Sturdy knowledge, skills and skills are acquired in the process of active cognitive activity, the most important prerequisite of which is interest. As you know, persistent cognitive interest is formed by combining emotional and rational in learning. Another k.d. Ushinsky emphasized how important a serious occupation is entertaining for children.
To this end, the primary class teacher use in their practice various entertaining material: didactic and plot-playing games, tasks in verses, jokes, riddles, rebuses, game and entertaining situations.
An entertaining material in mathematics lessons is not only caring, makes you think, but also develops independence, the initiative and will of the child, teaches to reckon with the interests of comrades.
Children who are passionate about the game are easier to absorb software material, acquire certain knowledge, skills and skills.
That is why the inclusion in the lesson of mathematics of games and game situations, makes the learning process interesting, creates a cheerful working mood from the guys, helps to overcome difficulties in the assimilation of the material, relieves fatigue and supports attention.
Already in the first lessons of mathematics, when familiarizing with ordinal relationships, the ordinal values \u200b\u200bcan be widely used illustrations for tales "Terem-Teremok", "Mitten", "Kolobok", "Three Bear", "Pink".
"Repka"
"Today we will visit the fantastic" Rusta "," Teacher reports. - Let's see the fairy tale and help the main characters. " Children view an illustration for a fairy tale and simultaneously answer questions: which in the account, who is the first, second, etc., who is the last one who came to pull the repka first, who later.
Finishing the game, the teacher summarizes the knowledge of children: "You are great guys!" You not only remembered the fairy tale and helped the heroes, but also secured the concepts "earlier", "later", "before", "for ..." (the simplest temporary Presentations), got acquainted with a sequence account. "
In order for the game to help in mastering knowledge, skills and skills, and not just in fulfilling the teacher's claims, the teacher plans to hold it so that it does not precede training ("Let's play, and then let's start learning"), not alternated with him (let's go - play) , and has become a form of collective learning activities.
The teacher forms the quality of the quality necessary for the formation of training activities:
a) positive attitude to school, educational subject;
b) constant development of abilities;
c) awareness of the methods of training activities, including self-control methods and self-esteem.
That is why when summing up the teacher systematically make sure that they did not know how to start the game, and by the end it was learned.
Fixing the concepts of "as much", "how much ...", you can spend the next game.
"Visiting Red Hap"
The teacher asks the children to help the red cap to cover the table, as the bunny, teddy bear and chanterelle will come to visit it. Children answer questions: how much does the guests come? How much do you need to put chairs? How much do you need to put cups?
One student performs tasks at the board, using a puppet model, dishes and toys: a bear, bunny, chanterelle, a doll - a red hat; The remaining, using the counting material, perform tasks on their workplaces.
As a result of the game, the children find out that the chairs and cups should be put as much as guests are.
For conscious, confident mastering the operation of the account, I believe that children must confidently know the name and sequence of the numbers of a natural row. Therefore, in the preparatory period I use primarily such games with which children are aware of the formation of the formation of each subsequent and previous number. At this stage, various games apply.
"Make a train"
This game clearly shows that each next number is formed by adding a unit to the previous number, and each previous one is obtained by subtracting the unit from the subsequent. Based on the use of this game, the teacher suggests the number of cars from left to right and right to left, and students make conclusion that it is possible in any direction, but it is important not to miss a single car and not to count it twice.
"Star Sky"
The poster depicts the "Star Sky". The teacher proposes to calculate the stars in heaven, closes them, tucho. Then the torus moves and asks: "And how many stars now?" Children consider. The teacher stops the account and asks children to look for the tucca so that they make sure that there are so many stars as it was said.
The subject's account involves not only the knowledge of the sequence of numbers from 1 to 10, but also the ability to properly relate the number and the subject in the recalculated group of items. The teacher seeks every student to pronounce the number, touched to the subject or took him into hand.
"Postman"
10 houses are set on the set canvas - it's a street. They are assigned to the number of rooms. The teacher says that attaching rooms at home did not have time. At the end of a number of houses - mail with a postman-hare. He has a letter in the eighth house. How to deliver it to his postman?
One of the students says that the postman-hare can take away to the beginning of the street and count at home, starting from the first house, other students advise to consider houses from the end of the street. Students perform this task almost and come to the conclusion that it is faster to consider the last way. Game continues. The letter must be delivered every time in another house, a new mathematical task is solved.
When studying the first ten one of the difficult issues is the composition of the number. To secure this material, I spend the game: "Guess", "open the window", "arithmetic labyrinth", "Find a couple", "enter the gate", "Lanenka", "relay", "carousel".
"Guess"
Children will learn from which two components the number is, for example number 7. Wins the one who; Prepare options more.
"Arithmetic labyrinth"
The game is to go through two gates and dial the number 10 (9, 8, etc.) in sum.
Often, organizing the game so that the students turn out to be as a teacher, that is, they controlled the correctness of the execution or they themselves were given the tasks to the class.
"Molchanka"
The teacher reports that Carlson brought balls to the class on which there are numbers. It will show the numbers consistently, and the class should show the composition of the corresponding number. Carlson invites you to the aid of Karlson from each row. Carlson shows a ball with a number, for example, 8, and the children are silently - the composition of this number. Assistants help Carlson Check the answers to comrades.
Forming the skills of addition and subtraction within 10 I apply games in the next sequence.
At the stage of explanation of the new material, it uses the game "Forest". On a visual basis, the children comprehend the receipt of adding and subtracting 2, 3, 4. In the "Account Chain" game, students pronounce the reception and subtraction of numbers "on examples.
The conscious and solid assimilation of the folding and subtraction tables contribute to the game: "Who is faster?", "Who is more?", "I don't touch", "computing machine", "postman", "Whose bouquet is better?", "Score to the ball goal" , "Flight to Cosmos", "Train" using a variety of countable material and visibility. Especially love the disciples of the game-relay.
