Ukhtom, princes. Prince A.A.

Conditional reflexes I. The process of learning in the theory of IP. Pavlova. The effect of Pavlov on the development of behaviorism.

Doctrine of dominant A.A. Ukhtomsky. Dominant inertia. The concept of "operational rest."

If Sechenov developed his teachings alone, then Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849-1936) created a huge team to which scientists from many countries were adjacent. Essentially, it was created international, international school. The opening of conditional reflexes, like many other outstanding scientific achievements, occurred, in the opinion of scientists, is quite by chance, when Pavlov, exploring the work of the digestive glands, is in order to obtain the opportunity to collect gastric juice outside the body of the dog, - used the method of surgical.

One aspect of Pavlova's work was to study the functions of saliva involuntarily distinguished as soon as food fell in her mouth. Pavlov noticed that sometimes saliva began to stand out even before the dog was eating. Dogs drank saliva when they saw food or even a person who regularly fed them. The response of salivation, therefore, turned out to be caused by irritation, which was associated with food to the previous experience.

These physical reflexes, as at first called them Pavlov, were excited in dogs under the influence of irritants other than the source (that is, from food). Pavlov came to the conclusion that this is due to the occurrence of an associative connection between feeding and these stimuli (human type and sounds published by them).

In accordance with the "spirit of time", which in those days reigned in zoopsychology, Pavlov (like Torndayk, and Leb to him) focused on mental experiences of laboratory animals. This can be seen according to the original term, which he applied for conditional reflexes - physical reflexes. He wrote about the desires, ideas and will of animals, interpreting events in the spirit of subjectivity and anthropomorphism.

Later, Pavlov refused every mental definitions in favor of an exceptionally objective, descriptive approach. "At first in our physical experiments ... We consciously sought to explain our results, imagining the subjective state of the animal. But nothing came out of this, except for sterile-pure anti-speech and expressions of personal views that could not be checked. And therefore we did not have anything else, as soon as we carry out our research on a purely objective basis. "

Conditional reflexes are reflexes that are determined or depend on the conditions for the formation of associative communications between irritation and reaction.

The first experiments of Pavlov were quite simple. He kept a piece of bread in his hand and showed his dog before giving it to eat. Over time, the dog began to let the saliva, as soon as she saw her bread. The separation of saliva in the dog at the time when food enters the mouth, is a natural reaction of the digestive system; In order to cause such a reaction, no learning is required. Pavlov called it congenital, or unconditional, reflex.

However, salivation at the form of food is not an unconditional reflex. In order to cause such a reaction, learning is required. Such a reaction of Pavlov called the conditional reflex (in contrast to the mental concept of a "physical" reflex), since it was due and depended on the formation of an associative relationship between the type of food and its subsequent absorption.

Pavlov found that many stimuli are able to cause a conditional response of salivation from laboratory dogs if they can attract the attention of animals without causing a fear or aggression at the same time. Pavlov checked the buzzers, lamps, whistles, musical sounds, noise of boiling water ticking in the metronome and received the same results.

It was such an extent concerned about the problem of excluding extraneous influences, which developed special boxes. The experimental animal in a special collector was placed in one box, and the experimenter himself was in another. The experimenter could operate with various stimuli, collect saliva and give food to the animal, remaining invisible to him. But all these precautions did not quite satisfy Pavlov. He believed that the conditions of the external environment could still have an impact and dimming the results of experiments. Using the means allocated by one Russian entrepreneur, Pavlov designed a three-story laboratory building - the so-called "silence tower", in which special super thunder glasses were inserted into the windows. Double iron doors were installed in the rooms, and steel beams, holding overlaps, immersed in the sand. The building was surrounded by a moat filled with straw. Vibration, noise, temperature differences, smells and drafts were completely excluded. Pavlov sought nothing outsuncated to influence experimental animals, with the exception of stimuli, which animals were subjected during the experiments.

