Hello dear friends. Arthur Bykov is in touch and I would like to please you with a new video lesson. However, I came across an article (letter) of the chief of the Indian tribe. I really liked his philosophy and quotes. Therefore, I will post the video tomorrow, and today I recommend you join the culture of the indigenous people of America (get ready, there are a lot of letters)!
Seattle Indian Chief Speech in 1854
“The Great Leader from Washington announces that he wants to buy our land. The Great Leader also sends us messages of friendship and goodwill. He is very kind, for we know that our friendship is too small a price to pay for his favor. However, we will consider your proposal, for we understand that if we do not sell the land, the pale-faced man will come with guns and take it by force.
How can you buy the sky or the warmth of the earth? This idea is incomprehensible to us.
If we don’t have control of the fresh air and splashes of water, then how can you buy them from us?
For my people, every inch of this land is sacred. Every sparkling pine cone, every sandy shore, every patch of fog in a dark forest, every glade and every buzzing midge - they are all sacred to the memory and feelings of my people. The sap flowing in the trunks of the trees carries the memory of the Redskins.
Having entered the path among the stars, the departed pale-faced forget the country of their birth. Our departed never forget this beautiful land, for it is the mother of the Redskins. We are a part of this land, and it is a part of ourselves. Fragrant flowers are our sisters, a deer, a horse, a big eagle are our brothers. Mountain peaks, luscious meadows, the warm body of a mustang and man - they are all one family.
When the Great Leader from Washington says he wants to buy land from us, he is asking too much of us. The great leader announces that he will leave us a place to live in comfort. He will become our father, and we will become his children. But everything is not so simple, because for us this land is sacred.
This sparkling water flowing in streams and rivers is not just water, but the blood of our ancestors. If we sell you land, you must remember that it is sacred. You must teach your children that it is sacred, and any ghostly reflection in the clear waters of the lakes tells about the deeds of the life and memory of my people. The murmur of water is the voice of the father of my people. The rivers are our brothers, they quench our thirst.
The rivers carry our canoes and feed our children. If we sell you land, you must remember and teach your children that rivers are our brothers and your brothers; and henceforth you must treat the rivers with the same kindness with which you treat your brother.
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The red-skinned man always retreated before the pale-faced man walking forward, as a mountain mist recedes before the morning sun. But the ashes of our fathers are holy. Their graves are sacred places, and therefore these hills, trees and tracts of land have become sacred to us. We know that the pale person does not accept our thoughts.
For him, one piece of land is no different from another, for he is a stranger who comes at night and takes whatever he wants from the land. For him, the land is not a brother, but an enemy, and he goes forward, conquering it. He leaves the graves of his fathers behind, but he doesn't care. He forgets about the graves of fathers and the rights of his children. He treats his mother earth and his brother heaven as things that can be bought, robbed and sold, like a sheep or brightly colored beads. His greed devours the land and leaves a desert behind.
I don't understand: Our thoughts are different from yours. The sight of your cities is a pain to the gaze of a red man. Perhaps this is because the Redskins are savages and they do not understand much. There is no silence in the cities of the pale person. There is no place in them where you can listen to how the buds open in spring, how the wings of insects rustle.
It is possible that I am just a savage and do not understand much. It seems to me that the noise only offends the ear. Is this life if a person cannot hear the lonely cry of a wandering light or the nightly argument of frogs by a pond? I am a red-skinned person, I don't understand a lot. Indians prefer the soft sound of the wind over the waters of the pond, the smell of this wind washed by the midday rain and saturated with the scent of pine resin.
For a red-skinned person, the air is a treasure, for all living things breathe with one (them): the beast, and the tree, and the person breathe with the same breath. The pale-faced man does not notice the air he breathes. He does not feel the stench like a man who has been dying for days.
But if we sell you our land, you must remember that for us air is a treasure, that air shares its spirit with all living things. The wind that breathed the breath of our grandfathers takes their last breath. And therefore, the wind has to fill the life of our children with the spirit. If we sell our land to you, you must stay away from it and treat it as sacred, like a place where even a pale-faced person can come to taste the sweet wind of meadow flowers.
We will consider your offer to buy our land. If we decide to accept him, I will put one condition: the pale person must treat the animals of this land as his brothers. I am a savage, I cannot think otherwise. I saw thousands of dead buffaloes on the prairie, left behind by a pale-faced man who had fired from a passing train.
I am a savage, and I cannot understand how a smoking iron horse can be more important than a bison, which we only kill when we are on the verge of death. What will happen to a person if there are no animals? If all the animals die, people will die from complete loneliness of the spirit. Whatever happens to animals, it happens to humans. Everything is interconnected.
You must teach your children that the earth at their feet is the dust of our ancestors. Then they will rest the land in which the lives of our kind are hidden. Teach your children what we teach our children, and tell them that the earth is our mother. Whatever happens to the earth, it happens to her children.
When a person spits on the ground, he spits at himself.
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This is what we know: the earth does not belong to man, but man belongs to the earth. This is what we know: everything in the world is interconnected, like the blood that unites the whole race. Everything is interconnected. Whatever happens to the earth, it happens to her children. Man does not weave the web of life, he is only one thread in it. If he does something with the web, then he does it to himself.
And yet we will consider your offer to go to the reservation you have prepared for my people. We will live apart from you, we will live in peace. It doesn't really matter where we spend the rest of our days.
Our children have already seen their fathers humiliated by defeat. Our warriors were already ashamed. After defeat, their lives turned into idleness, and they ruin their bodies with sweet food and strong drinks. It doesn't really matter where we spend the rest of our days, there aren't many of them left. Only a few hours, only a few winters, and there will not be a single son of the great tribes who once loved this land so much and who now wander in small groups in the forests. No one will be able to mourn the people who were once as mighty and hopeful as yours. Why should I mourn the death of my people? The tribe is just people, nothing else. People come and go like waves of the sea.
