1. March, or rather its second half, is the right time to start pruning fruit trees... The sun is already high enough, the day has increased significantly, and one can no longer expect severe frosts. The right time go out into the garden with a pruner and a garden saw to tidy up the trees, pretty much overgrown over the previous summer. Simultaneously with pruning, you can start harvesting cuttings for spring grafting in the crown or on the stock you have grown. There is enough material during pruning to select suitable cuttings.
2. At this time, the trees are still dormant, buds - they sleep, and there are enough plastic substances in the wood to remain viable until grafting. The grafting operation is carried out during the period when the sap flow in the tree has already begun, buds are already beginning to bloom on the grafted trees. The rootstock stalk attached to them immediately receives nutrients, and the growth process goes quite quickly. However, if the cutting is taken from a tree on which the buds have already blossomed, then the probability of its drying out significantly increases, even if it was immediately grafted into a new place.
Storage rules for cuttings
So, the cuttings are prepared. Now you need to save them until the time of vaccination, that is, before the onset of sap flow (April-May). To do this, cuttings are tied into bundles according to varieties, by attaching labels to them.
Then the bundles are folded into plastic dark bags and put into the basement. The bundles can be wrapped with a damp cloth before being placed in a plastic bag.
Basement temperature should be close to zero. However, not everyone has such a room, and not every gardener needs such a number of cuttings. In this situation, a small number of cuttings can be stored in the refrigerator in the fruit compartment. And if there are a lot of cuttings, you will have to bury them in the snow (in a snow pile).
To do this, make a snowdrift about a meter high with north side home or barn. Dig a recess in it almost to the ground, put bunches of cuttings there, cover with snow. To prevent the snow from melting, as long as possible on top of the entire surface of the snowdrift, lay a layer of straw or sawdust. Thus, you can save the cuttings until the onset of stable above-zero temperatures, when it will already be possible to start grafting.
Botanical name: Antiaris toxicaria, Antiaris africana
Trade names: Chen chen, anchar
Spread: West Africa
(Grows in West Africa from Senegal to the central part of the Republic of Congo, also on the Shore Ivory, in Thane and Cameroon. In forests located at high longitude, trees grow singly with a wide spread, in the savannah they are found in groups. Trees grow up to 40 m in height, often the length of anchar branches reaches 20 m.The trees have flat roots).
Sound wood in color does not differ from the rest - varies from dirty white to yellow-brown. Usually done in quarters and regular tangential cut gives an alternation of light and dark stripes on the veneer. Wood, and therefore veneer, is fragile. Wood can be easily machined using any tools. Easy to polish.
Cerejeira (crotch)
Botanical name: Torresea acreana, Torresea cearnsis
Trade names: Charedheira branching
Spread: South America (Grows in South America in Argentina and Brazil, in particular in the Amazon basin. Such trunks are unknown in Europe, but imported in small quantities).
It is very difficult to cut. It is almost impossible to avoid some surface roughness. Due to the intersecting fiber structure, machining requires a slow tool feed rate. Planed surfaces are slightly rough and require additional sanding. Easily undergoes standard finishes. For external use, varnishes are used for open pores, for internal works varnishes and matte finishes.
Eucalyptus eucalyptus
Botanical name
Trade names: Eucalyptus
Spread: Australia, New Zealand (Currently, this species is also cultivated on plantations located in Spain, East Africa and South America. In Australia, eucalyptus trees can reach a height of 110 m and are considered the tallest trees on earth. An extremely fast growing tree species when grown artificially).
The wood color ranges from light gray to yellow and light brown shades. Possible various variations colors in one log. Machining can sometimes be problematic. Tools can become dull during processing. When planing, wood fibers can pick up. Screw and nail connections require pre-drilling. Varnishing presents no difficulty.
Eucalyptus (burl)
Botanical name: Eucalyptus ssp.
Trade names: Eucalyptus cap
Spread: Australia, New Zealand and now Spain (Since eucalyptus is now artificially grown on plantations in northwest Spain and Portugal, veneers are produced in these countries themselves. Burl formations in eucalyptus trees rarely occur in Australia and New Zealand as well ).
