Faiences for many years have been greatly popular for many years, and thanks to the fact that it looks good and has a democratic price. Many confuse faience with porcelain, since both of these materials are very much reminded of each other, but this is only if they evaluate them exclusively visually. How not to make a mistake when choosing dishes and products from Fayans?
Fayans: What is it?
First of all, you should be aware of the fact that both Fayans, and porcelain are varieties of ceramics, which represents material, which is obtained due to sintering clay with some mineral additives. More precisely, ceramics consists of clay, kaolin, extensive materials and smooth. The ratio of components of ceramics and will determine its appearance. For example, porcelain is considered a subtle type of ceramics. The main components of the material are kaolin (clay), quartz and field swap.
Faiansse service
A feature of the porcelain is considered a uniform structure (no pores are completely absent) and the perfect white color. In addition, the products from this material are partially shouted to the light. Porcelain is an absolutely waterproof material.
As for the faience, the main part of its composition (and this is about 85%) is represented by clay, and everything else is mineral additives. It is such a composition of the faience makes its structure uneven - faience dishes, if you look at it carefully, there will be small pores. Faience is made by annealing by annealing under the influence of moderate temperature. There are such types of faience:
- Alumina: consists of clay and quartz (as an option - burned silf).
- Lime: The composition includes clay and dolomite (chalk). Such a faience is burned at low temperatures.
- Chamotal: consists of clay and chamot.
- Polespate: The composition includes clay and field spat. All faience dishes are made from this material.
In addition, Fayans, which mainly consists of clay, is able to absorb moisture. For this reason, the product from such a material is covered with icing with water-repellent properties.
Features of the dishes
Fayans is a material that was used as a raw material for the manufacture of dishes since the times of Ancient Egypt (about the fifth millennium BC). Faience, manufactured in ancient times, a little resembled modern material, as it consisted of iron, pebbles and soda.
In Russia, Fayans became known for no earlier than the sixteenth century. At that time, the product from this material was massively produced in Italy and France. In Russia, the Grebenshchikov Factory, which is in Moscow, was considered the center of the production of products from Fayans. Also, magnificent products were made by the masnets partnership masters. Their distinctive feature was relief, as well as drawings of blue and gilding.
The dishes are presented in the main plates and cups that can be easily found in every home. In addition, such dishes are purchased for catering establishments.
Faians Cream with close examination is distinguished by porosity and fragility combined with density. If you take a thin plate made from the faience and consider it in the light, it will be absolutely opaque. As for the porcelain, which is more expensive than a faience, then it has a partial shock. If you easily hit the faience with some metal object, for example, a spoon, then you can hear fuzzy muffled sound. Such a feature of the faience products is explained by the fact that they are burned under the influence of low temperatures. As for strength, despite its density, the faience dishes are inferior in this parameter of the porcelain dishes.
Faience and honey pot
The dishes made from the faience possesses such advantages:
- it exists in a large number of variations: deep and small plates, dissertes for dessert, scenery, salad bowls, saucers, lists, solickens, milkers, kettles, cups, mugs and many other;
- the dishes has an affordable price;
- beautiful design, and all because such a dishes are covered with icing and decorates painting;
- practicality makes dishes suitable for daily use;
- fayans preserves warmth, so hot dishes placed in the dishes are not cooled for a long time;
- faience utensils are resistant to the effects of abrasives and detergents;
- such dishes can easily store, as the plates can be put in each other without worrying about what they will hurt;
- the technology of processing dishes contributes to its light purification from dirt and fat.
The faience dishes will serve as an excellent gift for friends and loved ones, since it has an attractive appearance and affordable price.
However, to acquire dishes and from the faience is in specialized stores and outlets, and not in places of spontaneous trade or "with hands".
Despite its prevalence, the dishes require a special approach to choosing and care. Thinking about the purchase of products from Fayans, first of all, you should pay attention to the shops where certified products are sold. In no case cannot acquire dishes from hand or in unauthorized trading places. The thing is that poor-quality products will not only quickly lose their attractiveness, but can also be dangerous to the health of the consumer.
Dishes made from faience requires careful care:
- At least once a year, faience products should be calcined. This can be done at home - you need to prepare cold water, put the lime in it and the dishes itself. Everyone should be boiled on slow fire.
