| Ring | |
| / / 49.33472; 154.73444Coordinates : | |
| File:Onekotan-Kurile-Islands.jpg | |
| The country | Russia 22x20px Russia |
| Region | Sakhalin region |
| Square | 26 km² |
| Greatest depth | 369 m |
| catchment area | 45 km² |
| Lua error in Module:Wikidata on line 170: attempt to index field "wikibase" (a nil value). | |
The area of the lake is 26 km². The catchment area is 45.2 km².
Write a review on the article "Koltsevoe (lake, Onekotan)"
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| Sakhalin region | This article on the geography of the Sakhalin Oblast is a stub. You can help the project by adding to it. |
An excerpt characterizing the Ring (lake, Onekotan)
– Do you know her?.. Then tell me who these people are, Sever? And why does my heart hurt so much for them? Surprised by his advice, I asked.“These are Cathars, Isidora… Your beloved Cathars… on the night before the burning,” Sever said sadly. “And the place that you see is their last and most expensive fortress for them, which held out longer than all the others. This is Montsegur, Isidora… The Temple of the Sun. The home of Magdalene and her descendants… one of which is about to be born.
– ?!..
- Do not be surprised. The father of that child is a descendant of Beloyar, and, of course, Radomir. His name was Svetozar. Or by the Light of Dawn, if you prefer. This (as they always have) is a very sad and cruel story ... I do not advise you to watch it, my friend.
North was focused and deeply sad. And I understood that the vision that I was watching at that moment did not give him pleasure. But in spite of everything, he, as always, was patient, warm and calm.
- When did this happen, Sever? Are you saying that we are seeing the real end of Qatar?
Sever looked at me for a long time, as if pitying.... As if not wanting to hurt even more... But I stubbornly continued to wait for an answer, not giving him the opportunity to remain silent.
“Unfortunately, it is, Isidora. Although I would very much like to answer you something more joyful ... What you are now observing happened in 1244, in the month of March. On the night when the last refuge of Cathar fell ... Montsegur. They held out for a very long time, ten long months, freezing and starving, infuriating the army of the Most Holy Pope and His Majesty the King of France. There were only one hundred real warrior knights and four hundred other people, among whom were women and children, and more than two hundred Perfect. And the attackers were several thousand professional warrior knights, real killers who received the green light to destroy the disobedient "heretics" ... to ruthlessly kill all the innocent and unarmed ... in the name of Christ. And in the name of the "holy", "all-forgiving" church.
| Ring | |
| / / 49.33472; 154.73444(G) (I)Coordinates : 49°20′05″ s. sh. 154°44′04″ E d. / 49.33472° N sh. 154.73444° E d./ 49.33472; 154.73444(G) (I) | |
| The country | Russia, Russia |
| Region | Sakhalin region |
| Square | 26 km² |
| Greatest depth | 369 m |
| catchment area | 45 km² |
The area of the lake is 26 km². The catchment area is 45.2 km².
Write a review on the article "Koltsevoe (lake, Onekotan)"
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An excerpt characterizing the Ring (lake, Onekotan)
Drum yes yes ladies, ladies, ladies, the drums crackled. And Pierre realized that a mysterious force had already completely taken possession of these people and that now it was useless to say anything else.The captured officers were separated from the soldiers and ordered to go ahead. There were about thirty officers, including Pierre, and three hundred soldiers.
The captured officers released from other booths were all strangers, were much better dressed than Pierre, and looked at him, in his shoes, with distrust and aloofness. Not far from Pierre walked, apparently enjoying the general respect of his fellow prisoners, a fat major in a Kazan dressing gown, belted with a towel, with a plump, yellow, angry face. He held one hand with a pouch in his bosom, the other leaned on a chibouk. The major, puffing and puffing, grumbled and got angry at everyone because it seemed to him that he was being pushed and that everyone was in a hurry when there was nowhere to hurry, everyone was surprised at something when there was nothing surprising in anything. The other, a small, thin officer, was talking to everyone, making assumptions about where they were being led now and how far they would have time to go that day. An official, in boots and a commissariat uniform, ran in from different directions and looked out for burned-out Moscow, loudly reporting his observations about what had burned down and what this or that visible part of Moscow was like. The third officer, of Polish origin by accent, argued with the commissariat official, proving to him that he was mistaken in determining the quarters of Moscow.
