earth to the Dukes and the graphs, and in return, he demanded loyalty from them. The dukes and graphs, in turn, endowed the land of the barons (Lords, Sirov, senorov), in relation to which were the gentlemen. Barons had power over knights, knights - over the squire. Thus, the feudal stations that staircase staircase served as the feudal of the steps above.

There was a saying: "Vassal of my Vassal is not my vassal." This meant that the knight, serving a baron, is not obliged to obey the king. Thus, the power of the king during the times of fragmentation was relative. The land owner in the era of feudalism is the lord itself. His political capabilities were determined by the size of the station.

Genesis of feudal relations (V - IX century)

The development of feudalism became possible due to the decline of Rome and the conquest of the Western Roman Empire (barbarians). The new public system arose on the basis of Roman traditions, Coluntia, a universal system of laws) and the characteristic features of the German tribes (the presence of ambitious leaders, warlikeness, inability to manage extensive countries).

At that time, the conquerors had a primitive purchase system: all the land of the tribe were in the jurisdiction of the community and were distributed between its members. Capturing the new land, the military leaders sought to own them alone and, moreover, pass them by inheritance. In addition, many peasants ruined, the villages were subjected to raids. Therefore, they were forced to look for a lord, because the land owner in the era of feudalism not only gave them the opportunity to work (including himself), but also defended from enemies. So there was a monopolization of the Earth by the highest estates. Peasants became dependent.

Flowing feudalism (X - XV century)

In the 9th century, every county, Signoria occurred, the estate turned into a kind of state. This phenomenon was called "feudal fragmentation."

At the specified period, Europeans begin to actively master new lands. Cash relations are developing, artisans are distinguished from the peasantry. Thanks to artisans and merchants, cities arise and grow. In many countries (for example, in Italy and Germany), peasants, previously dependent on suzerens, receive freedom - relative or complete. Many knights, going to the Crusades, gave their peasants to the will.

At this time, the church was the support of secular power, and the Christian religion is the ideology of the Middle Ages. So the land owner in the era of feudalism is not only a knight (Baron, Duke, Lord), but also a representative of the clergy (Abbot, Bishop).

The crisis of feudal relations (XV - XVII century)

The end of the preceding period was marked by peasant uprisings. They became a consequence in addition, the development of trade and outflow of the population from the villages in the city led to the fact that the positions of the landowners began to weaken.

In other words, the natural-economic foundations of the elevation of the aristocracy were undermined. The contradictions between the secular feudals and the clergy were aggravated. With the development of science and culture, the power of the church over the minds of people ceased to be absolute. In the XVI-XVII centuries in Europe there was a reformation. New religious trends arose, which stimulated the development of entrepreneurship and did not condemn private property.

Europe in the era of the late feudalism is a battlefield between the kings, which is not satisfied with the symbolism of their power, clergy, aristocracy and citizens. Social contradictions led to revolutions of the XVII-XVIII centuries.

Russian feudalism

In the times of Kievan Rus (from VIII to the XIII century) feudalism was not really. Princely ownership of the land was carried out according to the principle of priority. When someone from the members of the princely family died, his lands occupied the younger relative. Behind him was a squad. The warriors received a salary, but the territories were not fixed behind them and, of course, they were not inherited: the lands were in excess, and she did not have a special price.

In the XIII century, the epoch of the princely prince of Russia began. It is characterized by fragmentation. Princes of princes (driving) began to be inherited. The princes found the personal power and the right of personal (and not generic) property. There was an estate of large landowners - boyars, there were still the peasants remained free. However, in the XVI century, they were attached to the ground. The era of feudalism in Russia ended at the same time, as the fragmentation was overcome. But such a relics, as a serfdom, remained until 1861.

Nuances

And in Europe, and in Russia the period of feudalism ended in approximately the 16th century. But individual elements of this system, for example, fragmentation in Italy or serfdom in the Russian Empire, have been existed until the mid-19th century. One of the main differences between the European and Russian feudalism is that the creation of the peasantry in Russia occurred only when the villains in the West have already received relative freedom.

Feedom called the Earth, which Senor was given to the use of Vassal. The earth could be used and disposed on certain conditions. The servant had to bear military, court or administrative service in favor of his senory. Such a form of holding the Earth appeared in European countries in the Middle Ages.

Transferring the land of the servants, the senor kept the right to hold it. So, one feud could be at the same time in possession of several people.

The land ownership of feudal was characterized by a data and convention. The conditional nature was in possession, use and disposal by Feedo only during the inconsistency of vassal duties. In a situation where the servant stopped doing the service, the senor could take the land, transfer to another person or leave the land ownership of himself.