- Wash plates from faience can with the use of food soda. This technique will allow you to return to the products of whiteness.
- It is impossible to wash the dishes in very hot water and allow the effects of contrasting temperatures.
If cracks were formed on the earthing dishes, it is impossible to operate it anymore. The thing is that malware can multiply in microcracks. In addition, it is believed that the storage of the house with a slice of dishes adversely affects its energy.
It is made from clay, so refers to ceramics. The word "faience" happened from the name of the Italian city of Faenz. It was in this city that the production of various ceramic dishes flourished.
History of faience dishes
For the first time on the faience dishes, the manuscripts of ancient Egypt are mentioned. Based on the promoted facts, it is possible to say with confidence that Fayans has already been known in Egypt and in Mesopotamia for almost 5 thousand years BC. The composition of the dishes of that time had many differences from modern, because in those days, the faience dishes made from quartz stone - pebbles. Various types of soda, limestone, copper and iron ore were added to this stone.
From the XVI century, Fayans began to gain popularity in the world. The first time he was called Miolika and produced in Italy, in the cities of Faenz, Urbino, Gubbio. After some time, the production of faience dishes began to engage in France in Saint-Porsche.
In Ukraine, still with Tripolia, the faience began to be released from the XVIII century. In Russia, in Moscow, the Grebenshchikov factory produced a faience dishes, which in turn was painted by masters directly on the raw enamel layer. Talented craftsmen of Kuznetsov's partnerships, which produced faience dishes, covered with multi-colored glaze with a printed pattern and with a volumetric relief, reported their skills until now. Faians with blue drawings, painted with gold, produced in a factory in Gzheli.
Faiance Tableware: Composition and Quality
- Cups and plates that prevail in our kitchen use. The material of this dish has its own distinctive features. The burned mass for the production of the product is a faienceshop, which is characterized by:
- Fragility
- Mellency
- Density.
Faiansian dishes It has special differences - the inner whiteness and the presence of color or colorless glaze outside. The composition of this material is a mixture of refractory white clay and quartz. By quantity and character of impurities, 4 types of faience are distinguished:
- Lime Faience. In addition to the white-type of clay and quartz additives, the product includes dolomite and chalk. Such dishes are subjected to short-term thermal burning at low temperatures.
- Soft faience. In addition to traditional clay and quartz additive, the material for the faience dishes of this category includes various smoothness - these are substances that form low-melting compounds.
- Fieldwick faience. Based on the title, it becomes clear that the material for such a faience, along with white clay and quartz, introduces a certain proportion of the field split-forming mineral.
- Solid faience. This type of faience has high mechanical characteristics. Products in the process of producing solid faience are burned at the highest temperatures.
Faiansian dishes At catering establishments most often used in small cafes and coffee houses, fast foods, and the highest quality is used in restaurants. This is a white ceramics that can absorb moisture in small quantities. Unlike porcelain dishes, the faience dishes are not transformed even on the finest areas. Easy blow on the edge of the faience dishes emit a deaf short sound, which speaks of a low firing temperature in the production process. Porcelain when hitting clean, clear and long-lasting sound. Fayans's dishes has reduced mechanical strength and lower resistance to thermal effects compared to porcelain. It is for this reason that the faience dishes make thicker than porcelain.
Fayans's care
Dishes from Fayans It is undesirable to wash in too hot water. The best option for washing is warm water. Fayans rinse with cold water. In this case, a sharp temperature difference is prohibited. Careless appeal can cause consequences. Do not be surprised if your plate or bowl in speed will cover with plenty of cracks.
In no case can not put such a plate on a hot plate, even for drying, and even more so - to cook or warm up food in it. Hot water can lead to the fact that the glaze, covering faience, cracks. The faience dishes does not have a special strength, so to avoid cracks and chips, it should be treated very carefully and carefully.
When washing the faience dishes do not use metal sponges, grinding surface, as they easily scratch the glaze and other delicate coatings.
Do not cover the faience lid if you do not want to have a unpleasant smell during storage. However, if you encountered it, you can correct the situation with the help of kitchen salt and acetic acid. Just add these substances into a small amount of warm water and slip the dishes.