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1 UDC, FIRST RESULTS OF THE BATYMETRIC SURVEY OF VOLCANIC LAKE KOLTSEVOE (ONEKOTAN Island, NORTHERN KURIL ISLANDS) 2017 D.N. Kozlov 1, A.V. Degterev 1, A.V. Rybin 1, I.G. Koroteev 1, I.M. Klimantsov 1, O.V. Chaplygin 2, I.V. Chaplygin 2 1 IMGiG FEB RAS, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, ; 2 IGEM RAS, Moscow, The paper presents the first results of a bathymetric survey of the Koltsevoe volcanic lake (Onekotan Island, Northern Kuril Islands). Its main morphological elements and morphometric parameters are described, and a bathymetric scheme is presented. Key words: volcano, caldera, volcanic lake, morphology. INTRODUCTION Over the past decade, employees of the Laboratory of Volcanology and Volcano Danger of the Institute of Marine Geology and Geophysics (IMGiG) FEB RAS have been studying unique and hard-to-reach objects, volcanic (crater) lakes of the Greater Kuril Ridge. The studies are carried out using a modern technique of digital echolocation survey with synchronous satellite reference of profiles (Kozlov, 2010, 2013, 2015, 2016; Kozlov, Belousov, 2007; Kozlov et al., 2016; Kozlov, Zharkov, 2009a, 2009b; Kozlov et al. , 2012). As a result of the work carried out, the features of the morphology of volcanic lakes were revealed and their exact morphometric characteristics were calculated (Table 1), the specifics of the genesis, functioning, and evolution of lake systems were established, and their current state was described. Lake Koltsevoe on about. Onekotan is one of the least studied volcanic reservoirs of the Kuril Islands. Geomorphologists and limnologists have practically not explored this unique and truly grandiose water body, which is a large reservoir of fresh water. For the first time, echo sounding measurements of the lake were made by A.B. Belousov in 2006 (Levin et al., 2007) using a high-precision digital echo sounder and satellite profile reference. Information about these measurements has not been published in the form of profiles or diagrams, but they are the first literary mention of the maximum depth of the lake at 264 m. islands” (Kozlov, 2015). GEOLOGICAL AND GEOMORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE INVESTIGATED OBJECT Volcanic lake. Ring is located in the caldera of the Tao-Rusyr volcano, which forms the southern part of the island. Onekotan (Fig. 1). Its edifice is represented by the gently sloping shield volcano Tao-Rusyr, which acts as a pre-caldera base in the massif, built according to the Somma-Vesuvius type. The diameter of the base of the structure is ~15 16 km, the diameter of the caldera is 7.5 km, and its area is 45 km2. , 2005) occurred ~8350 years ago. (age calibration according to (Weninger and Joris, 2004). The total volume of juvenile and resurgent material (tephra, explosive deposits, pyroclastic flow deposits) of the Tao-89 caldera eruption
2 KOZLOV et al. Table 1. Morphometric characteristics of the volcanic lakes of the Kuril Islands. Name of the lake Hot Boiling Beautiful Turquoise Broughton Malachite Eye Black Ring Island Kunashir Kunashir Iturup Simushir Simushir Ketoi Ketoi Onekotan Onekotan Average indicator volcano Golovnin Golovnina Urbich Zavaritsky Uratman Ketoi Pallas Peak Nemo Tao-Rusyr coordinates 43 52" N, "E" N.L., "E" N.L., "E" N.L., "E" N.L., "E" N.L., "E" N.L., "E" N.L., "E" N.L., "E.L. relative height above sea level. sea, 11 mirror area, km 2 coastline length, km volume, km 3 length, km max. width, km max. depth, m ph n.d. 7.5 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. -\\- age, thousand years ~ ~60-80 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. ~10 ~8 -\\- hydrotherms (up to 80 C) (up to 95 C) no (up to 40 C) no yes yes no up to 30 C -\\- 90
3 FIRST RESULTS OF THE BATYMETRIC SURVEY Pic. Fig. 1. Scheme of location of Onekotan Island (a), Tao-Rusyr caldera and Koltsevoe volcanic lake (b). Rusyr according to (Bazanova et al., 2016) was km 3, with a weight of () 109 tons. Deposits of pyroclastic flows associated with this event currently occupy a significant part of the eastern coast of the island, gradually decreasing in thickness from south to north . In addition, the depression between the Tao-Rusyr somma and the Shestakova mountain massif (absolute height m) along the Fontanka and Olkhovaya rivers is also filled with pyroclastic deposits. The mountain is named after the Russian explorer Vasily Afanasyevich Shestakov, who participated in an expedition to the Kuril Islands in the years. (Braslavets, 1983). Juvenile clasts from pyroclastic flows have a pumice-like appearance and correspond in composition to andesite (SiO wt %) (Gorshkov, 1967). The caldera of the Tao Rusyr volcano is completely closed, has steep, in some places almost sheer walls. The inner part of the caldera is occupied by the waters of a drainless lake. Ring (fig. 2 on 1 page of the cover). In the northwestern part of the caldera, the post-caldera stratovolcano Krenitsyn Peak rises from the bottom of the lake (absolute height 1324 m), crowned with a summit crater (Fig. 3). The volcano is named in honor of the explorer of the Aleutian Islands, the head of the government expedition, Captain 1st Rank Pyotr Kuzmich Krenitsyn (Braslavets, 1983). The cone has a relative height of 900 m and a base diameter of 3.5 km. The crater of the central cone has a diameter of ~250 m and a depth of ~100 m. The active volcano Krenitsyn Peak (abs. height 1326 m) is considered one of the most beautiful volcanoes of the Great Kuril Ridge and is a kind of standard of a volcanic structure of the Somma-Vesuvius type. The ideal geomorphological manifestation, proportionality and originality of the elements of the construction of Krenitsyn Peak Tao-Rusyr are excellently described by the famous domestic volcanologist G.S. Gorshkov (1967, p. 26): “The general view of the giant caldera bowl on the top of the mountain, where, framed by gloomy rocks, a deep blue lake sparkles, from which a cone rises, covered with green grass and variegated volcanic rocks, presents an unforgettably beautiful picture.” The structure of the Tao-Rusyr volcano is composed of basalts, basaltic andesites, and andesites (SiO wt %). The extrusive dome of the 1952 eruption has a dacyandesite and dacitic composition (SiO wt %) (Gorshkov, 1967; Fedorchenko et al., 1989). Data on the historical activity of the Krenitsyn Peak volcano is limited. In the work of G.S. Gorshkov (1967) mentions that in 1846 and 1879. the volcano showed solfataric activity. After that, up to 1952, there is no information about the eruptive activity of the volcano in the literature available to us. In November 1952, the only reliably known historical eruption of the Krenitsyn Peak volcano took place, the details of which are well known due to the fact that eyewitnesses managed to observe it (Gorshkov, 1958). 91
