The category of general construction materials includes a list of indispensable products that is widely used in various construction industries. They are used in the construction of new objects and the reconstruction of already existing, therefore are extremely popular. Matercolored materials are the basic basis of any construction, so they are presented to the highest requirements for strength, reliability, as well as operational terms.
- reinforced concrete products;
- bricks;
- blocks;
- bulk and bulk substances.
First Group - Rube. Reinforced concrete products are structures made in factory casting molding method with subsequent solidification. Such a production method allows you to control product quality and carry out a number of material tests for compliance with regulatory requirements. This group includes plates, piles, curbstone, foundation blocks and many other products. They are used at all stages of construction
Next Category - Bricks. Products are artificial stones of the right shape made of mineral materials (clays, silicate compositions, self and others). Used as the main material for the construction of objects. As for the blocks, they are used to build outdoor enclosing designs of residential, public, industrial and agricultural facilities with a normal temperature-humidary mode of indoor space. Can be made from aerated concrete, lime-sand mixture and other composite materials.
Last group - loose substances. These include sand, ceramzit, gravel and many others. Differ fraction (granules size), density and durability. They are used for various purposes - as fillers of compositions and mixtures, heat-insulating layer, as well as bulk material for the arrangement of the pillow.
The reliability and durability of the structure depends on their quality. Therefore, if necessary, you need to contact companies offering only certified products.
Building materials and products are classified according to the degree of readiness, origin, appointment and technological basis.
According to the degree of readiness, the construction materials and construction materials are distinguished - finished products and elements mounted and fixed on the site of work. Building materials include wood, metals, cement, concrete, brick, sand, mortar for stone masonry and various plasters, paints and varnishes, natural stones, etc.
Building products are precast concrete panels and designs, window and door blocks, sanitary products and cabins, etc. Unlike products, building materials are subjected to processing - mixed with water, compacted, saw, teshut, etc.
By origin, building materials are divided into natural and artificial.
Natural materials - It is wood, rock (natural stones), peat, natural bitumens and asphalt, etc. These materials are obtained from natural raw materials by simple processing without changing their initial structure and chemical composition.
TO artificial materials Believe brick, cement, reinforced concrete, glass, etc. They are obtained from natural and artificial raw materials, by-products of industry and agriculture using special technologies. Artificial materials differ from the initial raw materials in both the structure and the chemical composition, which is due to the fundamental processing of it in the factory conditions.
The largest distribution was obtained by classifications of materials for the purpose and technological basis.
For appointment, materials are divided into the following groups:
construction materials - materials that perceive and transmit on loads in building structures;
heat insulation materials, the main purpose of which is to minimize the transfer of heat through the construction structure and thereby ensure the necessary thermal regime in the room with minimal energy costs;
acoustic materials (sound-absorbing and sound insulation materials) - to reduce the level of "noise pollution" of the room;
waterproofing and roofing materials - to create waterproof layers on roofing, underground structures and other structures that need to be protected from exposure to water or water vapor;
sealing materials - for sealing joints in prefabricated structures;
decoration Materials - to improve the decorative qualities of building structures, as well as to protect structural, thermal insulation and other materials from external influences;
special materials (for example, refractory or acid-resistant) used in the construction of special structures.
A number of materials (for example cement, lime, wood) cannot be attributed to any one group, since they are used in pure form, and as raw materials for other building materials and products. These are the so-called general-purpose materials. The difficulty of classifying building materials for the purpose is that the same materials can be attributed to different groups. For example, concrete is mainly used as a structural material, but some of its species have a completely different purpose: Especially light concrete are thermally insulated material; Particularly heavy concrete - the material of special purpose, which is used to protect against radioactive radiation. .
According to the technological basis, the materials are divided, given the type of raw materials from which the material is obtained, and the type of manufacture, to the following groups:
Natural stone materials and products - Get from rocks by processing them: wall blocks and stones, facing plates, details of architectural purposes, edge stone for foundations, crushed stone, gravel, sand, etc.
Ceramic materials and products - Get out of clay with additives by molding, drying and firing: brick, ceramic blocks and stones, tile, pipes, faience and porcelain products, tiles facing and for flooring, ceramzite (artificial gravel for light concrete), etc.