The conditional stimulus (for example, light) begins to act (in this case the light is lit). Immediately an unconditional stimulus (food) appears. After several simultaneous appearances of light and food, the animal begins to emit saliva at the sight of alone only light, that is, it gets used to a certain way to react to a conditional stimulus. Associative communication is produced between light and food. This process of learning can occur only if the inclusion of light is accompanied by a sufficient number of times. Thus, learning can occur only if there is a reinforcement (feeding).

In addition to studying the formation of conditional reactions, Pavlov and his staff investigated other concomitant moments - for example, reinforcement -

what increases the likelihood of reaction, encouraging, damping of reflex, spontaneous recovery, generalization, setting differences, predominance of higher order. The conditional methods of Pavlov provided psychological science a basic element of behavior, a specific working unit, to which a complex human behavior could be reduced to study in laboratory conditions. John B. Watson grabbed this work unit and made it the core of his program. Pavlov was satisfied with Watson's works, noting that the development of behavior in the United States is a confirmation of its ideas and methods.

Ironically, the most powerful influence of the ideas of Pavlov assumed on psychology - that is, the area to which he did not particularly favor. He was familiar with structural and functional psychology, but agreed with Gemems that psychology had not yet reached the level of genuine science. Therefore, Pavlov eliminated psychology from the sphere of its activities. He was addressed by the fines of the employees who used psychological, and not physiological terminology, and in their speeches more than once declined "insolvent psychological claims." At the end of the life of Pavlov changed his attitude and even began to call himself a psychologist-experimenter.

Alexey Alekseevich Ukhtomsky (1875-1942).

Ukhtomsky is one of the most prominent Russian physiologists. He developed the most important category of both physiological and psychological science - the concept of dominant. This concept made it possible to interpret the behavior of the body systemically, in the unity of its physiological and psychological manifestations. He did the main emphasis on the central phase of a holistic reflex act, and not on the signal, as initially I.P.Pavlov, and not on the motor, as V.M. Bekhterev. But all three perceptions of the Siechensky line were firmly on the soil of a reflex theory, solving each at their own angle of view set by I.M.Sechenov's task of deterministic explanation of the behavior of a holistic organism. If a holistic, and not half of the way, it is certainly covered by the system of its concepts of phenomena, relating as much to psychology.

Under the dominant, Ukhtomsky understood the systemic education he called the body, understanding, however, under this no morphological, "cast" and constant formation, with constant signs, but any combination of forces that could lead to one of the results. The idea of \u200b\u200bthe dominant as the general principle of work of nervous centers as well as this term itself was introduced by Ukhtomsky in 1923. Under the dominant, he understood the dominant focus of the excitement, which, on the one hand, accumulates the impulses going to the nervous system, and on the other time simultaneously suppresses the activity of other centers, which as if to give their energy to the dominant center, i.e. Dominant. Of particular, the Ukhtomsky attached the history of the system, believing that the rhythm of its work reproduces the rhythm of external influence. Due to this, the nerve resources of the tissue in optimal conditions are not depleted, but increase. The actively working organism, according to Ukhtomsky, as if "dragging" energy from the medium, on this, the activity of the body (and at the human level - his work) enhances the energy potential of the dominant. At the same time, Dominant, according to Ukhtomsky, is not a single excitation center, but "a complex of certain symptoms in the whole body - both in muscles, and in secretory work, and in vascular activity."

In the psychological plan of Dominanta is nothing more than motivational potential of behavior. Active, directed to reality, and not exhausted (contemplative) behavior, just as active (and not reactive) attitude towards the environment, act as two necessary aspects of the body's vital activity.

His theoretical views of Ukhtomsky experienced both in the physiological laboratory and in production, studying the psychophysiology of workflows. At the same time, he believed that in highly developed organisms for visible "immobility" tense mental work. Therefore, neuropsychic activity reaches high levels not only with muscle forms of behavior, but even when the organism applies to the environment contemplative. Uktomsky called "operational peace", illustrating it known, an example: comparing the behavior of Pike, frozen in his alert, with the behavior of "fishing little things", incapable of this. Thus, in a state of rest, the body holds immobility in order to recognize the medium and adequate reaction to it.