"A space flight"
Vicky and tower invented a new rocket and invited you to make a fascinating journey with them. Yes, I'll trouble. The rocket cannot accommodate everyone. Let's divide the class for two teams and choose from each of 5 representatives and one captain. The signal is given, and the captains begin the competition. After deciding the example, the captains pass chalk chalk to the next team player.
The team wins that the team that fastest and without errors will decide. Examples. She goes into the space flight.
"Train"
The class is divided into three teams. The head of the station, which prepares compositions for departure is selected. He gives children card-trailers on which examples are written. At the signal of the head of the team station begin to form the composition. The first "locomotives" come out, then "trailers". The response of the example is the number of the last car.
As soon as the first train is drawn up, the head of the station sends it to the way under the musical accompaniment of the song "Blue Wagon". The second and third train are sent as the composition is prepared.
The game goes into the conduct of physical attacks.
Scene-role-playing games often spend. Then, when you need to show how to apply the knowledge gained correctly.
"Theater"
Imagine that you came to the theater. Before you, the hall (a set of canvas, on which each pocket is a chair). Consider how many chairs in the first row. (ten)
How many chairs in the second row? In third? (10) In each row of 10 seats.
Name the rooms of each chair in the first row. Pupils choir called: the first, second ... tenth.
The cashier sells each ticket on which the row and place are indicated.
Consider the numbers on your tickets. In which row and at what place should each of you be sitting? Tell me, Igor. (Several students call their row and place.)
The controller checks whether the audience is correctly occupied. The first it provides to take places to girls.
The meaning of the plot games is great: they contain elements of professional orientation of students.
The main content of math courses for I class I is associated with calculations. I try to revive and make an interesting traditionally boring work on the development of computing skills. For this, uninteresting exercises are in a somewhat unusual wording, comes up with a fabulous form for them. For example, the task to solve examples of the type 3 + 5, 7-2, 6 + 4, 9-3 in most children do not cause much interest. To this task, the children felt interest when the teacher presented it in this form: Khryusha, Phil, Winnie Pooh and Stepashka studied to count. They gave them a sheet with the task: 3 + 5, fillet 7-2, Winnie Puhu 6 + 4, stepashka 9-3.
That's what they did:
What will the teacher say to everyone? Why did he praise Khryush and Stepushka and remained the displeased work of the Fili and Winnie Pooh?
Experience shows that games and playing exercises help children to master knowledge, form the appropriate skills and skills, awake interest in teaching.
Students, six-cards with desire solve problems, where mathematical content is served in poetic form.
Two roses Masha Ripped,
As a gift, Mom brought.
Sorvi also give
You are not a mummy, and ... (three).
The doll has five elegant dresses,
What now wear?
I have a wool for doll,
I will connect, and the dresses will be ... (six).
Five puppies in football played,
One home called.
He looks out the window, believes
How many are they playing now.
Five puppies
Plus mom-husky.
How much will it be cleaned?
What do you like, bug?
Wounded the leg about the bitch.
Before on your six
Very quickly crawled
On how many legs now crawls?
Five raven on the roof of the villages,
Two else flew to them.
Answer quickly, boldly
How many all they arrived?
Soon ten years earlier,
Dima is not still seven.
Dima still can't
Before Serezha, grow.
How old is Dima younger than Serezhe?
It is known that boots do not wear a cat,
But Mom bought a cat boots.
How many boots mom bought,
So that the cat has no legs soaked?
Work experience convinces that entertaining material provides great assistance in grafting interest in mathematics, intensifying cognitive activity in the lesson, teaches children to learn.
Entertaining material for younger students
Lubara Tatyana RavilevnaDescription: Entertaining material that can serve as an excellent addition to the lessons on the world around the world.
Goal: Formation of cognitive interest in the learning process
Tasks: To form the ability to listen and hear, build speech statements; To form skills to work in the team.
Crossword on the topic "Spring"
Questions horizontally:
3. And heat the whole world,
You do not know fatigue
Smile in the window
And your name is all (Sun)
4. Sticks in spring quiet she
And the whole city is heard (drops)
5. In a blue shirt
Runs on the bottom of the ram (stream)
Vertical Questions:
1. Sunlights all brightly shine,
Snow losing weight, sculpt, melts
Grache grochy arrive
What for the month? Who knows? (March)
2. The first to get out of the ground
On Protalyanka
He is not afraid of frost
Although small (snowdrop)
6. On the branches - dense lumps, the adhesive leaflers (kidneys) are dreamed
Philvord on the topic Communication:(words intersect)
In order to facilitate this task, you can pick up riddles.
Before what it is beautiful
The word is kind ...
(Thanks)
Senior people do not grieve
And do not panibrate
Speak at the meeting
Not "hello", and ...
(Hello)
Having met a hare, Yozh neighbor
He tells him: "..."
(Hello!)
Clumsy dog \u200b\u200bKostik
The mouse stepped on the tail.
Would they fail
But he said "..."
(Sorry!)
Says Lisa Matrona:
"Give me cheese, crow!
The cheese is big, and you are small!
I will say to everyone that did not give! "
You, fox, do not complain
And tell me: "..."
(You are welcome!)
Gave Ivan king Gundy
For saving five nails,
And Ivanushka King.
He speaks: "…"
(Thank you!)
The film goes around dark,
So you came to ... (cinema)
What a miracle is a long house!
Passengers a lot in it.
Wears rubber shoes
And feeds gasoline
(Bus)
Svetlana Tubasova
Entertaining mathematical material
Entertaining mathematical material is a good upbringing agent in children in preschool age interest mathematics, to logic, desire to exercise mental tension, focus on.
