Modern chamber music almost always consists of a three-part or four-part seacade cycle. To date, the basis of the chamber-instrumental repertoire is the compositions of the classics: quartets and string trio of Mozart and Gaidna, the string quintes of Mozart and Bokkerini and, of course, the quartets of Beethoven and Schubert.
In the post-class period, a large number of famous composers who belonged to different directions were preferred to write chamber music, but in the common repertoire only some of its samples were able to consolidate: for example, string quartets Ranel and Debussy, as well as piano quartet, was written by noise.
The concept of "chamber music"implies under it Duets, quartets, septa, trio, sectakes, octets, nonets,and deciments, with pretty different instrumental compositions. Chamber music includes some genres for solo execution with accompaniment. These are romances or instrumental sonatas. The chamber opera implies a chamber atmosphere and a small number of performers.
The concept of "Chamber Orchestra" refers to the orchestra, which contains no more than 25 performers. The chamber orchestra for each artist has its own party.
String chamber music reached a peak of its development, in particular, in Beethoven. After it, Chamber music began to write Mendelssohn, Brahms, Schubert and many other famous composers. Among the Russian composers in this direction, Tchaikovsky, Glinka, glazunov, director worked in this direction.
To support this kind of art in St. Petersburg, the Russian music community, as well as a chamber music community, conducted various contests. This area includes romances for singing, sonats for string tools and piano, as well as small piano plays. You need to execute chamber music with great subtlety and detail.
This chamber music has a fairly in-depth and focused nature. For this reason, chamber genres are better perceived in the rooms of a small size and in a free setting, rather than in ordinary concert halls. Such a type of musical art requires a subtle knowledge and understanding of forms and harmony, and the counterpoint was produced a little later, under the influence of the Great.
Camera Music Concert - Moscow
(Voice), in contrast to orchestral music, where there are groups of instruments playing unison.
In the XVI-XVIII centuries, the term "chamber music" was applied towards any secular music and was opposed to the music of church. In the future, with the emergence and development of symphonic music, chamber music began to call works designed for a small number of performers and a limited circle of listeners. In the XIX-XX centuries, the value of chamber music as "music for chosen" gradually dropped, and the term retained the meaning as a definition of works designed to perform small teams of musicians and for a small group of listeners.
The team performing chamber music is called chamber ensemble. As a rule, the chamber ensemble consists of two to ten musicians, less often - more. Historically, the canonical instrumental compositions of some chamber ensembles, such as piano trio, string quartet, piano quintet, etc.
Chamber music, in the initial meaning of music intended for execution in relatively small (mainly domestic) premises - unlike the music intended for execution in the Church, theater or the Great Concert Hall. The constant performance of chamber music in public concerts changed the meaning of the term. From the end of the 18th century The "Chamber Music" expression is attached to the works written for the ensemble, in which each party is intended to one performer (and not to groups, as in the choir and orchestra) and all parties are more or less equal (in contrast to works for a soloing voice or tool with accompaniment). The real chamber music, in accordance with a modern look, wears a focused, in-depth character, and chamber genres are better perceived in small rooms, in a free setting, rather than in ordinary concerts and in unsuitable for such music an acoustic environment of large rooms.
Three periods are viewed in the history of chamber music:
1. The period from 1450 to 1650, which is characterized by the development of the equipment of the game on VIOLAs and tools of other families, the gradual allocation of pure tool music with the preserving predominance of vocal style. Among those who came to us, the compositions of this period, written specifically for instrumental compositions without votes, - Fantasy Orlando Gibbons (1610) and Chancests and Sonata Giovanni Gabriel (1615).
2. The period from 1650 to 1750 is marked by the distribution of trio-sonatas genre (they usually composed for two violins and cello with a key, which provided a harmonic basis) and other ensembles, both instrumental and participation of votes that were necessarily accompanied by the so-called. Digital bass (chords) of keyboard tool. Among the masters, the trio-sonatas of this period - Arkandgelo Corelli, Henry Pörswell and Handel.