There are texture variations in eucalyptus burls, from the pommele variety to the distinct burl. Unlike burls of other types of wood, the burl of eucalyptus does not appear in the form of separate growths, but is a pure characteristic of the growth characteristic of the tree, in which burl texture appears due to the wavy structure of the fiber. Due to the very high density of the wood and its wavy structure, the mechanical processing of eucalyptus burl is not easy. The edge will crack easily and will cause seizure marks during planing. Applying clear varnishes or polishing the surface will well emphasize the texture of the eucalyptus burl. These finishes are carried out in the usual way.
Eucalyptus (figured)
Botanical name: Eucalyptus globulus, Eucalyptus ssp.
Trade names: Eucalyptus curly
Spread: Australia, New Zealand (Today most of the curly eucalyptus comes from northern Spain. This species also grows in Australia and South America, however, for unknown reasons, in these countries the curly variety is very different from the Spanish curly eucalyptus).
The wood texture of figured eucalyptus can vary from light, not very intense, with regular patterns in the form of steps or bricks located at an angle of 90 degrees to each other, to hard and very clear. In the case of a hard fiber texture, there is a risk of surface cracking, which can create certain difficulties when final processing... Shades of wood color also vary greatly from light gray or light yellow to medium brown. Mechanical processing of figured eucalyptus is always difficult. The tools become dull during processing. When planing, wood fibers can pick up.
Etimoe (special)
Botanical name: Copaifera salicounda
Trade names: This one, tiger tree, tigerwood
Spread: Western Africa (Distributed from Guinea to the Ivory Coast, from Ghana to Nigeria. Grows singly and in non-latitudinal tropical rain forests. Also, the tiger tree can be found in groups on the Ivory Coast).
This belongs to the numerous African wood species that are used as bulk lumber due to their uniform pattern and lack of special texture, and are considered low-grade wood. However, there may be special configurations that produce a very attractive texture pattern. Machining is not particularly difficult, despite the resin content of the wood, but carbide tipped cutting tools must be used. The wood lends itself well to finishing, including polishing, but preliminary cleaning of the material from resin is required.
Etimoe (figured)
Botanical name: Copaifera salikounda
Trade names: Curly Etiome
Spread: Africa (grows in the humid low-latitude tropical forests of West Africa from Guinea through Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana to Nigeria).
The wood color is dark brown with darker areas. This wood has an often interwoven grain structure with a corrugated veneer surface. The core is durable and resistant to damage by insects. The resin content of this wood does not make it very difficult to process. However, carbide tools must be used. The surface of the wood is well processed, including polishing. However, there must be preliminary processing to remove tar.
Apple Apple
Botanical name: Malus sylvestris
Trade names: Apple tree
Spread: Apple tree native to the West Indies (Today, apple trees grow throughout Europe, except for the northern part of it and Western Asia).
Sapwood and heartwood are difficult to tell apart. The sapwood is reddish-brown, and the heartwood ranges from reddish to reddish brown. Core spots are often found in apple wood, but they have almost no ebb. Annual rings and annual zones are difficult to distinguish. The pores and core rays are indistinguishable to the naked eye. The wood of the apple tree is difficult to process, since usually the trees are twisted and have interlocked spiral fibers. However, properly planed surfaces are very smooth. Any type of finish can be applied to apple wood. A particularly good effect is achieved by polishing the surface.
Ash (white)
Botanical name: Fraxinus excelsior
Trade names: European ash, white ash
Spread: Europe (White ash grows throughout Europe and in parts of south Asia at all latitudes up to approximately 1300 m above sea level. The best growing plantations for veneer production are in France and a little in Germany).
The core of the wood is difficult to distinguish from the sapwood. However, with age, in trees, darkening of the core is determined by different diameters along the length of the log. May occur dark spotsas well as repeating wood grain. Ash can be easily machined with any tools. The shaved edge of fast-growing wood with a rough texture tends to break off. The treated surface is very smooth. Ash undergoes any surface treatment, in particular dyeing.