All professional faience can be easily stacking, folding plates one to another, placing the saucer is tightly one to another, cups and salad bowls exposing a pyramid due to an identical form. Such a feature saves the already deficit in the kitchen cabinets, and also allows you to endure the stalls of the dishes made in the stacks in significant quantities.
What advantages has faience dishes
- This is a very popular view of the kitchen utensils. Today, no average house do without faience dishes.
The most common among consumers are the following devices:
- Sets of snack bars and small plates intended for feeding a second dish
- Plates serving bread, buns and confectionery
- Deep bowls (more voluminous plates)
- Salad plates, herring and dishes of different diameters
- Dessert plates of different volume and diameter
- Flat Round Dishes For serving Meat and Vegetable Cut
- Teapots and tea cups of different volumes
- Bouillon cups with lids
- Coffee Plasters and Coffee Cups
- Milk chocolates, vases, sugar bowls
- Cups for feeding soup
- Mugs and piles
- Sauhatica and others.
Advantages of faience dishes:
- Low cost
- Relative strength, in comparison with clay or terracotta
- Practicality in everyday use and storage
- Beautiful appearance due to the use of the underpowing decor
- High heat capacity of products, such as suits and teapots
- Environmentally friendly and safe for human health.
How to choose a faience dishes
Choosing a faience dishes, you need to pay attention to the quality of its surface - inside and outside. It should be perfectly smooth, because the slightest roughness and pores can spill dirt and microbes. It is done simple enough: you need to catch a solar beam on the stroits and carefully examine the surface. Under such a natural spotlight, you can easily see all the flaws.
It is believed that it is better to acquire any dishes, including the faience, from the well-known manufacturer. Most trust won branded companies. In any case, you should not buy dishes from hands on the street, as the handicraft manufacturers allow themselves to use toxic components in the composition of ceramics and paints, which are decorated with their products. But dishes are an indispensable attribute in food intake. Therefore, you should not risk your health, trying to make a dubious purchase of a purchase from a street merchant. Preference to more civilized trading places.
The decor in the form of patterns, painting, gold rims and other elements adorning professional faience are applied in production necessarily under the glaze at the highest temperatures. Thanks to this, the image does not change, it does not fade and does not wear out even after a long time. In addition, high-quality professional dishes from faience can be used in a microwave oven. And at the expense of a special composition and double layer of glaze, the shine on such a dishes is preserved for a long time.
What is better - faience or porcelain, and how to distinguish them
Faience By structure and appearance is very similar to porcelain. But porcelain dishes are elite, expensive and durable ceramics. Its properties are much better, and quality is higher. Of course, the uninitiated person is difficult to notice the differences between the faience and porcelain dishes. But looking at it, you can learn them to notice.
Feedback dishes from porcelain:
- The lower degree of whiteness, less strength, a large wall thickness and not such a smooth form of the finished product.
- In the faience dishes, it cannot be kept so long as warm food, as it happens in porcelain counterparts due to the greater density of the material.
It does not withstand high temperatures than it is different from thick-walled porcelain products.
Porcelain utensils easily washed in hot water, well, the faience from such an impact is most likely crackled.
Another good way to distinguish the faience dishes from porcelain, - knock on the edge of the plate. Porcelain products make a distinct and long sound, as if the hum. Faiance dishes will only respond with a deaf short sound.
Despite all the advantages of porcelain dishes before the faience, the demand for faience is constantly growing.
Both porcelain and faience are varieties of ceramics. They differ in the composition, manufacturing technique and cost, but on external signs of materials similar. Porcelain products are more refined and expensive. Therefore, they began to fake, replacing material to a more affordable faience. In this article we learn how to find fake. And look at how to distinguish porcelain from faience and ceramics.
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Characteristics of materials
Ceramics - ancient material, which is obtained by sintering clay with mineral additives and organic compounds. It is considered one of the first materials that a person created himself. Ceramics are used for the manufacture of dishes, in construction, machine and instrument making, in medicine and science.
Porcelain and faience are more complex types of ceramics. The first species represents a thin material that is obtained by burning a special mixture in high temperature conditions. As a result, it turns out to be waterproof, thin and even transparent.
Fayans represents a dense fine material, more often than white. It is similar in composition with porcelain, but has a slightly different ratio of the clay mixture and additives. Here is more clay. In addition, in the manufacture of faience, the lower firing temperature is used. Let's consider the technology of manufacturing these ceramic materials. This will help identify differences between objects.