4 KOZLOV et al. 3. Krenitsyn Peak volcano crater, August 2015. Photo by O.V. Chaplygin. As of August 2015, no visible manifestations of solfataric activity were observed on the volcano either in the summit crater or in the extrusive dome of 1952 (Fig. 4a, cover page 4). Thermal water outlets were visually observed only in the area of the 1952 dome: along the water's edge for meters to the northwest (Fig. 4b on page 4 of the cover). All of them were low-yielding and, apparently, they were also described in the work of G.S. Gorshkov (1967). The temperature in the springs that discharged directly within the water's edge and did not have time to mix with lake waters reached ~30 C. Within the areas of underwater discharge, according to measurements by a temperature sensor built into the echo sounder emitter, it turned out to be significantly lower, up to 14 C. MATERIALS AND METHODS The materials that form the basis of this study were obtained in the course of expedition work on the Kuril Islands from July 25 to August 21, 2015, carried out as part of the Russian-Belarusian project “Monitoring of the Union State: creating a database of subject-specific features and spectral characteristics obtained at ground control and calibration sites and in seismically and volcanically active zones, based on field measurements with a spectral hardware and software complex” (Rybin et al., 2015a; Rybin et al., 2015b). The bathymetric survey of the lake was carried out from August 12 to August 14, 2015 by a team of researchers from the Institute of Geology of Ore Deposits, Petrography, Mineralogy and Geochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Kozlov et al., 2016). The work was carried out according to a proven methodology (Kozlov, 2013; 2015) using a Lowrance LMS-527cDF igps echo sounder with an integrated navigation receiver (GPS), and a Cat Fish 240 inflatable boat with a low power outboard motor (2.5 HP). In a short time, due to the tight work schedule of the expedition vessel and the need to conduct planned studies at other sites, it was possible to obtain information about the structure of the lake basin. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In total, during the work, 27 echolocation profiles with a total length of ~30.5 km were obtained; as a result of their processing, a bathymetric scheme of the lake was constructed (Fig. 5). According to our data, the maximum depth of the lake reaches 369 m. This allows us to say that Lake Koltsevoe is the deepest freshwater body not only of the Kuril Islands and the Sakhalin Region as a whole, but of the entire Far East, and is also in fourth place in the list of the most deep lakes of Russia (Ryanzhin, Ulyanova, 2000) (Table. 2). In depth, it is second only to Baikal (1642 m), the Caspian Sea (1025 m) and Khantai Lake (420 m). The discrepancy between the maximum depths according to our data (369 m) and the data of A.B. Belousova (Levin et al., 2007) (264 m), due to the fact that in 2006 A.B. Belousov surveyed the northwestern part of the lake, and the deepest place (up to m) is its southeastern part (Fig. 5). 92
5 FIRST RESULTS OF BATYMETRIC SURVEY Pic. Fig. 5. Bathymetric diagram of the volcanic Lake Koltsevoe (isobathes are drawn every 60 m, the position of the profiles is marked by a dotted line). Table 2. Russian lakes with depths of more than 300 m (according to the State Water Register of the Russian Federation). Lake name Subject of the Russian Federation Maximum depth, m Area, km2 1 Baikal Buryatia. Irkutsk region Caspian Sea Dagestan. Kalmykia. Astrakhan Region Khantaiskoe Krasnoyarsk Territory Koltsevoe Sakhalin Region Teletskoye Republic Altai Kurilskoe Kamchatka Territory The studies (Kozlov et al., 2016) made it possible to obtain the following morphometric parameters of the lake: total area 35 km2 (mirror area 26 km2), volume 3.75 km3, length 6.5 km, coastline length 22 km. Morphologically, the reservoir is a ring-shaped basin enclosed between the inner slopes of the Holocene Tao-Rusyr caldera and the outer slopes of the building of the active volcano Krenitsyn Peak. The name of the lake fully justifies itself. The shape of the lake basin with a complex structure of the bottom can be considered similar to crescent. During the bathymetric survey, the average temperature of the water surface of the lake was 5–8 C. The gas-hydrothermal outlets located along the water’s edge reached a temperature of 30 C during the studies in 2015 (the data were obtained using a temperature sensor built into the echo sounder emitter). These exits were described earlier by G.S. Gorshkov (1967). It was also noted that the zone of discharge of thermal waters was marked with colonies of thermophilic algae, which indicates the existence of a steadily functioning local ecosystem here. Computer interpretation of echo sounding profiles and analysis of the bathymetric scheme made it possible to establish the nature of the distribution of depths in the lake basin. In the northern and northwestern sector of the lake, relatively small depths of m were observed. In the northeastern part of the lake, the depths are much greater and reach m, while their maximum m is in the eastern and southeastern parts, which corresponds to the greatest distance between the underwater slopes of the caldera and Volcano Peak Krenitsyn. It should be noted that part of the data on the southwestern part of the lake was lost due to a failure in the operation of satellite equipment. While surveying at this location, the GPS fix was interrupted, and the depth data continued.