Ash (white, burl)
Botanical name: Fraxinus excelsior
Trade names: White ash burl, European ash
Spread: Europe, but usually limited to Western Europe (White ash grows mainly in Western Europe. Ash burl - stem, in other words, burl growths form on the trunks of trees, and not on their roots. Usually, this is the fact of a single growth or tree growth in small groups , on the trunks of which too many branches develop under the influence of external influences).
Benign full burl trunks are very rare. Either small black knots or clusters are often found, i.e. Burl zones are spread over the surface and textured chaotically. Wood lends itself easily to any kind of mechanical processing. Broad-graded logs have a tendency to break the edge when planing. As a result of processing, very smooth surfaces are obtained. Ash can be finished with all standard finishes, especially colored. Application is simple.
Ash (Manchu) Ash (white, burl)
Botanical name: Fraxinus mandschurica
Trade names: Tamo, Damo, Manchurian ash, Japanese ash
Spread: East Asia (South Asia, especially Japan, Korea, Manchuria and Sakhalin are the habitats of Manchu ash. However, only maple of Japanese origin is important for the European market, especially from Honshu and Hokkaido).
The wood color of Manchu ash is slightly lighter than that of European ash, but after machining, Japanese ash becomes more similar to European oak. The colorful tamo or kap tamo wood is great for the production of highly decorative veneers. Ash wood can be easily processed with any kind of tools. If not sharp enough cutting tools are used, the edges may break. All standard finishes, such as painting and varnishing surfaces, are straightforward.
Ash (olive)
Botanical name: Fraxinus ssp.
Trade names: Olive ash
Spread: Europe (Grows throughout Europe and parts of southern Asia. Olive ash is not a botanical variety per se. The name only refers to the color of the wood. -white stripes of other zones. distinctive feature makes olive ash veneer very decorative, especially if the stripes are evenly spaced).
Due to the alternation of dark and white annual layers, olive ash veneer is extremely decorative. Not to be confused with olive ash without white growth layers. Olive ash can be easily and well processed with any tool. Broad-graded logs tend to crack the planed edge. The processing results in a very smooth surface. Olive ash is suitable for any type of finish, including color dyeing.
Ash (olive, burl)
Botanical name: Fraxinus excelsior
Trade names: Cap olive ash
Spread: Europe, but usually limited to Western Europe (Grows mainly in Western Europe. It is an ash burl with a pigmented core. Since the pigmented core develops unevenly due to the random texture of the wood, the veneer pattern often has interesting light and color schemes).
Due to the alternation of light and dark tones, olive ash burl veneer is extremely decorative. Can be produced as large size veneer. Due to the peculiarity of the growth of the burl shape, during processing, the problem of fiber scuffing may arise. All surface treatments are suitable for olive ash. In particular, colored stains and dyes are used. Their application is not difficult.
Ash (crotch)
Botanical name: Fraxinus excelsior
Trade names: Ash curl, Ash fork, European ash
Spread: Europe (grows in parts of Europe. Branches of ash trunks are very rare).
The frequently occurring brown heartwood in ash wood usually appears in the branching as well. It is more or less clearly developed and often gives a very expressive veneer texture. Wood lends itself easily to any kind of mechanical processing. Broad-grained logs have a tendency to split the edge when planing. Can be subjected to all standard finishes, especially colored paint. Application is simple.
Ash (Japanese, sen)
Botanical name: Acanthopanax ricinifolius
Trade names: Sen, Japanese ash
Spread: Japan, China (Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Zaire, Angola).
The wood is uniformly whitish to yellowish brown in color. Freshly cut wood has a pungent, unpleasant odor. Due to the ribbed surface, hay veneer tends to bend and requires a press. Moreover, dark spots scattered over the surface are common. This moderately hard wood can be easily processed by any means and tools. Thanks to the even texture of the wood, very smooth surfaces are obtained. Thanks to the silky sheen of the smooth surface, the best choice when finishing Japanese ash is a matte finish.