3. The period from 1750 to modernity, in which the string quartet dominates, consisting of two violins, viola and cello.
The main structure of modern chamber music is almost always a three- or four-part seen cycle; Free, often software forms, whose orchestral music is noted in the 19th century, have little influenced chamber genres, because the limited timbre capabilities of the chamber ensembles did not provide great opportunities to create an original color and strong dramatic effects. The modern chamber-instrumental repertoire still has the basis of the composition of the classics: string trio and quartets of Haidna and Mozart, string quintakes of Mozart and Bokkerini, as well as the quartets of Beethoven and Schubert. In the post-class period, most large composers belonged to different directions (romanticism, impressionism and expressionism) wrote chamber music, but still in the common repertoire, only its separate samples were entrenched: for example, the piano quintet Shumanan, Trio, quartets, quintes and sectakes of Brahms, String quartutts Debussy and Ravel.
According to the adopted classification, the concept of "chamber music" includes duets, trios, quartets, quintes, sectakes, septa, octets, nonets and deciments, with a wide variety of tools. Chamber also includes some solo genres with accompaniment: for example, romances (chamber-vocal genre) or instrumental sonatas (chamber-instrumental genre). There is a "chamber opera" (for example, Ariadne on Naxos R. Straus, 1925), which implies a small number of performers and chamber atmosphere of action. The term "chamber orchestra" is attached to the orchestra with no more than 25 performers (i.e., a typical orchestra of the Haidna and Mozart era); However, the "Small Orchestra" should be distinguished, which is nothing but a somewhat reduced "Big Orchestra", and "Chamber Orchestra", which involves only one performer at the party (perhaps two performers in the first and second violins and alto) and sufficient autonomy of each party.
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Some historically established tool compositions of chamber ensembles
- Soling tool (stringed or duddy) and piano
- Piano duet (two piano or piano four hands);
- String trio (violin, alt and cello);
- Piano Trio (Violin, Cello and Piano);
- String quartet (two violins, alto and cello);
- Piano quartet (violin, alt, cello and piano);
- String quintet (string quartet + alto or cello);
- Piano Quintet (Piano + String Quartet)
Links
- Chamber music (Inaccessible link from 14-06-2016) // Riman Music dictionary [lane. with it.
You fell into the heading genre of music, where we will get acquainted in more detail with every musical direction. We describe what it is for what is needed and what the features of execution are. Also at the very end there will be an article by this category, which will describe each direction in more detail.
What is music genres
Before arguing about what kind of music genres, you need to mention next. We need a kind of coordinate system to invest all phenomena in it. The most serious and global level in this coordinate system is the concept of style or artistic and historical system.
There is a style of the Middle Ages, Renaissance, Baroque or Romanticism. And in each specific era, this concept covers all the arts (literature, music, painting, and so on).
However, music has its own categories within each style. There is a system of genres, musical forms and expressive means.
What is genre?
Each era sets musicians and listeners a set of scenic sites. And for each site, their rules of the game are determined. These sites over time can disappear by the same time to persist.
New students of listeners appear with new interests - new scenic sites arise, new genres arise.
For example, in the era of the European Middle Ages, about the end of the 11th century for the musicians of professionals, the only such scenic platform was the church. Time and place of worship.
Here are the genres of church music. And the most important of them (Mass and the Matt) will go far into the future.
If you take later the Middle Ages era of crusades, then there is a new stage platform - a feudal castle, the feudal courtyard of the aristocrat, a holiday court or just a leisure place.
And there is a genre of a secular song.
For example, the 17th century literally explodes the fireworks of new musical genres. Here there are things that go far ahead to our time and will remain after us.
For example, Opera, Oratorio or Cantata. In instrumental music is a tool concert. Even such a term appears as a symphony. Although it may be a little differently built than now.
There are genres of chamber music. And under this, everyone lies the emergence of new stage sites. For example, the opera house, a concert hall or a richly decorated cabin of a city aristocratic house.
Before, be sure to study various directions. This is later very well reflected in practice. Especially it will be useful when creating something new!
Musical form
The next level is a musical form. How much in the work of parts? How does every part arranged, how many sections in it and how are they connected with each other? That's what we put in the concept of a musical form.