Glass and other materials and products made of mineral melts - Window and facing glass, glass blocks, glass profile (for fences), tiles, pipes, products from satalles and slagositallov, stone casting.
Inorganic binders - Mineral materials, predominantly powdered, forming a plastic body when mixing with water, with time acquiring ancient state: cements of various species, lime, gypsum binders, etc.
Concretes - Artificial stone materials obtained from a mixture of binder, water, small and large aggregates. Concrete with steel reinforcement is called reinforced concrete, it resists well, not only compression, but also bending and stretching.
Construction solutions - Artificial stone materials consisting of binder, water and small aggregate, which over time transition from the tough in ancient state.
Artificial non-Russian stone materials - Get on the basis of inorganic binders and various aggregates: silicate brick, gypsum and hardware products, asbestos-cement products and structures, silicate concrete.
Organic binders and materials based on them - bituminous and detection binders, roofing and waterproofing materials: rubberoid, pergamine, isol, brizol, waterproof, tol, gluing mastic, asphalt concrete and solutions.
Polymer materials and products - A group of materials obtained on the basis of synthetic polymers (thermoplastic nonormoreactive resins): Linoleums, Relin, Synthetic carpet materials, tiles, woody plastics, fiberglass, foams, poroplasts, celloplasts, etc.
Wood materials and products - result from mechanical wood processing: round forest, lumber, blanks for various carpentry, parquet, plywood, plinths, handrails, door and window blocks, glued structures.
Metal materials - The most widely used in the construction of ferrous metals (steel and cast iron), steel rolling (2-ways, chawllers, corners), metal alloys, especially aluminum.
Residential, public and production buildings are structures designed to accommodate people and various equipment and protect them from environmental impact.
All buildings consist of the same parts to be destined:
- - the foundation that serves as the basis of the building and transmitting the load from the entire building to the Earth;
- - frame - carrier design, on which enclosing elements of the building are installed; The frame perceives and redistributes the loads and transmits them to the foundation;
- - enclosing structures, insulating the inner volume of the building from the effects of the external environment or separating individual parts of the internal volume of each other; The protective structures include walls, overlappings and roofs, and in low-rise buildings walls and overlaps often perform the framework of the frame.
With deep ancient times, residential and cult facilities were erected from natural materials - stone and wood, and all parts of the building were performed: foundation, walls, roof. Such a forced versatility of the material (there was no other materials) had substantial disadvantages. The construction of stone buildings was laborious; Stone walls to maintain in the building of the normal thermal regime had to do very thick (up to 1 m or more) due to the fact that the natural stone is a good conductor of heat. For the ceiling and roofing device, there were many columns or made heavy stone arches, since the strength of the stone during bending and tension is insufficient for overlapping large spans. Stone buildings have one positive quality - durability. Less labor-intensive and materials, but short-lived wooden buildings often destroyed in fires.
With the development of the industry, new, specialized construction materials appeared: for roofs - sheet iron, rolled materials and asbestos cement; For supporting structures - steel rolling and high-strength concrete; For thermal insulation - fibrololite, mineral wool, etc.
Appears in the XX century. Synthetic polymers gave impetus to the introduction of highly efficient polymer materials (plastics). In modern construction, polymer finishing materials are widely used, materials for floors (linoleum, tile), sealants, foams, etc.
Specialization and industrial production of building materials and products fundamentally changed the nature of construction. Materials, and then products from them come to the construction site almost in the finished form, building structures became easier and more efficient (for example, it is better to protect the heat from the impact of moisture). At the beginning of the XX century. The factory production of building structures (metal farms, reinforced concrete columns) began, but only the 50s for the first time in the world in our country began the mass construction of residential buildings from reinforced concrete elements of factory manufacture (block and large-pasted construction).
The modern industry of building materials and products produces a large number of ready-made building materials and products for various purposes, for example: ceramic tiles for floors, for inner cladding, facade, carpet mosaic; Rolled and piece materials for the roofing device, special materials for waterproofing. To make it easier to navigate in this manifold of building materials and products, they are customary to classify.
The greatest distribution received classifications for their intended purpose and technological basis.