What is a stalk? This is a segment or a whole one-year shoot that has grown during the growing season, lignified and entered the winter. They are cut from a healthy tree or bush that is not damaged by pests to be used for grafting and rooting.
Time and place
A general recommendation for gardeners is to harvest cuttings in the fall and store them in a prikop. However, this is not convenient for everyone. If the winter is not fierce, then it is possible and necessary to prepare cuttings in the spring, before the buds begin to swell. IN middle lane Russia is mid-March. It is very convenient to combine form and support pruning fruit crops and harvesting cuttings.
Take a look at the selected plant. It should be fruitful, suit you in all respects: yield, winter hardiness, taste of fruits and no signs of disease. Highlight mature shoots located on the outside of the crown, which is well lit by the sun. A good shoot has short internodes (distance between buds), well-developed buds.
You cannot take cuttings from overgrown branches and tops.
In apple and pear, the fat shoot tends to have a greenish bark and long distances between the buds. The buds are much smaller, less pubescent and tightly pressed to the stem.
Size and look matter
A good stalk is even, as thick as a pencil (at least 5-6 mm in diameter), 30-50 cm long with an apical growth bud. Cut the shoots into cuttings below the growth neck with a 1-2 cm piece of two-year-old wood. In this case, the cuttings will be better stored and take root well when grafted.
However, in old trees, the annual growth is small - 10-15 cm. If this variety is very important to you, then cut more cuttings from it so that there is plenty to choose from when grafting.
The cutting should not have wounds or cracks in the bark. If a brown core is visible on the cut, the cutting is not suitable, because the shoot is frozen.
Chopped cuttings are tied in bunches according to varieties, hung a label, wrapped in a little wet cloth, placed in a plastic bag and stored in the refrigerator until grafting or rooting. Please note that it is realistic to keep cuttings in the refrigerator for no more than a week in the spring, then the buds will begin to germinate. Therefore, it is more convenient to store for a long time in a box, covered with snow, from the north side of the house, so that the snow does not melt for as long as possible. To be sure, you can pour a layer of sawdust over the snow. It is important that the cuttings are well preserved until optimal time start grafting in your garden.
It is very important that the plastic bags and labels are disinfected and the fabric should be boiled to maintain moisture.
Who will we cut from
In spring, mainly cuttings of apple and pear are harvested. They rarely freeze annual shoots even in harsh winters. In stone fruit crops, annual wood is more delicate, therefore it often freezes. But relatively warm winters it makes sense to cut cuttings from cherry plum and plum, cherry and sweet cherry. If the heart is green and the bark is not wrinkled, then you are in for good luck.
Plum and other stone cuttings are cut not only from the base, but even with a thickening of the lower part of the stem.
We will use cuttings of fruit trees for spring grafting.
Cutting cuttings with black, red, pink, white and golden currants is relevant. Honeysuckle, sea buckthorn, and some varieties of gooseberries reproduce well by lignified cuttings. And cuttings from shrubs will be used for rooting and propagation at home or on a growing bed.
We propagate shrubs
All of the above fruit bushes can be propagated by rooting cuttings.
Annual shoots are cut in early spring, before buds begin to swell. They should have healthy wood, 8-12 mm thick. The younger the bush, the easier the rooting is.
You can not cut cuttings from bushes affected by pests: curved, with swelling on the stem, with a black or brown core.
The harvested shoots are cut into cuttings 18-20 cm long. Red currant. White, pink and golden cutting length should be 25-30. The upper part of the shoots and the thickest parts are discarded.
The cuttings are buried in the sand in the basement or stored under the snow until planting.
Before planting in the ground on a bedding bed or in cups at home, the cuttings are prepared: they make an oblique cut over the upper bud so that top part the cut was flush with the kidney. The lower cut is straight, 15-20 cm from the top, regardless of how it is located relative to the nearest kidney. The lower cut is treated with a root formation stimulator - Kornevin powder or a heteroauxin solution. The upper cut is thinly lubricated garden pitch or wax.
When planting in the soil, a ditch is made and the cuttings are placed obliquely at a distance of 10-20 cm from each other, covered with loose moist soil and covered with a film. Further, the technology is the same as for propagation by green cuttings: weeding, maintaining moisture, preventing fungal diseases.