Entertaining material in learning mathematics divided by 3 conditional groups:
1. Entertainment:
Puzzle "Tangram", "Pythagoras", "Columbovo Egg" et al., In which the plot image is created from the set of flat geometric shapes
- "Snake", "Magic balls", "Pyramid", "Mouch pattern", "Unicub" and other puzzle toys consisting of bulk geometric bodies, rotating or developing in a certain way;
Labyrinths - exercises combining visual and thought analysis to find the shortest and right path from the initial to the end point ( eg: "How to get out of a mink mink?", games for spatial transformation, various riddles, tasks in poetic form. Tasks, jokes, rebuses, crosswords, mathematical tricks. They are interesting in content, entertain in formDifferent with the unusual solution) consolidate previously acquired knowledge, skills and skills.
2. Mathematical(brain teaser) Games and tasks, exercises (with blocks, cubes on the inclusion, finding, checkers, chess, verbal games, logic exercises that require conclusions built on the basis of logic circuits and rules; tasks for finding signs of differences or similarities to search for missing figures.
3. Developing (Didactic) Games and exercises (with visual material, verbal) "Find the same form?"
using game entertaining material and games in class on the FAMP make it possible to execute mathematical Tasks at a high educational level.
There is another kind entertaining mathematical material is a mathematical fairy tale. Folk and copyrighted fairy tales that children from repeated reading know already by heart, are invaluable assistants. In any of them, a whole lot of all kinds mathematical situations. (Teremok, Ripk, Kolobok, Red Hat, "About goat, who knew how to count to ten") Story "Three Bears" - this is mathematical super fairy tale. And the bears can count, and talk about the size (big, small, medium, who is more, who is less, who is the largest, who is the smallest, to relate bears with the corresponding chairs, plates, spoons.
Pedagogical requirements K. entertaining mathematical material As a didactic medium.
1. Material Must be a variety of (the development and improvement of quantitative, spatial and temporary representations in children) varied should be entertaining Tasks for solutions. A variety of forms of organization of work with this material: Individual and group, in free independent activities and in classrooms, in kindergarten and houses, etc.
2. Entertaining material Must be used in a specific system involving gradual complications of tasks, games, exercises.
3. By organizing children's activities, it is necessary to combine direct training methods with the creation of conditions for self-searches for solutions.
4. Must meet different levels of general and mathematical development of the child, Variate tasks, methodological techniques and forms of the organization.
5. Use entertaining mathematical material must be combined with other didactic means of forming in children of elementary mathematical representations.
Publications on the topic:
An entertaining cube game for the middle group for musical activity. Objective: Development of emotional-shaped performing skills.
Information project "Entertaining material for preschoolers in mathematics (1 part)" Information project "Entertaining material for preschoolers in mathematics" (1 part) The project is aimed at the formation of interest in children.
Children in life face a huge variety of paints, forms and other properties of objects, so sensory education is the basis.
Mathematical KVN. Objective: Learn to teach children logically, relying on the knowledge gained and skills. Tasks: 1) develop the smelting, the speed of the reaction. 2) fix.
Mathematical center "Seven Castles". Entertaining mathematical material and original design of the mathematical center positively.
Multifunctional Didactic Manual for Literacy Training "Entertaining Lace" Multifunctional Didactic Guide for Literacy Literacy "Entertaining Lace" (for children prepared for school group)
An abstract of classes "Travel with Luntik in an entertaining world of mathematics" The abstract of educational activities on the FMPS in the preparatory to school group. Tasks: Educational: to introduce the composition.
Entity and concept of "entertaining material", its types
In the context of modernization of the Company before the secondary school, there is a serious task: improving the quality of training and education of students. The successful solution of this task implies not only an increase in the scientific and theoretical level of teaching, the improvement of the methods and techniques of learning, but also the use of various entertaining material, since the study in training is a factor of increasing interest in classes in the Russian language. Entertaining material is especially important in primary grades.
Turning to the consideration of the term "enormality", it is necessary first of all to take as a basis the definition of key concepts.
Entertaining - capable of occupying, imagination, interesting.
Entertaining - such that takes up, captures.
An entertaining is a property with which you can not only interest, but also to get into difficulty, it would seem that the "dry" object.
Interesting - exciting interest, entertaining, curious.
Curious - characteristic of curiosity, interesting, exciting curiosity.
Exciting - leading to the state of excitation, enhancing the activity of the body.
Interesting is the use of various didactic tools that excite the interest and attention of students stimulating the presentation of educational material by attracting interesting facts, situations, the use of a well-organized demonstration material.
Interesting - a reception, which, affecting the sense of a student, contributes to the creation of a positive attitude towards learning and readiness for active mental activity among students.
Interesting is a necessary element that helps learning, based on the study and summarization of the system of academic work of many teachers; Important and at the same time a fairly acute means of learning.
Entertaining material is a creative targeted activity, in the process of which children in an entertaining form are deeper and easier to learn the phenomena of surrounding reality.
Entertaining material - effective means of incorporating a junior student in the learning process and in the process of creativity in the lessons to help the teacher in the formation of students' positive motives of teachings.
The entertaining material in the Russian language is a didactic material that contributes to the training of learning necessary to create interest in gaming material to attract the attention of children to the lesson.
The entertaining material in the Russian language is the material necessary to create thrust to the learning subject, to attract the attention of children to the lesson.
So, we see that scientists have approached differently not only to the definition of entertaining material, but also to the characteristics of its types and means. For example, M.R. Lviv allocates the following types of entertaining material in the Russian language: elements of the history of the language; etymology of words and phraseological units; typological comparisons of two or several languages; Elements of research, such as local toponyms, names and surnames, records of local loving; entertaining, non-standard, problem challenges in grammar, spelling, vocabulary, phraseology; Language games, rebuses, charays, riddles, crosswords, anagrams and so on.
Classification I.G. Sukhina suggests that an entertaining material includes: charaks, fairy tales, riddles, poems, rebuses, crosswords and puzzles.