Even the pale-faced, whose God walks alongside and speaks to him as a friend, cannot escape the general fate. In the end, perhaps we will become brothers - we'll see. But we know something that the pale face will someday know: we have one God with you. Now you think that you own your God in the same way you want to take possession of our land, but you are not. He is the God of all people and has equal compassion for the red-skinned and the pale-faced. For Him, this earth is a treasure, and to harm this earth means raising a hand against its Creator. The palefaces will also leave, although perhaps later than the rest of the tribes. Keep dirtying your bed and one night you will suffocate in your own garbage. But in your death you will glow brightly, embraced by the tribe of the power of God, who brought you dominion over this land and over the Redskins.
For us, such a fate is a mystery, because we do not understand why we need to kill buffaloes, why tame wild horses, why disturb the mysterious thoughts of the forest with the heavy smell of a crowd of people, why stain the hillsides with talking wires.
Where are the thickets? They are not here. Where is the eagle? He's gone. Why say goodbye to fast ponies and hunting? This is the end of life and the beginning of survival.
We will consider your offer to buy our land. If we agree, we will be safe with the reservation you promised. There we can live the short rest of our days the way we want. When the last red-skinned man disappears from this earth, and his memory is only the shadow of a cloud hovering over the prairie, the spirit of my people will remain in these shores and forests, for he loves this land as a newborn loves the heartbeat of his mother. If we sell you this land, love it as we love it. Take care of her as we did.
Save in your memory the sight of this land as it was when you took it. And with all your strength, with all your thoughts, with all your heart, save her for your children - and love her as God loves us all.
We know one thing: you and I have one God. For Him this land is a treasure.
Even pale-faced people cannot escape the general fate. In the end, we can still become brothers. We will see." (Indian chief Seattle).
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Native American quotes
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(These sayings belong to Sitting Bull, White Cloud, Sistle, and other famous 19th century North American Indian leaders):
“Love the earth. It is not inherited by you from your parents, it is borrowed by you from your children. "
“In the first year of marriage, the newlyweds looked at each other and wondered if they could be happy. If not, they said goodbye and looked for new spouses. If they were forced to live together in disagreement, we would be as stupid as a white man. "
“Strive for wisdom, not knowledge. Knowledge is the past. Wisdom is the future. "
"We don't want churches because they will teach us to argue about God."
"One 'take' is better than two 'I'll give'."
"It doesn't take many words to tell the truth."
"A good person sees good signs."
"The one who is silent knows twice as much as the chatterbox."
Look first at the footprints of your moccasins before judging other people's faults.
"Before you love, learn to walk in the snow without leaving a trace."
“There is no death. There is only a transition between worlds. "
"Those who go to bed with dogs get up with fleas."
"How clever white language must be if they can make right look like wrong and wrong look right."
“My son will never take up farming. Those who work on the earth do not dream, and wisdom comes to us in dreams. "
"What is life? This is the light of a firefly in the night. This is the breath of a bison when winter comes. It is a shadow that lies on the grass and melts at sunset. "
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"When the last tree is cut down, when the last river is poisoned, when the last bird is caught - only then will you understand that you cannot eat money."
“The Great Spirit is imperfect. He has a light side and a dark side. Sometimes the dark side gives us more knowledge than the light side. "
“Knowledge is hidden in every thing. The world was once a library. "
“It takes silent days to hear yourself.”
"In order to understand about yourself, talk to a stone in the mountains ...".
"If you noticed that you are riding a dead horse - get off!"
"When the Great Spirit gives a new day, he sends it to everything."
"Look at me. I am poor and naked. But I am the leader of my people. We don't need wealth. We just want to teach our children to be right. We want peace and love. "
"When you tie a horse to a pole, do you expect it to exercise strength?"
Even your silence can be part of the prayer.
"Why do you take by force what you cannot take with love?"
"There are many ways to smell like a skunk."
"Tell me - and I will forget, show me - and I will not be able to remember, involve me - and I will understand."
“The old days were wonderful. The old men sat in the sun at their doorstep and played with the children until the sun plunged them into slumber. The old men played with the children every day. And at some point, they just didn't wake up. "
"When a legend dies and a dream disappears, there is no greatness in the world."
“Don't go behind me - I may not lead you. Don't go ahead of me - maybe I won't follow you. Walk side by side and we will be one. "
"Truth is what people believe in."
"Even a small mouse has the right to be furious."
“I suffer when I remember how many good words were said and how many promises were broken. In this world, those who have no right to speak at all speak too much. "
"The one who tells stories rules the world."
"Water has no hair."
"The frog does not drink the pond in which it lives."
"The wind that gave our grandfathers their first breath also receives their last breath, and the wind should also give our children the spirit of life."
“O Great Spirit, whose voice I hear in the winds, I come to you as one of your many children. I need your strength and wisdom. Make me strong, not to rise above my brother, but to defeat my greatest enemy - yourself. "
“I was at the end of the earth. I was at the edge of the waters. I was at the edge of the sky. I was at the edge of the mountains. I have not found anyone who is not my friend. "
"If you have something to say, get up to be seen."
"The raven screams not because it portends trouble, but because there are enemies in the bushes."
"Remember that man is also an animal, only smart."
"Do not judge a man until two moons have passed in his moccasins."
"Man must make his own arrows."
"The white man has too many bosses."
"Everything in the world has its own song."
“Above me - beauty, below me - beauty. And when I leave my body, I will also follow the path of beauty. "
"A child is a guest in your house - feed, learn and let go."
"Ask a question from your heart and you will hear the answer from your heart."
"Talk to the children when they eat, and what you say will stay even when you leave."
"When you see the rattlesnake preparing to strike, hit first."
"You cannot wake up a person who is pretending to be asleep."
“The white man is greedy. In his pocket he carries a canvas rag into which he blows his nose out - as if afraid that he might blow his nose and miss something very valuable. "
"When a person prays for one day and then sins for six, the Great Spirit gets angry, and the Evil Spirit laughs."
"A well-spoken word is better than a well-thrown ax."
"Even a dead fish can go with the flow."
"The soul will not have a rainbow if there were no tears in the eyes."