When breeding at home, take cups, the depth of which allows you to plant the cutting so that 1-2 buds remain above the soil surface. Loose sterile soil is poured into the cups, moistened, with a pencil or something that is slightly larger than the cutting in diameter, a vertical channel is made to the planting depth, slightly calcined sand is poured, the cutting is placed and covered with sand. Watered, covered with a jar or cut plastic bottle... Place in a cool place without direct sunlight. The care is usual: maintaining soil moisture, airing, spraying, and during rooting (after about a month and a half), accustoming to open air and transplanting into open ground on a distribution bed.
By the way. The highest percentage of rooting is in blackcurrant cuttings, slightly lower in golden currant and honeysuckle, followed by sea buckthorn. The percentage of rooting of cuttings of red, white and pink currants, gooseberries is at the level of 50%.
Various methods are used to determine the hardness of materials (including wood). To determine hardness, tests are most often carried out according to the Brinell and Rockwell methods.
According to the Brinell method, a steel ball is pressed into the material under load, then the indentation depth is measured. After that, according to the formulas, the hardness is calculated in units denoted by HB.
In the study of Rockwell hardness, a steel ball or (for the hardest materials) a diamond cone is also pressed into the material. The hardness, depending on the measuring scale used, is designated as HRA, HRB and HRC.
Based on the measurement results, a list of wood types by hardness was compiled. The following is a list of wood species, from harder to softest (Brinell).
Jatoba
This tropical tree has a very durable wood, its hardness is 7HB. The homeland of Jatoba is the humid tropics of Central America... The wood is quite light, grayish in the sapwood. The core is red, red-brown or dark orange color, it has yellow, orange and red streaking. The cut of the tree darkens within 6-7 days and turns brick red. Jatoba is called "Brazilian" or "South American cherry".
The height of a mature tree reaches 40 meters. The wood is used to make furniture, flooring and parquet boards. Elements of decorative interior decoration are made of it.
Sucupira
The hardness of the wood is 5.6HB. Sucupira grows only in the rainforests of the Amazon. The height of a mature tree reaches 30 meters. The core of the trunk is composed of reddish brown "dull" wood. The outer part, sapwood, is lighter, whitish. In the cut, yellow stripes of parenchymal matter are clearly visible. The texture of the sucupira is unique and different from the structures of other wood species. It is beautiful, and the oily substances contained in the wood make it resistant to destruction by woodworm beetles and fungi. Sucupira is used for the manufacture of floorboards, parquet boards and furniture. Wood is difficult to cut, but it takes good sanding and polishing.
Turbulence
Turbidity wood hardness - 5НВ.
This tree grows in the humid tropics of West Africa. It grows 60 m in height. Turbidity wood is brown, like a walnut, olive with a brownish tint. Violet "rays" give the material a special beauty. Turbidity wood is similar in structure to teak wood.
Turbidity is used for the manufacture of floorboards, furniture and interior decoration elements of buildings.
Merbau
The hardness of merbau wood is 4.9HB. The homeland of merbau is the humid tropics of Papua and New Guinea and the forests of southeast Asia. Mature tree merbau grows up to 30 meters. Dense wood (weight cubic meter reaches 800 kg), the core is colored light orange or yellow... The sapwood of the merbau is light yellow. The tree darkens over time, becomes bronze or brown, with a silvery sheen. Straight or wavy fibers create a beautiful texture. Merbau is resistant to moisture and is suitable for decorating bathrooms. Merbau wood is used to make parquet boards, furniture, and solid, durable buildings are made of it.
Canadian Maple
There are 200 maple trees native to Eurasia and North America... Canadian maple wood has a hardness of 4.8 HB.
Maple grows up to 20 meters in height. Its wood is white, homogeneous in structure, with clearly visible growth rings. On the cut, heart-shaped rays of light gray color are clearly visible. Maple does not swell with water and bends well when steamed.