6 sorry to sign up. In this regard, there is no coverage of the bathymetric scheme in this part of the lake. CONCLUSION Koltsevoe, on the basis of which a bathymetric scheme was compiled for the first time, which makes it possible to obtain original data on the morphology of the bottom of the lake basin. The data obtained allow us to say that the lake is in fourth place in the list of the deepest lakes in Russia (Table 2). Interpretation and analysis of echolocation records showed that no underwater gas-hydrothermal vents were observed in the studied areas of the lake bottom, with the exception of the area in the area of the 1952 extrusive dome. popular and reference publications. The research was supported by grants from the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (16-I e) and the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (mol_a). References Bazanova L.I., Melekestsev I.V., Ponomareva V.V. Volcanic catastrophes of the late Pleistocene-Holocene in Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands. Part 1. Types and classes of catastrophic eruptions of the main components of volcanic catastrophism // Vulkanology and seismology S Braslavets K.M. History in the names on the map of the Sakhalin region // Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk: Far Eastern book publishing house, Sakhalin branch, p. Gorshkov G.S. Active Volcanoes of the Kuril Island Arc // Young Vulcanism of the USSR. Proceedings of the Laboratory of Volcanology of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. M.: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, S Gorshkov G.S. Volcanism of the Kuril Island Arc. M.: Nauka, S Kamchatka, Kuril and Commander Islands / Ed. ed. I.V. Luchitsky. Moscow: Nauka, p. Kozlov D.N. New data on the intracaldera lake Chernoe (Onekotan island) // Questions of geology and integrated development of natural resources of East Asia. Vseros. scientific conf. Collection of reports. Blagoveshchensk: IGiP FEB RAS, S Kozlov D.N. Features of the morphology of the crater lakes of the Kuril Islands. Abstract diss. cand. geogr. Sciences. St. Petersburg, p. KOZLOV and others. Kozlov D.N. Crater lakes of the Kuril Islands. Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk: State Budgetary Institution of Culture "Sakhalin Regional Museum of Local Lore", Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science Institute of Marine Geology and Geophysics of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, p. Kozlov D.N. Morphology of the Krasivoye crater lake // Vestnik KRAUNC. Earth Sciences Vol. 31. S Kozlov D.N., Belousov A.B. Modern methods of studying intracaldera lakes of active volcanoes (on the example of Golovnin Volcano, O. Kunashir, Kuril Islands) // Proceedings of the XIII scientific meeting of geographers of Siberia and the Far East, Irkutsk, 2007. T. 1. Irkutsk: Publishing House of the Institute of Geography. V.B. Sochavy SB RAS, S Kozlov D.N. Degterev A.V., Rybin A.V. and others. Preliminary results of a bathymetric study of the Koltsevoe volcanic lake (Onekotan Island, Kuril Islands) / Natural disasters: study, monitoring, forecast: VI Sakhalin Youth Scientific School, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, October 3-8, 2016 Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk: IMGiG FEB RAS, S Kozlov D.N., Zharkov R.V. Results of the study of the intracaldera Lake Biryuzovoye on the Zavaritsky volcano (Simushir Island, Kuril Islands) // Natural disasters: study, monitoring, forecast: III Sakhalin Youth Scientific School, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, June 3-6, 2008. Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk: IMGiG FEB RAS , 2009a. With Kozlov D.N., Zharkov R.V. New data on the morphology of the intracaldera lakes of the Kunashir and Simushir Islands // Vestnik KRAUNC. Earth sciences. 2009b. 2. Issue. 14. Recent and modern volcanism in Russia / Ed. ed. N.P. Laverov, M.: Nauka, p. Kozlov D.N., Rashidov V.A., Koroteev I.G. Morphology of Broughton Bay (Simushir Island, Kuril Islands) // Bulletin of KRAUNC. Geosciences Vol. 20. S Levin B.V., Fitzhyu B., Bourgeois D. et al. Complex expedition to the Kuril Islands in 2006 (I stage) // Bulletin of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences C State Water Register of the Russian Federation Ryanzhin S.V., Ulyanova T.Yu. Geographic Information System "Lakes of the World" GIS WORLDLAKE // DAN T S
