Separate and hyphenated particles
1. Particles would (b ), whether (eh ), the same (f ) are written separately, except for those cases when they are part of whole words (so that, really, even the like).
2. Particles -then , -or , something , something (coy- ), -so , -ka , -de , -tka are written with a hyphen.
Particle something (coy- ), separated from the pronoun by a preposition, is written separately ( with someone).
Particle -so is written with a hyphen only after adverbs ( again) and verbs ( took it all the same), in other cases - separately ( he didn’t come yet; I built a dacha for myself). The combination is still written in three words.
Particles as if, after all, they say and others, as well as combinations almost, just now etc. are written separately.
Particle Spelling NOT and NOR
There are two particles that are different in meaning and use - not and nor ... Compare the cases when they are stressed: He is not? was at school today. Whoever is he? was, you need to talk to him... But in most cases, particles not and nor unstressed and indistinguishable in pronunciation. To choose the correct spelling, it is necessary to determine which particle is used in a particular case.
The main function of a particle is not negation. A negative particle can refer to any independent word in a sentence, for example: He didn't buy the book. He didn't buy the book. He didn't buy a book. He bought the wrong book. He didn't buy this book at a store. He bought this book not today.
The main function of the particle is not to strengthen the negation. Therefore, it is used in sentences with a negative predicate, that is, a predicate that includes a particle not or in words no, no... Particle nor can be single and recurring (as part of a union no no).
1. Single particle nor speaks before the words one and (less often) single, which can be implied, for example: For several days he did not see a single person. They did not stop at any of these decisions. He doesn't need any of these books. He didn’t say a single word all day. In response, he did not say a single word.(In the last two cases, the words one, one may be omitted.) He made no sound. They did not meet a soul.(In these sentences, you can substitute the words one, one.)
Negative predicate No in single particle sentences nor can be omitted, for example: There is not a single tree near the house. There is not a soul in the house. We don't have a piece of paper.
2. Repeating particle nor (as part of the union no no) matches a repeating union and an affirmative sentence, for example: They received neither newspapers, nor magazines, nor books.(Compare: They received newspapers, magazines, and books.) Neither brother, sister, nor parents corresponded with him.(Compare: He corresponded with his brother, sister, and parents.)
Negative predicate in repeating sentences no no can be expressed in words no, no, for example: He can neither read nor write. Neither boat nor cart / Can't get here(Ahm.). There are no berries, mushrooms or flowers in this barren forest.
Predictable No may be absent, for example: No fire, no black hut, / Wilderness and snow ...(NS.). No rustle, no sound, no movement(Inb.). The conditions turned out to be terrible: not to wash, not to do laundry, not even to drink hot tea.
Distinguish combinations:
never (never) - more than once (often),
not one (nobody) - not one (many).
Remember: 1) Not - not once, not - many times. (I have never been to Crimea. - No matter how many times I have been to Crimea, I admire him all the time, like for the first time).
2) The particle can neither be replaced by the union and or omitted. For example: No matter how much he speaks or insists - to no avail(both spoke and insisted). - Everywhere you look, there are forests of new buildings(where will you look ...).
There are special designs with particles not and neither.
1. Construction with a verb be able and double negation should be distinguished from the construction with the verb be able with the preceding not and repetitive amplification nor .
Compare the examples in pairs: 1) It cannot fail to work. - He can neither work nor rest. 2) He cannot but read, he cannot but write, he cannot but listen to music. - He can neither read, nor write, nor listen to music. The first sentence of each pair states that the corresponding action is being taken; in every second, the impossibility of performing these actions is stated.
2. And the particle not , and the particle nor can be included in constructions with pronouns who what(in different cases), how, where, where, from where etc.
a) Structures with a particle not are included in exclamation or interrogative sentences? exclamation points, in which a particle is often present only, for example: Who did not know this man! What did not delight him at this unusual exhibition! Who doesn't know this house? What then does my dormant mind not enter?(Hold). How not to love your native Moscow!(Bar.). Wherever he had not been! Wherever he turned to!