Say, Opera is a genre. But one opera can be in two actions, the other in three, and there are operas in five actions.
Or symphony.
Most familiar European symphony are built of four parts. But let's say in the symphony a fantastic Berlioz 5 parts.
Expressive means
The next level is a system of musical expressive means. Melody in its unity with rhythm.
Rhythm - This is the deep organizing power of the whole musical sound. It underlies the existence of music. Because through rhythm, the life of a person is connected with reality, with space.
Very many labor movements rhythmic. Especially in agriculture. Rhythmicly much and in the processing of stone, metals.
Rhythm itself occurs, perhaps, before the melody. It can be said that the rhythm generalizes, and the melody individualizes.
The feeling of rhythm, as some magic arises at very early stages of civilization. And later, in the era of antiquity, this feeling is aware of as an idea of \u200b\u200bthe universal connection of phenomena, which is rhythmic.
Rhythm is associated with a number. And for the Greeks, the number was an extremely important idea of \u200b\u200bthe global order. And this is all the idea of \u200b\u200bthe rhythm held very long.
In early 17th century, the German composer Michael Program spoke about the early experiments of the Italians in Opera (there was no ordered rhythm): "This music without ties and measures. She is an insult to the god of the established order! "
The nature of the movement is fast, lively, moderate and calm. They also set the tone to any superstructure that is performed above them. There is also a feeling of universal connection. 4 sides of the nature of motion, 4 sides of light, 4 temperament.
If you deepen more in detail, then this is a timbre or sound color. Or let's say how to pronounce a melody. Clearly dismembered or connected.
Melody, rhythm and everything else appears, as directly emotional response to reality. And they add up to those infinitely remote times in primitive-free strictly, when a person has not yet realized his own self-comparison with others, or with nature.
But as soon as the class society appears, then there is a distance between its own and others, between me and nature. And then the genres of music, and musical forms, and styles are already being formed.
Chamber music genres
Before talking about the chamber music genres, let's deal with the direction. Chamber music - This is a music that is performed by a small number of performers for a small number of listeners.
Previously, such music very often performed at home. For example, in a family circle. From here and invented such a name as a chamber. From Latin Camera means room. That is a small, homemade or room music.
There is also a concept as a chamber orchestra. This such reduced option (usually no more than 10 people) of a conventional orchestra. Well, the listeners are also not much. Usually, these are relatives, acquaintances and friends.
folk song - The simplest and most common chamber music genre. Previously, very often many grandparents sang their children and grandchildren various folk songs. The same song could perform in different words. As if adding something to your own.
However, the melody itself as a rule remained unchanged. I changed and improved only the text of the folk song.
Many loved ones romances - This is also a chamber music genre. Usually a small vocal work was fulfilled. It was usually accompanied by a guitar. Therefore, we love such lyrical songs under the guitar. Many probably know about them and no longer heard.
Ballad - This is a certain story about various exploits or dramas. Frequently ballads performed in taverns. As a rule, they were praised the exploits of various heroes. Sometimes ballads used before the upcoming battle for raising the combat spirit of people.
Of course, in such songs, some certain points were not rarely embossed. But in essence, the importance of ballads would decrease without additional fantasy.
Requiem - This is a funeral mass. Such mourning choral singing is performed in Catholic churches. We usually have been used by Requiem, as a tribute to the memory of folk heroes.
- song without Words. Usually intended for one singer as a training exercise. For example, to develop vocalist voice.
Serenade - Chamber music genre, which was performed for the beloved. Usually men performed them under the windows of their favorite women and girls. As a rule, in such songs, the beauty of a beautiful floor was praised.
Genres of instrumental and vocal music
Below you are presented the main genres of instrumental and vocal music. For each direction, I will give you small descriptions. Slightly tuping the basic definition of each type of music.
Vocal music genres
There are several genres of vocal music. It is worth saying that in itself the direction is the most ancient in the history of the development of music. After all, it is the main key for the transition of literature to music. That is, literary words began to be used in a musical form.
Of course, these words were shouted to the main role. Due to what such music began to be called vocal. A little later, there was already instrumental music.