7 Rybin A.V., Bogomolov L.M., Degterev A.V. et al. Field volcanological and ecological studies on the Kuril Islands in 2015 // Vestnik KRAUNC. Earth Sciences, Vol. 28. S Rybin A.V., Bogomolov L.M., Degterev A.V. et al. International Expedition of the Kuril Islands FIRST RESULTS OF BATYMETRIC SURVEY 2015 // Bulletin of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, C Weninger B., Joris O. Glacial Radiocarbon Calibration. The CalPal Program // Radiocarbon and Archeology / Higham T., Bronk Ramsey C., Owen C. (Eds.). Fourth International Symposium. Oxford, PRELIMINARY RESULTS FROM BATHYMETRIC RESEARCH OF KOLTSEVOYE VOLCANIC LAKE (ONEKOTAN ISLAND, THE NORHERN KURILES) D.N. Kozlov 1, A.V. Degterev 1, A.V. Rybin 1, I.G. Koroteev 1, I.M. Klimantsov 1, O.V. Chaplygin 2, I.V. Chaplygin 2 1 IMGG FEB RAS, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Russia 2 IGEM RAS, Moscow, Russia The paper provides preliminary results from the bathymetric studies of Koltsevoye volcanic lake (Onekotan Island, the Northern Kuriles). We describe the main morphological and morphometric parameters and represent a bathymetric scheme. Keywords: volcano, caldera, volcanic lake, morphology. 95
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3 UDC 551.21+551.24 TO THE CATASTROPHIC EXPLOSIVE ERUPTION OF THE STYUBEL CONE (KSUDACH VOLCANIC MASS) March 28, 1907 100 years of I.V. Melekestsev Institute of Volcanology and Seismology FEB RAS, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky,
A typical two-tier "volcano within a volcano" located in the southern part of Onekotan Island.
Height 1324 m (the highest mark of the island).
The volcano is the largest "volcano within a volcano" in the world.
The volcano is included in the hundred wonders of Russia!
to Onekotan Island
map of Onekotan island, Krenitsina volcano 
The volcano is located in Koltsevoe Lake with a diameter of 7 km, surrounded by a rocky wall, 900 m high. The volcano is the most beautiful and spectacular natural wonder of the Far East, which the locals call the "eighth wonder of the world." You can get to the local attractions - Onekotan Island and Krenitsyn volcano - from Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky across the Pacific Ocean on a yacht.
The volcano is named after the navigator Pyotr Kuzmich Krenitsyn. Only one historical eruption is known in 1952. Currently, fumarolic and thermal activity is recorded.
Krenitsyn Volcano is an active volcano on Onekotan Island. A typical two-tier "volcano within a volcano".
It is located in the southern part of Onekotan Island. Height 1324 m (the highest mark of the island).
The volcanic cone (with a base diameter of 3.5-4 km) rises in the form of an island inside Lake Koltsevoe (about 7 km in diameter), lying at an altitude of 400 m. The lake is surrounded by somma - the walls of the more ancient Tao-Rusyr caldera (height 540-920 m with a base diameter of 16-17 km).
The caldera is composed of basaltic lavas and andesitic loose material, the volcanic cone is composed of andesites. The slopes are covered with dwarf cedar.
Only one historical eruption is known in 1952. Currently, fumarolic and thermal activity is recorded.
The volcano is the largest volcano in the volcano in the world
ONEKOTAN ISLAND
Onekotan Island in plan has a shape close to a triangle with a base in the south in the form of an arc, curved in the same direction. The length from the south-southwest to the north-northeast is 42.5 km, the width in the south is about 16.7 km, in the north 11 km, the area is about 315 km2.
In the middle group, the pointed peak of Enzio (Dome-shaped, Dom) rises to 707 m among domed mountains and short ridges separated by longitudinal lowlands and closed basins.
In the northwest of the island, the smoking Peak Nemo (1019 m) is also surrounded by peaks in a chaotic heap that extends to the northeast end of the island.
In view of the fact that the highest peaks are located closer to the western coast of the island, the latter is steep, sometimes steep and indented less than the eastern one, although even there low-lying coastal areas are rare and are accompanied by rocks and underwater stones. From the northwestern Cape Kimpei (Kimberley), a rocky reef is pushed far into the sea; the northeastern cape of Kiito (Little John) ends with the Tsurigane (Clear Weather Stone) 88 m high; at the southern end, the shore is covered by high steep cliffs with underwater reefs at a depth of 20 m, giving the water a dark color at low tide.