“Life flows from the inside to the outside. By following this thought, you yourself will become the truth. "
"Everything on earth has a purpose, every disease is a medicine that heals it, and every person has a purpose."
“What is a man without animals? If all animals are exterminated, man will die of great loneliness of spirit. Everything that happens to animals happens to humans. "
“Let my enemy be strong and terrible. If I overcome him, I will not feel ashamed. "
“If you talk to owls or snakes, they will talk to you, and you will recognize each other. If you don’t talk to them, you don’t recognize them, and what you don’t know, you will be afraid. Man destroys what he fears. "
"Homeland is where you feel good."
"The enemy is not always the enemy, but each other."
“When you were born, you cried and the world laughed. Live so that, dying, you laugh, and the world cries. "
], Kickapoo, Piankashaw, Wea and others. He defeated the troops of Generals Harmar in October 1790 and St. Clair [St. Clair, Arthur] in November 1790, killing, respectively, over 200 and over 900 soldiers, which were the largest victories of the Indians over the US Army
4 Logan, James
(1720? -1780) Logan, James
Chief of the Mingo Indians. In April 1774, all members of his family were massacred by settlers. His violent retaliation initiated the Lord Dunmore's War, where Logan recruited the British, to whom he handed scalps and prisoners to Detroit. Also known as Chief Logan
5 Osceola
(1800-04? -1838) Osceola (Osseola)
Leader of the Seminole Indians during the Second Seminole War (1835-42) in Florida. Conducted guerrilla actions against the resettlement of the Seminole from Florida to Oklahoma. In 1837, under the pretext of negotiating an armistice, he was invited to St. Augustine and captured; died at Fort Moultree Prison near Charleston, pc. South Carolina.
6 Wabansi
(1765? -1845) Wabansi
The chief of the Potawatomi, Prairie Indians of the steppe tribe. In 1811 he attacked the boatmen delivering supplies to the detachment of W. Harrison [Harrison, William Henry], for which he received the name meaning "the beginning of the day", since he carried out this attack at dawn. During the Anglo-American War of 1812-14 [War of 1812] fought on the side of the British, but later became an ally of the Americans. Helped the Illinois settlers during the Black Hawk War (1832). In 1837, led the transition of his tribe to a reservation near Council Bluffs in Iowa
7 Arizona
I [ærɪˊzǝunǝ] Arizona, South-Western USA ind. arizonac small stream. Abbreviation: AZ. Nicknames: "Grand Canyon State" , "Copper State" [* Copper State], "Apache State", "State St. Valentine "[* Valentine State], Sunset state [* Sunset State], "American Italy" [* Italy of America], "State of sand hills" [* Sand Hill State]. State resident: Arizonian. Capital: g. Phoenix. Motto: "God will enrich" ( lat. Ditat Deus - God enriches). Flower: saguaro cactus flower ... Tree : acacia paloverdi ... Bird: cactus wren ... Song: 'Arizona' II, a march song]. Area: 293750 sq. km. (114,000 sq. mi.) (6th place). Population (1992): st. 3,8 million (23-e place). Largest cities: Phoenix, Tucson, Mesa. Economy. Main industries: manufacturing, tourism, mining, agriculture... Main products: electronics, printing industry products, foodstuffs, metal and metal products, aircraft, missiles, clothing cotton, sorghum, lettuce, cauliflower, barley, corn, wheat, sugar beet, citrus... Livestock (1992): livestock - 900 thous.; pigs - 100 thous.; sheep - 225 thous.; birds - 325 thous. Forestry: pine, spruce, other conifers... Minerals: copper, gold, molybdenum, silver... History . The area was first explored by Franciscan Marcos de Nice and his black slave Estevan in 1539. in 1690-1711 biennium missionary - jesuit Eusebio Francisco Quino preached Christianity among the Indians and taught them agriculture, leaving behind a number of missions. IN 1821 Spain annexed Arizona to Mexico. IN 1848 at the end of the war with Mexico, the territory was captured by the United States. IN 1854, as a result of the Gadsen deal [* Gadsden Purchase], the territory below also went to the USA r. Gila. The long wars with the Apache Indians ended only in 1886 capitulation of their leader Geronimo [* Geronimo]. sights: Grand Canyon, 4,000 to 5,000 deep feet; Petrified forest ; Painted desert ; Devil's Canyon, 225 deep feet; meteor crater ; the Hoover Dam; Lake Mead; Fort Apachi; London Bridge by g. Lake Havasu. Most famous Arizona: Cochise [* Cochise], indian chief; Geronimo [* Geronimo], the leader of the Apache Indians; Goldwater, Barry [* Goldwater, Barry], senator; Gray, Zane [* Gray, Zane], writer; Jacobs, Helen , sportswoman; Lowell, Percival , astronomer; Pickering, William , astronomer; Yudall, Stewart [* Udall, Stewart], state activist; Wright, Frank Lloyd [* Wright, Frank Lloyd], architect. Associations: a deserted state with beautiful landscapes from the freeways; cacti against the backdrop of beautiful sunrises and sunsets II ‘Arizona’ Arizona March ( arizona State Anthem, 1919)
8 Cochise
[ˊKǝutʃi: s] Kochis (1815 - 74), the leader of the Apache Indians. In 1861-71 biennium fought hard against American troops in Arizona and New-Mexico. Surrendered in 1871, but upon learning of the alleged relocation of his tribe to another reservation in New-Mexico, escaped from captivity along with two hundred supporters. Collecting more 600 warriors, he fought hard again until the government agreed to organize a reservation in Arizona. After re-surrendering to 1872 he lived quietly on the reservation with his tribe
9 Crazy horse
Crazy Horse, chief of the Sioux Indians. Together with a leader named Sitting Bull [* ‘Sitting Bull”] commanded the Indians at the Battle of Little-Bighorn June 25-26, 1876, where the Indians completely destroyed Caster's cavalry squad [* Custer] ( oK. 260 man)
10 Geronime
Geronimo, chief of the Apache Indians (XIX in.). For a long time he fought against the Americans who invaded the lands of his tribe, until he was captured by troops gene. N. Miles (1882)
11 Hiawatha