Various tools can also be used in vocal but vocals. However, in this direction, their role is to be discharged into the background.
Here is a list of basic vocal music genres:
- Oratorio - A very large work for soloists, orchestra or choir. Usually in such works covered the problems of a religious nature. A little later, a secular oratorio appeared.
- Opera - A huge dramatic work that unites genres of instrumental and vocal music, choreography and painting. A special role here is to be given to various solo numbers (aria, monologue, and so on).
- Chamber music - It was mentioned above.
Genres of instrumental music
Instrumental music - These are compositions that are executed without the participation of vocalist. Hence the name tool. That is, it is performed only by tools.
Very often, many performers in their albums use instrumental as bonus tracks in the album. That is, they can select several of the most popular compositions and then write their versions without vocals.
And can be selected completely, all the songs of the album. In this case, the album is produced in two versions. This is usually done to increase the value of the product and raising the price of it.
There is a list on certain instrumental music genres:
- Dance music - as a rule, simple music for dancing
- Sonata - used as solo or duet for chamber music
- Symphony - Slim sound for symphony orchestra
Genres of Russian folk songs
Let's talk about the genres of Russian folk songs. They reflect the beauty of the soul of the Russian people. Usually, the nature of the native land, heroes and ordinary workers praise such musical works. It is also mentioned about the joys and troubles of the Russian people.
Here is the list on the main genres of Russian folk songs:
- Labor Songs - sakes when working to facilitate the work of man. That is, with such songs, workers worked much easier. They asked Rhythm in work. In such musical works, the main life of the working class of people was reflected. Very used labor exclamations to work.
- Chastushki. - Very common genre of folk music. As a rule, this is a small quatrain with a repeating melody. The chastushki carried the great meaning of the Russian word. They expressed the main mood of the people.
- Calendar songs - Used on various calendar holidays. For example, in the Christmas of Christ or for the New Year. Also, this musical genre was well used at fortune-money or when a year change.
- Lullaby - Gentle, simple and affectionate songs that performed mothers to their children. As a rule, in such songs Mom familiar with their children with the outside world.
- Family songs - used on various family holidays. Very good, such a genre reflected at weddings. He was also used at the birth of a child, the departure of the son in the army and so on. It is worth saying that such songs were accompanied by a certain rite. All this in the aggregate helped protect against the dark forces and various troubles.
- Lyrical compositions - In such works, the difficult share of the Russian people is mentioned. For example, it is very often mentioned about the severe female share and difficult life of simple peasants.
Genres of modern music
Now let's talk about the genres of modern music. There are quite a lot of them. However, they all depart from the three main directions in modern music. Here we are a little and talk about them.
Rock
Rock today is popular. Let it be not as before, but in our time he secured reliably. Therefore, it is impossible not to mention it. And in itself the direction gave the impetus to the birth of many genres. Here is some of them:
- Folk Rock - Well used elements of folk songs
- Pop Rock - Music for a very wide audience
- Hard rock - heavier music with sharp sound
Pop
Popular music also covers a lot of genres, which are often used in modern music:
- House - electronic music that performed on the synthesizer
- Trance - electronic music with the predominance of sad and cosmic melodies
- Disco - Dance music with abundant rhythmic sections of shock and bass
Rap
In recent years, Rap is not bad gains momentum. In fact, there are practically no vocals in such a direction. Basically, they do not sing here, but as it should be read. From here and the phrase appeared to read rap. Here is a list of some genres:
- Rapcor - a mixture of rap with heavy music
- Alternative rap. - a mixture of traditional rap with other genres
- Jazz-rap. - A mixture of rap with jazz
Electron music
We will analyze the main genres of electronic music. Of course, everything will not be touched here. However, some of them will discern. Here is the list:
- House (House) - appeared in the 80s of the last century. Takes its beginning from Disco of the 70s. It appeared thanks to the experiments of DJs. Main features: repeated rhythm bits, size 4 × 4 and sampling.
- Dip House (Deep House) - lighter, atmospheric music with deep dense sound. Includes jazz and ambient elements. When creating a keyboard solo, electric, piano and female vocals (mainly) are used. Develops from the late 80s. The vocals in this genre always stands in a secondary place. On the first there are melodies and sounds for drawing mood.
