Rebells. Bunty

Pugacheva Rise (Peasant War) 1773-1775 Under the leadership of Emelyan Pugachev - the uprising of the Yaitsky Cossacks, grew into a full-scale war.

The rationalism and neglect of traditions, such characteristic of the imperial regime, were alienated by the masses. Pugachev's uprising has become the last and most serious in the long chain of the uprisings, which occurred in the southeastern borders of the Russian state, in the open and difficult-scale region, where the Old Believers and fugitives from the imperial authorities lived side by side with non-Russian steppe tribes and where the Cossacks who defended The royal fortresses still dreamed of the return of the former liberties.

Causes of the rebellion of Pugachev

In the late XVIII century, the control of the official authorities in this area became all tangible. In general, the Pugachev's uprising is possible to consider as the last one - but the most powerful - desperate impulse of people whose lifestyle was incompatible with the clear and well-defined state-owned power. The nobles were received in the Volga region and the Earth's Volga region, and for a variety of peasants who have long lived there, it meant a fortress unfortunate. Seel there and peasants from other areas of the country.

The landowners, wanting to increase the income and trying to have time to take advantage of opening opportunities in trade, increased the lifts or replaced it with a barbecue. Soon after the top of Catherine, these, still unusual for many, durability were fixed during the census and earth overall. With the arrival of the Volga territory of market relations, the pressure on more traditional and less productive activities increased.

A special group of the population of this region was one-bedrooms, descendants of the peasant soldiers sent to the Volga borders in the XVI-XVII centuries. Most of the Odnodvords made up older. Staying theoretically free people, they strongly suffered from economic rivalry from the nobility and at the same time feared to lose their independence and get into the corruption of state peasants.

How it all began

The uprising began among the Yaik Cossacks, whose provision reflected changes related to increasingly obsessive intervention of the state. They have long used the relative freedom that has given the opportunity to engage in their own affairs, to elect leaders, hunt, catch fish and make raids on neighboring areas with the lower eggs (Urals) areas in exchange for the recognition of the king's power and providing certain services if necessary.

The change in the status of the Cossacks occurred in 1748, when the government gave an order to create from the 7-regiments of the defense of the so-called Orenburg line, which was built in order to separate the Kazakhs from Bashkir, the Yaitskie army. Some of the Cossack Starians were addicted to the creation of the army, in the hope of providing solid status as part of the "table of ranks", but for the most part, ordinary Cossacks have opposed to entering the Russian army, considering this decision to violate freedom and breaks the Cossack democratic traditions.

Cossacks were also alarmed by the fact that in the army they will become ordinary soldiers. The suspicion intensified when in 1769 to combat the Turks were offered from small Cossack troops to form a kind of "Moscow Legion". This implied the wearing of military uniforms, training and is the worst - shaving a beard, which caused a deep rejection by the Old Believers.

Appearance of Peter III (Pugacheva)

Emelyan Pugachev stood up Emelyan Pugachev. Being on the origin by the Don Cossack, Pugachev deserted from the Russian army and became a runaway; Several times it was caught, but Pugachev always managed to run. Pugachev called the emperor Peter III, which was supposedly able to be saved; He defended the old faith. Perhaps that the trick of Pugachev went on a hint of someone from Yaitsky Cossacks, but accepted the proposed role with conviction and scope, becoming a figure, not subject to anyone's manipulations.

The appearance of Peter III revived the hopes of peasants and religious dissidents, and some measures taken by Emelyan as the king strengthened them. Emelyan Pugachev expropriated church lands, erecting monastic and church peasants to a more preferred government rank; I forbade the purchase of peasants by non-salmon and stopped the practice of registering them to the factories and mines. He also weakened the harassment of the Old Believers and gave the forgiveness of the splitters who voluntarily returning from abroad. The liberation of the nobles from the mandatory public service, which did not bring the direct benefit to the fortress, nevertheless, he gave rise to the expectations of such relief for them.

Pugacheva Court. Picture V.G. Perova

Whatever it was, regardless of politics, the unexpected removal of Peter III from the throne caused the strongest suspicions from the peasants, especially since his successor became German, and not the Orthodox, as many thought. Pugachev was not the first to have earned a reputation, taking the personality of the victim and hiding King Peter, ready to lead the people to restore the true faith and the return of traditional freedoms. From 1762 to 1774, about 10 such figures appeared. Pugachev became the most noticeable person, partly due to the broad support provided, partially due to its abilities; In addition, he was accompanied by luck.

Pugacheva's popularity increased in many ways due to the fact that he appeared in the image of innocently affected, humbly accepted the removal from the throne and who left the capital to wander among his people, knowing his suffering and burden. Pugachev said that allegedly visited Constantinople and Jerusalem, confirming his holiness and power with contacts with the "second Rome" and the death site of Christ.

The circumstances under which Catherine came to power, in fact, forced to think about her legitimacy. The displeasure to the empress even more intensified when she canceled some of the popular decrees of his ex-husband, cutting the freedom of the Cossacks and even more reducing the already scanty rights of serf, having deprived them, for example, the possibility of submitting to the sovereign.

The move of the uprising

Pugachev's uprising is customary to divide into three stages.

The first stage - continued from the beginning of the uprising to the defeat under the fortress of Tatishche and the withdrawal of the siege of Orenburg.

The second stage - was marked by a campaign to the Urals, then to Kazan and the defeat under her from the troops of Michelson.

The beginning of the third stage is to cross the right bank of the Volga and the seizure of many cities. The end of the stage is the defeat of the Black Yar.

The first stage of the uprising

Pugachev's town came up with a detachment of 200 people, 923 people regular troops were in the fortress. An attempt to capture the fortress assault failed. Pugachev left the Yaitsky town and headed up the Yaitskaya fortified line. The fortresses surrendered one after one. The advanced squads of Pugachevtsev appeared under Orenburg on October 3, 1773, however, the Governor Reinsdorp was ready for defense: the shafts were repaired, the garrison in terms of 2,900 people is presented in combat readiness. One of the Major General missed, this is what he did not provide the garrison and population of the city in food reserves.

A small detachment of rear parts was sent to the suppression of the uprising under the command of General-Major Cara, while Pugachev under Orenburg had about 24,000 people at 20 guns. Car wanted to take the Pugachevtsev ticks and divided his already a small detachment.

Pugachev defeated punishers in parts. At the beginning of the Rota Grenader without providing resistance, replenished the rows of rebels. After on the night of November 9, the car was attacked and ran 17 versts from the rover. Everything ended with the defeat of the Colonel Chernyshev's squad. 32 officers led by Colonel were captured and were executed.

This victory has played a bad joke with a Pugachev. On the one hand, he was able to strengthen his authority, and on the other hand, the authorities began to relate to him seriously and sent all the shelves to suppress the rebellion. Three regiments of the regular army under the beginning of Golitsyn agreed in battle with Pugachevs on March 22, 1774 in the fortress of Tatishcheva. The assault lasted for six hours. Pugachev was broken and fled to the Ural plants. On March 24, 1774, the troops of the rebels were broken down, who were deposited by Ufa, in the garlic.

Second phase

The second stage was distinguished by some features. A significant part of the population did not support the rebels. Pugachev detachments arriving at the plant were withimed by the factory treasury, robbed the factory population, destroyed the plant, revenge violence. In particular, Bashkirs were highlighted. Often, the plants were resistant to the rebel, organizing self-defense. She joined the Pugachevs 64 factory, and opposed him - 28. In addition, the advantage in the forces was on the side of the punishers.

1774, May 20 - Pugachevtsy seized the fortress by Troitskaya from 11-12,000 people and 30 guns. The next day, Pugacheva Nastiga General De Colonman and won in the battle. On the battlefield there are 4,000 killed and 3,000 were captured. Pugachev himself with a small detachment headed to European Russia.

In the Kazan province, he was welcomed by a bell ringing and bread with salt. The army of Emelyan Pugacheva was replenished with new forces and under Kazan on July 11, 1774 already had 20,000 people. Kazan was taken, only the Kremlin was held. Michelson was in a prevenue of Kazan, who was able to defeat Pugachev once again. And again Pugachev fled. 1774, July 31, his next manifesto was made public. This document dismissed peasants from the serf and different filters. The peasants called for the destruction of landowners.

Third stage of the uprising

At the third stage, you can already talk about the peasant war that has engulfed the huge territory of the Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod and Voronezh provinces. Of those who were in the Nizhny Novgorod province 1,425 nobles killed 348 people. It was delivered not only to nobles and officials, but also by the clergy. In the Kurdysk district of the 72 killed 41 representative of the clergy. In the Yadrinsky district, 38 representatives of the clergy were executed.

The cruelty of Pugachevtsev in reality should be considered a bloody and monstrous, but no less monstrous was the cruelty of punishers. On August 1, Pugachev in Penza, on August 6, he took Saratov, on August 21 went to Tsaritsyn, but he could not take it. Attempts to raise the Don Cossacks were not crowned with success. On August 24, the last battle took place in which Michelson's troops were divided by Pugachev's army. He himself fled to the Volga with the 30th Cossacks. Meanwhile, AV arrived in Michelson's bet Suvorov, urgently recalled from the Turkish Front.

Pugacheva captivity

September 15, comrades were issued to Pugachev authorities. In the Yaitsky town, Captain-Lieutenant Mavrin produced the first interrogations of the impostor, the result of which was the assertion that the uprising was not caused by the evil will of Pugachev and the violence of mobiles, but by severe living conditions of the people. At one time, wonderful words were told by General A.I. Bibik, who fought against Pugacheva: "Not Pugachev is important, important is the general indignation."

From the Yaitskaya Town Pugachev was taken to Simbirsk. Converted commanded A.V. Suvorov. October 1 arrived in Simbirsk. Here on October 2, the investigation continued P.I. Panin and ps Potemkin. Investigators wanted to prove that Pugacheva bribed foreigners or noble opposition. The will of Pugacheva could not be broken, the investigation in Simbirsk did not reach his goal.

1774, November 4 - Pugachev was delivered to Moscow. Here, the investigation was led by S.I. Sheshkovsky. Pugachev persistently confirmed the idea of \u200b\u200bpopular suffering as the cause of the uprising. Empress Ekaterina really did not like it. She was ready to recognize the external interference or the existence of the noble opposition, but she was not ready to recognize the heart of his government.

The rebels were accused of desecrating Orthodox churches, which was not. On December 13, the last interrogation with Pugachev was filmed. The court sessions occurred in the throne hall of the Kremlin Palace on December 29-31. 1775, January 10 - Pugachev was executed on Bolotnaya Square in Moscow. The reaction of a simple people on the execution of Pugacheva is interesting: "Some Pugitch was executed in Moscow, and Peter Fedorovich is alive." Pugachev's relatives were placed in the Kexgolm fortress. 1803 - released prisoners from imprisonment. They all died in different years without offspring. The latter died in 1833 the daughter of Pugacheva Agraphen.

The consequences of the uprising of Pugachev

Peasant War 1773-1775 became the most popular spontaneous folk performance in Russia. Pugachev seriously frightened Russian ruling circles. In the course of the uprising on the orders of the government, the house was burned in which Pugachev lived, and his native village Zimovskaya was postponed to another place and renamed Potemkin. The Yaik River, the first focus of disobedience and the epicenter of the rebels, renamed the Urals, and the Yaitskaya Cossacks became known as Ural. Supported by Pugacheva, the Cossack army disbanded and moved to Terek. Restless Zaporizhia, taking into account her rebel traditions, in 1775 eliminated, without waiting for the next speech. Ekaterina II commanded to give the Eternal Oblision to Pugachev's uprising.