Fayan's manufacture
In the manufacture of faience, over 80% of clay is used, silicate, quartz and a small volume of white clay are also added. As a result, the material is obtained fragile with small pores and rough surface. In addition, it absorbs water. To remove defects, the products are covered with icing. Items become matte, opaque and heavy.
If necessary, faience is painted in other shades and colors. It is used for the manufacture of tiles, figures and decorative products, dishes and plumbing. Unlike the porcelain, this material is opaque and heavy, unstable to moisture without a frightened icing, less durable, reliable and durable.
Porcelain production
In the manufacture of porcelain, except for white and plastic clay, a quartz, silicate and mineral impurities are used. After thermal processing, it turns out thin, light, non-porous and durable material, resistant to high temperatures, water and recycling.
Today, two types of porcelain are manufactured depending on the composition and proportion of the mixture. The result is soft and solid type. The first option is very gentle, thin and sensitive to temperature drops. Soft porcelain is suitable for making aesthetic products. For example, figurines, figures, decorations, etc.
The dishes are made only from solid porcelain, as it is a dense and more stable material that transfers mechanical effects. The solid species is distinguished by light weight, transparency and smooth surface. It is not only suitable for the manufacture of decorative products and dishes, but also applied in the plumbing. Let's find out how to distinguish porcelain from fake.
Six ways to distinguish porcelain from faience and ceramics
- Porcelain is a dense, white on a break, solid and ringing like glass, material. How to distinguish crystal and glass, see;
- Slightly hit by a wooden wand in porcelain things, and you will hear high, long and clean sound. The faience is the sound is deaf, short and low;
- Any products with icing or painting - faience. Such products have a bright color and coating that is applied to eliminate porosity, moisture permeability and other disadvantages;
- Porcelain, unlike other ceramic products, throughout the service life looks attractive, does not lose the initial external properties and is not subjected to cracking. Fayans and cheap ceramics are coated with microcracks over time;
- Porcelain - more expensive material with light weight, resistant to mechanical impacts and long service life;
- Fayans - more affordable, cheap and practical material. But it is less hygienic, as it absorbs moisture. Faiansovy products poorly carry sharp temperature differences.
What to choose: porcelain or faience
The most common ceramic products that are used in everyday life are dishes and plumbing. The toilet and sinks of faience or porcelain look almost the same. For each product, regardless of the type of material, a special coating is applied. Under the brilliance, it is difficult to distinguish the view.
Toilet from Fayans
Porcelain plumbing is more durable and hygienic. The material is less absorbed dirt and smells, does not absorb moisture. But it is worth a porcelain toilet or sink much more expensive than the faience. When buying plumbing, be sure to check the manufacturer's certificate.
As dishes for daily use, experts advise to choose inexpensive and affordable high-quality faience. It is more practical and rational in everyday life. In addition, if the plate or cup breaks, it will not be a big tragedy. Today you will find a wide selection of bright and colorful dishes of different colors.
You can increase the strength of the faience dishes. To do this, place items in a large deep tank and fill with cold water without lime. Then warm the water on the low heat and bring to a boil. Leave boiled for 15 minutes, then cool. Repeat the procedure once a year, and the utensils will become stronger.
For a holiday or celebration, you can stock presentation in a real porcelain service. Such dishes are characterized by sophistication and luxury, aesthetics and aristocraticity. It will decorate each table, make a holiday elegant and rich. And so that the products serve for a long time, it is important to comply with the rules of care.
How to care for porcelain and faience dishes
Remember that faience does not tolerate strong heating and temperature differences. Therefore, when washing such products, use warm water, and when rinse is cool. With hot water, the glaze crackles, the paint will radiate, and cracks will appear on products.
Despite the fact that china over time does not lose attractiveness and does not crack, with improper care and storage it can darken. To whiten the porcelain dishes, wipe the surface with a mixture of water with soda, vinegar with salt or citric acid. By the way, these tools are well suited to clean the toilet or sink.
Porcelain products Wash warm or cool water and soap solution. Do not use abrasive and aggressive compositions, powders and products with chlorine, coarse and rigid brushes or sponges, otherwise they scratch the material. Spots with dishes can be removed using warm water and ammonia alcohol.