Investigation tools are currently being considered quite a lot: fairy tales, poems, riddles, entertaining models, proverbs and sayings, magic chains, games, grammatical dominoes, crosswords, rebuses, puzzles, rhymes and patter.
After analyzing the literature on the entertainment material, we concluded that it is quite diverse, therefore it is possible to classify the entertaining material reflected in Figure 1.
Based on the specifics of our study, we consider it necessary to dwell on some of the components of this classification, which are the greatest interest for our work.
Initial material, in our opinion, is, first of all, games, riddles, skill games, scene games.
In recent decades, a large number of gaming benefits have been published:
a) metagrams - riddles in which from the specified word by replacing one letter the other is obtained by a new word (for example, withT. read it withD. do we live in it? Tom House. Who sW. Creeping, and withE. barbed? Ужzh);
b) Characters - words-riddles, in which several letters, syllables or parts of the word are allocated and described independently.
Figure 1 - Classification of entertaining material [ 45, p.224].
On them and you need to solve a whole word (for example, the beginning of the word - the forest, the end is a poem, and the whole grows, although not a plant.
c) Anagrammas - words that were as a result of the permutation of letters in the Word (for example, I am a tree in my native country, you will find me in the forests everywhere, but I will stop the syllables in me and feed the water. Pine-pump);
d) logicks - words-riddles, changing your value when torn or adding letters (for example, a well-known dish, but a little add "m", fly, buzz I will be, annoying everything. Ear-fly) (see Aplate.1) .
The classification of entertaining material includes works of folklore with which children meet, as you know, early. Come to school, they already know the lullabous songs, counters, proverbs, sayings and other types of oral folk art.
The proverb is a brief folk saying with an outdative meaning; Popular aphorism.
The saying is an expression, mainly a figurative, not constituting, in contrast to the proverb, a complete statement and not aphorism.
Proverbs and sayings enrich our language, give it expressiveness, accuracy. When working with the proverb and the saying, it is obligatory to find all familiar orphograms, identifying the direct and portable meaning of words-nouns.
Proverbs and sayings can be used in the lessons of the Russian language when studying the name of the noun on such topics as a "soft sign in the names of the nouns", "own names of nouns" (for example, learning - light, and unacceptable - darkness, little dog to old-age puppy, what Mother, Such is the daughter, the apple from the apple tree is not far away.
Another type of entertaining material is a grammatical domino. The essence of the domino is that the correct answer is required to find (give). Play begins the one who got a card from №1, and then the question-answer (for example, for a consolidation lesson, you can use the following questions on cards: What is a noun? What are the numbers of nouns Do you know? How to determine the genus, exist case?).
The view of the entertaining material is considered rhymes - specially compiled poetic texts, built according to the laws of rhythm and rhyme.
Depending on the role that rhyms is performed, the methodologists shared them into three groups and gave each conventional name.
The first group was "rhyme-memorism". They serve to highlight the orfogram and memorizing its spelling. "Stores" do not replace the rules of the textbook, and are read long before the acquaintance with them. Multiple reading of such rhymes makes it much better to learn any spelling rule (for example, puddles, skiing, reeds. Mice, honeysuckle, read chimpanzees, spikes, car. Bumps, hedgehogs, spring. In a sylogLibery and syllableShi Only letterAND Write!)
The second exercise group is peculiar "simulator rhymes", which are used for reading and writing a spelling-saturated vocabulary material. Such exercises attract the attention of children to the orphogram, serve as a means of accumulation of words illustrating this or that rule. In the lessons of the Russian language when studying the "Capital letter in the names of a noun", "soft sign in nouns" can be used such rhymes: Cat Marishka, Kitten Tishka, Puppy Friendly, Cockerel Chicken, Cow Borenka, Goat Funk, Piggy Khrushai Gavryusha's groove - All their nicknames are written with the letter in capital! Varnish, onions, elk, laziness. So, Tuk, current, shadow. Som, salt, chalk, stranded. Nose, used, ate, spruce - name, in what words you wrote a soft sign?
The third group of exercises - "Rhymes-controllers". They serve as a means of control and self-control when mastering the skills and skills of spelling correct letters. These rhymes consist of two parts. The first part sets up first-graders to choose from the right spell and makes it think about it. Such an approach contributes to the exacerbation of spelling dorms from younger students (for example, everything is thoughtful, do not rush. And then write:chaxi. __ Yka, ___ ki, Chi ___. Do you know how to write? Now, do you think, check: seagull, hedgehogs, read. If so I wanted to write, get the mark "5"!).
One of the effective types of entertaining material is a crossword puzzle, which has great opportunities for the development of child's creative abilities, memory training.
The word "crossword" English translated: the intersection of words, crisses.
Crossword is a puzzle task, filling with the letters of smoking rows of cells so that horizontally and vertical are obtained by the words.
Crossword is a kind of self-test, control of their knowledge, entertaining text.
For example, you can use a crossword to consolidate words with a double consonant in the names of nouns in the lessons of the Russian language.
1. Playing ice on ice skating in a small ball or washer. (hockey)
2. Road with rows of trees on the sides. (Alley)
3. Place where tickets sell. (cashbox)
4. The person who makes a trip by train, steamer or another type of transport. (passenger)
5. The road covered with asphalt. (highway)
All the variety of crosswords can be divided by two features: content and design. The content is distinguished: thematic, polyglot, alphabetical, crosswords with non-standard definitions, humorous, with fragments, rusky, loose, crosswords with non-standard fillings, slidecrossword, two-letter, symbol and others; Upon design: Skanvord, reverse, endless, Russian, vocabulary, chainvord, figure, oblique, circular, volumetric (see Appendix 2).
The word "chainword" of English origin means "the chain of words". In the chainvord, the words follow one after another in the form of a chain, in which the last letter of one word is the first letter of the following.