Such sentences - negative in form - always contain an affirmation in content. ( Who did not know this man! means ‘everyone knew this person’; Wherever he had not been! means 'he had to go everywhere').
b) Constructions with pronouns and a particle nor (often - with a preceding particle would) are always part of concessional clauses, for example: Whoever dies, I am a secret murderer of all(NS.). It's a pity, but you have to give it up. Whatever happens, you need to stay calm. Nobody was asked, nobody knows. Whatever the child is amused with, if only he does not cry(last). Whatever the answer is, it’s better than being completely unknown. He could not distinguish iamba from chorea, no matter how we fought(NS.). Wherever he worked, he was appreciated everywhere. Wherever I look - everywhere rye is thick!(Mike.). Whenever they come to him, he is always busy. No matter how much you look for the culprit in this case, you still will not find.
3. Constructions none other like nothing but, in which who and what can stand in indirect cases without prepositions and with prepositions ( none other than; nothing else but; none other than; with nothing but etc.) should be distinguished from constructions that include pronouns no one and nothing(also in different cases without prepositions and with prepositions).
Compare the following examples in pairs: 1) This is none other than his own brother. “No one other than his own brother can know this. 2) This is nothing more than the most insolent deception. - Nothing else interests him. 3) He met with none other than the President of the country. - He does not agree to meet with anyone other than the president. 4) He agreed to nothing more than direct the entire work. - He will not agree to anything other than a leading position. In each pair, the first sentence is affirmative, the second is negative.
4. And the particle not , and the particle nor are part of a number of stable combinations.
a) Particle not can be part of complex unions: not yet; not that; not that ... not that; not only but; not that (not) ...; not that (not) that ...... For example: Wait until the transmission ends. Stop it, or I'll scream! The weather is unpleasant: it is either raining or snowing. He is not only a poet, but also a composer. The relationship between them is not only not friendly, but hostile. He’s not only ten minutes late, but an hour late. He is not that rude, but somewhat quick-tempered. She is not so angry, but indifferent.
Particle not is a part of combinations close in meaning to particles: not at all, hardly not, far from, almost, almost, almost, not at all, not at all, not at all, perhaps, almost, almost; no more, no more like, no more and no less like.
Particle not many stable combinations begin, including those including prepositional constructions of nouns: not so hot (how, what), not god knows (who, what, what and etc. ), not in an arc, not in spirit, not in credit, not in harmony, not in harmony, not in measure, not in lift, not in an example, not in joy, not in oneself, not in power, not in count, not a sin , God forbid, not to fat, not to laugh, not to that, not to good, not to the face, not to the place, not to the court, not to haste, not in jest, to the wrong address; by leaps and bounds; not within my power, too tough, not to my liking, not to myself, not even one hour, not from my hand, it wasn’t there, out of work, not a couple and etc.
b) Particle nor is an integral part of many stable combinations.
Combinations that are subordinate clauses in form: by all means, no matter how you turn, no matter how you throw, whatever you say, wherever you throw, wherever you go, out of nowhere, whatever you say.
Combinations with initial single nor : neither aza, nor belmes, nor my god, nor boom-boom, neither in life, nor in life, nor in a tooth (by foot), not in any, not at all, in any case, not in one eye, not so much, not in anything(put), not a penny, not a gugu, not a penny(perish, abyss), no sniff of tobacco(perish, abyss), not for anything, not zgi, not a drop, not a penny, not a spear, not a crumb, not to anything, not to hell (not good), not for a hair, not for a penny,(who, what, what) not a single thing, not an iota, not a minute, not a step, not a foot, not under any guise, not at all, not a word, not an inch, not from a place, not with anything(to stay), not a fig, not a damn thing, not a step(exclamation), no shisha.