The garrison of government troops is placed, all the power over the army passed into the hands of the commandant of the garrison of Lieutenant Colonel I. D. Simonov. The fragrant fever over caught instigators was extremely cruel and made an oppressive impression on the army, never before the Cossacks did not brand, did not cut their tongues. A large number of participants in the performance took place on distant steppe farms, the arousal reigned everywhere, the state of the Cossacks was like a compressed spring.

Not less voltage was present in the medium of the inference peoples of the Urals and the Volga region. The development of the Urals and active colonization of the Lands of the Volga region, the construction and development of military border lines, the expansion of the Orenburg, Yaitsky and Siberian Cossack troops with the allocation of land that previously belonging to local nomadic peoples, was introduced to numerous unrest among Bashkir, Tatars, Mordvoy, Chuvash, Udmurts, Kazakhs, Kalmykov (most of the latter, breaking through the Yaitskiy borderline, in 1771 was converged in Western China).

The situation in the fastest growing factories of the Urals was also an explosive. Starting from Peter, the government solved the problem of labor in metallurgy mainly by the assurance of state peasants to the treason and private mountain plants, the resolution of new breeders to buy fortress villages and the provision of informal law to leave runaway fortresses, since Berg-College was managed by plants, I tried not to notice violations of the decisions about the capture and expulsion of all runaway. At the same time, the use of the weather and the hopeless position of the runaway was very convenient and if anyone began to express dissatisfaction with his position, they were immediately given out the authorities to punish them. Former peasants resisted forced labor at the factories.

The peasants attributed to the treason and private plants dreamed of returning to the familiar rustic work, while the position of the peasants in the fortress estates was a little better. The economic situation in the country, practically continuously leading one war after another, was heavy. The landowners increase the area of \u200b\u200bcrops, the barbecue increases. At the end, the decree of Catherine II followed by Decree of Catherine II of August 22, 1767 on the prohibition of peasants to complain about the landowners personally by Empress (complaining of landowners in the usual way, the decree was not prohibited).

In this setting, the most fantastic rumors about the ambulance or about the transition of all the peasants in the treasury, about the finished decree of the king, whom the wife and boyars were killed for it, about the fact that the king was not killed, and he hides until the best time - they all fell On the fertile soil of common human discontent with its own position.

Beginning of the uprising

Emelyan Pugachev. Portrait attached to the publication of the history of Pugachev Bunt A. S. Pushkin, 1834

Despite the fact that the inner readiness of the Yaitsky Cossacks towards the uprising was high, there was not enough uniting ideas for the speech, which would have swallowed and slapped participants in the excitement of 1772. The rumor that the Emperor Peter Fedorovich appeared in the troops appeared in the army, instantly scattered throughout the egg. Peter Fedorovich was Ekaterina II husband, after the coup in he, he died from the throne and then died mysteriously.

Few of the Cossack leaders believed in the risen king, but everyone looked closely, whether this person was able to lead the army under his banner, capable of equal to the government. A man who called himself Peter III was Emelyan Ivanovich Pugachev - the Don Cossack, a native of the Winning Stone (before that already granted Russian history of Stepan Razin and Kondrati Bulavin), a member of the seven-year war and war with Turkey 1768-1774.

Once in the Volga steppes in the fall of 1772, he stopped in a dreaming Sloboda and here from Hegumen of the Old Believer Sceit Filaret learned about the unrest among Yaitsky Cossacks. Where in his head, the thought was born to talk to the king and what were his initial plans, it is not known for certain, but in November 1772 he came to the Yaitsky town and in meetings with Cossacks called himself by Peter III. Upon returning to Irgiz Pugacheva, they were arrested and sent to Kazan, from where he fled at the end of May 1773. In August, he again appeared in the army, at the inn of Stepan Oboleaeva, where the future closest comrades were visited - Shigayev, Zarubin, Karavaev, butchers.

In September, hiding from search detacies, Pugachev, accompanied by the Cossack Group, arrived in Budarin's outpost, where on September 17, his first decree for Yaitsky army was announced. The author of the decree was one of the few competent Cossacks, 19-year-old Ivan Paintalin, sent by the Father to serve "King". Hence the detachment in the 80 Cossacks headed up the yak. On the way, new supporters were joined, so for arrival on September 18, the detachment was already 300 people for the Yaitskom town. On September 18, 1773, an attempt to cross the chagan and enter the city ended in failure, but at the same time a large group of Cossacks, from among those directed by the commandant Simonov for the defense of the town, moved to the side of the impostor. Repeat attack of the rebels on September 19 was also repulsed with artillery. The rebel detachment did not have their guns, so it was decided to move up the yoke further, and on September 20, the Cossacks got a camp at the Iletsky Town.

The circle was convened here at which Andrei Ovchinnikova was chosen by the trail, all the Cossacks swore a great state to Emperor Peter Fedorovich, after which Pugachev sent Ovchinnikov to the Iletsky town with the Cossacks: " And what you wish, in all the benefits and salaries you will not be denied; And your glory will not expire before the century; And both you and your descendants are the first to me, great, sovereign, learn" Despite opposition to Iletsky Ataman, Portnova Ovchinnikov convinced the local Cossacks to join the uprising and those met Pugacheva bell ringing and bread-salt.

All Iletsky Cossacks swore Pugachev. The first execution was accomplished: according to the complaints of the inhabitants - "the great resentments did them and ruin them," Portnov hung. A separate regiment led by Ivan's cottages was drawn up from Iletsky Cossacks, the whole artillery of the town got. The head of artillery was appointed Yaitsky Cossack Fyodor Chumakov.

Map of the initial stage of the uprising

After a two-day meeting on further actions, it was decided to send the main forces to Orenburg, the capital of a huge region under the control of the hated Reinsdorp. On the way to Orenburg lay small fortnesses of the lower-yaitskaya distances of the Orenburg military line. The garrison of fortresses was usually mixed - the Cossacks and soldiers, their life and service are perfectly described by Pushkin in the "Captain daughter".

Rustened fortress was taken by a lightning storm on September 24, and local Cossacks were switched to the rebellious side. On September 26, the lower-member fortress was taken. On September 27, the rebellers appeared before the Tatishche fortress and began to convince the local garrison to pass and accession to the army of the "sovereign" Peter Fedorovich. The garrison of the fortress was at least a thousand soldiers, and the commandant, Colonel Elagin, hoped by artillery to fight off. The shootout continued throughout the day on September 27. The detachment of the Orenburg Cossacks was sent to the Sotnik's team under the command of the Sotnik, Pryrona moved in full form on the side of the rebels. Sugays set fire to the wooden walls of the fortress, from which the fire began in the town, and taking advantage of the panic, the Cossacks began in the fortress, after which most of the garrison folded the weapon. The commandant and officers resisted to the latter, perishing in battle; captured, including members of their families, were shot after the fight. The daughter of the commandant of Elagina Tatyana, the widow of the Karlov's left-sea fortress killed in the afternoon earlier, was taken frightened in the concubine. With her, the brother Nicholas left, in front of whom the mother was killed after the fight. Cossacks shot Tatiana and her young brother a month later.

With the artillery of the Tatisco Fortress and the replenishment in people, a 2-thousand squad of Pugacheva began to present a real threat to Orenburg. On September 29, Pugachev solemnly joined the Corn-Nechchensk fortress, the garrison and the inhabitants of which they swore to his loyalty.

The road to Orenburg was opened, but Pugachev decided to head to Seitov, the Square and the Sakmar town, since the Cossacks arrived from there and Tatars assured him in universal devotion. On October 1, the population of Seite Sloboda solemnly met the Cossack army, exposing the Tatar regiment in his ranks. In addition, a decree was issued in the Tatar language, addressed to Tatars and Bashkir, in which Pugachev killed them with "lands, water, forests, residences, herbs, rivers, fish, bread, laws, arable land, bodies, money salary, lead and powder " And already on October 2, the rebel detachment under the bell tall joined the Sakmar Cossack town. In addition to the Sakmar Cossack Regiment, the workers of the neighboring copper mining coders of Tvershev and Myasnikov were joined to Pugachev. A clapboard appeared in the Sakmar town as part of the rebels, originally sent by the Governor Reinsdorp with secret letters to the rebels with the promise of pardon in the event of the issuance of Pugacheva.

On October 4, the army of the rebels went to the Berdy Sloboda near Orenburg, the inhabitants of which also swore "Resurrection" king. By this time, the army of the impostor consisted of about 2500 people, of which about 1,500 Yiitsky, Iletsky and Orenburg Cossacks, 300 soldiers, 500 Kargali Tatars. The artillery of the rebels numbered several dozen cannons.

Siege of Orenburg and the first military successes

The capture of Orenburg became the main task of rebeling due to his meaning, like the capital of a huge region. If successful, the authority of the army and the very leader of the uprising would have increased significantly, because the capture of each new town contributed to the unimpeded taking the following. In addition, it was important to capture Orenburg weapons.

Panorama of Orenburg. Engraving XVIII century

But Orenburg in a military plan was much more powerful strengthening than even Tatishchev fortress. Around the city was erected by an earthen shaft, fortified with 10 bastions and 2 hebstons. The height of the shaft reached 4 meters and above, and the width is 13 meters. From the outdoor side of the shaft, there was a depth of about 4 meters and a width of 10 meters. The garrison of Orenburg was about 3,000 people, of which about 1,500 soldiers, about a hundred guns. On October 4, a detachment of 626 Yaik Cossacks, who remained loyal to the government, with 4 guns, led by the Yaitskiy Archival of M. Borodin managed to easily approach Orenburg from the Yaitsky Town.

And on October 5, the Army of Pugacheva approached the city, breaking the temporary camp in five versts from him. Cossacks were sent to the fastened shaft, who managed to transfer Pugacheva Decree to the garrison troops with a call to fold the weapon and join the "sovereign". In response, the guns began the shelling of rebels from the urban tree. On October 6, Reinsdorp ordered to make a breakdown, a detachment of 1500 people under the command of Major Naumov after a two-hour battle returned to the fortress. At the assembled on October 7, the military council was decided to defend the walls of the fortress under the cover of the fortress artillery. One of the reasons for such a decision was the fear of the transition of soldiers and the Cossacks on the side of Pugacheva. The catch spent showed that soldiers were fighting reluctantly, Major Naumov reported on the detected "In the subordinates of their timidity and fear".

The beginning of the siege of Orenburg was for half a year the main forces of the rebels, without bringing any of the parties to military success. On October 12, a re-outset of Naumov's squad was rejected, but the successful actions of artillery under the command of Chumakov helped to repel the attack Army Pugacheva due to the starting frosts suffered a camp to Berdskaya Slobod, October 22 was taken by storming, the rebel batteries began the shelling of the city, but the strong response artillery fire was not allowed to close to the shaft.

At the same time, during October in the hands of the rebels, the fortresses on the Samara River - Perevolotskaya, Novosergievskaya, Totskaya, Sorochinskaya, in early November - Buzuluk fortress. On October 17, Pugachev sends a clapboard to Demidov's Avian-Petrovsky plants. Clapper gathered the guns there, the provision, the money, formed a detachment from the master and factory peasants, as well as challenged codes, and in early November, at the head of the detachment returned to the Berdy Slobod. Having received the title of Colonel from Pugacheva, at the head of his shelf, the clapboard goes to the upper-and-coal line of fortifications, where he took the Ilyinsky fortress and tried unsuccessfully to take the Upperoz.