Corevords can be oral and written. With oral chainvord, playing in turn out loud words. Time on thought no more than five seconds. If the word begins to "uncomfortable" letters (s, s, b), you should come up with a word on the previous letter (see Appendix 2).
One of the means of entertainment is a puzzle.
A puzzle is a mystery, a task that requires creativity for its solution, intelligence.
Puzzles are: gear, secret order, digital syllables. In digital slave each digit indicates some syllable (always one and the same). From these syllasses and consist of words in the riddles. (For example, 1-2-3 - the legend of heroes, 4-1-5 - the wolf drags in the woods in the teeth, 5-6-7 - akin to the wizard and Magu, 4-6-8 - leads, without making a step. Answers: epic, mining, magician, road).
Rabours have great importance in the Russian language learning process.
Rebus is a riddle in which the unnecessary words or expressions are given in the form of drawings in combination with letters and some other signs.
Rebus is a game in which words, phrases or entire statements are encrypted with drawings in combination with letters and signs.
Rebuses are: with the permutation of letters in the word in accordance with the numbers, with adding to the word or exception, the letter or syllable, with the replacement of the letter in the word, except from the word letter and adding to the word of the specified letter, with reading letters and syllables included In the letters of larger.
root
declining
Such rebuses can be used when studying nouns names.
On an exception from the word, the letter can indicate not only the trait, which throws the letter, but also the comma. If the comma stands in front of the pattern, then the first letter is excluded, if after it, then the latter. The initial words and words-ignition are composed of the letters of the split alphabet, read (see Appendix 3).
Integrability is considered as a means of attracting interest in the subject or process of study, which contributes to the transition of cognitive interest from stages of simple orientation, situational episodic interest, at the stage of a more sustainable cognitive relationship, the desire to deepen in the essence of the knowledgeable.
Interesting, acting as an incentive, and as a means of learning, and as a means of promoting the Russian language, on the one hand, the approach of scientific truths to understanding a person, on the other hand, contributes to the best course of human cognitive processes, the intensification of his thinking, the exacerbation of the emotional Relationship to the subject of knowledge.
With the development of modern computer technology, there are opportunities for using multimedia as means of enraged. It is convenient to show any entertaining material on an interactive board: rebuses, crosswords, riddles, characters, puzzles and others. On an interactive blackboard, it is larger, bright, there is the possibility of writing the marker to the marker with the student himself (for example, insert missing letters in words, determine the genus, the case of highlighted nouns). The form, of course, should not be the main one, but it cannot be refused. It should also be remembered that for younger students there are restrictions on the use of an interactive whiteboard (for the 2nd grade - 10 minutes).
Thus, in the dictionary and encyclopedic literature, the concept of "enormality" is the use of various didactic means that excite the interest and attention of students stimulating the presentation of educational material by attracting interesting situations, facts, the use of organized demonstrative material.
Entertaining material - creative targeted activities, in the process of which children in an entertaining form are deeper and easier to know the phenomena of the surrounding reality. The entertaining material in the Russian language is the material necessary to create thrust to the learning subject, to attract the attention of children to the lesson.
Scientists allocate several types of entertaining material: crosswords, riddles, proverbs, games, grammatical dominoes, rhymes, puzzles, rebuses, fairy tales, poems, charaks and others. Reminctness is necessary for primary school, and it is necessary to use it in the system, at different stages of the lesson, Include various types of activity of younger schoolchildren in them, to use enormity in learning complex, difficult to understand the material.
Gololobova Lyudmila Alekseevna
Educator, MBDOU "Kindergarten № 8", Nizhny Novgorod
Gololobova L.A. Entertaining material for the formation of elementary mathematical ideas in children of senior pre-school age // Sovice. 2017. N4 (10) .. 07.2019).
Order No. 46705.
Children - inquisitive researchers of the surrounding world. This feature is laid in them from birth. The formation of cognitive interest in preschoolers is one of the most important tasks of child learning in kindergarten. The role of an uncomplicated entertaining mathematical material is determined on the basis of accounting of age capabilities of children and the tasks of comprehensive development and education: to intensify mental activity, to interest mathematical material, enthusiastically and entertaining children, develop the mind, expand, deepen mathematical ideas, consolidate the knowledge and skills, exercise They are in other activities, a new situation. Entertaining material is used in order to form representations, familiarization with new information. In this case, the use of the game and exercise system is an indispensable condition. Children are very active in the perception of tasks, jokes, puzzles, logical exercises, mathematical fairy tales, they persistently seek a solution to the solution that leads to the result. In the event that an entertaining task is available to a child, it makes a positive emotional attitude towards it, which stimulates mental activity. The child is interested in the ultimate goal: folded, find the desired figure, convert, which carries it. At the same time, children enjoy two types of search samples: practical (actions in shocking, selection) and thinning (thinking of the course, prevailing the result, the proposal of the decision). During the search, nomination hypotheses, solutions, children show and guessed, i.e. No matter how suddenly come to the right solution. But this suddenness is definitely apparent. In fact, they find the way, the solution is only on the basis of practical actions and mental thinking. The effective development of the intellectual abilities of preschool children, taking into account the sensitive development periods, one of the actual problems of modernity. Preschoolers with a developed intelligence quickly remember the material, more confident in their forces, are easier adapting in the new environment, it is better prepared for school.
Learning is better to implement in the natural, most attractive activity for a preschooler activity - in the game. The advantages of gaming activity are known to everyone. In the process of the game, goaling, planning, ability to analyze the results, imagination, symbolic function of consciousness are developing. The undoubted advantage of the game is the internal nature of motivation. Children play because they like the gameplay itself.