Hiawatha, the Indian leader who lived in Xvi in. In legends, he is married to an Indian woman named Minnehaha. (perhaps from here name Minneapolis). He advocated peace between his people and European settlers. Sung by Henry Longfellow in the poem "Song of Hiawatha" [* ‘Hiawatha, The Song of’]
12 Idaho
[ˊAɪdǝhǝu] Idaho, state in the western United States from ind. pearl of the mountains. Abbreviation: ID. Nicknames: "Gem State" Famous potato [* Famous Potatoes]. State resident: Aydahi. Capital: g. Boise. Motto: "May you always be" (lat. * ‘Esto perpetua’ - ‘It is forever”) Flower: lilac Wood: white pine Bird: mountain blue-winged robin ... Animal: appaloosa horse ... Gemstone: Star Garnet. Song: 'Here We Have Idaho'. Area: 214133 sq. km (83,64 sq. mi.) (13th place). Population (1992): st. 1 million (42-e place). Largest cities: Boise. Economy. Main industries: agriculture, manufacturing, tourism, forestry, mining, electronics... Main products: food products, timber and wood products, chemical products, metal and metal products, mechanical engineering products, components for electronics... Agriculture . Main cultures: potatoes, legumes, sugar beets, alfalfa seeds, wheat, hops, barley, plums and prunes, mint, onions, corn, cherries, apples... Livestock (1989): livestock - 1.66 million, pigs - 72 thous., sheep - 296 thous., birds - 1 million Forestry: yellow and white pine, Douglas fir, white spruce... Minerals: silver, gold, phosphates, zinc... History : Exploration of Idaho began with Lewis and Clarke's expedition to 1805-06 biennium Following this came fur buyers, establishing trading posts (1809- 34), and missionaries who have created a number of missions in 1830-50s biennium The first permanent settlement in the Franklin area was founded by Mormons (1860). In the same year, the Aydakh gold rush began. , and thousands of people settled here permanently. Idaho received state status in 1890. sights: Hell Canyon; World Birds of Prey Center ; "Lunar craters" ; famous resort Sun Valley ; resort in the Valley of the Peaked Mountains ; crystal Falls Cave ; Shoshone waterfalls; hot Springs ; lakes Pend-Oreil and Coeur-de-Alain; National recreation area in the Pointed Mountains ; vozvrata river reserve-Not . Famous Aydakh people: Bora, William [* Borah, William E.], political figure; Church, Frank [* Church, Frank], Senator; Joseph [* Joseph], the leader of the Indians; Sacagauia , Indian. Associations: the famous Aidakh potatoes of an unusually large size (usually served baked); the city of Boise in numerous jokes and anecdotes symbolizes a place forgotten by God and people, the American backwater
13 Joseph
Joseph (1840 - 1904), the chief of the pierced noses tribe . When under the contract 1863 white settlers were granted exclusive settlement rights in the Wallowoa Valley in northeastern Oregon, Joseph and his fellow tribesmen refused to leave the territory. Attempts by the authorities to force them to obey led to armed clashes, which Joseph invariably won. Showing an extraordinary talent for leadership, having covered a thousand miles, Joseph led his fellow tribesmen to the Canadian border, where, surrounded on all sides, he was forced to surrender (5 october 1877), having previously stipulated the conditions for ending the war
14 Oregon
[ˊOrɪgǝn] Oregon, state on the US Pacific coast from ind. words of unknown meaning... Abbreviation: OR. Nicknames: "Beaver State" "Webfoot staff / waterfowl staff" [* Web-Foot State], Sunset state [* Sunset State], "Staff of people rubbed with life" [* Hard-Case State]. State resident: Oregonian. Capital: g. Salem. Motto: "Flies on its wings" (lat. 'Alis volat Propriis' - 'She flies with her own wings' , 1987). Plant : oregon grapes ... Tree : douglas fir / douglas fir ... Animal: beaver. Bird: meadow lark ... Fish: Chinook salmon. Song: "Oregon, my Oregon" [‘Oregon, My Oregon’]. Area: 248647 sq. km (96, 003 sq. mi.) (10th place). Population (1992): 3 million (29th place). Largest cities: Portland [* Portland], Eugene. Economy. Main industries: forestry and woodworking industry, metalworking, electronics, mechanical engineering, agriculture, fishing, tourism... Main products: timber and timber, paper, foodstuffs, machinery, metal products, books, metals (aluminum, nickel). Agriculture . Main cultures: greenhouse vegetables, wheat, potatoes, forage grasses, pears, cherries, mint... Livestock (1991): livestock - 1.5 million, pigs - 80 thous., sheep - 466 thous., birds - 3 million Forestry: douglas fir, yellow pine / ponderosa... Mineral resources: nickel, bauxite, gold, silver, sand, gravel. Fishing (1992): by 76.2 uSD million (mostly salmon). History . American captain Robert Gray opened r. Columbia [* Columbia II] and entered her mouth at 1792, Lewis and Clark [* Lewis and Clark], going out to her by land, in 1805-06 biennium they wintered at its mouth, followed by fur buyers. The settlers arrived in the valley r. Willamette River in 1834. First big wave of settlers using the Oregon Highway [* Oregon Trail], reached these places in 1843. Oregon was admitted to the United States in 1859. Early XX in. the state has implemented reforms known as the "Oregon System", which include the right to legislative initiative, the right to referendum, recall of deputies, direct primary elections and the granting of women the right to vote. sights: National Fossil Reserve them. John Day; gorge r. Columbia and Hell Canyon; Mount Hood; National Park "Crater Lake" ; recreation area "Oregon Dunes" ; Oregon Caves National Wildlife Refuge ; Cape Perpetua; Fort Klatsop; Ashland Shakespeare Festival; Alpine Desert Museum in Benda; Albany annual Forest Carnival ; rodeo in Pendelton ; Portland Rose Festival... Famous Oregonians: Bloch, Ernest, composer; Joseph , the leader of the Indians; Markham, Edwin , poet; Pauling, Linus [* Pauling, Linus], chemist, Nobel laureate; Reed, John [* Reed, John], journalist and writer... Associations: Oregon Highway; pioneers; logging; Portland Pacific Port; scenic spots and cleanliness of the environment; a state that still practices pen marriages