The dominant is also characterized inertia, i.e. The tendency is to be maintained and repeated when the external environment has changed and stimuli, who once caused this dominant, no longer act.

The mechanism of Dominant Ukhtomsky explained a wide range of mental acts: attention (its focus on certain objects, focusing on them and selectivity), the subject matter of thinking (exhaustion from a plurality of stimuli of individual complexes, each of which is perceived by the body as a certain real object in its differences from others ). This "division of medium for items" Ukhtomsky interpreted as a process consisting of three stages: strengthening cash dominants, allocating only those stimuli, which are biologically interesting for the body, establishing an adequate relationship between dominant (as an internal condition) and a complex of external stimuli. At the same time, the most distinct and firmly fixed in nerve centers what is experiencing emotionally.

Ukhtomsky believed that truly human motivation has a social nature. He wrote that "Only in the measure of how much each of us overcomes itself and its individualism, Samoopor on himself, he opens the face of another." And it was from this moment that the person himself first deserves that he was talked about as a face. This, according to Ukhtomsky, one of the most difficult-to-find dominant, which a person is designed to educate in himself.

The ideas developed by Ukhtomsky are associated with the psychology of motivation, knowledge, communication and personality in a single node. His concept, which was a generalization of greater experimental material, is widely used in modern psychology, medicine and pedagogy.

Influenced by the science of behavior in the United States of America, bheheviorism arose

Questions:

As affected the theory of conditional reflexes I.P. Pavlova to study the process of learning?

How does Ukhtomsky define dominant?

What is the inertness of the dominant express?

What is the essence of the concept of "operational rest"?

"Pearls", produced in the captain-lieutenant, commanded the police department "Spiece". In G. received a rank of captain 2 rank, he was appointed a senior officer of the Pearl clip, in the senior officer of the armadire "Peter Great", with the senior flag-officer headquarters of the headquarters of the maritime schools. Commanded by the Kranoner boat "Burun" (-), he managed the training team of the Builders of the Apartmentsters and commanded the clip of "Robber" (1890-). In 1894, he was promoted to captains 1 rank and appointed a maritime agent in England. From the commander of the cruiser I rank "Vladimir Monomakh", he was commanded by the Squaden Barny "Peter Great", was the chairman of the Commission for Testing and Receiving Min, the heads of the 1st Fleet Fleet Fleet Division. B is carried out in counter-admirals and appointed headquarters of the Kronstadt port.

With the junior flagship of the Pacific squadron, for participating in the reflection of the attack of the Japanese destroyers on the night from 26 to 27.01. He was awarded the Order of St. Stanislav 1st degree with swords (03/22/1904). After the death of S. O. Makarov, 31.03 temporarily entered into account the responsibilities of the fleet commander, 03.04 by order E. I. Alekseeva returned to her former position. After the battle of 28.07, he assumed the obligations of the commander of the squadron, but 08.24.1904 passed the position of R. N. Virenu, being formally appointed by E. I. Alekseeva. In 1906, dismissed from the service on illness with production in Vice Admirals.

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Alexey Alekseevich (1875 1942) The physiologist, the doctrine to the part of dominant, in addition to the natural science, also philosophical cultural worker., Religious morals. And the lawsuit Bucket. aspects of. In 1894 he graduated from the Nizhny Novgorod military gymnasium, studied at Moscow. ... ... Encyclopedia of cultural studies

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Alexey Vladimirovich (1876 17.XII.1905) Active participant of the revolution. Moves in Russia 1905, Mosk driver. Kazan d., Ester. Rod. in p. Moldino of the Novgorod lips. After studying the craft. Student worked on ship repairing s de in Petersburg, then in ... ... Soviet historical encyclopedia

Books

• Before Grozny Future to Rus. Collision, Ukhtomsky. Before Grozny Future: to Rus.-Yap. Collision / CN. Esper Ukhtomsky? 48/43? 364/145 M 102/105 CL 67/360: St. Petersburg: Par. Slow storage. "Vostok", 1904: KN. Esper Ukhtomsky reproduced in ...