The diversity of entertaining material - games, tasks, puzzles - gives grounds for their classification, although it is quite difficult to break such a diverse material into groups. It is possible to classify it in different signs: on the content and value, the nature of mental operations, as well as in the direction of the development of certain skills. Tasks for smelting, puzzles, entertaining games cause great interest in children. Children, may not be distracted by a long time to exercise in converting figures, shifting chopsticks or other items according to a given pattern, according to their own design. In the course of solving tasks for an inlet, puzzles, children learn to plan their actions, think about them, seek the answer, guess the result, showing creativity. Such work is activating the mental activity of the child, develops the quality necessary for professional skills, in whatever sphere it does not work, in such tasks the important qualities of the child's personality are formed: independence, observation, resourcefulness, intelligence, develops, develops constructive skills.
An entertaining mathematical material is considered as one of the funds that ensure the rational relationship of the work of the teacher in classes and outside them. Such material we include, as in the main part of the classes on the formation of elementary mathematical ideas, we use at the end of the lesson when a decrease in the mental activity of children is observed. Thus, puzzles are appropriate when consolidating ideas about geometric figures, their conversion. Riddles, tasks of jokes are appropriate in the course of learning to solve arithmetic tasks, actions on numbers, when forming ideas about time. Entertaining mathematical games we use for the organization of independent activities of children.
The enormality of mathematical material give the game elements contained in each task, logical exercise, entertainment. For example, the unusual issue of the question: "How to fold the square on the table with two sticks?" - Makes the child to think and in search of an answer to get into the game of imagination. In the process of the game, preschoolers believe, fold, deduct, moreover, the logical tasks solve. Teaching a child in the game, we strive for joy from the game to the joy of teachings. The doctrine should be joyful!
In kindergarten there is such a form of organizing an educational process as entertainment. In the senior preschool age, it is possible to carry out entertainment using entertaining mathematical material. Such events contribute to the development of the cognitive activity of children: memory, speech, perception, spatial imagination, visual-shaped and logical thinking, contribute to the formation of the moral and volitional and motivational sphere of the person of the preschooler.
Based on the logic of actions carried out to those who solve the problem, a variety of elementary entertaining material can be classified by highlighting conditionally three main groups: entertainment, mathematical games and tasks, developing (didactic) games and exercises. The basis for the allocation of such groups is the nature and purpose of the material of a particular type.
The first type of entertaining mathematical material is entertainment. In the process of entertainment, children enshrine previously acquired knowledge, skills and skills. But all this happens in a setting, which is different from weekly work on the development of elementary mathematical representations. Entertainment is held using elegant costumes, festive decoration hall, music, songs. It gives children joy.
In such entertainment, various types of entertaining material are used: tasks in poetic form, jokes, riddles with numbers and figures, mathematical fairy tales, logical exercises, puzzles with chopsticks and geometric shapes, rebuses, labyrinths, etc. Entertainment can be with elements of dramatization. They are built or based on the plot of any fairy tales, cartoons or meetings with different heroes. Children can fulfill their roles. Plots for drawing must be simple in the form available in content. Best of all, the well-known fairy tales are best answering this: "Kolobok", "Teremok", "Three Bear", etc.
Entertainment can also be entertained with the elements of the plot-role-playing game. These are various "travels" (by train, plane carpet, on space rocket), "Concerts" and others. Here, as in the game, children reproduce in roles all that they have seen in the surrounding life and activities of adults. But this happens strictly according to the script, unlike the plot-role-playing game. In the entertainment scenario, entertaining mathematical material is included. The lead is the educator. You can carry out entertainment in the form of a competition. For example, "Middle Competition". A group of children is divided into two teams. Whose team guess the mystery faster, gets a score or chip. At the end of the entertainment is determined by the winner.
Such entertainment is advisable to spend regularly, as they deliver the joy and pleasure from educational games, support interest in intellectual activity, the desire to play games with mathematical content, showing perseverance, purposefulness, mutual assistance, the ability to perform actions in mind, develop elementary algorithmic skills culture of thinking.
The second type of entertaining mathematical material is mathematical games and tasks. The game is a means of knowing the child of reality and one of the most attractive classes for children. Applying non-standard developing funds in its work, some steps have been developed when familiarizing children with a new game. Each stage carries certain goals and objectives.
Stage 1 is the introduction of a new game in the group. The purpose of this stage is to familiarize with the new game, with its features and rules.
Stage 2 is a game. The purpose of this stage is to develop logical thinking, an idea of \u200b\u200bthe set, the ability to allocate properties in objects, call them, summarize objects by their properties, explain the similarity and difference in objects, introductory with form, color, size, object thickness, develop spatial relations, cognitive processes , Thinking operations.
3 Stage is an independent game of children with developing material. The purpose of this stage is to develop creative abilities, imagination, fantasy, constructing and modeling ability. In accordance with the principle of increasing difficulties, it is envisaged that children begin to master the material from simple manipulation of games, primary dating. It is necessary to provide children with the opportunity to independently get acquainted with the game, after which it is possible through these games to develop mental activity.
Any mathematical task for a smelter, for what age it is not intended, carries a certain mental load, which is most often disguised as an entertaining plot, external data, the condition of the problem, etc. Mental task: to make a figure or modify it, find the path of decisions, guess the number - is implemented by means of playing actions. Cooker, resourcefulness, the initiative is manifested in active mental activity based on direct interest.
The third type of entertaining mathematical material is developing (didactic) games and exercises. An important means of forming the mental activity of the child, his intelligence is a game. In preschool pedagogy there are many diverse methodical materials: techniques, technologies that provide intelligent children's development. These are: logical Dienes blocks, ceweleter sticks, Vakobovich's games, Columbovo egg, tangram, corners for everyone, magic circle, Mongolian game, Nikitin, - Pythagore, fractions, chess, county sticks, logical tasks, verbal games, riddles, joke riddles, puzzles, mathematical fairy tales, etc. These games help the development of cognitive abilities, the formation of interest in action with geometric shapes, values. Thus, the mathematical representations of children are improved. The main purpose of these games is the development of a small person, the correction of the fact that it is laid and manifested, withdrawing it to creative search behavior. On the one hand, the child is offered to follow the child, and on the other hand - the field is provided for fantasy and personal creativity. Thanks to these games, the child develops all mental processes, mental operations, develop the ability to model and design, the ideas about mathematical concepts are formed.