The priority was that the right of ownership had persons who were noble (noble) origin. Peasants and townspeople, even had wealth, could not own the feud. They received such a right, only receiving a noble rank.

The ownership of the feud was issued by the investment, so called a solemn symbolic act. In the twentieth century, he was equivalent to the oath and oath of the faithful service senor.

The synonym of the feud was Len (the ancient-earth "gift"). This concept was equal to the concept of benefius, conditional holding for a certain time. Lennica called the person that there was a land dependence on suzerena, that is, Vassal, dependent on the senor.

In the XII century, the feud became a hereditary gift that the major feudal passed the shallow.

Empting service for land

Feodal possessed other rights: charging duties on the roads, bridges, river crossings, assigning things that came to the personal territory of Feudal.

The faeodes were the main source of feudal income. They were kept due to the labor of the dependent peasants.

The improvement of the economy and the market led to decline the values \u200b\u200bof the knighthood and the militia consisting of feudalists. The nature of the obligations of Vassala is changing. Instead of personal military service, the holder of the feud pays a certain monetary rente. The emergence of the cash feud is happening, in it knights, instead of land ownership, passed to the monetary content. Such possessions for personal service are destined to die.

The approval of the feudal system in Western Europe in the IX-XI centuries. In most countries of Western Europe, the process of formation of feudal relations is completed. In some countries, for example, in Italy and France, the feudal system in the main features was already in the X B.; In England and Byzantium, this process was completed mainly only by the end of the XI century, in Germany even later - by the beginning of the XII century. Even slower was the feudalization in the Scandinavian countries. But by the end of the XI century. Feudal production relations dominated most of the countries of Western Europe and in Byzantium. With all the originality of the development of individual countries of Western Europe, the general features are clearly characteristic of the prevailing feudal method of production. Merrates feudal land ownership in the form of victims in combination with small individual peasant economy. The bulk of the peasants is already in one or another form of dependence on the landowner and is exposed to hard exploitation from its part. This operation is expressed in the feudal render and is carried out using various means of out-economic coercion. Previously, the free rural community turns into a dependent community, and traditional forms of community land use are borrowed by feudalities to organize the operation of the peasantry.

In Byzantium, although the primary feudalists also acquire an increasingly prominent place, another state property and personally free and semi-free categories of the peasantry continues to play a major role.

At the early phase of the development of feudalism, natural economy dominated; The exchange was insignificant, trade relations are not developed; The craft is just beginning to separate from agriculture. In Western European countries, personally dependent peasants, especially in large estates, was dominated by a workflow and a rented barbecue system.

Natural lifts from peasants who were in easier dependence are also widely distributed. The money rent was still weak.

The petty peasant farm, although it was operating on the side of the feudal, was, however, more productive than a major slave-ownership or what was with primitively generally shame. Establishing feudal relations in Europe in the IX - XI centuries. In general, led to an increase in the economy and jump in the development of productive forces (see ch. 19). The craft developed, gradually separating from agricultural classes, and exchange, revived on a new feudal basis, the Roman cities who came to decline, arose new prevailing settlements, market centers, ports for maritime trade in both southern and in Northern Europe (see GL . 7).

A characteristic feature of the socio-political relations established in Europe by the middle of the XI century was the inseparable connection between the feudal property to Earth and the political power of Feodala. A large identity was not only an economic unit, but also as if a small independent state - Senoria. In relation to the population of his possessions, the feudal was not only a landowner, but also the sovereign - the Senor, in the hands of which was the court, administration, military and political forces. Such organization of the Company led to domination in Europe in the X-XI centuries. (In some countries and later) political fragmentation.

Basic classes of feudal society. Peasantry. In most Western European countries and in Byzantium in the XI century. The society has already been divided into two antagonistic class: the class of landowners-feudal and the class of feudal dependent peasants.

In the most difficult position, dependent peasants were universally located, in some countries (for example, in France) already in the X-XI centuries. Most significant part of the peasantry. They depended on their senory and in personal, and in the gramale, and in judicial and administrative terms and were exposed to particularly difficult operation. Such peasants could be alienated (usually only with Earth); They were constrained at their disposal by their hereditary put on and even with their movableness, which were considered the property of feudal. In addition, such peasants were performed by a number of humiliating duties and were raised by payments that emphasized their personal dependence. In the category of such peasants gradually poured and former slaves. In a number of countries, this most dependent layer of the peasantry was called servs, although they were no longer slaves in the ancient meaning of this word. It was somewhat easier was the position of personally free peasants who were, however, in the rammer and judicial dependence on their senors. In general, in Western Europe, they constituted a very significant part of the peasantry. They could more freely manage their movableness, and sometimes land with the consent of Feodala, however, they also paid Him high rent. In some countries (England, Germany, in the south of France, Italy) persisted in the IX-XI centuries. Another layer of free peasants - allodynial-type land owners, whose dependence on the señora was first of all judicial and political character.