On October 14, Ekaterina II appointed Major General V. A. Kara commander of a military expedition to suppress metage. At the end of October, Car arrived in Kazan from St. Petersburg and at the head of the corps of two thousand soldiers and a half thousand militia headed to Orenburg. On November 7, at the village of Yuzeva, in 98 versts from Orenburg, the detachments of Pugachev Atamanov A. A. Ovchinnikova and I. N. Zarubin-Chiki attacked the avant-garde of the Kara Corps and after a three-day fight forced him to retreat back to Kazan. On November 13, Orenburg was captured by a detachment of Colonel Chernyshev, numbering up to 1100 Cossacks, 600-700 soldiers, 500 Kalmyks, 15 guns and huge traffic. Realizing that instead of a non-reserved, but victory over the rebels, he can get the full defeat from the untreated peasants and the Bashkir-Cossack irregular cavalry, the car left the corps under the pretext of the disease and went to Moscow, leaving the command General Freiman.

Such large successes were inspired by the Pugachevs, forced to believe in their strength, a great impression of victory was put on the peasantry, the Cossacks, intensifying their inflows in the ranks of the rebels. True, at the same time on November 14th, the Corfer Brigadier Corger's Corrug Court was ruined in Orenburg with a number of 2500 people.

The mass attachment began to the uprising of Bashkir. The Bashkir ears of Kinzya Arslanov, who was entering the Pugachev secret Duma, sent messages to the ears and ordinary Bashkirs, in which she assured that Pugachev had every support for their needs. On October 12, Starshina Caskin Samarov took the Resurrection Medesplavilian Plant and headed by Bashkir and factory peasants from 600 people with 4 guns arrived in Berdy. In November, Salavat Yulaev went over to the major detachment of Bashkirov and Misharey to Pugacheva. In December, Salavat Yulaev formed a large rebel squad in the northeastern part of Bashkiria and successfully fought with the royal troops in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Redoufim Fortress and Kungur.

Together with Karana Muratov, Cascian Samarov captured Sterlitamak and Tabyansk, from November 28, the Pugachevs under the command of Ataman Ivan Gubanova and Cuskina Samarova were besieged by Ufa, from December 14, the siege commanded Ataman Chikub-Zarubin. On December 23, Zarubin at the head of the 10-thousand squad with 15 cannons began the storming of the city, however, he was removed by the cannon and energetic counterattacks of the garrison.

Ataman Ivan Mudnov participating in the capture of Sterlitamak and Tabinsk, collecting a detachment from the factory peasants, captured the plants on the White River (Voskresensky, Arkhangelsky, Epiphany Plants). In early November, he proposed to organize the casting of guns and nuclei at the surrounding plants. Pugachev produced him to the colonel and sent for the organization of detachments to the Iset Province. There he took Satkin, Zlatoustovsky, Kyshtymsky and Castinsky factories, the Kundravinskaya, Owl and Varlamov of Sloboda, the Chebarkul fortress, defeated the punitive teams sent against him and in the javar with a four-thousandth squad approached Chelyabinsk.

In December 1773 Pugachev sent Ataman Mikhail Tolkachev with his decions to the rulers of the Kazakh younger Jesz Zhuza-Khan and Sultan Dusala with a call to join his army, but Khan decided to wait for the development of events, only riders of the genus of Sryma Derova joined Pugachev. On the way back, Tolkachev gathered in his squad of the Cossacks in the fortresses and outposts on the lower eggs and headed with them to the Yaitsky town, collecting in passing fortresses and outposts of guns, ammunition and provisions. On December 30, Tolkachev approached the Yaitsky town, in seven versts from which he broke and captured the team of N. A. Mostovshshchikov against him, in the evening of the same day, he took the old district of the city. Most of the Cossacks welcomed the comrades and joined Tolkachev's detachment, the Cossacks of the Starshinsky side, the soldiers of the garrison, headed by the lieutenant colonel Simonov and Captain Krylov, locked in the "Retoman" - the fortresses of the Mikhailo Arkhangelsky Cathedral, the Cathedral itself was her main citadel. In the basement of the bell tower was stored, and guns and arrows were installed on the upper tiers. Take the fortress with the move failed

In total, by the approximate calculations of historians in the ranks of the Pugachev army, by the end of 1773, there were from 25 to 40 thousand people, more than half of this number were detachments of Bashkir. To manage the troops, Pugachev created a military collegium, which served as an administrative and military center and led an extensive correspondence with remote areas of the uprising. Judges of the Military College were appointed A. I. Vitoshnov, M. G. Shigayev, D. G. Skobobin and I. A. Cotorshers, "Duma" Dyak - I. Ya. Pochistal, Secretary M. D. Gorshkov.

House "Tsareva Testa" Cossack Kuznetsova - now Museum of Pugacheva in Uralsk

In January 1774, Ataman Ovchinnikov, Ataman Ovchinnikov, headed the campaign in the grasslandic of the Yaik, to Gurieva Town, stormed his Kremlin, seized the rich trophies and replenished the detachment by local Cossacks, leading them to the Yaitsky town. At the same time, Pugachev himself arrived in the Yaitsky town. He took upon himself the leadership of the Usiahlo-Arkhangelsky Cathedral of the city fortress of the city fortress, but after a failed assault on January 20 returned to the main army under Orenburg. At the end of January, Pugachev returned to the Yaitsky town, where the military circle was held, in which N. A. Kargin, N. A. Kargin, was chosen by the military ataman, A. P. Pontifers and I. A. Fofanov. At the same time, the Cossacks, wanting to finally breed the king with the army, married him on the young Cossack Ustinje Kuznetsova. In the second half of February and in early March 1774 Pugachev again personally headed attempts to master the precipitated fortress. On February 19, the explosion of the mine subpoint was undermined and the bell tower of the Mikhailovsky Cathedral was broken and destroyed, but the garrison was able to repel the attack of the precipitated attacks.

Pugachevtsev detachments under the command of Ivan Beloborodov, who grew up to 3 thousand people, came up to Yekaterinburg, on the way of mastering the neighboring fortresses and plants, and on January 20, as the main base of his actions, was captured by the Demidov Shayansky Plant.

The situation in the besieged Orenburg by this time was already critical, hunger began in the city. Having learned about the departure of Pugacheva and Ovchinnikov with part of the troops in the Yaitsky town Governor Reinsdorp decided to produce January 13 to the Berdy Sloboda for the removal of the siege. But an unexpected attack did not succeed, the sentries of the Cossacks managed to raise the alarm. The remaining atamans in the camp of M. Shigayev, D. Lyshov, T. Pryerov and Clapper brought their detachments to the ravine surrounding the Berdy Slobod and served by the natural line of defense. Orenburg corps were forced to fight in unprofitable conditions and suffered a cruel defeat. With big losses, throwing guns, weapons, ammunition and ammunition, semi-raid Orenburg troops hastily retreated to Orenburg under the cover of urban walls, losing only 281 people killed, 13 guns with all projectiles to them, a lot of weapons, ammunition and ammunition.

January 25, 1774 Pugachevs took the second and last assault of Ufa, Zarubin attacked the city from the south-west, from the left bank of the White River, and Ataman Guban - from the East. At first, the detachments were successful and even burst into the outskirts of the city, but there their offensive gust was stopped by the ship's shipless fire. Having pulled to the breakthrough places all the cash forces, the garrison knocked out from the city at first Zarubina, and then Gubanova.

In early January, the Chelyabinsk Cossacks raised the rebellion and tried to seize power in the city in the hope of assist attacks of Ataman Gryazanov, but were broken by the city garrison. On January 10, Mudnov unsuccessfully tried to take the chelyabu storm, and on January 13, the two thousandth corps of General I. A. Decolong came to Chelyabi on January 13 in Chelyabu. Throughout January, the battles on the approaches to the city and February 8, Decolong took the best to leave the city to Pugachevs for the best.

On February 16, the slack of clapper took the assault to Iletsky defense, having interrupted all officers, carved the weapons, ammunition and the provincial and taking off the courtery, Cossacks and soldiers

Military lesions and expansion of the area of \u200b\u200bthe peasant war

When the news of the expedition V. A. Kara and the unauthorized departure of the Kara himself came to St. Petersburg to Moscow, Ekaterina II decree on November 27 appointed new commander A. I. Bibikov. The new punitive corps included 10 cavalry and infantry regiments, as well as 4 lung field teams, hastily directed from the Western and North-Western borders of the Empire to Kazan and Samara, and besides them, all garrisons and military units located in the uprising zone and the remains of the case Kara. Bibikov arrived in Kazan on December 25, 1773 and immediately began the movement of regiments and brigades under the command of P. M. Golitsyn and P. D. Mansurov to besieged by Pugachev's troops Samara, Orenburg, Ufa, Menzelinsk, Kunguur. Already on December 29, the 24th light field team led by Major, supported by two squadrons of the Bakhmut Gusar and other parts of Samara. Arapists with a few dozen remaining Pugachevtsev retreated to Alekseevsk, but the brigade led by Mansurov defeated his squads in battles under Alekseevsky and at the Buzuluk fortress, after which the Sorochinsky united on March 10 with the Corps of General Golitsyn, who came there, moving from Kazan, defeating the rebels Under Menzelinsky and Kungur.

Having received information about promoting the Brigades Mansurov and Golitsyn Pugachev decided to take the main forces from Orenburg, actually removing the siege, and focus the main forces in the Tatishche fortress. Instead of the burnt walls, an icy tree was built, all cash artillery was collected. Soon, a government squad consisting of 6,500 people and 25 guns approached the fortress. The battle took place on March 22 and was extremely fierce. Prince Golitsin in his report A. Bibikov wrote: "The case was so important that I did not expect such audacity and regulations in such an unetebled people in a military craft, as there are these defeated ruffers". When the situation became hopeless, Pugachev decided to return to Berdy. His departure remained to cover the Cossack regiment of Ataman Ovchinnikov. With his regiment, he persistently defended until the gun charges were running out, and then with three hundred Cossacks managed to break through the troops surrounding the fortress and departed to the Lower-member fortress. It was the first major defeat of the rebels. Pugachev lost about 2 thousand people killed, 4 thousand wounded and prisoners, all artillery and traffic. Among the dead was Ataman Ilya Arapov.

Map of the second stage of the peasant war

At the same time, the St. Petersburg Carabinerian Regiment under the command of I. Michelson, quartered before in Poland and aimed at suppressing the uprising, arrived on March 2, 1774 in Kazan and enhanced by cavalry parts with the go was aimed at suppressing uprising in the areas of the Kama region. On March 24, in battle under Ufa, the village of Garznokovka, he defeated troops under the command of Chiki-Zarubin, and two days later captured the Zarubin himself and his approximated. Having won on the territory of the Ufa and Isetian provinces over the detachments of Salavat Yulaev and other Bashkir Colonels, to suppress the Bashkir uprising in general, he failed, as Bashkirs moved to the partisan tactics.

Leaving the brigade of Mansurov in the Tatishche fortress, Golitsyn continued his trip to Orenburg, where he joined on March 29, while Pugachev, having gathered his troops, tried to break through to the Yaitsky town, but having encountered government troops near the Pling Fortress, was forced to turn to the Sakmar city, Where I decided to fight Golitsyn. In battle on April 1, the rebels were defeated again, over 2,800 people were captured, including Maxim Shigayev, Andrei Vitoshnov, Timofey views, Ivan Paintaline and others. Pugachev himself, having pulled away from the enemy chase, fled with several hundred Cossacks to the Prechisten's fortress, and from there he went for the emitter of the White River, in the Gornozavodskaya Territory of the Southern Urals, where the rebels had reliable support.

At the beginning of April, the Brigade P. D. Mansurov, supported by the Izya Gusarian regiment and the Cossack squad of the Yaitskoye German, M. Borodin from the Tatishche fortress headed for the Yaitskom town. The Pugachevs of the Fortress of the Lower-member and loose, Iletsky town, April 12, was defeated by the rebel therapists at the Irttsky Forep. In an effort to stop the promotion of punishers to his native Yaitsky, the town of Cossacks, headed by A. A. Ovchinnikov, A. P. Pontifier and K. I. Dehtyarev decided to advocate mansurov. The meeting occurred on April 15 in 50 versts east of the Yaitsky Town, near the river Kumkovka. Relaxing into battle, the Cossacks could not resist regular troops, the retreat began, gradually transferred to panic flight. The Cossacks pursued by the hussar, the Cossacks retreated to the rubbish outpost, having lost hundreds of people killed, among whom Dehtyarev turned out to be. Having gathered people, Ataman Ovchinnikov, the deaf steppe led a detachment to the Southern Urals, to connect with the troops of Pugachev, who went beyond the White River.