Games and exercises apply in a specific system. Gradually, the game complicate both in content and according to the methods of interaction with the means. All games and exercises have a problem-practical character. For example: Dienesh logical blocks are a set of geometric shapes. The use of Dielesh blocks helps in studying the basic properties of geometric figures according to their features and according to the existing relations, include subsets into the composition of the set, break the sets on subsets.
There is another type of entertaining mathematical material - this is a mathematical fairy tale. Folk and copyrighted fairy tales that children from repeated reading know already by heart, are invaluable assistants. In any of them, a whole rescue of all kinds of mathematical situations. And they are absorbed by themselves.
For example: Tale "Teremok" - will help remember not only the quantitative and ordinance account (the first came to the teremku mouse, the second frog, etc.), but also the bases of arithmetic. Children are easily assimilated, as the amount per unit increases. Started a bunny, and it became three. Fastened fox, and fastened them.
Fairy tales "Kolobok" and "Rack" are good to master the order of the account. Who pulled the park first? Who met the rank third? In the repka you can talk about the size. Who is the smallest? Mouse. Who is the biggest? Grandfather. Who is before the cat? And who is for grandmother?
The "Three Bear" fairy tale is a mathematical super fairy tale. And the bears can be calculated, and talk about the size (big, small, medium, who is more, who are smaller who is the largest, who is the smallest), relate to the bears with the corresponding chairs, plates.
In the "Red Cap" to talk about the concepts of "long", "short". Especially if you draw or lay out the tracks from the cubes and see which one is faster, small fingers or a toy machine run faster.
Entertaining mathematical material is a good tool of education in children in preschool age interest in mathematics, to the logic, and evidence of reasoning, the desire to exercise mental tension, focus on the problem.
In order for the work of the teacher with children to be fruitful, teacher should be used by several principles. It:
Principle of activity - the inclusion of a child in educational, educational, search engines in order to stimulate an active life position.
Principle of creativity - Maximum orientation to the creative start in the game and productive activities of preschoolers, acquiring them their own experience of creative activity.
Principle of integration - Integability of all processes implemented in the educational process.
Principle of differentiated approach - The tasks of effective pedagogical assistance to pupils in improving their personality are solved, promotes the creation of special pedagogical situations to help disclose psychophysical, personal abilities and opportunities for pupils.
The principle of dominance of interest.
The principle of psychophysical comfort - lies in the removal of stress factors.
Principle of nature photos - Development in accordance with the nature of the child, his health, mental and physical constitution, its abilities and inconsistencies, individual abilities, perception.
This means that the tutor must create certain pedagogical conditions for working with a child. In order to be implemented by the tasks of developing children by means of entertaining material, it is necessary to organize a pedagogical process so that the child is played, developing and studied at the same time. To effectively solve educational tasks, it is very important to equip the group of children with the necessary game benefits. The game room is given a specially equipped place (table, chairs, free access), where all games and benefits are concentrated - it is necessary to create an "corner of entertaining mathematics".
A corner of entertaining mathematics is a specially designated, thematically equipped with games, benefits and materials and a specifically decorated place. It is possible to organize it using the usual objects of children's furniture: a table, a wardrobe, ensuring free access of children to the materials there. These children are given the opportunity to choose the game that interests them, the allowance of mathematical content and play individually or together with other children, a small subgroup. "Corner" is not only the possibility of ensuring children with materials for creativity and opportunities at any moment to act with them, but also the atmosphere in the team. It is wokering from a feeling of external security when the child knows that his manifestations will not receive a negative assessment of adults, and feelings of internal discrepancies and freedom due to supporting adults of his creative undertakings.
In kindergarten, it is necessary to create such conditions for the mathematical activities of the child, in which he would show independence in the choice of gaming material, the game, based on the needs developing, interests. During the game arising from the initiative of the child himself, it is attached to complex intellectual work. A corner of entertaining mathematics solves such tasks as:
1. Purposeful formation in children 4 - 7 years of interest in elementary mathematical activity. The development of the qualities and properties of the child's personality necessary for the successful mastering mathematics in the future: the focus and feasibility of search operations, the desire to achieve a positive result, perseverance and resourcefulness, independence.
2. Education in children needs to occupy their free time not only entertaining, but also requiring mental tension, intellectual efforts by games. Entertaining mathematical material in preschool and subsequent years should be a means of organizing useful leisure activities, promote the development of creativity.
The success of gaming activities in the corner organized in the group is determined by the interest of the very teacher to entertaining tasks for children. The educator must possess knowledge about the nature, appointment, developing the impact of entertaining material, receiving the leadership of independent activities with elementary mathematical material. Interest, the passage of the teacher is the basis for the manifestation of interest in mathematical tasks and games. The creation of the corner is preceded by the selection of gaming material, which is determined by the age capabilities and the level of development of children of the group. A diverse entertaining material is placed in the corner, so that each of the children can choose the game for itself. These are wall-printed games, games for the development of logical thinking, bringing children to the development of checkers and chess: "Lisa and Geese", "Mill", "Wolves and Sheep"; puzzles (puzzles and mechanical); logical tasks and cubes, labyrinths; Games for the compilation of a whole of parts, to recreate figures silhouettes from special sets of figures; Movement games. All of them are interesting and entertaining.