Combinations with repeating nor : neither me, nor more, nor less, neither backward nor forward, neither think of nor guess, neither mother nor father, nor warehouse nor in harmony, neither yes nor no, neither give nor take, nor two nor one and a half, neither bottom nor tire, neither day nor night, neither soul nor body, neither hot nor cold, neither alive nor dead, for nothing, neither skin nor face, nor stake, nor yard, nor end nor edge, nor to the village neither to the city, nor a spoon, nor a bowl, neither less nor more, nor more, nor less, neither hums nor calves, neither ours nor yours, nor an answer, nor greetings, nor rest, nor time, nor pava nor crow, nor pass nor drive, nor no feathers, no fish, no flesh, no matchmaker, no dawn, no dawn, no people, no mood, no hearing, no spirit, no sleep, no spirit, come neither sit down, for no reason, neither shame nor conscience, neither this nor that, neither here nor there, neither this nor the other, neither this nor this, neither this nor this, nor whoever, nor here nor here, nor to subtract nor add, neither the mind nor the heart, neither ear nor snout, neither cold nor hot, neither shaky nor roll; more detailed combinations of the same structure: not a candle to God, not a damn poker, not in the city of Bogdan, not in the village of Selifan, not to say in a fairy tale, not to describe with a pen.
We often face the problem of fused separate writing of particles " not" and " nor"With other words. The easiest rule to understand and remember here is that:
1. The particle "not" is written together with all words that are not used without "not"(fiction, unsociable, ignorant, ridiculous, dislike, bewildered, it is impossible, really). In other cases, the spelling “ not»Is subject to the following rules.
2. With verbs and gerunds, the "not" particle is always written separately, except for:
- the cases specified in the first rule;
- prefixes inadequate in verbs that have the meaning of "lack of action" (undernourished, underbaked, underripe).
Note. Not to be confused with verbs with the prefix and particle " not", Denoting" unfinished action "(do not finish the book, do not watch the film).
3. With nouns, the "not" particle is written together:
- if by the word with "not" you can pick up a synonym without this particle (untruth is a lie, an enemy is an enemy). Note: it is not always possible to find an exact synonym, but the affirmative connotation of the word's meaning speaks of a continuous spelling.
- when forming a word denoting persons with the meaning of opposition (professionals - non-professionals, Russian - non-Russian);
apart:
- when there is or should be in its meaning opposition to the union a (not a friend, but an enemy, not happiness, but grief);
- if a word with " not”Means not people (elephants are not elephants, a story is not a story, cold is not cold).
Note. Exceptions are word-terms that are written together: metals - non-metals.
4. With adjectives the particle "not" is written together:
- if you can replace the adjective with " not»A synonym without this particle (unmarried - single, unfriendly - hostile, short - low). Note: it is not always possible to find an exact synonym, but the affirmative connotation of the word's meaning speaks of a continuous spelling.
apart:
- when there is, or should be, within the meaning of the opposition with the union "a" (not bitter, but sweet; not affectionate, but rude);
- if the adjective is relative (the vase is not crystal, the chain is not silver) or qualitative, denoting color (the sea is not blue, the towel is not yellow);
- (not a close way, far from useless advice);
- if the particle " not»Is underlined in the interrogative sentence (Isn't this statement true? - Is this statement wrong?);
- if the adjective is hyphenated (not a business).
Note 1. Short adjectives are written with " not», As well as the full ones from which they are produced (an incurable disease - an incurable disease, a person is not smart, but a stupid person - a person is not smart, but stupid);
Note 2. If a short adjective does not have a full form, then it will always be written separately with the particle " not"(He is not happy to meet).
5. With adverbs, the "not" particle is written together:
- if the adverb ends in -o, and it can be replaced with a word close in meaning (sad - sad, low - low);
- if the adverb is formed from a pronoun (nowhere, nowhere, once, nowhere);
Apart:
- when there is, or should be, within the meaning of the opposition with the union "a" (not bad, but good, not weak, but strong);
- when reinforcing the negation with explanatory words such as "Far from", "not at all", "not at all"(it is not at all difficult to do, it is far from being accidental to be near)
- with adverbs in a comparative degree (work no worse than others, receive no more than others);
- if the adverb is spelled with a hyphen (to act unfriendly, dress not like summer).
Note 1."Not" with the following adverbs is written separately: not today, not quite, not like that, not otherwise, not quite, not here, not very much.