Class of feudal. Feudal hierarchy.Relations between individual representatives of the class of feudalists in Western European countries were based on the principle of the so-called feudal hierarchy ("stairs"). At her top there was a king, who was considered the Supreme Senior of all the feudalists, their suzeraine - the head of the feudal hierarchy. Below, he was stood the largest secular and spiritual feudals, who kept their lands - often large areas - directly from the king. It was titled to know: the dukes, as well as the highest representatives of the clearing, graphs, archbishops, bishops and the abbreet of the largest monasteries that kept the lands from the king. Formally, they obeyed the king as his vassals, but were actually almost independent of him: they had the right to lead wars, minor coins, sometimes exercise the highest jurisdiction in their possessions. Their vassals - usually also very large landowners, - wearing often name baronsthere were rank below, but they used in their possessions with certain political power. Below the barons were smaller feudals - knights -the lower representatives of the dominant class, which have not always been vassals. In the IX early XI century. The term "knight" (Miles) indicated the warrior who had been having a vassal, usually equestrian military service to his senor (German - Ritter, from which the Russian "knight" occurs). Later, in the XI-XII century, as the feudal structure and consolidation of the feudal classes are strengthened, it acquires a wider importance, it becomes, on the one hand, synonymous with the knowledge, "nobility" in relation to commoners, on the other - to the military unit Difference from spiritual feudalists. In submission of the knights, only the peasants were usually the holders who did not enter the feudal hierarchy. Each feudal feudal was the senory to the lower feudalue, if he kept the land from him, and the vassal of a higher feudal, whose holder he himself was.

Feedals that stood on the lower steps of the feudal staircase, as a rule, did not obey the feudalists, whose vassals were their immediate seniors. In all countries of Western Europe (except England), the relationship inside the feudal hierarchy was regulated by the rules "Vassal of My Vassal - not my vassal".

Among the church feudal feudalists, there was also their own hierarchy in the rank of their positions (from Pope to the parish priests). Many of them could simultaneously be vassals of secular feudalists in their land possessions, and vice versa.

The basis and provision of vassal relations was feudal land ownership - feudor in German linen,which vassal kept from his senory (see ch. 4). As a specific military holding, the feud was considered a privileged, "noble" possession, which could only be in the hands of representatives of the dominant class. The owner of the feud was considered not only his immediate holder - Vassal, but also a senor, from which Vassal kept the land, and a number of other superior hierarchical stairs. The hierarchy inside the class of the feudal was determined, thus, the conditional and hierarchical structure of feudal land ownership. But it was drawn up in the form of personal contractual relations of patronage and loyalty between the Senor and Vassal. Transfer of the feud vassalu - input to possession - was called investors.The act of investment has accompanied the solemn ceremony of entry into the vassal dependence - bringing ommazha(Hommage - from the French word 1 "homme - a man), - during which the feudal, who joins the vassal dependence on the other feudal, publicly recognized himself with his" man. "At the same time, he brought an oath of loyalty to Senor. In the French, she was called" Fua " (French FOI - loyalty).

In addition to the main responsibility, the military service (usually 40 days during the year) was in favor of Sengor (usually 40 days during the year), Vassal had never to take him to the detriment and at the request of the senory to protect his possession, to participate in his judicial currics and in certain cases defined by feudal custom, to provide him with monetary help: on the adoption of the knightly rank with his eldest son, when issuing his daughters, when redeeming from captivity. Señor, in turn, was obliged to defend Vassal in the event of an attack of enemies and assist him in other difficulties - to be a guardian of his young heirs, a defender of his widow and daughters.

Due to the confusion of vassal relations and frequent non-compliance with vassal commitments, conflicts on this soil were in the IX-XI centuries. ordinary phenomenon. The war was considered a legitimate way to solve all disputes between feudal. However, from the first half of the XI century. The church, although not always successfully, tried to weaken military conflicts, promoting the idea of \u200b\u200b"God's World" as an alternative to the war. From the internecine wars, the peasants were most suffering most of all, the fields of which were pulled out, the villages were burned and devastated at each other collision of their senory with its numerous enemies.

The hierarchical organization, despite the frequent conflicts within the dominant class, tied and united all its members into a preferred layer.

In the conditions of political fragmentation of the IX-XI centuries. And the lack of a strong central state apparatus only the feudal hierarchy could provide individual feudals the possibility of enhanced exploitation of the peasantry and the suppression of peasant performances. In the face of the last feudal, the feudals were invariably acted unanimously, forgetting his distribution.