- Garage House (Garage House) - the same as Dip House, only the vocal is made on the main role.
- New Disco (NU DISCO) is a more modern musical genre based on the revived interest in the music of music. Now it is very popular to return to the roots. Therefore, the basis of this genre is music of the 70s - 80s. The genre itself appeared in the early 2000s. Synthesized sounds are used, similar to the sounds of real tools to create Disco 70s - 80s.
- Soul Ful House (SOULFUL HOUSE) - the basis is taken with HOUSE with a rhythmic pattern of 4 × 4, as well as vocals (full or samples). Vocals here mostly sincere and very beautiful. Plus the use of a variety of musical instruments. Such a rich presence of tools is very well reviving the music of this genre.
Repa genres
We proceed to consider the main Rep genres. This direction is also actively developing. Therefore, it would be nice to affect it. Here is a small list of genres:
- Comedy Rap - Intelligent and funny music for entertainment. It has a combination of real hip-hop and ordinary humor. Comedy Rap appeared in the 80s.
- Dirty Rap - Dirty Rap, characterized by severe heavy bass. Mainly this music is designed for the public plant at various parties.
- Gangsta Rap - Music with very hard sound. The genre of music appeared in the late 80s. For the parent basis of this area, elements from Hardcore Rap were taken.
- Hardcore Rap - Aggressive music with noisy samples and heavy bits. Appeared in the late 80s.
Genres of classical music
There are works divided into many of the genres of classical music. They received particularly widespread in the 18th century. Here is an incomplete list of directions:
- Overture - A little tool entry to the play, plays or works.
- Sonata - Work for chamber performers, which is used as a solo or duet. Consists of three parts connected with each other.
- Etude- Little tool play, designed to catch up with music performance techniques.
- Scherzo - The beginning of music with alive and rapid pace. Mostly transmits comic and unexpected moments in the work.
- Opera, Symphony, Oratorio - They were mentioned above.
Rock music genres
Now let's look at some rock music genres except those mentioned above. Here is a small list describing:
- Gothic Rock. - Rock music with a gothic and gloomy direction. Appeared in the early 1980s.
- Grunge. - Music with solid guitar sound and gloomy depressive texts. Appeared somewhere in the mid-1980s.
- Folk Rock - formed as a result of rock mixing with folk music. Appeared in the mid-1960s.
- Viking Rock - Punk rock with elements of folk music. In such works, the history of Scandinavia and the Vikings themselves are revealed.
- Trashcore. - faster hardcore. Works are usually small.
Genres of spiritual and secular music
Let's wonder some genres of spiritual and secular music. To begin with, let us give the definition of these two directions. You will find out what it is and what the difference. After that, we will go through several genres.
Spiritual music
Spiritual music is designed for the healing of the soul. These works are used mainly in the service in churches. Therefore, some of it are also called church music. Here is a small list of her genres:
- Liturgy - Easter or christmas service. Performed by the choir, and can also additionally connect individual soloists. As a rule, various scenes of events from the scriptures inserted into a liturgical drama. Often used theatricalization elements.
- Antiphon - Repeating music performed by alternating several choral groups. For example, the same poems can be performed alternately with two faces. Antifons are several species. For example, festive (on holidays), power (Sunday), daily and so on.
- Rondel - was created on the original melody in the form of a special form with the next entry of vocals on the same motive.
- Proprium - Part Mass, changing depending on the church calendar.
- Ordarden - Not modified part of Mass.
Light music
Secular music is recognized to show the national character of various cultures. It was described mainly the main image and life of a simple person. This direction of music was very common among the stray musicians in the Middle Ages.
The names of the musical genre comes from the Latin word translated as a "room". This immediately indicates its feature - the performance of small groups of musicians in a limited space. The name itself was to emphasize the difference from church music at a time when executed in the temples was very widespread. At the same time, any individual party is performed by one voice or played by one tool.