Most of the maple wood is used to make furniture, parquet boards, gun stocks, plywood, musical instruments, caskets, carvings of folk crafts, antique wooden dishes... Maple cuts well and is easy to polish.
Yarra australian eucalyptus
Brinell Aussie hardness is 4.7-5 HB. The tree grows up to 35-40 m, up to a height of about 20 m has no knots at all, which has a positive effect on the quality of the wood. The color of the wood in young trees is varied - from pinkish to rich purple hues. Mature trees have dark red wood. The saw cut darkens in the air, becoming crimson-red. Products made from this wood are very beautiful, but the finished material is prone to cracking and change in shape when dried. Therefore, the processing of lumber is carried out after drying. Yarra is well cut and polished. Wood is used to make veneer, parquet, furniture, musical instruments, and sports equipment. In Australia, bridges, buildings, piers, telegraph poles are built from it.
Yarra amazon
The hardness of the Amazonian jarra is about 6НВ, its homeland is South America. The Amazonian yarra has a dark reddish or plum core. The sapwood of the tree is lighter yellowish or brownish. The Amazonian jarrah wood darkens from exposure to air and moisture, its texture consists of fine fibers, and there is no sharp boundary between the sapwood and the heartwood. The Amazonian yarra is hard to work, but it polishes and bends well. This wood is used as a material for the construction of buildings and boats, furniture and a wide variety of things are made from it.
Pink tree
The hardness of rosewood is 4.4 HB, it grows only in the forests of Guatemala and Brazil and gives one of the most expensive types of wood. The height of an adult tree is 25-28 meters. The wood has a scent of fresh roses and a bright color (pink and dark red, banded heartwood and yellow sapwood). Rosewood shavings are obtained aroma oil, which is used in the perfumery and cosmetology industry.
Rosewood dries perfectly, sawn, cut and polished perfectly. It is used to make decorative boxes and cigar boxes (humidors), musical instruments, souvenirs and wooden elements of gift weapons, decorative elements of the interior.
Ash
Ash wood hardness - 4HB. It is a very common tree species, it grows throughout Europe and Asia (European ash) and the American continent (American ash). A mature tree grows up to 35 meters or more in height. The wood of young trees is homogeneous, light, slightly grayish. In mature trees, the color of the core is brown, brown, gray. Some types of ash have a core and sapwood of reddish and yellowish tints.
The grain of the wood is straight, and the structure of the wood is coarsely complex and resembles the structure of oak. The growth rings are clearly visible and create a striped pattern. Arboreal beams are also developed, especially in the lower part of the trunk.
The area of \u200b\u200bapplication of this type of wood is large, boards of various sizes, plywood, furniture, including bent, veneer are made from it. In the Middle Ages and in antiquity, ash was used to make weapons, hunting equipment, siege weapons and catapults.
The hardness of oak is 3.8HB. There are 600 known species of this tree. Oak wood is resistant to atmospheric air and does not rot when exposed to water.
The color of the wood is white, yellowish, brownish of various shades, with well-defined annual rings. The sapwood of some oak species is much whiter than the core.
Oak, which has been lying on the bottom of the reservoir for several centuries, does not rot or decompose, but becomes a durable, very hard material of dark brown or almost black color.
The wood structure has high decorative properties, well cut and polished. Oak is a valuable species of wood; a wide variety of things are made from it: furniture, parquet boards, wooden parts wagons and other transport, barrels.
Bog oak is a valuable material for artistic carving, the manufacture of carved panels, stairs, railings, furniture, doors and platbands, interior elements, and wooden sculpture. This material is still used in shipbuilding (stairs, railings, floor, decoration).
The hardness of beech is 3.8 HB, this species is widespread in the central and western part of Europe, the height of a mature tree reaches 35 meters. Beech fiber is even and straight, without streaks or defects. Beech wood has a yellowish or pinkish color; in structure it is a homogeneous, dense material. Mature trees over 80-85 years old have a red heart. This unevenness disappears after steaming the wood, this procedure gives the beech a uniform brown, slightly reddish color.
Steamed beech bends well, it is used to make furniture in the style of Viennese chairs, bent parts of chairs and other furniture.