On the evening of April 15, when in the Yaitskoy the town they learned about defeating the bullshit, the Cossacks group, wanting to heal in front of the punishers, tied and issued Simonov Atamanov Kagina and Tolkachev. Mansurov joined the Yaitsky town on April 16, finally freeing the cities fortress deposited by the Pugachevs from December 30, 1773. The Cossacks who fled to the Steppe could not break through to the main area of \u200b\u200bthe uprising, in May-July 1774, the teams of the Brigade of Mansurov and the Cossacks of the Starinsky side began the search and defeat in Practician steppe, near the rivers of the Uzena and Irgiz, the rebel detachments of F. I. Derboeva, S. L . Rushkina, I. A. Fofanova.

In early April 1774 The corpus of the Major Gagrin's Second-Major Ekaterinburg approached the defeat of Tumanov's detachment in Chelyabrig. And on May 1, the team of Lieutenant Colonel D. Kandaurova, approached from Astrakhan, was removed from the rebels of Guryev town.

On April 9, 1774, the commander of military operations against Pugacheva A. I. Bibikov died. The command of the troops after him, Ekaterina II instructed a lieutenant-General F. F. Shcherbatov, as the eldest for the title. Offended by the fact that the post of commander of the troops was appointed not by him, sent to the small teams along the nearest fortresses and villages for investigation and punishment, General Golitsyn with the main forces of his corps for three months lingered in Orenburg. The intrigues between the generals gave Pugachev so the necessary to the breather, he managed to collect multiple small detachments in the southern Urals. Suspended the harassment and the coming spring dishthele and floods on the rivers, which became impassable roads.

Ural mine. Picture of the Demidov Fortress Artist V.P. Khudoyarova

On the morning of May 5, the five thousandth of Pugachev squirrel approached the magnetic fortress. By this time, Pugachev detachment consisted mainly of the weak factory peasants and a small number of personal Yaitskaya Guard under the command of Myasnikov, the detachment did not have a single cannon. The beginning of the assault magnetic was unsuccessful, about 500 people died in battle, Pugachev himself was injured in the right hand. Having reached the troops from the fortress and discussed the situation that rebels under the cover of night darkness took a new attempt and were able to break into the fortress and capture it. As trophies got 10 guns, guns, ammunition. On May 7, the troops of Atamanov A.Ochinnikova, A. Mömksimov, and S. Maximov and S. Maximov were tightened to magnetic from different sides.

After heading up the yaika, the rebels mastered the fortresses of the Karagay, Petropavlovsk and Steppe and May 20 approached the largest Trinity. By this time, the detachment consisted of 10 thousand people. During the storm, the garrison tried to repel the attack of artillery fire, but overcoming desperate resistance, the rebels broke into Trinity. Pugacheva got an artillery with shells and reserves of gunpowder, reserves of the province and forage. On the morning of May 21, the Décolong Corps was attacked on the rest after the fight. Captured by surprise, Pugachevs suffered severe defeat, losing 4,000 people killed and as many wounded and captured. To retreat on the way to Chelyabinsk, only one and a half thousand horse Cossacks and Bashkir were able to retreat.

After the injury, Salavat Yulaev managed to organize at this time in Bashkiria, east of Ufa, resistance to Michelson's detachment, covering Pugacheva's army from his stubborn persecution. In those who held 6, 8, 17, May 31, the battles of Salavat, although he did not have success in them, but did not make significant losses to their detachments. On June 3, he joined the Pugachev, by this time Bashkira made up two thirds of the total number of the army of the rebels. On June 3 and 5, on the river Ai, they gave new battles Michelson. None of the parties received the desired success. Having retreated north, Pugachev regrouped the strength while Michelson departed to Ufa to move the detachments of Bashkir, acting as the city, and replenish the reserves of ammunition and the province.

Taking advantage of the respite of Pugachev headed to Kazan. On June 10, the Redufim Fortress was taken, on June 11, a victory was obsessed in battle under Kungur against the garrison shaft. Without taking attempts to assault Kungur, Pugachev turned to the West. On June 14, the avant-garde of his troops under the command of Ivan Beloborodova and Salavat Yulaeva approached the Prikamsky town of Osa and blocked the city fortress. Four days later, the main forces of Pugachev came here and the siege fights were tied with a garrison in the fortress. On June 21, defenders of the fortress, having exhausted the possibility of further resistance, capitulated. During this period, the Pugacheva was an adventurer merchant Astaphius Dolgopolov ("Ivan Ivanov"), who issued himself for the Messenger Cesarevich Paul and decided to fix his financial situation in this way. Pugachev solved his adventure, and Dolgopolis by agreement with him spoke some time as "the authenticity of Peter III".

Having mastered the ax, Pugachev crossed the army through Kama, took on the path of Votkin and Izhevsky iron plants, Elabugu, Sarapul, Menzelinsk, Agryz, Zainsk, Mamadysh and other cities and fortresses and in the first days of July approached Kazan.

View of Kazan Kremlin

Toward Pugacheva came out a squad under the command of Colonel Tolstoy and on July 10 in 12 versts from the city of Pugachevs, a complete victory was obsessed. The next day, the detachment of the rebels is located the camp at the city. "In the evening, in mind, all the Kazan residents, he (Pugachev) himself went out to look out for the city, and returned to the camp, postponed the attack until the next morning". On July 12, as a result of the storming of the suburbs and the main areas of the city, the remaining garrison fleeing in the Kazan Kremlin and prepared for the siege. A strong fire began in the city, in addition, Pugachev received news about the approach of Michelson's troops, who went to him on his heels from Ufa, so Pugachev troops came out of the burning city. As a result of the short battle, Michelson made his way to the garrison of Kazan, Pugachev moved over the Kazanku River. Both sides were preparing for a decisive battle, which took place on July 15. The Army of Pugacheva consisted of 25 thousand people, but most of them were just herself to the uprising of weakly reinforced peasants, the Tatar and Bashkir Connection, armed with bows, and a small number of remaining Cossacks. The competent actions of Michelson, who hit the first bugger to the Yaitsky kernel, led to the complete defeat of the rebels, at least 2 thousand people died, about 5 thousand were captured, among which there was a colonel Ivan Beloborodov.

Declared in nationwide news

I complain about the sim untreated decree with the monarch and our father
Mercy of all who were before in the peasantry and
In the citizenship of landowners, being loyal slaves
our own crown; and reward an ancient cross
and prayer, heads and beards, liberty and freedom
and forever the Cossacks, without requiring recruit sets, pillow
and flow of money supply, ownership of lands, forestry,
hayous land and fish fishing and salt lakes
without buying and without a lifting; and freed everyone from previously revealed
From the villains of the nobles and the Gradtsky Mzzompi-judges, the peasant and everything
The people of the prescribed filters and burdening. And we wish you a save save
and calm in the light of life for which we tasted and have undergone
From the prescribed Zlodeev-noble, a travel and a lot of distress.

And how nowadas the name of our power of the Most High Drain in Russia
It flourishes, in order to command Slim by our immune decree:
Koi before were nobles in their places and vans -
opponents of our power and perturbers of the Empire and Ripper
peasants, catch, execute and hang, and act equally
As they, without having Christianity, revenge with you, peasants.
According to the extermination of which opponents and villains - nobles, any
Fort the silence and quiet life, the box will be before the century.

Dan July 31 days 1774.

God's love, we, Peter the Third,

emperor and autocrats All-Russian and Protect,

And Protect, and Protect.

Even before the start of the battle on July 15, Pugachev announced in the camp that the Kazan would go to Moscow from Kazan. Rumor about it instantly scattered through the nearest villages, estates and towns. Despite the major defeat of the Pugachev army, the flame of the uprising swept the whole West Bank of the Volga. Crouching through the Volga in Cochaisk, below Sondyr village, Pugachev replenished his army with thousands of peasants. By this time, Salavat Yulaev with his detachments continued the fighting under Ufa, the detachments of Bashkir in the Pugachev detachment headed Kinzya Arslanov. On July 20, Pugachev joined the Kurdysh, the 23rd hung unhindered to Alatyr, after which he went to Saransk. On July 28, a decree of liberty for peasants was read on the central square of Saransk, the inhabitants of salt and bread were distributed, the city treasury "Riding around the city fortress and on the streets ... Throw the blacks from different counties". On July 31, the same solemn meeting was expected by Pugacheva in Penza. The decrees caused numerous peasant torment in the Volga region, all the scattered detachments, acting within their places, had tens of thousands of fighters. Movement covered most of the Volga counties, it came to the borders of the Moscow province, really threatened Moscow.

The publication of decrees (actually - manifestos about the liberation of peasants) in Saransk and Penza are called the culmination of the peasant war. Decrees made a strongest impression on the peasants, on the stakeholders hiding from the persecution, on the opposite side - the nobles and the Ekaterin II itself. Inspiring, which covered the peasants of the Volga region led to the fact that the population of more than a million people was involved in the uprising. They could not give anything to the Army of Pugacheva in a long war of war, as the peasant detachments operated at no further of their estates. But they turned the campaign of Pugachev by the Volga region in a triumphal march, with bell tongues, the blessing of the village father and bread-salt in every new village, village, town. Upon the approach of the army of Pugachev or its individual detachments, the peasants knitted or killed their landowners and their orders, hung local officials, burned the estates, broke shops and shops. In the summer of 1774, at least 3 thousand nobles and authorities were killed.

In the second half of July 1774, when the Flame of the Pugachev uprising was approaching the borders of the Moscow province and threatened Moscow itself, an alarmed Empress was forced to agree on the proposal of Chancellor N. I. Panin on the appointment of his brother, Opel General-Annef Peter Ivanovich Panin, the commander of the military expedition against Rebel. General F. F. Shcherbatov was expelled from this post on July 22, and decree of July 29, Catherine II endowed Panin Emergency Powers "In the suppression of the rebound and the restoration of internal order in the provinces of the Orenburg, Kazan and Nizhny Novgorod" . It is noteworthy that under the command of P. I. Panin, who received in 1770 for the capture of Bender Order of St. George I class, distinguished himself in that battle and Donskoy Khorunzhiy Emelyan Pugachev.

To speed up the conclusion of the world, the conditions of the Kuchuk-Caynardgian peace treaty were mitigated, and the troops liberated in the Turkish borders - only 20 cavalry and infantry regiments were revoked from the armies for action against Pugachev. As Catherine noticed, against Pugacheva "So much dressed troops that such an army and neighbors were hardly terrible". The noteworthy fact that in August 1774 was withdrawn from the 1st Army, which was in the Dongyas Principles General-Lieutenant Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov, at that time one of the most successful Russian generals. Panin instructed Suvorov the command of the troops who had to break the main Pugachev army in the Volga region.