For appointment, materials are divided into the following groups:
- - structural, which perceive and transmit loads;
- - heat insulating, the main purpose of which is to minimize the transfer of heat through the enclosing structures and thereby ensure the necessary thermal mode of the room at the minimum energy costs;
- - acoustic (sound-absorbing and sound insulation) - reducing the level of "noise pollution" of the room;
- - waterproofing and roofing - to create waterproof layers on roofing, underground structures and other structures that need to be protected from exposure to water or water vapor;
- - Sealing - for sealing joints in prefabricated structures;
- - finishing - to improve the decorative qualities of building structures, as well as to protect structural, thermal insulation and other materials from external influences;
- - special purpose (refractory, acid-resistant, etc.), used in the construction of special structures.
Some materials (for example, cement, lime, wood) cannot be attributed to any one group, as they are used in the initial state, and as raw materials for other building materials and products are the so-called general-purpose materials. The difficulty of classifying building materials for the purpose is that the same materials can be attributed to different groups. For example, concrete is mainly used as a structural material, but some of its species have a completely different purpose: especially light concrete - heat-insulating materials; Particularly heavy concrete - special purpose materials used to protect against radioactive radiation.
The formation of a technological feature is based on the type of raw materials from which the material is obtained, and the method of manufacture. These two factors largely determine the properties of the material and respectively the area of \u200b\u200bits use.
According to the method of manufacture, the materials obtained are distinguished:
- - sintering (ceramics, cement);
- - melting (glass, metals);
- - omniplication with binders (concrete, solutions);
- - mechanical processing of natural raw materials (natural stone, wood materials).
Since the properties of materials depend mainly on the type of raw materials and the method of its processing, in construction materials sciences use the classification on technological basis and only in some cases groups are considered to be destined.
A huge number of items of building materials that are now widely wider than their nomenclature seek to submit in the form of systemic classifications from more or less similar groups for any signs.
As classification features, the production appointment of building materials, the type of raw material, the main quality indicator, such as their mass, strength, and others are chosen. Currently, the classification also takes into account the functional purpose, for example, thermal insulation materials, acoustic materials and others in addition to the division into groups on the basis of raw materials - ceramic, polymer, metallic, etc. One part of the materials united in the group belongs to natural, and the other part of them is to artificial.
Each group of materials or their individual representatives in the industry correspond to certain industries, such as the cement industry, glass industry, etc., and the systematic development of these industries ensures the implementation of plans for the construction of objects.
Natural, or natural, building materials and products are obtained directly from the depths of the Earth or by processing forest areas in the "Business Forest". These materials give a certain form and rational dimensions, but do not change their inner structure, composition, such as chemical. More often than other natural forests (wood) and stone materials and products are used. In addition to them, in the finished form or with simple processing, you can get bitumen and asphalt, ozokerite, casein, Cyrus, some products of plant origin, such as straw, reed, fire, peat, luzu, etc., or animal world, for example wool, collagen, Bonn Blood et al. All these natural products in relatively small quantities are also used in construction, although forest and natural stone materials and products remain the main and natural stoneware materials.
Artificial building materials and products are mainly made of natural raw materials, less often - from by-products of industry, agriculture or raw materials obtained by artificially. Generated building materials differ from the initial natural raw materials in both the structure and chemical composition, which is associated with the root processing of raw materials in the factory conditions with the involvement of special equipment and energy costs for this purpose. In factory processing, organic (wood, oil, gas, etc.) and inorganic (minerals, stone, ores, slags, etc.) are participating in the raw material, which allows to obtain a diverse range of materials used in construction. Between certain types of materials there are large differences in the compositions, internal structure and quality, but they are interrelated as elements of a single material system.
And although there are some more well-known common patterns that express the relationship between qualitatively heterogeneous and differ in origin by materials or between phenomena and processes in the formation of their structures, but also that it is already known to be enough to combine almost all materials into one system.
In the construction of a much larger manifold, artificial materials are distinguished, which refers to an important achievement of humanity. But natural materials continue to find widespread use in their "pristine" form with the empowerment of the necessary external forms and sizes.
The choice of building materials is one of the main issues in the construction of any facility: an industrial complex, a country house, cottage, a small cottage or, even, even a bath, barn or cabins. The durability of buildings depends on the quality of building materials, as well as their aesthetic appearance. Therefore, buying construction materials follows only from proven suppliers.