Beech has proven itself well as construction material, it is a raw material for the production of cellulose. It is also used for making boards, veneer, plywood, furniture, shavings, and viscose. In total, there are about 2oo types of applications of this tree.
Rowan
The hardness of mountain ash is 3HB. This tree is widespread, there are 48 types of mountain ash.
Mountain ash wood is used to a limited extent, it significantly decreases in volume when dried and has a high fire resistance.
The sapwood of mountain ash, depending on the species, is white with a red tint or light yellowish. The rowan kernel is dark, brown or reddish brown.
This tree is not cut commercially. It is harvested to a limited extent for the manufacture of furniture, souvenirs, wooden tool handles.
Apple tree
Apple wood is soft to medium hard. The apple tree has a brownish-red heart and a white, reddish sapwood. Annual rings are usually well defined, the grain of the wood is straight and wavy. The disadvantage of apple wood is that woodworms can settle in it and make furniture and other products unusable. The dense structure of the apple tree allows you to make very fine and delicate carvings.
Pear
Pear wood is dense and viscous, hard and heavy in weight. During drying, the material loses a lot in weight due to shrinkage. The color of the wood is even, brown, with pink tint... The pattern of annual layers on the cut is almost invisible. After drying, pear wood is suitable for making furniture, small items, jewelry boxes and souvenirs. When dried, the material does not lose its shape, which makes it possible to make musical instruments out of it. Several decades ago, pears were used to make drawing boards, drawing accessories and instrument parts.
Nut
European walnut ( walnut) grows in southern Europe and Asia Minor. The hardness of the wood is 5HB. Walnut gives an expensive wood, very much appreciated by amateurs natural materials... Walnut wood has an even, parallel grain structure, on selected sites the fibers create undulating curves. Lighter wood is possessed by trees living in the northern parts of the range, southern varieties wood - darker and more expensive.
The wood in the core is dark brown or gray. The sapwood is light gray, brownish, of various shades. Walnut wood is a quality raw material for the production of furniture, parquet and veneers, sculptures, souvenirs. Finished walnut products can be spoiled by the woodworm beetle.
American walnut has the same properties as walnut, but the hardness of its wood is less and equal to 4HB.
Cherry (sweet cherry)
The hardness of cherry wood (sweet cherry) is 3.5 HB. Both European and American cherries are used in woodworking. The tree grows to a height of 25 meters. Cherry wood is used to produce veneer and furniture in limited quantities, tool handles, souvenirs, toys. Cherry products should be used indoors, as precipitation promotes decay and destruction of wood. Woodworm beetles can also spoil wood.
Cherry core material is dark, brown, sometimes with red tints. The sapwood is light yellowish. Growth rings are clearly visible on the cut. The structure of the wood is finely and finely banded. American cherries have a darker sapwood than European ones.
Birch
The hardness of European birch wood is 3НВ, Karelian (Scandinavian) - 3.5НВ. Birch wood is solid, homogeneous, white or yellowish in color. European birch has whiter wood than Karelian.
American birch differs in the distribution of streaks, in contrast to the wood of European species.
Birch is resilient and lends itself well to any tools for turning and carving. The structure of the wood is very delicate and beautiful, the pattern of the Karelian birch after staining is especially contrasting and original.
Birch wood is widely used in a wide variety of industries. She's good for making light furniture and musical instruments, handles, souvenirs and toys. Birch is used to make spindles, spools and bobbins for winding threads in the textile industry.
The hardness of the elm wood is 3HB. There are 35 species of this tree. The elm grows to a height of 40 meters. The sapwood of the elm is light brown, the core of the tree is much darker. It is well developed in mature trees. Growth rings are visible on the cut and the heartwood is well separated from the sapwood.
Elm accepts polishing and processing well with any tool. This is a strong, well-bending wood, from which high-quality arcs and rims, furniture, plywood, and vehicle interior items are obtained. Elm - favorite tree urban gardeners.