Note 2."Not"
"Is written separately with adverbial expressions: not for good, not to your liking, not in measure, not in haste, not out of hand, not to your taste, not an example.
6. With participles "not" is written together:
- if the participle is complete and there are no words dependent on it (unfinished linen, not handed over book, unwashed floor)
Note. With explanatory words denoting the degree of quality, "not" with the participle is written together: (an extremely ill-considered decision, a completely inappropriate example, but: an example completely inappropriate to the rule)
apart:
- if the participle is full and has dependent words (These works remained unpublished during the life of the writer);
- with short participles (the debt has not been paid, the fire has not been lit);
- when there is, or should be, within the meaning of the opposition with the conjunction "a" (not printed, but handwritten text, not fictional, but real history).
7. Particles "not" and "nor" with negative pronouns are written together(no one to ask, nothing to be surprised at, no one is forgotten) with everyone else separately (not me, not everyone, not me, not you).
8. The particle "ni" is also written together with some adverbs(not at all, in any way, nowhere, at all).
With all other parts of speech, the particle "nor" is written separately.
Today we'll talk about literacy. Each of us sometimes sins of its absence. Due to certain circumstances, information is forgotten. But in some situations, you need to explain the essence of your actions, especially when you are helping your child with homework. In order to clarify or refresh some vague moments, this article was written. Today we will analyze when it is written "not" and when "not". In order to simplify and speed up the process of perception of "new", well-forgotten information, the article will look more like a table than a coherent text. So let's get started.
Introduction to the question
There are many particles in the Russian language, and thanks to this, our language acquires a high plasticity and some charm, but at the same time it becomes extremely difficult to learn, and variable in the use of certain words. Because of this, certain incidents appear. For example, “the kettle cools down for a long time” and “the kettle does not cool down for a long time” are statements with the same meaning. Many foreigners are shocked by the phrase: “No, probably”. In addition, the presence of double negation sometimes makes translation from Russian very difficult.
Let's start simple
Therefore, even in such trifles as the spelling of particles, we have to be guided by certain rules. These rules are usually not ambiguous and are fairly straightforward. For example, the two most common rules of thumb for making mistakes are:
- Particles "would", "whether", "same" are written separately, and also separately written "here", "if", "after all", "they say" and others.
- The second rule states that the particles: "koi", "koi", "-to", "-nibud", "either-", "-de", "-ka", "-taki", "-tko "," -Tka "and" -s "are always hyphenated. As we can see, the rule itself is as simple as addition.
But there are such particles as "not" and "neither", and, unfortunately, the younger generation, and sometimes some wise men, do not understand at all when "not" is written, but when "not" is written. This is what the following table is for.
When is it written "not" and when is "not"
To begin with, consider the general concepts of spelling "not" and "neither", and their place in the sentence. We will analyze the details a little later. For example, when "no" is written in negative sentences.
| Not | No |
1. In denials. I haven't been home for a long time | 1. We use to strengthen the denial. I don't know you or your friend |
| 2. In independent interrogative and exclamation sentences. Why not remember friends more often? They wouldn't go anywhere | 2. In the subordinate clause of the sentence, to strengthen the statement. We couldn't do it, no matter how hard we tried |
| 3. Used with indefinite, negative pronouns and negative adverbs when stressed. There was no one to ask | 3. With indefinite, negative pronouns and some adverbs in an unstressed position, "no" is always written in sentences. Never Think About Grudges |
Using "not" and "nor" with different parts of speech
From the previous table, we learned when to write "not" and when "not". Now it's worth moving on to more special cases, namely: how both particles are used with other parts of speech. First, consider in which case "neither" is spelled separately. According to generally accepted rules, this is almost always the case. An exception is the case when "no" is written in negative pronouns and pronouns without a preposition. For example: nothing, nobody, draw, etc. In the case of "not", everything is a little more complicated, and therefore we will use the table for clarity.