15 Pontiac
I Pontiac (1720? - 69), the chief of the Ottawa Indians, whose native village was not far from Fort Detroit. He led an unsuccessful Indian attempt to capture the fort and push the white colonists back beyond the Appalachians (may 1763). This Indian performance received name "Rebellion of Pontiac" II [ˊPontɪæk] Pontiac, a General Motors car brand
16 Sacajawea
Sakajavia (1787 - 1812), indian, only woman on the Lewis and Clark expedition [* Lewis and Clark] (1805), the wife of one of the expedition's guides and translators. The leader of the Shoshone Indians turned out to be her brother, which greatly facilitated the advancement of the expedition to the west. She was ill several times on the road, and Lewis and Clark had to treat her, but she endured all the difficulties with her baby and went with the expedition all the way to the Pacific Ocean and returned back
17 Sitting Bull
Sitting Bull (1835 - 90), chief of the Sioux Indians. He led the fight against white settlers and regular American troops when in the Black Mountains gold was found on the lands belonging to his tribe. Together with a leader named Crazy Horse [* Crazy Horse] led the battle at Little Bighorn [* Little Bighorn] in 1876, when the Indians completely destroyed the cavalry detachment of George Custer [* Custer's last stand]. Was killed on December 14, 1890, when the armed participants in the ritual dance of spirits tried to prevent the arrest of their leader
18 South dakota
[ˊSauƟdǝˊkǝutǝ] South Dakota, US Midwest from name indian tribe Dakota "Allies". Abbreviation: SD. Nicknames: "Sunny state" , Coyote state , "Artesian state" , "Blizzard state", "Land of plenty" ... State resident: South Dakotan. Capital: g. Pyrrhus. Motto: "Under God, People Rule" [‘Under God the people rule’]. Song: "Hail South Dakota!" [‘Hail, South Dakota!’]. Flower: american backache, sleep-grass . Grass: western wheatgrass ... Tree : blackhill spruce ... Bird: pheasant. Animal: coyote. Mineral: rose quartz . Gemstone: Agate ... Area: 196723 sq. km. (77, 116 sq. mi.) - 16th place. Population (1992): oK. 700 thous. (45th place). Economy. Main industries: agriculture, services, mechanical engineering... Main products: food and food related products, machinery, electrical and electronic equipment... Agriculture . Main cultures (1992): corn, oats, wheat, sunflower, soybeans, sorghum... Livestock (1992): livestock - 3.75 million, pigs - 1.8 million, sheep - 591 thous. Forestry: yellow pine. Mineral resources: gold. History . This area in 1742-43 biennium explored by the Spaniards. Lewis and Clark [* Lewis and Clark expedition] passed through it in 1804 and 1806 biennium The first American settlement was at Fort Pierre in 1817. With the discovery of gold in 1874 on the Sioux reservation [* Sioux] prospectors rushed here. The authorities tried to stop them, but all attempts were in vain, the "great Dakota boom" began ['Great Dakota Boom', 1879]. On the territory of South Dakota, the Sioux Indians, who demanded the return of their territory, defeated the troops of Custer ['Custer's last stand'] (1877). A new Indian rebellion began in 1890, the culminating point was the mass extermination of Indians near the village of Wounded Knee . South Dakota became part of the United States as a state in 1889. sights: Black Mountains; Mount Rushmore [* Mount Rushmore], where the profiles of the presidents of Washington, Jefferson, Lincoln and Theodore Roosevelt are carved on granite; Mount Harney Peak 7247 high ft, highest mountain in the Black Hills ; the town of Deadwood - gold rush center 1876, where legendary Wild West hero Raging Bill Hickok was killed ; Caster Park, where herds of buffalo graze and wild donkeys; "The cave of precious stones" - the fourth largest in the world; "Lunar landscape" of the Badlands Nature Reserve [* Badlands II] - piles of bare stones, devoid of all vegetation; Great Lakes of South Dakota; restored military post 1864 of the year - Fort Sisseton ; mad Horse Indian Chief Memorial [* Crazy Horse Memorial] up close g. Caster; Great Plains Zoo and Museum ; "Corn Palace" in Mitchell and dr. Notable South Dakots: Problem Jane [* ‘Calamity Jane’], a female cowboy from the times of the Wild West; Crazy Horse [* Crazy Horse], indian chief of the end XIX in.; McGovern, George [* McGovern, George], modern politician; Sakajavia [* Sacajawea], an Indian woman on the Lewis and Clark expedition; Sitting Bull [* Sitting Bull], the chief of the Sioux Indians; Wilder, Laura [* Wilder, Laura Ingalls], writer. Associations: a remote agricultural state specializing in the cultivation of rye and spring wheat. The Badlands Nature Reserve and Mount Rushmore are widely known
User frozenburger explained that he colored the photo to give the picture a more modern look and to better appreciate the beauty of these people. Frozenburger also names the Indians in the picture: Seated Bull, Looking Bear, Having Big White Horse, White Tail, Bear Liver Rolling Thunder Mountains, Barking Dog, Soaring Hawk, Lame, Eagle Whistle. The chiefs gathered together shortly before meeting with General Nelson Miles. A snapshot of a meeting of Indian leaders taken in 1880. Quite a little time will pass, and some of his characters will meet in different conditions. Original photo: Here comes General M himself isles, who was called the Bear's Tunic. It was under his command that the bloody massacre of the Wounded Knee Brook took place in 1880. This battle was the last major clash between the Lakota Indians and one of the last battles of the Indian Wars.
The picture below shows Indian leaders captured during the Wounded Knee massacre in 1880. Far right is the Soaring Hawk.
Another leader, captured in the photo, Sitting Bull, who defeated one of the American regiments of the United States in 1876, did not live to see the battle. Two weeks before the battle, 40 Indian policemen tried to arrest him at their home. The leader did not want to surrender, and as a result of the shooting that began, he himself, eight of his supporters and six policemen died. 