Suppression of uprising

After the triumphant entry of Pugacheva, everyone expected his campaign to Moscow in Saransk and Penza. In Moscow, where there were still fresh memories of the Chumna Bunte of 1771, seven regiments under the personal command of P. I. Panin were torn. Moscow Governor General Prince M. N. Volkonsky ordered to put an artillery near his home. The police strengthened the supervision and sent into crowded places of the informants - in order to grab all the sympathetic Pugachev. Michelson, who received the rank of colonel in July and pursued by the rebels from Kazan, turned to Arzamas to overlap the road to the old capital. General Mansurov spoke out of the Yaitskoy town to Syzran, General Golitsyn to Saransk. The punitive teams of the muffle and Melly reported that everywhere Pugachev reserves rioty villages and they do not have time to pacify them all. "Not only peasants, but priests, monks, even archimandritis indignant sensitive and insensitive people". Excusant excerpts from the report of the captain of the Novokhopoch battalion of BuWrimovich:

"... I went to the village of Andreevskaya, where the peasants contained the Dubensky landowner under arrest for issuing his Pugachev. I wanted to free it, but the village rebelled, and the team dispersed. Ottol went to the village of Mr. Vyshysvetseva and Prince Maksyutina, but I also found them under the arrest of the peasants, and sometimes I freed, and thereof themselves in the upper Lomov; From the village of KN. Maksyutin saw me like mountains. Kerensk burned and returned to the upper Lomov learned that in he all the inhabitants, except for ordinary, rebelled, learning about the convening of Kerensk. Stuffers: One-Nov Yak. Gubanov, Matv. Barrels, and Solretskaya Slobody Tenskaya Bezboro. I wanted to grab them and submit to Voronezh, but the inhabitants not only did not allow me before, but he himself did not sit under their guard, but I left them and for 2 versts from the city heard the cry of roseers. What I don't know everything, but I heard Kerensk with the help of prisoner Turks from the villain beat off. In the passage of my everywhere I was noticed by the Spirit of the Bunt and the tendency to the impostor. Especially in the Tanbean county, the KN Office. Vyazemsky, in economic peasants, koi for the arrival of Pugachev and bridges were fixed everywhere and the roads repaired. Moreover, the village of a lipal elder with the dozen, the employee's member of the villager, came to me, fell on his knees. "

Map of the final stage of the uprising

But from Penza Pugachev turned to the south. Most historians indicate the cause of this Pugacheva's plans to attract Volga and, especially, Don Cossacks into their ranks. It is possible that another reason was the desire of Yaitsky Cossacks, tired to fight and already confused their main atamans, again hide in the deaf steppes of the Lower Volga and Yaik, where they were already hidden after the uprising of 1772. An indirect confirmation of such fatigue is the fact that it was these days that the conspiracy of Cossack Colonels began in order to give Pugacheva to the government in return for pardon.

On August 4, the army of the impostor took Petrovsk, and on August 6 surrounded Saratov. The governor with a part of people on the Volga managed to get out in Tsaritsyn and after the fight on August 7, Saratov was taken. Saratov priests in all temples served prayers for the health of Emperor Peter III. Here, Pugachev sent a decree to ruler Kalmykov Tendenu-Darge with a call to join his army. But by this time, punitive detachments under the general command of Michelson have already literally walked along the heels of Pugachevs and on August 11, the city passed under the control of government troops.

After Saratov came down below the Volga to Kamyshin, which, as many cities, he met Pugacheva bell ringing and bread-salt. Near Kamyshin in the German colonies, Pugachev's troops collided with the Astrakhan Astronomical Expedition of the Academy of Sciences, many members of whom, together with the head of Academician Georgov, were hanged at the same time with those who were unsuccessful to flee away by local officials. Failed to survive the son of the fishing, Tobias, subsequently academician. By attaching a 3-thousand squad of Kalmykov, the rebels joined the village of Volzhsky troops Antipovskaya and Karavainskaya, where they received broad support and from where the messengers were races with decrees about the accession of the Donets to the uprising. The detachment of government troops approached from Tsaritsyn was defeated on the River Nam near the village of Balyklevskaya. Further, on the way there was a dubovka, the capital of the Volga Cossack troops. The Volga Cossacks left the faithful government, headed by Ataman, the garrisons of the Volga cities strengthened Tsaritsyn's defense, where the thousandth squad of the Don Cossacks arrived under the command of Hiking Ataman Perfilov.

Pugachev under arrest. Engraving of the 1770s

On August 21, Pugachev tried to attack Tsaritsyn, but the assault failed. Having received the news about the arriving body of Michelson, Pugachev hurried to remove the siege from Tsaritsyn, the rebels moved to the Black Yar. Panic began in Astrakhan. On August 24, the Solenic Fisherman Vatagi Pugachev was overtaken by Micelson. I realized that the battle was not avoided, the frightened was built a combat order. On August 25, the last major battle of troops was held under the command of Pugacheva with royal troops. The battle began with a major failure - all 24 guns of the army of the rebels were repulsed by the cavalry attack. More than 2000 rebels died in fierce battle, among them Ataman Ovchinnikov. More than 6,000 people were captured. Pugachev with the Cossacks, crashed into small detachments, fled to the Volga. In pursuit of them were sent by search troops of Mansurov and Golitsyn generals, the Yaitsky senior of Borodin and Don Colonel Tavinsky. Not having time to battle, wished to participate in the capture and Lieutenant General Suvorov. During August, September, most of the uprising participants were caught and sent to investigate in the Yaitsky town, Simbirsk, Orenburg.

Pugachev, with a detachment of the Cossacks, fled to the nasels, not knowing that since the middle of August, Chumakov, cottages, Fedululev and some other colonels discussed the opportunity to earn the forgiveness of the surrender of the impostor. Under the pretext, to facilitate deprictions from the chase, they divided the squad so as to separate the Kazakh Cossacks devotees along with the Ataman perters. On September 8, the river is a big tender they pounced and tied up Pugacheva, after which Chumakov and cottages went to the Yaitsky town, where September 11 were announced by the prisoner of the impostor. Having received promises in pardon, they informed accomplices and those September 15 delivered Pugacheva to the Yaitsky town. The first interrogations took place, one of them conducted personally Suvorov, he also volunteered to concilize the impostor to Simbirsk, where the main consequence was. For the carriage of Pugacheva, a close cell was made, installed on a two-wheeled armpath, in which he caught hand and legs, he could not even turn. In Symbirsk, for five days, it was interrogated by P. S. Potemkin, the head of secret investigative commissions, and the graph. P. I. Panin, Commander of the punitive troops of the government.

Perflights with his detachment were captured on September 12 after a fight with punishers by the river Derobl.

Pugachev under the cone. Engraving of the 1770s

At this time, in addition to the scattered foci of the uprising, organized in nature had a fighting in Bashkiria. Salavat Yulaev, together with his father, Julam Azynaline headed the rebel movement in the Siberian road, Kanay Muratov, Kachkyn Samarov, Selyausin Kinzin on the Nogai, Bazargul Junaev, Yulaman Kushaev and Mukhamet Safarov - in the Bashkir Zauralale. They shoved a significant contingent of government troops. At the beginning of August, even a new assault of Ufa was taken, but as a result of a weak organization of interaction between different detachments, it was unsuccessful. Worried raids throughout the borderline line Kazakh detachments. Governor Reinsdorp reported: "Bashkirts and Kyrgyzians are not pressed, the latter are minimized through JIAC, and people have enough from Orenburg. The tiles are local or puigacheva, or the path is scared, and the Kyrgyz do not liva, Khan and Saltanov, I exhort. They answered that they could not keep Kyrgyz, koi all the horde riotuet. " With the capture of Pugacheva, the direction of the liberated government troops in Bashkiria, the transition of Bashkir elders on the side of the government began, many of them joined punitive detachments. After capturing the captivity of Kanzafar Usaeva and Salavat Yulaeva, the uprising in Bashkiria went on decline. Salavat Yulaev gave his last fight on November 20, under the dilated Katav-Ivanovsky plant, and after the defeat, was captured on November 25. But individual rebel detachments in Bashkiria continued resistance to summer 1775.

Until the summer of 1775, unrest continued in the Voronezh province, in the Tambov district and rivers Hopra and Voronene. Although the existing detachments were small and no coordination of joint actions was not, according to the eyewitness Major Schurchkov, "Many landowners, leaving their homes and savings, away to remote places, and the remaining in the houses save lives from threatening death, spend the night in the forests". The frightened landowners stated that "If the Voronezh provincial office will not accelerate the extermination of those villainous shakes, then inevitably such a bloodshed will follow as the past rebellion happened."

To bring down the wave of rebellions, the punitive detachments began mass executions. In each village, in each town that took Pugacheva, at the gallows and the "verbs", from which we barely managed to remove the officers hanked by the self-plane, landowners, judges, began to hang the leaders of the risks and the local countertops of the local groups. To enhance the frightening effect, the gallows were installed on the rafts and dreaded through the main rivers of the uprising. In May, the execution of clapping took place in Orenburg: his head on the pole installed in the city center. During the investigation, the entire medieval set of tested funds was applied. On the cruelty and number of victims of Pugachev and the government did not give way to each other.

In November, all the main participants in the uprising were transported to Moscow for the general investigation. They were placed in the building of the coin court at the Iversky Gate of China-Cities. Prince of M. N. Volkonsky and Ober-Secretary S. I. Sheshkovsky led the interrogations. At the interrogation, E. I. Pugachev gave detailed testimony about the relatives, about his youth, on participation in the Don Cossack troops in seven-year-old and Turkish wars, about his wandering in Russia and Poland, about their plans and plans, about the progress of the uprising. Investigators tried to find out if the initiators were the rebellion of the agents of foreign states, or rank, or any of the nobility. Ekaterina II showed great interest in the course of the investigation. In the materials of the Moscow consequence, several notes of Catherine II to M. N. Volkonsky are preserved with wishes about how much the inquiry needs to be kept which questions require the most complete and detailed investigation, which witnesses should be additionally interviewed. On December 5, M. N. Volkonsky and P. S. Potemkin signed the definition of the termination of the investigation, since Pugachev and other trendy could not add anything new to their testimony at interrogations and could neither alleviate anything or aggravate their guilt. In the report of Catherine, they were forced to admit that they were "... I tried to find the beginning of the venture of the Evil with a monster and his accomplices or ... to the evil enterprise with mentors. But with all that, nothing has emerged, somehow, that in all his villain, the first began its first began in the Yaitsky army. "

File: Pugacheva execution.jpg

Pugacheva penalty on swamp area. (Picture of eyewitness execution A. T. Bolotova)

On December 30, judges in the case of E. I. Pugacheva were gathered in the throne hall of the Kremlin Palace. They heard Manifesto Catherine II on the appointment of the court, and then an indictment conclusion in the case of Pugachev and his associates was announced. Prince A. A. Vyazemsky proposed to deliver the next meeting of Pugacheva. Early in the morning of December 31, it was transported by a coated courtyard to the Kremlin Palace under reinforced convoy. At the beginning of the meeting, the judges approved the questions to which Pugachev should be answered, after which he was introduced into the meeting room and forced his knees. After the formal survey, he was taken out of the hall, the court ruled: "Pugacheva's Emeter Quarter, to stick on the bodies, parts of the body in the four parts of the city and put on the wheels, and after those places burn." The remaining defendants were distributed by their guilt into several groups to make each corresponding type of execution or punishment. On Saturday, January 10, on Bolotnaya Square in Moscow, with a vast concrete crossing of the people, executed execution. Pugachev kept adequately, going to the frontal spot crossed on the cathedrals of the Kremlin, bowed to four sides with the words "Sorry, the people of Orthodox." E. I. Pugachev and A. P. Perfilvoy Pagachev and A. P. Perflight Palace cut off the head first, such was the wish of the Empress on the same day hung M. G. Shigayeva, T. I. Pryronov and V. I. Tornov. I. N. Zarubin Chica was sent for execution to Ufa, where he was quartered in early February 1775.