Life and morals of the feudal.The main occupation of the feudalists, especially during this early period, was the war and the robbery accompanying her. Favorite their entertainment were hunting, horseback contests, tournaments.

In the X-XI centuries. Europe was covered with locks. The castle is the usual dwelling of the feudal - at the same time he was a fortress, his refuge and from external enemies, and from the feudal-feudalists, and from the rebel peasants. He was the center of the political, judicial, administrative and military power of feudal, allowing him to dominate the nearby district and keep in submission all its population. Castles were usually built on a hill or on the high bank of the river, from where the surroundings were well overlooked and where it was easier to defend themselves from the enemy.

Until the end of the X in. The castles were most often a two-story wooden tower, in the upper floor which there was a feudal, and in Nizhny - squad and servants. Here, or in the extensions there were warehouses of weapons, a provisionant, space for livestock, etc.

The castle was surrounded by a shaft and moat filled with water. A lifting bridge was transferred through ditch. Approximately from the beginning of the XI century. Feudals began to build a stone locks, surrounded by usually two or even three high walls with braces and towers in the corners. The center of the high-rise tower is still towers in the center - "Donta". The dungeons of such towers often served as a prison, where captives were languished in chains, recalcitable vassals and knocked out in any peasants. Usually the castle passed the enemy only as a result of a multi-month siege. Small feudalists who did not have means for the construction of such powerful structures, tried to strengthen their homes with strong walls and watchdogs.

The main type of troops in Europe X - XI centuries. It becomes a heavy cavalry. Each feudal was obliged to be His Senor Horse Military Service. The main weapon of the knight at the time was a sword with a cruciform handle and a long heavy spear. He also enjoyed a closet and a combat ax (secretion); To protect against the enemy, the mail and shield were served, a helmet with a metal lattice plate - by pick. Later, in the XII-XIII centuries, knightly lats appeared.

Having held all their lives in wars, violence and robbees, who despised the physical work of the feudals, especially secular, were ignorant, rude and cruel. Also, they appreciated physical strength, dexterity, courage in battle and generosity against their servants and vassals, in which they saw the manifestation of their power and inborn nobility, in contrast to despised or "screeds", in their opinion, men and citizens. The idealized code of "knight" behavior drawing a knight as a noble defender of weak and offended, developed in feudal Europe much later - in the XII-XIII centuries. (see ch. 21). But even then he corresponded little to the actual appearance of the feudal knight, remaining for most unattainable ideal. With a rude knight-barber of the early Middle Ages, this ideal, especially one no longer had anything in common.

Life and daily life of peasants.The peasants were to the XI century. Almost completely removed from military service, which was a sign of their incomplete. Their dot was severe agricultural work, fed, essentially, all society. The peasants lived in the villages, located often under the walls of the castle, in the center of which was usually a church. Villages depending on geographic conditions could be large and small, in some places, especially in mountainous areas, a farm prevailed. At home, depending on the presence of building materials, could be wooden or wood frames, filled and improved clay, stone (especially in the south); Sometimes it was small huts or dugouts.

The houses were closely and dirty, in winter it is cold. Many at home was treated "in black" or warmed with the help of an open hearth, often the cattle was also in the house, sometimes several families lived on the estate. We often had cripplets and hunger, cobweet and epidemic. Especially high was the child mortality.

However, in the difficult life of the peasants were their joys: holidays, many of whom were tailored to pagan times, but were timed to the church for Christian holidays - Christmas, Easter, Dukhov Day, Trinity, etc. Then, for example, on the day noted almost everywhere in Europe of the Spring The holiday of the "May tree", dance was found, folk songs were singing, they went to the house with "carols". The most folklore traditions that originated in the early Middle Ages were connected with the life of the peasants, and sometimes at an even more distant past: folk songs, dances, fairy tales, proverbs, sayings. In this folk culture, the spiritual life was manifested in the early Middle Ages in most of its illiterate peasantry.

There was contradictory between the castle of feudal and the peasant village of the village. On the one hand, in everyday life between them there was a mutual feud and distrust. But on the other hand, the peasants were often seen in their senor a patron and defender from violence of other feudalists, they were saved from them in the walls of his castle. They also gathered sometimes to look at knightly tournaments, listen to the jugglera (scomerous) or singer.

The parish church was playing a major role in the life of the peasants, also satisfying the spiritual needs of the peasants, whose worldview penetrated religiosity. But besides, the church is the largest village building - was the center of public life for its population: the place of assembly, the repository of values, asylum in the case of enemy raids.