Comte de Beaulieu did not even suspect, carelessly preparing to light a cigar, that the match he lit would instantly turn him into an object of horror for the Indians.
But as soon as the count understood the power of the weapon that chance put into his hands, he decided to immediately take advantage of the superstitious ignorance of the Redskins.
Enjoying his triumph in his soul, the count furrowed his eyebrows and, seeing that the red people had come to their senses enough to listen to him, spoke in an imperious tone that always acts on a crowd of people, imitating the pompous turns of speech and expressive movements of the red people:
Let my brothers open their ears! The words emanating from my chest must be heard and understood by all of you. My brothers are simple people, capable of deception. Truth must enter their hearts like an iron wedge. My goodness is great because I am powerful. I did not punish my brothers when they dared to touch me with their hands, I only showed them my power. I am the great healer of the pale-faced. I know all the secrets of the most skillful healing. As soon as I want, the birds of the air, together with the fish from the river, will come to worship me, because in me is the Lord of Life himself, and it was he who gave me his wand of healing ... Listen to what I say, Redskins, and remember! When the first man was born, he walked along the banks of Mesha-Shebe and met the Lord of Life. The Lord of Life greeted him with the words: "You are my son." “No,” the first man replied, “my son is you, and I will prove it if you don’t believe me. We will sit down and stick our healing wands into the ground; whoever gets up first will be the youngest and the son of another. " They sat down and looked at each other for a long time. Finally the Lord of Life turned pale, fell, and his body fell from the bones. Then the first man cried out joyfully: "Finally, he really died!" So they stayed ten times for ten moons and ten times more, and since after this time even the bones of the Lord of Life completely turned white, the first man stood up and said: "Now there is no doubt - he really died." He took up the Life Lord's healing wand and pulled it out of the ground. But the Lord of Life instantly stood up, took his rod from the first man and said: “Stop! I am here, I am your father, and you are my son! " And then the first person recognized him as a father. But the Lord of Life then added: “You are my son, the first man, you cannot die. Take my wand of healing. When I want to talk to my red-skinned children, I will send you to them ”... This is the wand of healing. Are you ready to do what I command?
These words, spoken in a tone of deep conviction, despite the fact that the legend cited by the count was considered an immutable, well-known truth, were accepted with complete faith by the Indians, who have already performed a miracle with a burning match.
put to gullibility. They replied with deep reverence:
Let our father speak. What he wants, we want too. Are we not his children?
Move away, said the Count. “I will only speak to your leader.
Gray Bear listened to the Count's speech with the greatest attention. An astute observer at times could catch on his face a fleeting shadow of mistrust, but immediately again driven away by pleasure, which shone in his eyes with a thin and intelligent gaze. He applauded not less, but rather more than his warriors, when the count finally fell silent. Hearing that he only wanted to talk to the leader, the Indian smiled slightly, pushed the Redskins away with a movement of his hand, and approached the count with ease and inner freedom that were involuntarily striking.
The young leader showed an innate nobility, which he liked at first sight, attracted to him and inspired involuntary respect.
The Blackfeet bowed their heads respectfully as they descended the hill and sat down on the ground a hundred yards from the hunter camp.
The impromptu eloquence of the Comte de Beaulieu amazed his companions no less than the Indians. Sharp Bullet and Yvonne Kergole did not understand anything. The young man's Indian wisdom completely confused them. With the liveliest impatience they awaited the denouement of the scene, whose goal and meaning they could not guess.
Left alone - the hunter and the Breton also stepped aside - the French and the Indian stared at each other for a minute and somewhat anxiously.
But with all the efforts of the white man to guess the feelings of the person who was in front of him, he had to confess that he was dealing with one of those strong natures who do not make it possible to read anything in their appearance and in all cases of life completely control themselves; moreover, the gaze and the metallic glint in the Indian's eyes made the count secretly feel a certain awkwardness, and he hastened to put an end to it, speaking in order to counteract the charm to which he succumbed against his will.
Leader, - he said, - now your soldiers are gone ...
The Gray Bear stopped him with a wave of his hand and, bowing gracefully, spoke in French with such a pure pronunciation that a native of the banks of the Seine could envy him:
It is my fault that I interrupt you, Count, I just thought that out of habit it was tiresome for you to speak our dialect. Do you prefer to speak French? I seem to have a good enough command of this language to understand you completely.
What?! cried the count with an involuntary gesture of amazement.
The earth, suddenly opening up at his feet, would not have struck him with greater horror than this savage in a blackfoot costume, with a face painted in four different colors, who suddenly spoke in his native language without the slightest accent.
The Gray Bear did not seem to notice the dumbfoundedness of his interlocutor and calmly continued:
Forgive me, Count; I may have used expressions that made you unpleasantly impressed by their vulgarity, but I am excused that in our area it is so rare to speak French.
The Comte de Beaulieu's astonishment was growing. He did not know if all this was happening to him in reality or if he was having a nightmare. What he heard seemed to him so incredible and incomprehensible that he could not find words to express his impressions.
Who are you, finally? he cried, when he had mastered himself enough to answer.
I? the Gray Bear asked casually. “As you can see, Count, I am a poor Indian, and nothing else.
But this is unreal! the young man objected.
I assure you, I speak the pure truth ... Well, "he added with captivating ease," if you find me a little less ... how shall I put it? .. ignorant, do not blame me, Count; it just so happened due to some circumstances, independent of my will. Someday I will tell you about them, if you find it fun.
The Comte de Beaulieu, as we have said, was a man of strong will; there were few things that could excite him. So, after the first strong impression, he armed himself with courage and, already completely in control of himself, took for granted the position in which chance had put him in such a strange way.
By God! The meeting was curious and even puzzled me! he exclaimed with a laugh. “Forgive me my undignified amazement when I heard you speak French. I was far from thinking that six hundred miles from civilized lands I would meet a man with such pleasant manners, and I confess that at first I was completely at a loss.