Chamber music includes many genres. The main are: operas, miniatures, romances, preludes, instrumental sonatas. Themes characteristic of chamber music are very diverse. It is inherent in the desire to detail the rhythm and melody, as well as equality in votes. In general, it characterizes emotionality and lyrics.
At the end of the twentieth century, a democratization of the genre occurred, and the works for him are not written for a narrow circle of lovers. Nowadays, the music team that performs it is called a chamber ensemble, which can consist from 2 to 10 people. However, in some cases, musicians may be more.
There are several common varieties of such an ensemble. Piano duet at which one or two musicians can be involved (they can play four hands on one tool or each on their own). In our time, a string trio, consisting of cello, as well as viola and ordinary violin, uses popularity. The same trio may include the piano with the same composition as at the previous version, but Alta does not enter it. Violin, Cello and Alto, supplemented piano are referred to as the piano quartet. The same piano together with the string quartet gives the piano quintet. String quintet is a combination of a string quartet with a cello, which in this composition can replace the alt.
Many famous composers wrote chamber music. They include rare, Debussy, Brahms, Schuman.
There is also such a subsoine as a chamber opera. The most famous example is the work of "Ariadne at Naxos", written by Schubert.
For chamber orchestras, works in the style of instrumental sonatas and romances are often written.
Option 2.
The term "chamber music" itself comes from the Latin word "Camera", which means "room". The works of chamber music at first were performed only in small rooms (hence the name) before the wrong number of spectators - mostly connoisseurs of art.
The parties of the tools are written here and are executed separately, in contrast to symphonic music. All parties are performed in it using instrument groups, and not separately.
The composition of the tools in the chamber ensemble can be as diverse as possible. It all depends solely from the fantasy of the composer. The only limitation is a chamber orchestra cannot consist of more than 25 musicians.
This type of music takes their origins, as it is believed in the Middle Ages - about the 16th - 17th century. Then, under the concept of "Chamber Music", the so-called secular music was implied (not theatrical and not church). They performed it, as a rule, either in the home setting, or at the courtyard of the monarch.
Since later chamber music began to fulfill both in public events, the term somewhat changed its value. Approximately from the mid-1700s, under the concept of "chamber music", the works in which each performer has its own, separate, batch is implied. In its original meaning, the term is almost not used, although still there is an opinion that chamber music is best perceived in small rooms.
Classification of ensembles performing chamber music:
- Duets (2 participants)
- Trio (3 member)
- Quartets (4 participants)
- Quintes (5 participants)
- Sextes (6 participants)
- Septettes (7 participants)
- OCTETS (8 participants)
- NONETS (9 participants)
- Deciments (10 participants)
The contribution of Russian composers to the development of chamber music is invaluable. At about 70s, the 18th century appeared fashion for chamber music. It has become very quickly conquering fame and remains popular to this day, although in a somewhat modified form, close to the realities of the modern world. Although it is already extremely difficult to find such a house in which the chamber ensembles play and fans of this type of art are going, the various chairs of chamber music worldwide still attract a huge number of visitors, which is not decreasing from the year. You should not also forget about various festivals, which are constantly going to both experienced and beginners.
4, grade 7. Briefly
- Lynx - message report (2, 3, 4 class surrounding world)
Lynx - mammal animal. The dimensions of the fish are about 90-130 centimeters in length and in the withers of about 80 centimeters. By weight of the females a little less than males. Mass of males - 20-25 kilograms, and in females about 18 kilograms.
Chamber music (from CP.-century. Lat. Camera - room; Ital. Musica de Camera; Franz. Musique de Chambre; English. Charam Music; it. Kammermusik) - view of music art designed for execution in small rooms or home Muzication. It is worth saying that it is characterized by specific instrumental formulations (from one soloist performer to several, united in the ensemble) and the features of the musical presentation: the details of melodic, intonational, rhythmic and dynamic expressive agents. It has great opportunities to transfer emotions and the most subtle gradations of human mental states. Although the origins of chamber music go back to the Epoch of the Middle Ages, the term was established in 16-17 centuries. In this period, under chamber music, unlike church and theatrical, it was implied by secular music intended for performance at home or at the courtyards of monarchs. To gray. 18 V. This is more and clearer the difference between the chamber and music of the concert (orchestral and choral).