Do not leave porcelain in water for a long time. After washing, wipe the dishes dryly, do not leave the items to dry in a natural way. With prolonged storage, remove the products into the box or box. Each item Turn into white paper that is suitable in size. Do not put heavy things on the box!
Porcelain dishes can not be placed in a microwave! But the ceramic and faience products covered with icing can be. At the same time, the products must be without cracks and chips. As for the dishwasher, and porcelain, and the faience can be washed with delicate mode. However, experts advise manually porcelain dishes.
The dishes are made of a variety of materials - glass, ceramics, wood, faience, porcelain and even plastic. Products are most popular, for the production of which porcelain, faience and ceramics were used. Many are interested in the question of how to distinguish these materials from each other, and it is easy to do it.
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Fayans and Porcelain - Differences of Materials:
- Porcelain is a ceramics that is characterized by impermeability for air and water, but at the same time having a minor thickness. What is ceramics? The answer is simple - this is the material that is produced by sintering clay with some mineral additives. As for the porcelain itself, its main components are considered to be kaolin (clay), field spat, etc. The porcelain item has an ideal white color. It is impossible to see the pores on the surface of the porcelain, since there are no such. This ensures the strength of the porcelain, making it the perfect raw materials for the production of dishes.
- Fayans is a material that porcelain resembles with its properties, but the faience product, unlike porcelain, will have minor pores. What is the difference between china from the faience? The latter absorbs a certain amount of moisture (about 12%), while for the porcelain, this property is uncharacteristic. The faience is 85% consistent with clay than and explains the property of the material to the absorption of water. It is for this reason that all products from the faience are covered with icing.
Porcelain and Fayans: Views
Before you figure it out how to distinguish china from Faians, you should learn about the types of these materials. There are such types of porcelain:
- Solid: obtained by double annealing under the influence of temperature from 1350 to 1450 degrees, which allows to obtain a superscript material for the manufacture of dishes. Conditionally solid porcelain is divided into such types: economic, electrical, chemical and artistic. As for the solid porcelain groups, it is conventionally distinguished by European (in its composition the clay prevails) and the eastern (burn it with a more gentle temperature mode, and porcelain itself contains less kaolin).
- Soft: Such porcelain is obtained thanks to the burning at temperatures up to 1350 degrees. Its color and characteristics are largely reminiscent of solid china, however, the soft material is larger than the temperature drops. All soft porcelain shall be divided into European, French and English.
As for the faience, it happens:
- alumina;
- chamoten;
- lime;
- polevoshpatov
It is no secret that porcelain is more expensive compared to Faians than the unfair sellers of products made from these materials enjoy. In order not to get caught on the tricks of deceivers, it should be found that these types of raw materials may differ for the production of dishes.
Faiance swan
Difference
Porcelain or Fayans - how to distinguish them:
- It is necessary to take a product (it may be a mug, plate, statuette, etc.) and pay attention to its rim. If the edge, not covered with icing, has white, then the likelihood is high that the product under consideration is made from porcelain.
- Then the test item should be considered in the light. If he is shifted, it indicates that porcelain was used for its manufacture. As for the faience, it does not have such a characteristic. If a volumetric product is checked, you should pay attention to its bottom. The lack of glaze on it will say that the product is made from porcelain.
- It is necessary to take a product and slightly hit it with a metal object. Porcelain will make a clean and ringing sound. As for the faience, the sound coming down when hitting it will be muffled.
- Over time, Fayans can lose its attractiveness - cracks are formed on products from such a material. For porcelain, this phenomenon is uncharacteristic.
- You can estimate the weight of the product. If it is small, but difficult enough, it will indicate that the product is made from the faience.
- Products from this porcelain are not covered with paint, as it distorts the natural white color of the material. Tableware from the faience is almost all color and motley.
The dishes and items of the decor from the porcelain, in contrast to the faience, have a high cost. In order not to be mistaken when buying porcelain products, preference is worth paying goods offered under well-known brands.
Porcelain and faience are the most complex (from the point of view of manufacturing manufacturing) varieties of ceramic products. For more than fifteen centuries, they are used for the production of dishes, souvenirs, interior items, facade details.
What is it - faience? What types of porcelain exist? How developed a porcelain-faience industry in modern Russia? Answers to all these questions you will find in our article.