You flatter me, Count, believe my gratitude for your kind opinion of me; but let me get back to our case now.
By God! I am so amazed at what happened to me that I completely forgot where we left off.
It doesn't matter, I'll remind you. After the wonderful speech that you gave to us, you expressed a desire to speak with me face to face.
Hm! the Count remarked with a smile. - I must have seemed extremely funny to you with my legend, and especially with my miracle of a lit match, but it never even occurred to me that I had a listener like you.
Gray Bear shook his head sadly, a slight cloud of sadness darkening his face for a moment.
No, he said, you did what you ought to have done in such a case; but as you spoke, Count, I was thinking of the poor Indians, immersed in deep ignorance, and I wondered if there was any hope of raising their moral and cultural level before the whites had time to finally exterminate them.
The leader uttered these words with such heartfelt sorrow and at the same time with such hatred that the count was involuntarily moved at the thought of how cruelly this man with a fiery soul must suffer, seeing the decline of his tribe.
Cheer up! the count said with sympathy, holding out his hand to the leader.
Do not be sad! the Indian repeated bitterly, nevertheless shaking the hand that was offered to him. - These words I hear after every failure from the lips of the one who replaced my father and, unfortunately, made me who I am.
There was a moment's silence. Each of the interlocutors was thinking to himself.
Finally the Indian looked up.
Listen, Count, - he said, - between some people sometimes there is a kind of elusive feeling, unwillingly connecting them with each other. In the six months you've traveled across the prairie, I've never lost sight of you for a minute. You would have paid with your life long ago if I had not taken you under my secret protection ... Oh! You shouldn't thank me! - he cried out with liveliness, noticing that the count was trying to say something. “I did it more for my own benefit than for yours. My confession astounds you, doesn't it? However, this is true. Let me also say that I have views on you that I will reveal to you in a few days, when we get to know each other better. Now I will obey you in whatever you wish; in the eyes of my fellow tribesmen, I will preserve for you the wonderful radiance with which your brow is crowned. Do you want to leave American settlers alone? Very well! For your sake, I will spare this breed of echidnas, and in return I will ask you for one favor.
Speak.
When you make sure that the people you want to save are safe, we will go to my village - this is my most ardent desire. And it will not cost you much work, since my tribe has spread its camp at a distance of a day's drive from here.
I agree, I accept your offer, leader, and I will go with you wherever you want, but only when I am sure that white people no longer need my help.
Resolved ... Yes! One more word.
Speak.
For everyone, even for your comrades, I must be the same Indian as everyone else.
Do you require it?
For our common good. An accidentally dropped word, the slightest carelessness can destroy both of us. Oh! You don’t know the Redskins yet, ”added the leader with a sad smile, which had once already made the count think heavily.
Very well, - he replied, - be calm, I will not forget your warning.
Now I will call back my warriors, if you don't mind. Meeting too long can make them jealous.
Dispose as you see fit, I leave it to you and myself surrender to your power.
You will not repent of this, ”the Indian replied graciously. While the chief went to the Indians, the count went up to two
to your comrades.
Well? - asked Sharp Bullet. - Did you manage to get anything from this man?
I only had to say a few words. The hunter looked at him mockingly.
Somehow I didn’t think he was so malleable, ”he remarked.
Why, buddy?
Hm! He is famous on the prairie, I know him for a long time.
And what kind of glory goes about him? - casually asked the count, who was not averse to hearing reviews of a man who aroused his curiosity to the highest degree.
Aim Bullet seemed to hesitate.
Are you afraid to speak directly on this topic?
Why should I be afraid? On the contrary, apart from the day when he wanted to burn me alive - and this slight misunderstanding between us, I forgive him from the bottom of my heart - our relationship has always been the best.
All the more so, ”the count interjected with a laugh,“ that, apart from this incident, you have never met, as far as I know, except for this meeting.
This is what I wanted to say. You see, between us speaking, the Gray Bear is one of those Indians who'd better never get in their way; he is like an owl: meeting with him portends misfortune.
Hell! You're scaring me, Sharp Bullet!
Then we will agree that I didn’t tell you anything, ”he quickly objected,“ I prefer to be silent.
Perhaps, but the little that escaped you, I confess, greatly aroused my curiosity, and I am not averse to learning something in addition.
Unfortunately, I don't know anything else.
However, you said that he is famous. Is there a bad rumor about him?
I didn't say that, ”Sharp Bullet objected with some restraint. - You know, Mr. Edward, Indian manners are not like ours - what is bad with us, the Indians see in a completely different light and ...
The Gray Bear is the most infamous, isn't it? the count interrupted him.
No, I assure you! It depends, however, on the point of view you take to judge him.
Perfectly! What is your personal opinion about him?
ABOUT! After all, I am a small and simple person ... only it seems to me that this devil-Indian is the most cunning of all his tribe put together. Between us it will be said that he is reputed to be a sorcerer, and his fellow tribesmen are terribly afraid of him.
And just that?
However, - the count carelessly continued, - we still have time to study him properly, since he asked me to visit his village and spend several days there.
The hunter even jumped in amazement.
Surely you won't, Count ?!
I see no obstacles to that.
I hope you yourself will prevent this and do not voluntarily stick yourself in the mouth of a wolf.
Will you finally explain yourself, or not? cried the count with some irritation.
Oh my God! Why should I explain? Is there anything to hold you back? I am sure that all my words will be in vain. And it's too late now, the leader is already returning.
The count could not restrain the annoying gesture, which did not escape the attention of the red man, who at that moment really appeared at the top of the hill.
The count went to meet him.
Well? he asked lively.
My warriors agree to fulfill the wish of our pale-faced father. If he mounts a horse and follows us, he will personally be convinced of the honesty of our intentions.
I am following you, chief, - answered the count, making a sign to Yvon to bring him a horse.
The Blackfeet greeted the three hunters with obvious expressions of joy.
Forward! the young man ordered. Gray Bear raised his hand.