| Part of speech | Together | Apart |
| Noun | 1. If the noun is not used without "not" (loser). 2. If the word has a synonym without "not" (false - false) | 1. In contrast (not rain, but the sun). 2. In interrogative sentences in the construction "isn't it" |
| Adjective | 1. If the adjective is not used without "not". 2. If there is a synonym without "not" (middle-aged - old). 3. If we contrast, using the conjunction "but" (the apple is unsweetened, but juicy). 4. In short adjectives when the full form is written together | 1. If something is opposed through the union "a" or when it is implied (not a curve, but a winding one). 2. With relative adjectives. 3. In short adjectives when the full form is written separately |
| Numeral | Always spelled separately | |
| Pronoun | In indefinite and negative pronouns without a preposition (something, someone) | With other pronouns |
| Verb | If does not exist without "not", as well as in the prefix "under-" | With the rest of the verbs |
| Gerunds | If does not exist without "not", in the prefix "under-" | With the rest of the participles |
| Participle | If the full participle is without a dependent word (unverified person) | 1. If there are dependent words next to the full participle. 2. If the participle is opposed (not learned, but only the read verse) |
| Adverb | 1. If does not exist without "not". 2. In adverbs ending in -o, -e, if there is a synonym (unreasonable - stupid) | 1. In adverbs on -o, -e, if there is an opposition. 2. In adverbs in -o, -e in such phrases: not at all, not at all, far from, not at all. 3. If the adverb is hyphenated |
Outcomes
As we can see, the use of "not" and "neither" seems difficult only at first glance. There are many visual rules, but in fact, most of the statements are repeated for many parts of speech. Therefore, it is worthwhile to reread these rules more carefully and derive for yourself a certain quintessence when "not" is used, but when "not" is used, and boldly enjoy literacy and life without mistakes.
XIII Non-Impacted Particles NOT and NO
Section 48. It is necessary to distinguish the spelling of unaccharged particles not and nor ... These particles differ in meaning and use.
1. Particle not used for negation, for example: I didn’t talk about it. I didn't talk about it. This is not what I was talking about.
It is necessary to pay attention to individual cases of the use of this particle:
a) In the presence of a negative particle not in both the first and second parts of the compound verb predicate, the sentence acquires an affirmative meaning, for example: I can't help but mention ...(i.e. "Must mention"), one must confess ...(i.e. "I must confess").
b) In interrogative and exclamation sentences, the particle not adjoins pronouns, adverbs and particles, forming combinations with them: how not,who is not,who is not,where not, where not,than not,what not, what not etc.; here are interrogative sentences with a combination not – whether , for example: Well, how not to please a dear little man!(Griboyedov). Who did not curse the station keepers, who did not curse them?(Pushkin). Why are you not great?(Pushkin). Where has he never been! What did he not see! What is not work! Sprayed the light; do you want to get married?(Griboyedov). Would you please senz?(Krylov).
c) In conjunction with the union while particle not used in the subordinate clauses of time, denoting the limit to which the action lasts, expressed by the predicate of the main sentence, for example: Sit here until I come.
d) Particle not is part of stable combinations: almost, almost, hardly not indicating the assumption far from, not at all, not at all, not at all, not at all, denoting strong negation, for example: almost the best shooter, almost at five o'clock in the morning, by no means a fair decision, not a bad product at all, far from a reliable means.
e) Particle not is a member of creative unions: not that; not that - not that; not only - but; not that not - but; not that not - but, for example: Give back the ring and go; otherwise I will do with you what you do not expect(Pushkin). Above, behind the ceiling, someone is moaning or laughing(Chekhov). The partisans had not only rifles, but also machine guns.(Stavsky).
2. Particle nor used to reinforce denial, for example: I couldn’t profit anywhere with a bone(Krylov). There was not a single gap in the sky behind(Fadeev). Blizzard never even looked at the questioners(Fadeev). There is not a soul in the village now: everyone is in no.(Fadeev).
Repeating particle nor acquires the meaning of a union, for example: There was no water or trees anywhere to be seen(Chekhov). No muses, no work, no joy of leisure - nothing can replace your only friend(Pushkin). But the crowds flee without noticing him or his longing(Chekhov). I don't know who you are or who he is(Turgenev).