Fayans - What is it? History of Fayans
"Foyans" is the Word of Italian Origin. It is directly related to the title of the city of Faenz, which has long been an important center for ceramic production in Europe. What is it - faience? This is a dense and small-handed ceramic product. As a rule, it has white and covered with icing (deaf or transparent).
Fayans (like, actually, porcelain) consists of four natural components. This is kaolin, quartz, field spat and plastic clay. The material is not highlighted sufficient strength, so it is abundantly covered with icing. Based on the composition, several types of faience are distinguished:
- alumina;
- lime;
- chamoten;
- polevotpaya (this type received the greatest distribution).
Thus, we found out what faience is. This product was first learned to make the Egyptians and the Chinese (about the V century). Later, already in the Middle Ages, Fayans also produced in Korea, Japan and Iran. In Europe, the "recipe" of its manufacture came only in the XVI century.
To date, the best faience in the world produces countries such as Germany, France, Japan, United Kingdom, China and Italy.
Porcelain and his varieties
The word "china" comes from the Persian Faghfur. This variety of ceramics, which is distinguished by strength, gas and waterproof. Porcelain is obtained by burning kaolin with the addition of wild spa, quartz and some other components. As a result of this process, the material obtained becomes snow-white, beautiful and ringing.
It is believed that china "invented" the Chinese in the VI century. And only in a thousand years, the technology of its manufacture has become available to Europeans. Much earlier she fell into Central Asia, largely due to the Great Silk Road. At the end of the XVII century, china began to produce in America, and at the beginning of the XVIII - in Russia.
There are three varieties of porcelain, which differ significantly in quality and main characteristics:
- solid (reference porcelain, obtained by high-temperature firing, it is heavy and opaque);
- bone (this type of porcelain is obtained due to the addition of a delicate bone in a mixture, it is light, transparent and very durable);
- soft (special form of porcelain, which is highlighted in high porosity and a beautiful cream tint).
The process of making faience
Fayans, as well as porcelain, is made according to almost the same scheme. Technologically, this is a rather complicated process that includes about 80 different operations. In general, you can distinguish five basic stages of porcelain artworks:
- Preparatory stage (mixing with water kaolin and clay, crushing and grinding stone, preparation of plastic mass).
- Formation of the product.
- Drying is preliminary (in shape) and final.
- The burning of the product (most often two-fold firing).
- Glazourcing and decoration of the product (painting can be appropriate.
What is china different from the faience?
In general, porcelain is not much different from the faience. And the inexperienced person will be quite difficult to determine which ceramic product is in front of him. Here are some of the main points that will help distinguish porcelain from Fayans:
- as part of the faience product, much more clay (approximately 85% of total weight);
- when viewed by material on the light, porcelain will be shone, faience - no;
- porcelain always rings even with a slight tapping, fauins makes a deaf and low sound;
- over time, the product from the faience is covered by a cage of fine cracks, for porcelain it is not characteristic;
- the faience product is usually much heavier than a similar product from porcelain;
- porcelain is always white, but Fayans can have a variety of shades.
Porcelain-Faianss industry in modern Russia
Porcelain-faience industry is a branch of light industry and specializes in the production of fine ceramics products - dishes, statuettes, settings, interior items and various souvenirs. In Russia, her story began in 1744, when the first manufactory was organized in St. Petersburg. In the XIX century, there were already several dozen plants for the production of porcelain and faience already on the territory of the Empire. In the Soviet era, the number of such enterprises has grown three times.
Today, the China's Fai Industry industry is experiencing not the best of its times. There are only 11 enterprises in this industry in the country. These are plants:
- Kislovodsky "Porcelain Phoenix".
- Andreapol porcelain factory.
- "Porcelain Sysert."
- "Kuznetsovsky porcelain."
- Gzhel porcelain factory.
- PC "Dullyovsky Porcelain".
- "Bashkir porcelain".
- "Porcelain Verbilok."
- Imperial porcelain factory.
- Rechitsky porcelain factory.
- PKF "Kubanfarfor".
The leader of the porcelain-faience production of Russia is in St. Petersburg. Its products are successfully exported to a number of countries in the world. IPH products are presented in the Hermitage, London and New York museums.