The slopes of the mountains are mostly steep, devoid of loose sediments and only in places covered in hollows by stone streams. Climbing the peaks is difficult even for a pedestrian. The depressions are filled with coarse clastic sediments and a thin cartilaginous soil layer. Earthworks are possible at shallow depths.
There are few rivers on the island. They are shallow and not difficult to ford, although they are stormy in the upper reaches, especially during rains. The river valleys in depressions are wide and filled with coarse alluvium. There are two vast lakes on the island: at the foot of the Enzio Peak - about 4 km long and 2 km wide, and at the foot of the Blakist Mountain - with a circumference of about 15 km.
The vegetation of the island is richer than on the northern islands. In the valleys there is a dense cover of meadow herbs, among which there is a tall "bear root", sweet cow parsnip, spear-leaved cacao, Kamchatka stingray, and nettle. Tall umbrella and nettles in places form impenetrable thickets. On flat lowlands and around lakes there are grass and moss bogs. On the gentle slopes of the hills, forb meadows alternate with heaths. A higher position on the slopes is occupied by thickets of shrubby alder, to the tops of the mountains they are replaced by grassy and lichen-moss cover on stony placers. Many plants produce edible rhizomes. Among the berries are shiksha, blueberries, cloudberries. There is no timber on the island.
Of the land mammals, there are only foxes and small rodents. Seals are common in the sea; sea lions are found in areas rich in seaweed; rookeries of a sea animal are found only on the Puritan rock. There are bird nests on the Tsurigane rock. During the period of Japanese presence in Nemo Bay, there was a fox nursery.
The remains of an old abandoned village are on the eastern shore, in Kuroishi Bay. There is a road on the island that crosses it from the Tenryuwan road to Kuroishi Bay.
Cape Kimberley, Onekotan Island 
CAPTAIN KRENITSIN
Pyotr Kuzmich Krenitsyn (1728 - July 4, 1770) - captain of the 1st rank, explorer of Kamchatka and the Aleutian Islands.
Born in 1728. In 1742 he entered the Naval Cadet Corps, the following year he was promoted to midshipman, and in 1748 to midshipman.
In 1760, commanding the bombardment ship Jupiter, he participated in the Kolberg expedition and earned the most flattering certification from Rear Admiral S. I. Mordvinov.
When it came to the attention of Empress Catherine II that Russian industrialists had discovered several islands in the Bering Sea, the empress ordered the Admiralty Board to send “immediately, according to her reasoning, as many officers and navigators as needed, entrusting command over them to a senior, whose knowledge in marine science and adherence to it was known. The choice fell on Lieutenant Commander Krenitsyn, who at the same time received from Empress Catherine the rank of captain of the 2nd rank and a gold watch; he was appointed in 1764 head of a "secret" expedition equipped to explore the newly discovered islands. M. D. Levashov was appointed his assistant, who was given independence to a large extent. The navigators of the expedition were M. F. Krasheninnikov and Ya. I. Shabanov.
By dry route, he went to Okhotsk, where he arrived at the end of 1765, and on October 10, 1766, commanding the brigantine "St. Catherine ”with a detachment of four small ships, set off from Okhotsk; but his ships were separated by a strong storm and wrecked on October 25 off the coast of Kamchatka, near Bolsheretsk: standing at one remaining anchor on two poles, Krenitsyn ferried the team ashore and himself was the last to leave the ship.
In 1767, on the boat “St. Gabriel ”Krenitsyn, rounding Cape Lopatka, moved from Bolsheretsk to Nizhnekamchatsk; in 1768, commanding the galliot "St. Catherine", left the Kamchatka River in the Bering Sea and reached the island of Unalashka. Having waited there for M. D. Levashov, who was engaged in the inventory of the Commander Islands, Krenitsyn moved to Unimak Island, where he set up his intermediate base. Then Krenitsyn and Levashov examined the northern coast of the Alaska Peninsula, which they took for an island.
At the end of 1768, Krenitsyn returned to Unimak Island and spent the winter there; during the winter, most of the detachment died from scurvy there. In the summer of 1769, Krenitsyn examined a group of small islands between Unimak and Unalaska, later called the Krenitsyn Islands.
In 1769 he was promoted to captain of the 1st rank and, commanding the same galliot and commanding the expedition, moved to Kamchatka. Due to the poor and hasty construction of ships, the lack of provisions and the hostile attitude of the natives, this expedition ended after four years without any visible result; during this expedition, Krenitsyn drowned on July 4, 1770 in the Kamchatka River, after which the expedition ships returned to Okhotsk under the command of Captain-Lieutenant M. D. Levashov, who, having taken the people, went to St. Petersburg. Based on the materials collected by Krenitsyn and Levashov, the first map of the Aleutian Islands was compiled.