Special genre are chamber-instrumental miniatures. In 19-20 centuries. They are often united in cycles. Among them: "Songs without the words" Mendelssohn, Pieces R. Shuman, Waltzes, Nocturns, Preludes and Etudes F. Chopin, Sochi-Male Form A. N. Scriabin, S. V. Rakhmaninova, "Family" and Sarkazma "S. S. Prokofiev, Prelude D. D. Shostakovich," Marginalia "Ya. Rayather, CJR. Pieces of the type "Melodies" and "Scherzo" P. I. Tchaikovsky, Prelude Qinsen and others.
With con. 18 V. And especially in 19 century. A prominent place in art took the vocal chamber music (in the genres of song and romance). Exceptional attention was paid to the romance composers. ʜᴎʜᴎ introduced the genre of vocal miniatures, as well as vocal-song cycles, combined by one idea ("Winter Way" F. Schuberta͵ "Love and Women's Life" R. Shuman and others). The widespread development of the genres of songs and romance was obtained in Russia (from 18th century); Artistic heights M. I. Glinka, A. S. Dargomyzhsky, P. I. Tchaikovsky, A. P. Borodin, M. P. Mussorgsky, I. A. Rimsky-Korsakov, S. V. Rakhmaninov.
Sonata (ITAL. Sonata, from Sonare - sound) - one of the basic genres of instrumental music. In the 16th century The concept of sonata as a compoundation intended for instrumental execution was established, unlike cantata - for vocal performance. Sonata was formed during the 18th century. Classic style. Vienna Sonatas - in the works of J. Gaidna, V. A. Mozarta͵ M. Clementa S. is a 3-private son-altitude-sym. The cycle assumes no more than two performers.
Trio (ITAL. TRIO, from Lat. Tres, Tria - three) - 1) ensemble performers from three people; See also Tereset. 2) Music Production. For three tools or singing votes. Outstanding samples of the piano trio were created by L. Beethoven, F. Schubert, R. Schuman, I. Brahms, P. I. Tchaikovsky, S. I. Taneev, S. V. Rakhmaninov, D. D. Shostakovich.
Quartet (ITAL. Quartette, from Lat. Quartus - fourth; Franz. QuatuOr; it. Quartett; English Quartet) - 1) Ensemble of 4 artist (instrumentalists or vocalists). In chamber and instrumental music there are homogeneous (4 bow, 4 trees. Winds, 4 copper winds, etc.) or mixed. Distribution received stringed (brook) (2 violins, alto, cello.).
Prelude, prelude (cf.-century. Lat. Praeludium, from Lat. Praeludo - I play pre-doing joining), - a small tool play. Initially improvisational nature, entry into the main play (usually a fugue) of the 2-Private Cycle (P. and Fugue D. Buxtehude, "HTC" I. S. Baha) or a multitude of cyclical work. In 16-18 centuries. There is a genre as an independent play, in character and type of presentation of close fantasy. At 19 in. It becomes one of the most common genres of small forms in the work of composers-romantics (cycles of F. Chopin, A. N. Scriabin, etc.). In the work of composers 20 century. Interpreted multi-faceted: can carry out the introductory function (D. D. Shostakovich, R. K. Shchedrin), to be an independent play (at S. V. Rakhmaninov, Shostakovich) or an expanded composition (Preludes "44 Schönberg," Preludes "for Orc. Debussy).
Etude (from Franz. Etude - Letters. Teaching, Study) - Instructive music play, originally intended for improving the technical skills of the game tool. The development of the genre is associated before all with a flourishing of 19 V. Virtuoso performances on piano. Later appear for the violin (R. Crazer, P. Rode), for cello (D. Popper) and other tools. Among composers-romantics (N. Paganini, F. Sheet, F. Shopin, R. Schuman, F. Mendelssohn, I. Brahms N. Dr.) It becomes artistically significant work, interpreted either as a bright concert play, or as a miniature of the prelude type . In the future, in the work of the Russians (A. K. Lyadov, A. S. Arensky, S. V. Rakhmaninova, A. N. Scriabin, I. F. Stravinsky), Soviet (S. S. Prokofiev, D. D. Shostakovich , N. P. RAKOVA, D. D. Kabalevsky, etc.) and foreign composers (K. Debussy, O. Messiana, B. Barthoka, K. Shimanovsky, etc.) Developing a certain performing skill, retains the meaning of art œ.