Prince Pavel Petrovich Ukhtomsky (June 10, 1848 - 1910) - russian Naval Worker, Flotodets, Vice Admiral. Commanded the first squadron of the Pacific Ocean during the years Russian-Japanese war.

Biography

Military Career

In 1867 he graduated from the Sea Cadet Corps, then in 1873 he listened to the Academic Course of Marine Sciences in the Maritime School. Since 1874, it serves on the ships of the Marine Cadet Corps. In 1878, he was trained in the mine officer class.

On April 15, 1885, he received the rank of captain 2 rank, with the appointment by the Senior officer of the Pearl clip. In 1886 he was appointed a senior officer battleship "Peter the Great" . Since 1887, the senior flag of the headquarters of the head of the ships of the maritime school.

From 1889 to 1890 he commanded canoner boat "Burun" , headed by the training team of the Building Apartmentsters and from 1890 to 1894 he commanded the clipper "Robber".

In this campaign, the cruiser "Vladimir Monomakh" was several times in Japan, there he was repaired in Nagasaki. Prince Ukhtomsky conducted in Japan and diplomatic activities in particular, conducted an investigation into a drunk fight between Japanese sailors and sailors from a mine cruiser "Gaidamak" . His activity received approval and from the Japanese emperor Prince Uktomsky was awarded order of the Rising Sun. 3rd degree.

From January 3, 1900, Peter Great was commanded by a squadron, Peter Great, was the chairman of the Test and Reception Commission, the heads of the 1st Fleet Fleet Division.

January 1, 1901 was made to counter-admirals and February 19 of the same year appointed headquarters of the Kronstadt port.

Russian-Japanese war

Council Admiral Prince Pavel Petrovich Ukhtomsky.

February 10, 1903 Pavel Petrovich appointed a junior flagship Pacific squadron, his flagship ship was almost all the time armor "Peresvet" . In this position and met the beginning of the Russian-Japanese war.

On March 22, 1904, for participation in the reflection of the attack of the Japanese destroyers on the night of January 26-27, 1904, he was awarded the Order of St. Stanislav 1st degree with swords.

Son. Peter Pavlovich Ukhtomsky (1884-1925). He graduated from the Imperial Alexandrovsky Lyceum in 1905 (61 release). According to the information for 1909, the sub-operator of the 148th Infantry Caspian Shelf. Participated in the First World War in the Life Guard Izmailovsky Regiment. In 1925, he was convicted in the case of lyceums in Leningrad, sentenced to the highest punishment.

Daughter. Knyazhna Aglaid Pavlovna Ukhtomskaya (?-?).

Daughter. Knyazhna Nina Pavlovna Ukhtomskaya (1898-?) Born on December 25, 1898 in the city of Simbirsk, studied at the gymnasium of this city, then in St. Petersburg at the Institute of Noble Maiden (Smolny). In 1916, he was admitted to the General Headquarters. On the eve of 1917, fearing persecution, changes the documents on the name of Sergeyev (in new documents the date of birth of 1904 is indicated.) According to the new biography, it becomes daughter of the driver of Sergeeva, who oversalled it. Subsequently, he marries an officer Evgeny Kazakov, and again changes the surname to the Cossack.

Daughter. Olga Pavlovna Chermoev (1903-?), Nee Princess Ukhtomskaya. Born in 1903. Repressed in 1934, disappeared in 1937.

Ranks and titles

Pogon	Rank
	Midshipman - 1867 year.
	Michman. - 1869 year.
	Lieutenant - 1872 year.
	Captain Lieutenant - January 1, 1882.
	Captain 2 rank - April 15, 1885.
	Captain 1 rank - January 1, 1894.
	Counter-admiral - January 1, 1901.