From the discoveries of Krenitsyn, a very convenient harbor on the island of Unalaska is known, called the harbor of St. Paul (Dutch Harbor). In addition to the group of islands in the Aleutian archipelago, Krenitsyn is named after: the strait between the islands of Onekotan and Kharimkotan, the volcano on the island of Onekotan, the cape on the island of Kharimkotan and the cape in the Bristol Bay of the Bering Sea.
Krenitsina volcano, view from space, volcano within a volcano 
________________________________________________________________________________________
SOURCE OF INFORMATION AND PHOTO:
Team Nomads
http://100chudes.rf/index.php?id=63
Global Volcanism Program
Afisha-Mir. No. 035 - Active Volcanoes
Wikipedia site
Active volcanoes of the Kuril Islands. Short description
Geography of the Kuril Islands
Lurie V. M. Marine Biographical Dictionary. XVIII century. SPb., 2005
Magidovich IP, Magidovich IV Essays on the history of geographical discoveries. T. III. Geographical discoveries and studies of modern times (mid-17th-18th centuries). M., 1984
Russian biographical dictionary: In 25 volumes / under the supervision of A. A. Polovtsov. 1896-1918.
http://www.kurilstour.ru/islands.shtml?onekotan
http://barrier.marshruty.ru/
Busse is a lake (lagoon) in the Korsakov district of the Sakhalin region. The lagoon was discovered in 1797. The lagoon got its name thanks to Major N.V. Busse, a member of the Amur expedition of 1849-1855. The area of the lake is 39.4 square kilometers, length - 9 kilometers, width - 7 kilometers, depth reaches 4.5 meters. Streams and rivers flow into the lake, including the Shishkevich and Arakul rivers. The lake communicates with lakes Chibisansky, Small and Big Vavaysky.
Various sea grasses and algae grow in the lake, among which is the valuable red algae anfeltia, from which agar-agar is extracted. Mollusks are also found here, mainly mussels, giant oysters, seaside scallops, sea cucumbers, and a large herbal shrimps shrimp. The lake is a habitat for many species of fish, including pink salmon, chum salmon, herring, navaga, smelt, crucian carp, taimen and others. Waterfowl nest on the lake.
The Busse Lagoon is a natural monument of regional significance, a rich ecosystem of great commercial and scientific importance.
Coordinates: 46.53448000,143.33278600
Lake Boiling
Boiling Lake is located on the island of Kunashir, in the east of the Golovnin volcano caldera. The area of the lake is 0.7 square kilometers, the depth is 23 meters, the diameter is 230 meters, and the height is 130 meters above sea level.
The lake is located on the territory of the explosion crater. A sulfur deposit formed at its bottom. The name "boiling" lake was due to the fact that its water is heated by volcanic gases. Sometimes there are volleys of boiling water, and jets of sulfur and hydrogen sulfide gases begin to beat from the ground, along with hot streams of water.
The average water temperature here is +34-36 degrees, but despite this, on the northern shore there are boiling mud pots, the temperature of which reaches +80-100 degrees. Sulfur combines with metals, so sulfuric foam floats on the surface of the water. On the shore lies yellow-black sand.
In the 20th century, Boiling Lake was a source of sulfur. You can’t swim in it, because the concentration of salts of heavy metals and arsenic in the lake is too high. In the caldera with Boiling Lake there is Lake Hot, which is connected with it by an artificial channel, which was built by the Japanese.
Coordinates: 43.84305600,145.50555600
Big Vavai Lake
Lake Bolshoe Vavaiskoe is located in the Sakhalin region, in the Korsakov urban district, on Sakhalin Island. Connected to the Small Vavai Lake and Lake Busse. It is flowing, the Arakul River flows out of it, nine rivers flow into it. It is a lagoon lake. The area of the Great Vavai Lake is 44.1 square kilometers, the average depth is 4.2 meters, the largest is 8.4 meters.
Bays are located in the northwestern and southwestern parts of the lake. The lake is inhabited by such fish as crucian carp, rudd, carp, taimen and others. In the vicinity of the lake there are lizards, frogs, foxes, swans, ducks, geese, eagles.
Coordinates: 46.59668300,143.25909500
Lake Nevskoe
Lake Nevskoe is the largest lagoon-type lake in Sakhalin. The water in the lake is salty. It is stretched for 40 kilometers, and its depth is up to one and a half kilometers. Three large rivers flow into Lake Nevsky: Rukutama, Olenya and Angurovka. The lake got its name from one of the ships under the leadership of I.F. Krusenstern. Despite its size, the lake is shallow. Its maximum depth is about 2 meters.
The main treasure of the lake is the abundance of birds and rare animals. In spring and autumn, more than 40 species of birds numbering several thousand arrive here! You can also watch ducks, waders and gulls on Lake Nevsky. In addition, otter and muskrat live on the lake. In total, more than 32 species of rare animals live on the lake. The authorities of Sakhalin are planning to raise Lake Nevskoe to the status of a reserve.
Coordinates: 49.38326700,143.40844600
Lake Changeable
Lake Changeable is located in the Korsakov district in the south of Sakhalin Island. Its total area is 8.2 square kilometers. The lake is quite deep and salty. It flows into the Sea of Okhotsk.