Song (Lat. Cantus, Cantio; Ital. Canzona; Franz. Chanson; English. Song; Lied) - the most common genre of vocal music, as well as the general designation of a poetic product intended for singing or spinning. Genre classification can be carried out according to different signs: verbal and musical content (revolutionary, patriotic, lyrical, satirical, marching, dance, etc.), social functioning (peasant, city, domestic, military-terrain, etc.), textures and The performing staff (single and polyphonic, solo and choral, with instrumental accompaniment and without it). The musical form is associated with the structure and content of poetic text. The most common is a bought form. The auto song is created by the composer (not folklore). Among the largest composers: F. Schubert, R. Schuman, I. Brahms, X. Wolf, Mahler, R. Strauss (Austria and Germany); Berlioz, Sh. Guno, g; Massne, Forest (France); L. A. Alyabiev, M. I. Glinka, A. S. Dargomyzhsky, A. P. Borodin, M. P. Mussorgsky, P. I. Tchaikovsky, S. V. Rakhmaninov (Russia).
However, to the beginning. 20 V. The concept of the author's song has acquired a double meaning: a song (romance) - "high" genre of serious music that is written by the composer before all for professional execution, and the song "Popular" (including pop and massive), often created without written fixation The performers themselves (in France - chanson, in the USA, Great Britain, and other countries - rock musicians, in the USSR - etc. Bardami.
Romance (Spanish. Romance) is a chamber vocal product for voice with a tool. The term arose in Spain and originally indicated the poem in Spanish ("Romaneskaya"), designed for musical performance. It differs from the song greater detail of the melody and its connection with the words, an expressive role of instrumental support. Romances are divided into genre varieties: Ballad, Elegia, Barcarol, and others. In 19 V. R. becomes one of the leading genres, reflecting the trend characteristic of the era of romanticism - reproduction of the inner world of man in Schubert, Nuances (Creativity F. Schubert, R. Shuman, I. Brahms, X. Wolf, etc.) throughout 19 in. National schools are formed in Russia (M. I. Glinka, A. S. Dargomyzhsky, M. A. Balakirev, C. A. Kyui, M. P. Mussorgsky, A. P. Borodin, N. L. Rimsky-Korsakov, P. I. Tchaikovsky, S. V. Rakhmaninov), in France (Sh. Gunno, J. Bize, J. Massne), in the Czech Republic (B. Smetana, A. Dvarak), in Poland (M. Karlovich, K. Shimanovsky), in Norway (X. Hyarulf, E. Grieg) and others. In 20 V. The problem of the synthesis of music and poetry is set in a new way: poems with music (S. I. Taneyev, Rachmaninov, N. K. Mettner, S. S. Prokofiev, K. Debussy), are widely used by free verse and even prose ; New receptions of the declamation (A. Schendberg) are applied; The romance penetrate the folk musical and speech genres (I. F. Stravinsky). The creative development of the romance tradition was obtained from the Soviet composers (Prokofiev, Shostakovich, N. Ya. Meakovsky, An. A. Aleksandrov, Yu. A. Shaporin, Sviridov).
Vocaliz (Franz. Vocalise, from Lat. Vocalis - vowel sound; sonorous, singeling) - 1) Exercise performer on vocal sound for the development of vocal techniques, speciallyroidered or improvised by a singer. 2) Concert work, more often for soprano with instrumental support. The lack of words and cantiness, sometimes virtuosity ("vocalization in the form of a habavor" Ravel) allow you to brightly show the beauty and production of voice ("Vocaliz" Rakhmaninov). In the 20th century B. Rates with instrumental genres (5 melodies for voice or violin with Piano Prokofiev; Schimanovsky etude), including large (Sonata-Vocaliz, Suite-Vocaliz Metztera; concert for voice with glyher orchestra).