Funding shop. Picture of the Demidov Fortress Artist P. F. Khudoyarova

The Pugachev's uprising caused huge damage to the Metallurgy of the Urals. The uprising was completely joined by 64 of the 129 factories that existed in the Urals, the number of peasants attributed to them was 40 thousand people. The total amount of damages from the destruction and downtime of the factories is estimated at 5,536,93 rubles. And although the factories managed to quickly restore, the uprising made concessions towards factory workers. The main investigator in the Urals Captain S. I. Mavrin reported that the attribute peasants, whom he considered the leading force of the uprising, supplied the impostor of wearai and entered into his squads, because breeders oppressed their assignments, forcing the peasants to overcome long distances to the factories, did not allow them Dredging and sold them products for overpriced prices. Mavrin believed that to prevent such unrest in the future, decisive measures should be taken. Catherine wrote G.A.Potomkin that Mavrin "About the factory peasants what he says, then everything is very thorough, and I think that with Simi has nothing to do, how to buy plants and, when they are treated, then peasants to roach". On May 19, the city was published on the general rules for using assignant peasants on saline and particular enterprises, which several limited breeders in the use of the peasants attributed to the factories, limited the working day and increased labor payment.

In the position of the peasantry of any significant changes followed.

Research and collections of archival documents

• A. S. Pushkin "History of Pugacheva" (censored capital - "History of Pugachev Bunt")
• Grotto Ya. K. Materials for the history of Pugachev Bunlet (Paper Kara and Bibikova). St. Petersburg, 1862
• Dubrovin N. F. Pugachev and his accomplices. Episode from the reign of Empress Catherine II. 1773-1774 According to uneasy sources. T. 1-3. SPb., Type. N. I. Skorohodova, 1884
• Pugachevshchyna. Collection of documents.

Volume 1. From the archive of Pugacheva. Documents, decrees, correspondence. M.-L., Gosizdat, 1926. Volume 2. Of the investigative materials and official correspondence. M.-L., Gosizdat, 1929 Volume 3. From the archive of Pugacheva. M.-L., Socyekgiz, 1931

• Peasant War 1773-1775 in Russia. Documents from the meeting of the State Historical Museum. M., 1973.
• Peasant War 1773-1775 On the territory of Bashkiria. Collection of documents. Ufa, 1975.
• The peasant war under the leadership of Emelyan Pugacheva in Chuvashia. Collection of documents. Cheboksary, 1972.
• The peasant war under the leadership of Emelyan Pugacheva in Udmurtia. Collection of documents and materials. Izhevsk, 1974.
• Gorban N. V., the peasantry of Western Siberia in the Peasant War of 1773-75. // Questions of history. 1952. № 11.
• Muratov H. I. Peasant War 1773-1775. in Russia. M., Milivdat, 1954

Art

Pugachev uprising in fiction

• A. S. Pushkin "Captain's Daughter"
• S. P. Zlobin. "Salavat Yulaev"
• E. Fedors "Stone belt" (Roman). Book 2 "Heirs"
• V. Ya. Shishkov "Emelyan Pugachev (Roman)"
• V. Buganov "Pugachev" (biography in the series "Life of wonderful people")
• Mashkovtsev V. "Golden Flower - Lebel" (historical novel). - Chelyabinsk, South Ural Book Publishing House, ISBN 5-7688-0257-6.

Cinema

• Pugachev () - feature film. Directed by Pavel Petrov-Vodov
• Emelyan Pugachev () - Historical Dilogy: "Slennants of Freedom" and "Will, Blood Overlapping" Director Alexei Saltykov
• Captain's daughter () - feature film on the Tale of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin
• Russian Bunth () - a historic film, filmed by the works of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin "Captain's daughter" and "History of Pugacheva"

Links

• Peasant War led by Pugacheva on the site History of Orenburg
• Peasant War under the leadership of Pugacheva (BSE)
• Nadikov I. Salavat Yulaev: Historical portrait ("Beliest expanses", 2004)
• Collection of documents on the history of Pugachev uprising on the site vostlit.info
• Maps: Map of Land of Yaitsky Forces, Orenburg Territory and South Urals, Map of Saratov province (Maps of the early XX century)

Pugacheva's peasant war can briefly be characterized as a massive popular uprising that shook the Russian empire from 1773 to 1775. The excitements occurred in vast territories, including the Urals, Volga region, Bashkiria and the Orenburg region.

Emelyan Pugachev was the leader of the uprising - the Don Cossack, who declared himself the emperor Peter III. The reasons for the uprising were discontent of the Yaitsky Cossacks, associated with the loss of liberty, excitement among indigenous peoples, such as Bashkirs and Tatars, a tense situation in the Ural plants and the extremely serious position of serf peasants.

The uprising began on September 17, 1773, when Pugachev on behalf of the dead Emperor Peter III announces his first decree to Yaitsky forks and together with a detachment of 80 people put forward to the Yaitskom town. On the way to Him, all new and new supporters are joined. Take the Yaitsky town fails due to the lack of artillery, and Pugachev decides to move on along the course of the YiAK River.

Iletsky town meet as a legal sovereign. His army is replenished with garrison Cossacks and cannons of urban artillery. The troops of the rebels continue to move, occupying or without it without him all the fortress. Soon, the Army Pugacheva, who reached the moment of impressive sizes, approaches Orenburg and on October 5, begins the siege of the city.

The punitive corps of the Major Cara General Caucasus is sent for the suppression of the rebellion of the Major Cara, and slowly retreats. Inspired by the success, the rebels take all new and new settlements, their forces grow rapidly. However, it is not possible to take Orenburg. The next military expedition under the leadership of Bibikov forces the rebels to remove the siege from the city. The rebels collect the main forces in the Tatischev fortress. As a result of the battle, held on March 22, 1774, the rebels suffered a crushing defeat.

Pugachev himself fled to the Urals, where, again collecting a significant army, again stands out. On July 12, the Buntovshchiki are suitable for Kazan and occupy the city, with the exception of the Kazan Kremlin, where the remains of the garrison sat down. However, the government troops who came in the evening forced Pugachev to retreat. In the ensuing battle, the rebels were headlongs were broken. Pugachev runs for the Volga, where collects a new army and announces a decree about the liberation of serfs. This causes mass unrest in the peasant environment.

Pugachev speaks of a campaign to Moscow, but turns south. During the battle at Solenic Vatagi, the rebels suffer a crushing defeat. Pugachev runs on the Volga, but his colleagues betray him and give out to the government. On January 10, 1775, the leader of the uprising was executed. At the beginning of the summer, Pugachev rebellion was finally depressed. The result of the uprising was the death of thousands of people and multimillion damage to the economy. Its result was the transformation of the Cossacks into regular military units, as well as some improvement in the life of workers at the Ural plants. The position of the peasants almost did not change.

Emelyan Pugacheva's uprising is a popular uprising during the reign of Catherine the second. The largest in the history of Russia. It is known under the names of the Peasant War, Pugachevshina, Pugachev Bunth. There was a place to be in 1773 - 1775. Called in the steppes of the Volga region, the Urals, Kama, Bashkiria. Accompanied by large victims among the population of those places, internships from mobile, devastation. Depressed by government troops with great difficulty.

Causes of the rebellion of Pugachev

• The hardest position of the people, fortress peasants, workers of the Urals factories
• Abuse of government officials
• Dettle of the territory of the uprising from the capitals, which gave birth to the permissiveness of local authorities
• Deeply rooted in Russian society distrust between the state and the population
• Faith of the people in the "good king of the intercessor"

Beginning of Pugachevshchina

The beginning of the uprising was put the riot of Yaik Cossacks. Jicial Cossacks - migrants to the Western banks of the Ural River (up to 1775 YIK) from the internal regions of Muscovy. Their history began in the XV century. The main classes were fishing, salt mining, hunting. Stitsa were managed by elected elders. With Peter the first and next rulers, Cossack liberations were reduced. In 1754, a state monopoly on salt was introduced, that is, the ban on its free extraction and trade. Once at once, the Cossacks sent petitions to Petersburg with complaints about local authorities and the general state of affairs, but this did not lead to anything

"From 1762, Yaitsky Cossacks began to complain about oppression: to hold a certain salary, unauthorized taxes and violation of the ancient rights and customs of fishing. Officials sent to them to consider their complaints could not or did not want to satisfy them. Cossacks were repeatedly indignant, and Major General Potapov and Skulls (the first in 1766, and the second in 1767) were forced to resort to the strength of the weapons and the horror of the executions. Between the Cossacks found out that the government had an intention to make up the hussar squadrons from the Cossacks and that he was already commanded to shave the beard. Major Major Traubenberg, sent to the Yaitsky town, brought the national indignation. Cossacks worried. Finally, in 1771, the rebellion was found in all its strength. On January 13, 1771, they gathered on the square, took the icon from the Church and demanded the rejection of the members of the office and issuing a detainee. Major Major Traubenberg went to meet them with the army and guns, ordering to disassemble; But his commands had no action. Traubenberg ordered to shoot; Cossacks rushed to guns. The battle occurred; The rebels overcame. Traubenberg fled and was killed at the gate of his house ... Major General Freiman was sent from Moscow to their pacification with the same Rotary Grenader and with artillery ... 3 and 4 June were hot battles. Frainian Creek opened his way ... Bunt's instigators were punished by whip; about one hundred forty man is exist in Siberia; others are given to the soldiers; The rest are forgiven and are presented to the secondary oath. These measures restored order; But calm was unreliable. "It's only the beginning! - said forbidden rebels, - and whether we are Moching Much. " Secret meetings took place in steppe able and remote farms. Everything foreshadowed a new rebellion. Lack of leader. The leader was reworked "(A. S. Pushkin" History of Pugachevsky Bunta ")

"An unknown tramp rushed to the Cossack courtyards in the vague yoram, hiring into employees to one owner, then to another and accepting all sorts of crafts ... He was distressed by his speeches, poured the authorities and talked to the Cossacks to flee in the field of Turkish Sultan; He assured that the Don Cossacks do not slow down for them to follow that two hundred thousand rubles were harvested at the border and the goods at seventy thousand and that some Pasha immediately on the parish of Cossacks, they must give them up to five million; Ponatov promised to everyone in twelve rubles per month of a salaries ... This tramp was Emelyan Pugachev, the Don Cossack and the Raskolnik, who came with a false written type due to the Polish border, with the intention to settle on the Irgiza River in the middle of the local Raskolnikov "(A. S. Pushkin" History of Pugachev Bunt ")

Rebellion under the leadership of Pugachev. Briefly

"Pugachev appeared on the farms of the retired Cossack Danila Sheudjakov, who he lived before in employees. There were then made meetings of intruders. First, it was about shooting Turkey ... But the conspirators were too tied to their shores. They, instead of escape, put to be a new meal. The impostation seemed to them a reliable spring. For this we needed only a newcomer, daring and decisive, still unknown people. Choosing them fell on Pugachev "(A. S. Pushkin" History of Pugachevsky Bunt ")

"He was forty years, the growth of medium, thin and broadcaster. In a black beard, he was shown to be sent; Live big eyes running. His face had a rather pleasant expression, but Plutovskoye. The hair was evicted in a circle "(" Captain's daughter ")