It is necessary to pay attention to individual cases of the use of the particle nor :
a) Particle nor used before the predicate in subordinate clauses to strengthen the affirmative sense, for example: Obey him in everything that you order(Pushkin). He could not distinguish iamba from chorea, no matter how we fought(Pushkin). Everywhere I look, everywhere rye is thick(Maikov). Whoever passes, everyone will praise(Pushkin).
Particle nor in subordinate clauses of the indicated type, it is adjacent to a relative word or conjunction, and therefore the subordinate clauses begin with the combinations: whoever,whoever,whatever,whatever,no matter how, no matter how,no matter how much, no matter how muchwherever, wherever,wherever, wherever,whatever, whatever,whoever, whoever,when not, whenever etc.
These combinations have entered some steady turnover: wherever it went, out of nowhere, by all means etc.
b) Particle nor occurs in stable combinations that have the meaning of a categorical command, for example: not from the spot, not a step further, not a word etc.
c) Particle nor is part of negative pronouns: no one, nobody (nobody) etc.; nothing, nothing (up to nothing) etc.; no, no (no) etc.; nobody's, nobody's (nobody's) etc. and adverbs: never, nowhere, nowhere, nowhere, in any way, not at all, at all, at all, as well as the composition of the particle something .
Is written nor in stable combinations that include pronouns, for example: was left with nothing, was left with nothing, disappeared for nothing.
d) Double nor enters into stable turns, which are a combination of two opposed concepts, for example: neither alive nor dead; neither this nor that; neither fish nor fowl; neither give nor take; neither pava nor crow etc.
Maybe someone will come in handy.
Particles are not, nor
The "not" particle is used in 3 cases
Negation
Examples: did not speak, did not sing, did not eat.
Twice no. Double negation means affirmation.
Examples: I could not help but speak, I cannot but rejoice.
The "not" particle is used in exclamation clauses with a combined meaning.
Examples: What countries have I never seen! With whom he just did not communicate! What did she not say!
The "ni" particle is also used in 3 cases.
Gain. The amplifying particle "neither" can be replaced by "even" or dropped from the sentence.
Examples: Not a step, did not say a word, did not pay a dime.
The "ni" particle is used in the WBS
Examples: Whatever countries I have seen, I have not forgotten about my homeland. Whoever he talked to, no one helped him. Whoever he spoke to, no one listened to him.
The particle "no" is used in phraseological units
Examples: Neither fish nor meat, neither this nor that.
Spelling
Continuous and hyphenated spellings (dash)
Vii. Spelling NOT and NOR
§ 88. Not written together:
1. In all cases, when no word is not used without a negative particle, for example: ignorant, inevitable, unhappy, indignant, unwell, uncomfortable, lacking (meaning “not enough”), unbearable, impossible, really, intolerable, unshakable, unharmed.
2.With nouns, if negation gives a word a new, opposite meaning, for example: enemy, misfortune, if negation gives a word that does not have this particle, the meaning of opposition, negation, for example: non-specialist, non-Marxist, non-Russian, for example: disagreements between Marxists and non-Marxists ; all non-specialists liked the report; a non-Russian will look without love at this pale, blood-stained, whipped-cut muse (Nekrasov).
3.With full and short adjectives and with adverbs in -o (-e), if their combination with does not serve not to deny a concept, but to express a new, opposite concept, for example: an unhealthy look (i.e., painful ), an impossible character (that is, heavy), the sea is restless (that is, worried), the matter is unclean (that is, suspicious), to arrive immediately (that is, immediately, without delay), did not act well (that is, . poorly).
4.With full participles, in which there are no explanatory words, for example: unfinished (labor), unblown (flower), stainless (steel), unloved (child), unconcealed (anger), uncompressed (stripe) (in such cases, the participle is close to adjective); but: work not completed in time, a flower not blossoming due to the cold, a child not loved by the mother, students who have not yet been examined (in such cases, the participle is close in meaning to the verb).
Note. With explanatory words denoting the degree of quality, not with a participle is written together (in these cases, the participles with are not close to adjectives), for example: an extremely thoughtless decision, a completely inappropriate example, but: an example completely inappropriate to the rule (not written separately due to the presence of an explanatory words to the rule).