According to the degree of readiness, the construction materials and construction materials are distinguished - finished products and elements mounted and fixed on the site of work. Building materials include wood, metals, cement, concrete, brick, sand, mortar for stone masonry and various plasters, paints and varnishes, natural stones, etc.
Building products are precast concrete panels and designs, window and door blocks, sanitary products and cabins, etc. Unlike products, building materials are subjected to processing - mixed with water, compacted, saw, teshut, etc.
By origin, building materials are divided into natural and artificial.
Natural materials - It is wood, rock (natural stones), peat, natural bitumens and asphalt, etc. These materials are obtained from natural raw materials by simple processing without changing their initial structure and chemical composition.
TO artificial materials Believe brick, cement, reinforced concrete, glass, etc. They are obtained from natural and artificial raw materials, by-products of industry and agriculture using special technologies. Artificial materials differ from the initial raw materials in both the structure and the chemical composition, which is due to the fundamental processing of it in the factory conditions.
The largest distribution was obtained by classifications of materials for the purpose and technological basis.
For appointment, materials are divided into the following groups:
construction materials - materials that perceive and transmit on loads in building structures;
heat insulation materials, the main purpose of which is to minimize the transfer of heat through the construction structure and thereby ensure the necessary thermal regime in the room with minimal energy costs;
acoustic materials (sound-absorbing and sound insulation materials) - to reduce the level of "noise pollution" of the room;
waterproofing and roofing materials - to create waterproof layers on roofing, underground structures and other structures that need to be protected from exposure to water or water vapor;
sealing materials - for sealing joints in prefabricated structures;
decoration Materials - to improve the decorative qualities of building structures, as well as to protect structural, thermal insulation and other materials from external influences;
special materials (for example, refractory or acid-resistant) used in the construction of special structures.
A number of materials (for example cement, lime, wood) cannot be attributed to any one group, since they are used in pure form, and as raw materials for other building materials and products. These are the so-called general-purpose materials. The difficulty of classifying building materials for the purpose is that the same materials can be attributed to different groups. For example, concrete is mainly used as a structural material, but some of its species have a completely different purpose: Especially light concrete are thermally insulated material; Particularly heavy concrete - the material of special purpose, which is used to protect against radioactive radiation. .
According to the technological basis, the materials are divided, given the type of raw materials from which the material is obtained, and the type of manufacture, to the following groups:
Natural stone materials and products - Get from rocks by processing them: wall blocks and stones, facing plates, details of architectural purposes, edge stone for foundations, crushed stone, gravel, sand, etc.
Ceramic materials and products - Get out of clay with additives by molding, drying and firing: brick, ceramic blocks and stones, tile, pipes, faience and porcelain products, tiles facing and for flooring, ceramzite (artificial gravel for light concrete), etc.
Glass and other materials and products made of mineral melts - Window and facing glass, glass blocks, glass profile (for fences), tiles, pipes, products from satalles and slagositallov, stone casting.
Inorganic binders - Mineral materials, predominantly powdered, forming a plastic body when mixing with water, with time acquiring ancient state: cements of various species, lime, gypsum binders, etc.
Concretes - Artificial stone materials obtained from a mixture of binder, water, small and large aggregates. Concrete with steel reinforcement is called reinforced concrete, it resists well, not only compression, but also bending and stretching.
Construction solutions - Artificial stone materials consisting of binder, water and small aggregate, which over time transition from the tough in ancient state.
Artificial non-Russian stone materials - Get on the basis of inorganic binders and various aggregates: silicate brick, gypsum and hardware products, asbestos-cement products and structures, silicate concrete.
Organic binders and materials based on them - bituminous and detection binders, roofing and waterproofing materials: rubberoid, pergamine, isol, brizol, waterproof, tol, gluing mastic, asphalt concrete and solutions.
Polymer materials and products - A group of materials obtained on the basis of synthetic polymers (thermoplastic nonormoreactive resins): Linoleums, Relin, Synthetic carpet materials, tiles, woody plastics, fiberglass, foams, poroplasts, celloplasts, etc.
Wood materials and products - result from mechanical wood processing: round forest, lumber, blanks for various carpentry, parquet, plywood, plinths, handrails, door and window blocks, glued structures.
Metal materials - The most widely used in the construction of ferrous metals (steel and cast iron), steel rolling (2-ways, chawllers, corners), metal alloys, especially aluminum.