Chestnut (horse)
Chestnut wood is light, almost white, with a slightly wavy structure. It is soft, homogeneous and viscous. Chestnut is resistant to fungi and woodworm beetles. This material makes a beautiful parquet board and furniture. Chestnut wood takes polish and any kind of processing well.
Solid conifers - larch and juniper
Larch
Larch wood hardness - 2.6НВ. The trunk of the tree has a dark reddish core. The sapwood of larch is lighter, yellowish-red. The sapwood is separated from the kernel by a clear border, the annual rings on the cut of the tree are clearly visible.
Larch perfectly resists decay processes. Houses built from this tree are hundreds of years old, lumber shrinks slightly.
Larch wood is viscous, and its processing is a laborious and slow process. Exposure to water significantly increases the hardness of hardwood and its resistance to destruction processes (soaked wood is "hard as stone"). Dams, pillars and bridges made of this material serve for decades. Larch is used to build houses, make boards, furniture, sculptures for the open air.
Juniper - hard rock coniferous tree, including 70 species. Juniper is characterized by a peculiar coniferous smell of wood, which remains in the finished product for years. The core of the tree is dark brown, brown in color. The sapwood of the wood is light, greenish-yellow or light yellow. This is a dense, strong rock that accepts any processing and polishing well, does not chip when cutting (by hand and on lathe) and sawing. Juniper wood is used to a limited extent, for the manufacture of small items, toys and souvenirs.
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At this time, the trees are still dormant, the buds are dormant, and there are enough plastic substances in the wood to remain viable until grafting. The grafting operation is carried out during the period when the sap flow in the tree has already begun, buds are already beginning to bloom on the grafted trees. The rootstock stalk attached to them immediately receives nutrients, and the growth process goes quite quickly. However, if the stalk is taken from a tree on which buds have already blossomed, then the probability of its drying out significantly increases, even if it was immediately grafted into a new place.
Selection of cuttings for grafting
Strong annual branches with mature wood are used as grafting material. For cuttings, choose branches located on the well-lit side of the tree. Do not harvest fatty shoots ("tops"), they will take root well, however, the time before the beginning of fruiting of such a scion will greatly increase. In apple and pear, the fat shoot tends to have a greenish bark and long distances between the buds.
The buds themselves are much smaller, less pubescent and more densely pressed to the stem than in the branches of the usual annual growth, suitable as grafting material.
However, more often there is a desire to preserve a variety from an old tree that is surviving its days. In such trees, the annual growth is small, the length of annual shoots does not exceed 10-15 cm. In this case, they will do too, just prepare more of them so that you have plenty to choose from when the time for vaccination comes. Since there are enough branches suitable for harvesting during pruning, take at least 10-15 cuttings of each variety. This amount will allow you not to fear that you will not have enough cuttings for your grafting or storage losses. In addition, the more heterogeneous the thickness of the cuttings, the easier it will be for you to adjust them to the thickness of the rootstock.
During harvesting, pay attention to how the cutting itself and the wood look when cut. The cutting should have an intact bark: no cracks or wounds. In addition, there should be no brown core in the cut. Both of these signs (bark damage and brown core) signal frost damage to the cutting. Such cuttings are not suitable for grafting.
Storage rules for grafting cuttings
Then the bundles are folded into dark plastic bags and put into the basement. The bundles can be wrapped with a damp cloth before being placed in a plastic bag.
Basement temperature should be close to zero. However, not everyone has such a room, and not every gardener needs such a number of cuttings. In this situation, a small number of cuttings can be stored in the refrigerator in the fruit compartment. And if there are a lot of cuttings, you will have to bury them in the snow (in a snow pile).
To do this, make a snowdrift about a meter high on the north side of the house or shed. Dig a recess in it almost to the ground, put bunches of cuttings there, cover with snow. To prevent the snow from melting, as long as possible on top of the entire surface of the snowdrift, lay a layer of straw or sawdust. Thus, it is possible to save the cuttings until the onset of stable above-zero temperatures, when it will already be possible to start grafting.
I will talk about how to make sure that the vaccination is successful and the survival rate is the maximum percentage, I will tell you in the following articles.