5. In pronouns, when not from the subsequent pronoun is not separated by a preposition, for example: someone, something, no one, nothing (but: no one, no reason, no one, no reason, no reason).
In pronominal adverbs, for example: once, nowhere, nowhere, nowhere.
6. In adverbs there is no need (in the meaning of "aimless", for example: there is no need to go there), reluctantly; in prepositional combinations despite, regardless of; in an interrogative particle really.
The spelling of adverbs and adverbial combinations, which include a negation, a preposition, a noun or an adjective (for example, inadvertently, inappropriately, by chance, not possible), is determined by the rules set out in § 83, paragraphs. 5 and 6.
7. In the verb prefix, under-, denoting non-compliance with the required norm, for example: underperforming (performing below the required norm), overlooking (not enough, looking badly, missing something), not getting enough sleep (sleeping less than normal).
Note. It is necessary to distinguish verbs with the prefix do- from verbs with the prefix do-, which have a negation in front of themselves and denote an action that has not been completed, for example: do not finish the book, do not finish the tea, do not watch the play.
§ 89. Not written separately:
1. With verbs, including adverbial forms, for example: she does not drink, does not eat, does not speak; cannot but see; without looking, without looking, without haste.
On the continuous spelling despite, despite, and the verbs with an inadequate prefix, see § 88, paragraphs, 6 and 7.
Note. Commonly used verb forms do not exist, they are numb, they are itching to be written together.
2. In the participles: a) in a short form, for example: the debt has not been paid, the house has not been completed, the coat has not been sewn; b) in full form, when there are explanatory words in the participle (see § 88, item 4), as well as when there is or implies opposition in the participle, for example: he did not bring a finished work, but only separate sketches.
3. With nouns, adjectives and adverbs, if there is or is meant opposition, for example: it was not luck that led us to success, but endurance and composure; death is not terrible - your disfavor is terrible (Pushkin); the morning came not clear, but foggy; the train does not go fast and not slowly (meaning: "with some average speed"); not tomorrow (there can be no opposition here).
Note. Attention should be paid to some cases of separate writing of the particle not. The particle is not written separately: a) if an adjective, participle or adverb has a pronoun starting with no as an explanatory word, for example: no one (for no one, etc.) needs a thing, never an error, no one is profitable undertake this; b) if it is not included in the composition of intensifying negations far from, by no means, not at all, not at all, not at all, etc., preceding a noun, adjective or adverb, for example: he is not our friend at all, far from the only desire, by no means not a fair decision, not at all the best solution, far from enough.
4. With pronouns and pronouns, for example: not me, not this, not other, not like that, not otherwise, not like that.
For cases of continuous writing not with pronouns and pronominal adverbs, see § 88, item 5.
Note. The philosophical term not-self is hyphenated.
5. With reinforcing adverbs, as well as with prepositions and conjunctions, for example: not very, not quite, not quite, not from ..., not under ..., not that ... not that.
The expression is written separately more than once, for example: More than once he accused himself of being too careful (Fadeev).
6. With unchangeable words, not formed from adjectives and acting as a predicate in a sentence, for example: do not, do not mind, do not pity.
7. For all hyphenated words, for example: all non-commercial and industrial enterprises; not spoken in Russian; sing not in the old way.
§ 90. Neither is written in one piece:
1. In pronouns, if the particle is not separated from the subsequent pronoun by a preposition, for example: nobody, nothing, nobody, nothing, nothing, nobody, nobody, nobody, but: nobody, nobody, etc.
2. In adverbs, never, nowhere, nowhere, nowhere, in any way, not at all, at all, at all, at all, not at all and in a particle -nothing.
§ 91. In all other cases, the particle is not written separately.
For the use of a particle see § 48.
Note. The turnovers should be distinguished by none other than ..., nothing more than ... from the turnovers, no other ...; nothing else ..., for example: it was none other than your own brother, but: no one else could say this; it was nothing more than a fire, but: nothing else could frighten me.