Lake Changeable is famous for its healing properties due to sea sulfide mud, which helps to get rid of skin and gynecological diseases. A magnificent pine forest adjoins the lake.
The water in the lake is sea, salty. Locals and tourists love fishing here. Navaja, catfish, smelt and other valuable fish are found in the lake. If you have diving equipment, you have every chance to catch a "sea spider" - a large Sakhalin crab. You can also buy this unique crab from local experienced fishermen.
Coordinates: 46.87138900,143.11666700
Lake Tunaicha
Lake Tunaicha is the second largest lake on Sakhalin and a real monument of nature. Located in the Korsakov district of the Sakhalin region. The lake has clear, clean water, and unique vegetation around it. The lake flows parallel to the coastline of Mordvinov Bay. Lake Tunaicha is brackish. It flows into the Komissarovka River.
In winter, Lake Tunaicha is a real paradise for fishing enthusiasts. 29 species of fish live in Lake Tunaicha! Salmon and other species of fish are found here. In this lake, you can catch the red fish loved by many: chum salmon and pink salmon.
In summer, you can pick berries on the lake, admire a variety of plants and enjoy the cleanest air, as well as take beautiful landscape photographs.
Coordinates: 46.76944400,143.22500000
Lake Koltsevoe
Lake Koltsevoe is not just a beautiful, but a unique place on Earth. Due to its ring shape, it got its name. This is the only lake of this shape in the world, while surrounding a volcano. The world's largest volcano Krenitsyn attracts the attention of hundreds of tourists to the lake. However, due to its location on the uninhabited island of Onekotan, peace and quiet reign here.
Lake Koltsevoe is a great place to be alone with nature and take great pictures without a crowd of travelers. Although the lake is not deep, since its depth is just over one meter, they usually do not swim here, but admire the scenery, ascending a mighty volcano.
Coordinates: 49.34928300,154.74272100
Ainu Lake
Ainskoye Lake is located in the Tomarinsky urban district of the Sakhalin region, on Sakhalin Island. It is a lagoon lake. It got its name due to the fact that the indigenous inhabitants of the Kuril Islands and South Sakhalin called themselves Ainu. From the Ainu language "Ainu" is translated as "man" or "man". The area of the lake is 32.4 square kilometers. The river Ainskaya flows through it.
The lake is not deep, the maximum depth is about 3 meters. The lake is famous for its abundance of fish. Here you can catch smelt, taimen, kunja, sima. Fishing on the lake is year-round. The lake has a channel through which you can go to the sea, where cod and various types of flounder are caught.
Coordinates: 48.49998400,142.04865400
Small Chibisan Lake
Small Chibisanskoye is a marvelous lake on Sakhalin Island. It is located in the very lake place of Sakhalin - in the Korsakov urban district. Lake Small Chibisanskoe communicates with Big Chibisanskoe Lake.
The length of this lake is 2.5 kilometers and the average width is 800 meters. The water in the lake is fresh. The lake is interesting because it serves as a nesting place for rare birds listed in the Red Book during the period of seasonal migrations.
The warmest period for traveling to the lake is August. Autumn here is relatively warm, but there are often rains and fogs, as well as typhoons.
Coordinates: 46.61694400,143.12888900
Lake Protochnoye
Lake Protochnoe is a beautiful lagoon lake on Sakhalin. The lake is located in the Uglegorsk municipal district of Sakhalin Island. Right on the shore of the lake is the small town of Shakhtyorsk, where about 8 thousand people live. There is a railway nearby.
Lake Protochnoe is small, its area is 3.1 kilometers. The Dno River flows through Lake Protochnoye. It should be noted that the Flowing Lake is very clean. Many fishing enthusiasts gather here in winter and summer.
Coordinates: 49.16632800,142.07345200
Small Vavai Lake
Small Vavaiskoe is a beautiful lagoon lake on Sakhalin Island. The lake is located in the Korsakov city district of the Sakhalin region. The lake is one of the most picturesque lakes of Sakhalin.
Traveling along the Small Vavaisky Lake can be made by motor boat. The lake is famous for its picturesque landscapes, the purest transparent water and bright vegetation. You can observe an excellent view of the Small Vavayskoye Lake from the main camp on the Swan Nose cape. From here you can take the best photos of the lake and coastal nature.
Coordinates: 46.60666700,143.17916700
Lake Tauro
Tauro is a lagoon lake on Sakhalin Island, in the Uglegorsk municipal district of the Sakhalin Region. On the shore of this lake is the city of Shakhtyorsk, where about 8,000 people live.
Near the lake there is a narrow-gauge railway of the Mining Loading and Transportation Department. The area of the lake is only about 3 kilometers.
Lake Tauro offers beautiful mountain views for exemplary landscape photography. The distance from Lake Tauro to Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk is about 250 kilometers.
Coordinates: 49.17638900,142.08416700