By organizing an entertaining mathematics corner, it is necessary to proceed from the principles of the availability of games to children at the moment, put such games and gaming materials in the corner, the development of which is possible at different levels. From the assimilation of the specified rules and gaming actions, they go to the inventing of new options for games. There are great opportunities for creativity in the games "Tangram", "Magic Circle", "Cubes for All" and others. Children can invent new, more complex silhouettes not only from one, but also from 2 - 3 sets to the game; The same silhouette, such as the fox, is made from different sets. To stimulate collective games, creative activity of preschoolers, it is necessary to use magnetic boards, flannelphs with a set of figures, counting sticks, albums for sketching the tasks invented by them drawn up shapes. During the year, as the children are mastered, their species should be diversified, introduce more complex games with a new entertaining material.
The decoration of the corners must be responsible for their purpose, attract and engage in children. To do this, you can use geometric ornaments or scene images from geometric shapes. Suitable plots acting by those who are favorite heroes of children's literature: Dunno, Pinocchio, pencil, etc. In the design you can use photos, enlarged illustrations of books on entertaining mathematics for preschoolers and parents, children's fiction. The organization of the corner is carried out with the emergence of children, which creates a positive attitude to the material, interest, the desire to play.
The leadership of independent mathematical activities in an entertaining mathematics is aimed at maintaining and further development in children of interest in entertaining games. All the work in the corner of the teacher organizes, taking into account the individual characteristics of pupils. He offers a child's game, focusing on the level of his mental and moral - volitional development, manifestations of activity. Attracts low-active children, interests their game and helps to master it. Interest in the game becomes steady when the child sees with the war of progress. The one who made an interesting silhouette decided to task, seeks to new achievements. The teacher's leadership is aimed at the gradual development of children's independence, initiatives, creativity.
Practical assignment: drawing up a list of entertaining mathematical material in different age groups.
List of entertaining mathematical material for the younger group:
- didactic games (mosaic);
- volumetric bodies;
- mockups of squares, balls, triangles;
- accurate material (not very small toys).
List of entertaining mathematical material for the middle group:
- didactic games;
- objects of various sizes (matryoshki, pyramids);
- didactic manuals (Dienesh blocks);
- stencils;
- accurate material (sticks, matryoshki, mushrooms, small toys);
- lotto.
List of entertaining mathematical material for the senior group:
- Didactic games;
- Checkers, chess;
- Diverse lotto;
- Dienesh blocks;
- Cueiser sticks;
- Games for classification;
- Mosaic;
- Building sets;
- Games to draw up patterns;
- Labyrinths;
- Schemes;
- Games V. Vosobovich;
- Wall-printed games;
- Entertaining questions, riddles, counting, tasks in poetic form, joke poems, jokes, puzzles.
List of entertaining mathematical material for the preparatory group:
- didactic games;
- didactic materials;
- checkers, chess;
- equipment for measuring activities (sand, scales, hours, ruler, meter, roulette);
- puzzles, puzzles with chopsticks;
- diverse lotto;
- liner frames;
- dienesh blocks;
- Cueiser sticks;
- Games for classification;
- Mosaic;
- Building sets;
- Games to draw up patterns;
- Labyrinths;
- Games for the compilation of a whole of parts, to recreate the figures of silhouettes;
- Games for orientation on a sheet of paper;
- Moving games;
- Games V. Vosobovich;
- Wall-printed games;
- Entertaining questions, riddles, counting, tasks in poetic form, joke poems, jokes, puzzles;
- Mathematical fairy tales.
The solution of various kinds of non-standard tasks in preschool age contributes to the formation and improvement of general mental abilities: the logic of thought, reasoning and actions, the flexibility of the thought process, mixtalks and intelligence, spatial representations. It is particularly important to consider the development of the ability to guess the decision on the decision at a certain stage of the analysis of an entertaining task, prospecting actions of a practical and mental nature. In this case, the guessed indicates the depth of understanding the task, a high level of search operations, mobilizing past experience, transfer the learned methods of solving into completely new conditions.
In training preschoolers, a non-standard task, purposeful and used to the place, acts as a problem. There is a search for the course of solving the hypothesis with an extension of it, checking it, by refuting the wrong direction of the search by finding ways to proof the right decision.
Entertaining mathematical material is a good tool of upbringing in children already in preschool age interest in mathematics, to the logic and evidence of reasoning, the desire to exercise mental tension, focus on the problem.
Entertaining mathematical material is a good tool of education in children already in preschool age interest in mathematics, to the logic and evidence of reasoning, the desire to exercise mental tension, focus on the problem. Thus, didactic games and the game exercises of mathematical content are the most famous and frequently used types of entertaining mathematical material in the modern practice of pre-school education. In the process of learning preschoolers of mathematics, the game is directly involved in the occupation, being a means of forming new knowledge, expansion, clarification, consolidation of educational material.
Didactic games justify themselves in solving the tasks of individual work with children, and are also carried out with all children or with a subgroup in free time.
Methodically correctly selected and used entertaining material (riddles, jokes, entertaining questions) contributes to the development of logical thinking, observation, resourcefulness, speed of reaction, interest in mathematical knowledge, formation of search approaches to solving any task.
When using entertaining mathematical material, children are engaged with great interest, it is better to remember what they saw and heard, because emotionally involved in the occupation.
Literature:
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- Erofeyev, T.I., Pavlova, L.N., Novikova, V.P. Mathematics for preschoolers [Text] / T.I. Erofeev. M.: Enlightenment, 1992.
- Erofeyev, T.I., Pavlova, L.N., Novikova, V.P. Mathematical notebook for preschoolers [Text] / T.I. Erofeev. M.: Education, 1991.
- Metnina, L.S. Mathematics in kindergarten [Text] / L.S. Metno. M., 1984.
- Mikhailova, Z.A. Theories and technologies of mathematical development of children of preschool age [Text] / Z.A. Mikhailova. St. Petersburg: Childhood - Press, 2008. 384 p.
- Shcherbakova E. I. Theory and methodology for the mathematical development of preschoolers: studies. Manual / E. I. Shcherbakova. M.: 2005. 392 p.