• 1742 - Emelyan Pugachev was born
• 1772, January 13 - Cossack riot in the Yaitsky Town (now Uralsk)
• 1772, 3, 4 JUNE - Foreech suppression by a detachment of Major General Freiman
• 1772, December - Pugachev appeared in the Yaitskaya Town
• 1773, January - Pugachev arrested and sent in custody to Kazan
• 1773, January 18 - Military Collegium received a notice of personality and capture Pugachev
• 1773, June 19 - Pugachev fled from prison
• 1773, September - rumors spread on Cossack farms, which appeared, whose death is false
• 1773, September 18 - Pugachev with a detachment of up to 300 people appeared under the Yaitsky town, the Cossacks began to be
• 1773, September - Capture of Pugachev Iletsky Town
• 1773, September 24 - Capture of the staining of the loose
• 1773, September 26 - the capture of the village of Nizhne-Ozernaya
• 1773, September 27 - Capture of the Tatisco Fortress
• 1773, September 29 - Capture of the village of Chernorechenskaya
• 1773, October 1 - Capture of the Sakmar City
• 1773, October - Bashkirts, excited by their elders (whom Pugachev managed to apply camels and goods captured by the Bukhara), began to attack Russian villages and joined the troops of the riskers. On October 12, Starshina Cascän Samarov took the Resurrection Copperweight Plant and formed a detachment of Bashkir and factory peasants from 600 people with 4 guns. In November, Salavat Yulaev passed as part of the major detachment of Bashkirov on the side of Pugacheva. In December, he formed a large detachment in the northeastern part of Bashkiria and successfully fought with the royal troops in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Redoufim Fortress and Kungur. Serving Kalmyks fled from outposts. Mordva, Chuvashi, Cheremis have ceased to obey the Russian authorities. The Lord's peasants clearly rendered their commitment to the impostor.
• 1773, October 5-18 - Pugachev unsuccessfully tried to capture Orenburg
• 1773, October 14 - Ekaterina II appointed Major General V. A. Kara Commander of the military expedition to suppress meant
• 1773, October 15 - the manifesto the government about the appearance of the impostor and exhortation will not succumb to his appeals
• 1773, October 17 - Druman Pugacheva seized the Demidov Avian-Petrovsky factories, gathered a gun there, provincial, money, formed a detachment from master and factory peasants
• 1773, November 7-10 - Fight at the Village Yoseeva, in 98 versts from Orenburg, the detachments of Pugachev Atamanov Ovchinnikova and Zarubin-Chik and the avant-garde of the Kara Corps, Kara retreat to Kazan
• 1773, November 13 - Orenburg captured a detachment of Colonel Chernyshov, consisted of up to 1100 Cossacks, 600-700 soldiers, 500 Kalmyks, 15 guns and huge traffic.
• 1773, November 14 - Corger Brigadier Corger Corger broke into Orenburg with a number of 2500 people
• 1773, 28 November-December 23 - Unsuccessful siege Ufa
• 1773, November 27 - General-Annef Bibikov appointed with the new commander of the troops opposing Pugachev
• 1773, December 25 - the detachment of Ataman Arapova took Samara
• 1773, December 25 - Bibikov arrived in Kazan
• 1773, December 29 - Samara liberated

In total, approximate calculations of historians in the ranks of the Pugachev army by the end of 1773 were from 25 to 40 thousand people, more than half of this number were the detachments of Bashkir

• 1774, January - Ataman Ovchinnikov took the storm in the lower reaches of the Yaika Guriev town, captured the rich trophies and replenished the detachment by local Cossacks
• 1774, January - a detachment of three thousand people of Pugachevs under the command of I. Beloborodova approached Ekaterinburg, along the way of salting near the surrounding fortresses and plants, and on January 20, as the main base of his actions was captured by the Demidov Shayansky Plant.
• 1774, the end of January - Pugachev married the Cossacks of Ustini Kuznetsova
• 1774, January 25 - the second, unsuccessful assault of Ufa
• 1774, February 8 - The rebels seized Chelyabinsk (Chelyaba)
• 1774, March - Promotion of government troops forced Pugacheva to remove the siege of Orenburg
• 1774, March 2 - the St. Petersburg Carabinerian Regiment arrived in Kazan under the command of I. Michelson, quartered before this in Poland
• 1774, March 22 - the battle between government troops and the Army of Pugachev at the Tatisco Fortress. The defeat of Buntovshchikov
• 1774, March 24 - Michelson in battle under Ufa, at the village of Garznokovka, he defeated troops under the command of Chiki-Zarubin, and two days later captured the Zarubin himself and his approximated
• 1774, April 1 - the defeat of Pugachev in battle at the Sakmar town. Pugachev ran with several hundreds of Cossacks to the Prechistenskaya fortress, and from there went to the Mining Zavodskaya Territory of the Southern Urals, where the rebels had reliable support
• 1774, 9 Apersl - Bibikov died, instead of him the commander appointed General-Lieutenant Shcherbatov than Golitsyn terribly offended
• 1774, April 12 - the defeat of the rebels battle at the Irttsky Forepost
• 1774, April 16 - the siege of the Yaitsky Town was removed. continued from December 30
• 1774, May 1 - the rebels off the Guryev town

Golitsyn and Scherbatov general groove allowed Pugachev to go from defeats and start offensive again

• 1774, May 6 - the five thousandth of Pugacheva detachment captured a magnetic fortress
• 1774, May 20 - the rebels captured a strong trinity fortress
• 1774, May 21 - the defeat of Pugachev in the Trinity Fortress from the Corps of General Decolong
• 1774, 6, 8, 17, 31 May - Battles of Bashkir under the team of Salavat Yulaeva with a detachment of Michelson
• 1774, June 3 - Pugacheva and S. Yulaeva troops connected
• 1774, beginning of June - the campaign of the Pugachev army, in which 2/3 was Bashkir, to Kazan
• 1774, June 10 - Captured Redufim Fortress
• 1774, June 11 - Victory in battle under Kungur against the harrisage
• 1774, June 21 - the capitulation of defenders of the Prikamsky town of Osia
• 1774, the end of June-beginning of July - Pugachev seized Votkin and Izhevsk Relumentary Plants, Elabugu, Sarapul, Menzelinsk, Agryz, Zainsk, Mamadysh and other cities and fortresses and approached Kazan
• 1774, July 10 - the walls of Kazan Pugachev defeated the detachment under the command under the command of Colonel Tolstoy
• 1774, July 12 - as a result of the storming of the suburb and the main areas of the city were taken, garrison locked in the Kazan Kremlin. A strong fire has begun in the city. At the same time, Pugachev received the news about the approach of Michelson's troops, which was sown from Ufa, so the detachments of the Pugachevs came out of the burning city. As a result of the short battle, Michelson made his way to the garrison of Kazan, Pugachev moved over the Kazanku River.
• 1774, July 15 - the victory of Michelson under Kazan
• 1774, July 15 - Pugachev announced his intention to move to Moscow. Despite the defeat of his army, the uprising covered the whole West Bank of Volga
• 1774, July 28 - Pugachev seized Saransk and on the central square announced the "royal manifesto" about the liberty for the peasants. Inspiring, which covered the peasants of the Volga region led to the fact that the population of more than a million people was involved in the uprising.

"I complain about the SIMI with the monarch and the father of our mercy of all who were previously in the peasantry and in the citizenship of landowners, being loyal slaves of our crown their own; And we award the ancient cross and prayer, heads and beards, free and freedom and forever the Cossacks, without requiring recruitment sets, pillow and protected money supply, ownership of lands, forest, hayfields and fishing, and salt lakes without buying and without a lifting; And we liberate all from the victims of the villains and Gradtsky Mzzzovtsi-judges the peasant and the people of the imposed files and burdens. Dan July 31 days 1774. God's greatness, we, Peter, the third, emperor and autocrat of the All-Russian and Protect "

• 1774, July 29 - Ekaterina The second ended General-Antshef Peter Ivanovich Panin Extraordinary Powers "In the preventing of the Bunta and the restoration of internal order in the provinces of the Orenburg, Kazan and Nizhny Novgorod"
• 1774, July 31 - Pugachev in Penza
• 1774, 7 August - Saratov took
• 1774, August 21 - unsuccessful storming Pugachev Tsaritsyn
• 1774, August 25 - the decisive battle of the Pugachev army with Micelson. Crushing rebel defeat. Flight Pugachev
• 1774, September 8 - Pugachev captured by the elders of the Yaitsky Cossacks
• 1775, January 10 - Pugachev executed in Moscow

The foci of the uprising was extinguished only in the summer of 1775

Causes of the defeat of the peasant uprising of Pugachev

• The spontaneous nature of the uprising
• Belief in the "good" king
• Lack of a clear action plan
• Vague ideas about the future device of the state
• The superiority of government troops over the rebels in service and organization
• Contradictions in the rebel medium between the Cossack Top and Golotboy, between the Cossacks and the peasants

Results of Pugachev Bunta

• Rename: Yaik River - in the Urals, Yaitskoy Army - to the Ural Cossack Army, Yaitsky Town - in Uralsk, Verkhne-Yaitskaya Pier - in Verkhneuralsk
• Disagreement of the provinces: 50 instead of 20
• The transformation process of Cossack troops to army units
• Cossack officers are more active than the nobility with the right of ownership of their own serfs
• Tatar and Bashkir Princes and Murza equates to the Russian nobility
• Manifesto on May 19, 1779 somewhat limited breeders in the use of the peasants attributed to the factories, limited the working day and increased labor payment

Pugachev Uprising (the Peasant War of 1773-1775) is the uprising of the Cossacks, which has grown into the full-scale peasant war under the leadership of Emelyan Pugachev. The main driving force of the uprising was the Yaitsky Cossacks. During the entire XVIII century, they lost privileges and liberations. In 1772, an uprising broke out among the Yaik Cossacks, it was quickly depressed, but the protest moods were not faded. Emelyan Ivanovich Pugachev - Don Cossack, a native of the Winning Stannia pushed to the further struggle of Cossacks. Once in the Volga steppes in the fall of 1772, he stopped in a dreaming Sloboda and found out about the unrest among Yaitsky Cossacks. In November of the same year, he came to the Yaitsky town and at meetings with the Cossacks began to call himself a miraculous emperor Peter III. Soon after, Pugacheva was arrested and sent to Kazan, from where he fled at the end of May 1773. In August, he again appeared in the troops.

In September, Pugachev arrived in the Budarinsk outpost, where his first decree for Yaitsky army was announced. Hence the detachment in the 80 Cossacks headed up the yak. On the way, new supporters joined, so it was already 300 people to arrive at the Yaitskom village. On September 18, 1773, an attempt to cross the chagan and enter the city ended in failure, but at the same time a large group of Cossacks, from among those directed by the commandant Simonov for the defense of the town, moved to the side of the impostor. Repeat attack of the rebels on September 19 was also repulsed with artillery. The rebel detachment did not have their guns, so it was decided to move up the yoke further, and on September 20, the Cossacks got a camp at the Iletsky Town. A circle was convened here at which Andrei Ovchinnikova was chosen by the trails, all the Cossacks swore a great state to Emperor Peter Fedorovich.

After a two-day meeting on further actions, it was decided to direct the main forces on Orenburg. On the way to Orenburg lay small fortnesses of the lower-yaitskaya distances of the Orenburg military line.

2 Taking the Tatisco Fortress

On September 27, the Cossacks seemed before the Tatishching Fortress and began to convince the local garrison to pass and accession to the army of Peter. The garrison of the fortress was at least a thousand soldiers, and the commandant, Colonel Elagin, hoped by artillery to fight off. The shootout continued throughout the day. The detachment of the Orenburg Cossacks, expensive, under the team of the Sotnik, Pryrona passed in full formation on the side of the rebels. Sugays set fire to the wooden walls of the fortress, from which the fire began in the town, and taking advantage of the panic, the Cossacks began in the fortress, after which most of the garrison folded the weapon.

With the artillery of the Tatisco Fortress and replenishment in people, the two thousandth squad of Pugachev began to present a real threat to Orenburg.

3 siege of Orenburg

The road to Orenburg was opened, but Pugachev decided to go to Seitov, the Sweet Square and the Sakmar town, since the Cossacks arrived from there and Tatars assured him in universal devotion. On October 1, the population of Seite Sloboda solemnly met the Cossack army, exposing the Tatar regiment in his ranks. And already on October 2, the rebel detachment under the bell tall joined the Sakmar Cossack town. In addition to the Sakmar Cossack Regiment, the workers of the neighboring copper mines of the Mountains Volidchev and Myasnikov were joined to Pugachev. On October 4, the army of the rebels went to the Berdy Sloboda near Orenburg, the inhabitants of which also swore "Resurrection" king. By this time, the army of the impostor consisted of about 2500 people, of which about 1,500 Yiitsky, Iletsky and Orenburg Cossacks, 300 soldiers, 500 Kargali Tatars. The artillery of the rebels numbered several dozen cannons.