At this signal, the Indians squeezed the sides of the horses with their knees, and they rushed off in a whirlwind. He who has not seen with his own eyes cannot imagine what a race of the Indians is. Nothing can stop the redskins, no obstacle will make them turn out of the way, they rush across the plain like a hurricane, bypassing potholes, ravines and rocks at a dizzying speed.
Gray Bear, the Comte de Beaulieu and his two companions galloped ahead, the red warriors following them. Suddenly the leader sharply reined in his horse and shouted:
All obeyed; As if by magic, the horses stood rooted to the spot and stood motionless.
Why did we stop? the count asked. - We need to hurry!
For nothing, - the leader answered calmly, - let my pale-faced brother look ahead.
The count bent down and began to peer into the distance.
I don't see anything ... - he muttered.
True, I have forgotten that my brother has pale-faced eyes, ”the Indian remarked,“ in a few minutes he will see.
The Blackfeet crowded in dismay around the leader, casting questioning glances at him.
But the Gray Bear remained impassive and stubbornly gazed into the distance, as if he could distinguish objects in the darkness that were invisible to everyone except him.
The wait of the Indians did not last long. Soon the horsemen appeared on the plain, racing at full speed.
Having galloped to the Gray Bear squad, they stopped.
What it is? - asked the leader sternly. - Why are my sons running like this? I see not warriors, but cowardly women!
At this reproach the Indians humbly bowed their heads, but did not answer.
Will no one tell me what happened? - continued the Gray Bear. - Why do my best warriors escape like frightened fallow deer? Where is Long Horn?
One soldier stepped out from the close ranks of his comrades.
Long Horn is dead, ”he said in a sad voice.
He was a wise and famous warrior and moved to the blissful meadows of the Lord of Life to hunt with the righteous warriors. But when he fell, why didn't Black Bird take the banner in his place?
Black Bird is dead too, ”the warrior answered sadly. The Gray Bear furrowed his brows, and his brow furrowed deeply from the effort to fight his feelings.
Oooh! he cried bitterly. - The pale-faced fought well, their rifles aimed accurately; the two best leaders fell, but the Red Wolf still remained, why did not he avenge his comrades?
Because he also fell, ”the warrior said grimly. A shudder of anger ran through the ranks of the Redskins.
Oooh! - exclaimed the Gray Bear with sorrow. - And he died too?
No, but he's badly injured. There was a long silence. The leader looked around.
So, - he said at last, - four pale-faced people defeated two hundred black-footed ones, killed and wounded their bravest leaders, and the red-skinned warriors did not even think to take revenge on them! .. What will the White Buffalo say when he hears this? He will give his sons skirts and make them prepare food for the brave warriors, instead of sending them to the battlefield.
The camp of the Long Knives was already in our power, ”replied the Indian, who had spoken on behalf of his comrades until then. - We forced them to retreat and already wanted to put a knee on their chest, some of the cattle were stolen, and the hair of the pale-faced would now be attached to our belts, when the evil genius suddenly appeared before us and by his mere presence changed the whole course of the battle.
The leader's face grew even sterner at this message, which his soldiers heard with clear signs of fear.
Evil genius? he repeated. - What kind of evil genius is my son talking about?
Who can I talk to my father about if not the Lying Steppe Wolf? the Indian replied in a low, choppy voice.
That's what! cried the Gray Bear. - So my sons saw the Wolf ?!
Yes, we saw her, father! - cried in one voice the black-footed., rejoicing at the opportunity to justify themselves in the eyes of the leader.
Gray Bear pondered.
Where are the cattle that you stole from the Long Knives? he asked a minute later.
We brought him with us, - the Indian replied, - he is here.
Well, - continued the Gray Bear, - open your ears, my children, to hear the words inspired by the Great Spirit. The Long Knives are under the auspices of the She-Wolf; our efforts will be useless, my warriors will not defeat them. Upon returning to our village, I will perform a great healing that will destroy the spell that constitutes the power of the She-Wolf. But until then, we must act cunningly to deceive the Wolf, otherwise she will suspect our intentions and will be on the alert. Do my sons want to follow the advice of an experienced leader?
Let our father explain his thought, - one warrior replied on behalf of all Indians, - he is very wise, whatever he wants, then we will do, he will be able to deceive the Wolf better than us.
My sons said well. Here's what we will do: we will return to the camp of the pale-faced to give them the cattle. Deceived by this friendly favor, they will no longer be wary of us. When the great healing is done, we will capture their camp with everything that is in it, and then the Lying Wolf will no longer protect them ... I said everything. What do my warriors think of this?
Our father is very cunning, - said the Indian, - he spoke well, and we will do his will.
The Gray Bear looked at the count with triumph, and he in his heart was surprised at the dexterity with which the leader, reproaching the Indians for the failure of their enterprise and showing strong anger at the Americans, in a few moments forced the Redskins to fulfill his secret will without the slightest resistance on their part.
“Wow! the young man thought to himself. - This Indian is an extraordinary person; it is worth studying better. "
Following the speech of the leader, the black-footed ones, who were forced to rush with the speed of a gazelle in order to get away from the accursed camp, where they suffered such cruel losses, dismounted and began to bandage their wounds with chewed oregano leaves, and others to collect the scattered horses and bulls, stolen by them from the pale-faced.
Who is this Lying Steppe Wolf, who instills such fear in the Redskins? the Count asked the Bullet Mark.
Nobody knows that, ”the hunter answered quietly. - This is a woman, about whose mysterious life until now no one knows anything. She only harms the Indians and, apparently, is their implacable enemy. The Redskins claim that she is invulnerable, that bullets and arrows bounce off her. I have often seen her, but have not had the opportunity to speak to her. I think she's crazy. As far as I could judge from her sometimes strange gestures, she was devoid of reason, but sometimes it seemed to me that she was sane. In short, this is an incomprehensible creature that lives on the prairie and is surrounded by an impenetrable mystery.
Does she appear alone?
Always alone.
You have piqued my curiosity to the extreme, ”said the Count. "Do you think no one can tell me more details about this woman?"
Only one person, perhaps, if he wants to speak.
Gray Bear, - answered the hunter, lowering his voice.