Orenburg was a fairly powerful fortification. Around the city was erected by an earthen shaft, fortified by 10 bastions and 2 hebstones. The height of the shaft reached 4 meters and above, and the width is 13 meters. From the outdoor side of the shaft there was a depth of about 4 meters and a width of 10 meters. The garrison of Orenburg was about 3,000 people and about a hundred guns. On October 4, a detachment of 626 Yaik Cossacks, who remained loyal to the government, with 4 guns, led by the Yaitskiy Archival of M. Borodin managed to easily approach Orenburg from the Yaitsky Town.

On October 5, the Army Pugachev went to the city, breaking the temporary camp in five versts from him. Cossacks were sent to the fastened shaft, who managed to transfer the Pugachev Decree to the Garris troops with a call to fold the weapons and join the "sovereign". In response, the guns began the shelling of rebels from the urban tree. On October 6, the Governor Reinsdorp ordered to make a bitter, a squad under the command of Major Naumov after a two-hour battle returned to the fortress. At the assembled on October 7, the military council was decided to defend the walls of the fortress under the cover of the fortress artillery. One of the reasons for such a decision was the fear of the transition of soldiers and the Cossacks on the side of Pugachev. The catch-out showed that soldiers were fighting reluctantly, Major Naumov reported that he found "in subordinates of his timidity and fear."

The beginning of the siege of Orenburg was for half a year the main forces of the rebels, without bringing any of the parties to military success. On October 12, a re-outset of Naumov's squad was repeated, but the successful actions of artillery under the command of Chumakov helped to beat off the attack. The Pugachev Army due to the starting frost suffered a camp to the Berdy Slobod. October 22 was assigned; The rebel batteries began the shelling of the city, but the strong response artillery fire did not allow close to the shaft. At the same time, during October in the hands of the rebels, the fortresses on the Samara River - Perevolotskaya, Novosergievskaya, Totskaya, Sorochinskaya, and in early November - Buzuluk fortress.

On October 14, Ekaterina II appointed Major General V. A. Kara commander of a military expedition to suppress metage. At the end of October, Car arrived in Kazan from St. Petersburg and at the head of the corps of two thousand soldiers and a half thousand militia headed to Orenburg. On November 7, the Village of Yuzeeva, in 98 versts from Orenburg, the detachments of Pugachev Atamanov Ovchinnikov and Zarubin-Chiki attacked the avant-garde of the Cara Corps and after a three-day fight forced him to retreat back to Kazan. On November 13, Orenburg was captured by a detachment of Colonel Chernyshev, which had to 1,100 people of Cossacks, 600-700 soldiers, 500 Kalmyks, 15 guns and huge traffic. I realized that instead of a prestigious victory over the rebels, he could get a full defeat, car left the corps under the pretext of the disease and went to Moscow, leaving the command to General Freiman. The success was inspired by Pugachevtsev, the great impression of victory was on the peasantry and the Cossacks, intensifying their inflows in the ranks of the rebels.

The situation in a deposited Orenburg by January 1774 became critical, hunger began in the city. Having learned about the departure of Pugachev and Ovchinnikov with a part of the troops in the Yaitsky town, the governor decided to produce January 13 to the Berdy Sloboda for the removal of the siege. But an unexpected attack did not succeed, the sentries of the Cossacks managed to raise the alarm. The remaining atamans launched their detachments to the ravine surrounding the Bird Slobod and served by the natural line of defense. Orenburg corps were forced to fight in unprofitable conditions and suffered a cruel defeat. With big losses, throwing guns, weapons, ammunition and ammunition, semi-raid Orenburg troops hastily retreated to Orenburg.

When the news from the defeat of the Kara Expedition came to St. Petersburg, Catherine II decree on November 27 appointed new commander A. I. Bibikov. The new punitive corps included 10 cavalry and infantry regiments, as well as 4 light field teams, hastily directed from the Western and Northwestern borders of the Empire to Kazan and Samara, and besides them - all garrisons and military units located in the uprising zone and The remains of the car body. Bibikov arrived in Kazan on December 25, 1773, and immediately began the movement of troops to the deposited Pugachevs Samara, Orenburg, Ufa, Menzelinsk, Kungur. Having received information about this, Pugachev decided to take the main forces from Orenburg, actually removing the siege.

4 siege of the fortress of the Mikhailo Arkhangelsk Cathedral

In December 1773 Pugachev sent Ataman Mikhail Tolkachev with his decions to the rulers of the Kazakh junior zhuza Zhuraly Khan and Sultan Dusala, with a call to join his army, but Khan decided to wait for the development of events, only the riders of Sarym Datules are joined to Pugachev. On the way back, Tolkachev gathered in his squad of the Cossacks in the fortresses and outposts in the lower eggs and headed with them to the Yaitsky town, collecting in passing fortresses and outposts of guns, ammunition and provisions.

On December 30, Tolkachev approached the Yaitskom town and in the evening of the same day took the old district of the city - Rogening. Most of the Cossacks welcomed the comrades and joined Tolkachev's detachment, but the Cossacks of the Starshinsky side, the soldiers of the garrison led by the lieutenant colonel Simonov and Captain Krylov were locked in the "Retomans" - the fortresses of the Mikhailo Arkhangelsky Cathedral. In the basement of the bell tower was stored, and guns and arrows were installed on the upper tiers. Take the fortress with the go failed.

In January 1774, Pugachev himself arrived in the Yaitsky town. He took upon himself the leadership of the Usiahlo-Arkhangelsky Cathedral of the city fortress of the city fortress, but after a failed assault on January 20 returned to the main army under Orenburg.

In the second half of February and in early March 1774 Pugachev again personally headed attempts to master the precipitated fortress. On February 19, the explosion of the mine subpoint was undermined and the bell tower of the Mikhailovsky Cathedral was broken and destroyed, but the garrison was able to repel the attack of the precipitated attacks.

5 assault on the magnetic fortress

On April 9, 1774, the commander of military operations against Pugacheva Bibikov died. The command of the troops after him, Ekaterina II instructed a lieutenant-General F. F. Shcherbatov. Offended by the fact that the post of commander of the troops was appointed not by him, sent to the small teams along the nearest fortresses and villages for investigation and punishment, General Golitsyn with the main forces of his corps for three months lingered in Orenburg. The intrigues between the generals were given Pugachev so the necessary respite, he managed to collect multiple small detachments in the southern Urals. Suspended the harassment and the coming spring dishthele and floods on the rivers, which became impassable roads.

On the morning of May 5, the five thousandths of Pugacheva approached the magnetic fortress. By this time, the detachment of the rebels consisted mainly of the weakly remedy factory peasants and a small number of personal Yaitskaya Guard under the command of Myasnikov, the detachment did not have a single cannon. The beginning of the assault magnetic was unsuccessful, about 500 people died in battle, Pugachev himself was injured in the right hand. Taking the troops from the fortress and discussed the situation that rebels under the cover of night darkness took a new attempt and could break into the fortress and capture it. As trophies got 10 guns, guns, ammunition.

6 Fight for Kazan

In early June, Pugachev went to Kazan. On June 10, the Redufim Fortress was taken, on June 11, a victory was obsessed in battle under Kungur against the garrison shaft. Without taking attempts to assault Kungur, Pugachev turned to the West. On June 14, the avant-garde of his troops under the command of Ivan Beloborodova and Salavat Yulaeva approached the Kama town of Osa and blocked the city fortress. Four days later, the main forces of Pugachev came here and the siege battles were tied with a garrison in the fortress. On June 21, defenders of the fortress, having exhausted the possibility of further resistance, capitulated.

Obsov, Pugachev crossed the army through Kam, took the Votkinsky and Izhevsk factories, Elabugu, Sarapul, Menzelinsk, Agryz, Zainsk, Mamadysh and other cities and fortresses and in the first days of July approached Kazan. Towards Pugachev came out a detachment under the command of Colonel Tolstoy, and on July 10 in 12 versts from the city of Pugachevtsy in the battle was obsessed with a complete victory. The next day, the detachment of the rebels is located the camp at the city.

On July 12, as a result of the storming of the suburbs and the main areas of the city, the remaining garrison fleeing in the Kazan Kremlin and prepared for the siege. A strong fire began in the city, besides, Pugachev received news about the approach of Michelson's troops, who went to him on his heels from Ufa, so Pugachevtsev squads came out of the burning city.

As a result of a short combat, Michelson made his way to the garrison of Kazan, Pugachev moved to the Kazanku River. Both sides were preparing for a decisive battle, which took place on July 15. The Pugacheva Army consisted of 25 thousand people, but most of them were just he who joined the rebellion of weakly remedy peasants, the Tatar and Bashkir Connection, armed with bows, and a small number of remaining Cossacks. The competent actions of Michelson, who had hit the first bugachevtsev, first of all over the Yaitsky, led to the full defeat of the rebels, at least 2 thousand people died, about 5 thousand were captured, among which there was a colonel Ivan Beloborodov.

7 Fight at Solenic Vatagi

On July 20, Pugachev joined the Kurdysh, the 23rd hung unhindered to Alatyr, after which he went to Saransk. On July 28, a decree of liberty for peasants was read on the central square of Saransk, the residents of salt and bread were distributed. On July 31, the same solemn meeting was expected by Pugacheva in Penza. Decrees caused numerous peasant meters in the Volga region.

After the triumphant entry of Pugachev to Saransk and Penza, everyone expected his campaign to Moscow. But Penza Pugachev turned south. On August 4, the army of the impostor took Petrovsk, and on August 6 surrounded Saratov. On August 7, he was taken. On August 21, Pugachev tried to attack Tsaritsyn, but the assault failed. Having received the news of the arriving body of Michelson, Pugachev hurried to remove the siege from Tsaritsyn, the rebels moved to the Black Yar. On August 24, the Saint Fisherman, Vatagi Pugachev was overtaken by Micelson.

On August 25, the last major battle of troops was held under the command of Pugachev with the royal troops. The battle began with a major failure - all 24 guns of the army of the rebels were repulsed by the cavalry attack. More than 2000 rebels died in a fierce battle, among them Ataman Ovchinnikov. More than 6,000 people were captured. Pugachev with the Cossacks, crashed into minor detachments, fled to the Volga. In pursuit of them were sent by search troops of Mansurov and Golitsyn generals, the Yaitsky senior of Borodin and Don Colonel Tavinsky. During August-September, most of the uprising participants were caught and sent to investigate in the Yaitsky town, Simbirsk, Orenburg.

Pugachev with a detachment of the Cossacks fled to the nasels, not knowing that since the middle of August, Chumakov, cottages, Feduel and some other colonels discussed the opportunity to earn the forgiveness of the surrender of the impostor. Under the pretext, to facilitate deprictions from the chase, they divided the detachment to separate the Kazakov's devotees to Pugachev together with the Ataman Perflight. On September 8, the River the Grand Uznie river was thrown around and tied up Pugachev, after which the Chumakov and cottages went to the Yaitsky town, where September 11 announced the captivity of the impostor. After receiving promises in pardon, they informed accomplices, and those September 15 delivered Pugachev to the Yaitsky town.

In a special cage, under Evay, Pugacheva was taken to Moscow. On January 9, 1775, the court sentenced him to execution. On January 10, on the Swamp Square, Pugachev ascended to the scaffold, bowed to four sides and folded his head on the fell.