How to process fruit trees after pruning. Garden var or how to treat tree wounds

The garden of unkempt old fruit trees looks very sad. It is especially sad to look at tired apple trees. With age, after 20-30 years of fruiting, apple trees begin to get tired of fruiting, their apples become smaller, their number decreases. Trees don't last forever. In some varieties, after 30 years, the appearance of fruits stops.

according to all the rules, it is possible to extend the life and fruiting of trees by 20, or even 30 years.

The main thing is to prune correctly, otherwise the death of the fruit tree may accelerate.

So, cutting the crown, pruning it often and thoughtlessly, you can weaken vitality plants. In such a situation, the tree is like a wounded animal. On the eve of winter, such pruning threatens the death of the tree, its freezing. A weakened tree often gets sick and dies.

There is a gentle method of cutting the crown, when the branches of the trees are shortened one by one, with a small interval of 1-3 years. In this case, the desired effect will be achieved after a long period of time, not earlier than after 8-10 years.

There is a special method for rejuvenating trees.

It is usually done in 2 steps:

1. Sanitary pruning.
2. Pruning old apple trees for rejuvenation purposes.

Sanitary pruning is carried out in the fall with the beginning of leaf fall. At this time, the air temperature should not be lower than +3 degrees and not higher than +6 degrees. First, you need to select sick and old trees. It is necessary to get rid of those that cannot be restored. This is necessary to eradicate infection in the garden. It is better not to touch healthy and young trees without any deviations in the fall.

A wound in the trunk can weaken even a sturdy plant.

After determining the front of work, you should prepare the tool. These should only be garden tools, as construction equipment leaves lacerated painful wounds on the trunks.

You will need the following inventory:

• Garden hacksaw. The inventory is saber-shaped, with gaps between the teeth.
• The secateurs are ordinary.
• Air secateurs for hard-to-reach cuts.
• When processing sections, it must be remembered that building paints based on polyamide resins and nitra cannot be used for this. To do this, you must apply:
• Garden var,
• Slurry with manure,
• Oil paint based on natural drying oil.

When pruning old apple trees and other trees, saw cut is made. Sometimes it is necessary to cut off some of the healthy tissue of the plant. This will prevent relapse. Broken branches must be removed using the "ring-shaped" method - removing them with pruning shears and cutting them off from the trunk.

The branches should be cut with the pruner, turning the cutting part towards the tree trunk. This method should be used to remove weak branches during sanitary pruning. In the center of the crown, thin shoots must be cut out, growing upward from the trunk itself. This is due to the fact that the growth of such shoots will block the ventilation of the tree, thicken the crown and provoke the appearance of moss and lichen on the surface of the tree, which will cause the development of diseases.

After sanitizing and cutting, it is imperative to destroy the diseased sawn branches.

This is done by burning. Chips, cuts, cuts on trees must be treated with special compounds based on antiseptics. Such preparations are a balm with fungicides. Only after treatment is it necessary to cover up the wounded areas. Before the arrival of winter, it is recommended to treat the trunks with slaked lime whitewash.

Ways to rejuvenate trees

There are 3 ways of pruning apple trees in the fall for plant rejuvenation:

1. Weak. With this method, the grown branches are shortened by 1/4. This is how the crown of the tree is formed.
2. Average. In this case, the number of fruiting branches is increased. In this process, 1/3 of the length of the branches is cut off.
3. Strong. It is used to provide better access to the sun's rays to the fruit. In this case, the branches of the crown are cut in half.

Old trees should be carried out no more than once every 4-5 years. This process is only recommended for those plants that have a healthy trunk and skeletal branches.

The main principle of such trimming ^

• Cleaning of old large branches that do not bear fruit and freeing up space for the growth of young and promising ones.
• Skeletal branches that interfere with the development of young shoots are removed. Part of the crown is removed. In this case, the top of the trunk is cut down at a height of 3 to 4 meters.
• Such manipulation will help young branches reach for the sun. Only matured branches are left.
• Tops, twigs that appeared after the previous pruning are removed from the trees. But we must remember that not all tops must be destroyed.
• It is advisable to leave a dozen tops all over the tree, growing outward and upward at an angle. They often develop strong, healthy branches that give large fruits.

If the old apple tree gives high yield, then it must be produced in spring and autumn. This will give the growth of young fruiting branches.

In a good year, the number of buds that have buds should be reduced, thereby preventing plant depletion and allowing the fruit to grow larger. In the event of a bad year, it is necessary to reduce the number of buds that are laid for the next year.

Caring for old apple trees will increase their productivity, make trees beautiful and promising.

There is a minting method:

• When pruning of skeletal branches is done to a level where there was a strong increase in the previous year.
• Usually this is a cut of up to 3-year-old branches.
• With this process, there is a rule - each next level of branches is cut more than the previous one.
• The crown of the tree takes on a kind of trapezoid.
• This method allows you to quickly restore the productivity of the tree.
• If after the first time there is no positive result, then this "chasing" is repeated.

There is an old fruit tree. This method is suitable for tall apple trees. In this case, pruning of old apple trees is carried out in several stages. Every year 1-3 thick branches with few fruits are cut down. In the future, over the years, they reduce the density of the entire crown, gradually removing sharp forks and broken branches.

Some gardeners use the method of simultaneously shortening the crown.

Moreover, all branches are cut every 2-4 years by 1-2 meters. Everything is done at the same time. Such pruning of old apple trees leads to a temporary decrease in yield, shortening the tree and strengthening it. root system... At the same time, the apple tree in 7-8 years becomes much lower, reaching 3 meters from the former 10 meters.

There are several basic rules for pruning old fruit trees:

• Can't run fruit trees, they should be trimmed and processed annually.
• There is no need to form the crown of a tree when desire comes. The pruning period should be considered.
• When cutting a tree, you must have good lighting tree crowns.
• All instruments must be of high quality and clean, processing of sections is required.
• You don't have to save trees for the shade they give. This damages the trees and they age quickly.
• Correct pruning will give the maximum yield and a minimum of unnecessary empty branches.

If a decision is made to prune old apple trees in the spring, then it should be done before the buds swell. Such a process is often required after a frosty winter and freezing of trees. In this case, the formation of the crown always starts from the top, leaving only one headquarters without the upper branches, with a minimum of the lower living branches. In the case of slight freezing of branches, only these branches are cut off.

This is easily identified by the color of the bark. In the damaged branch, the bark and cambium are brown and dark.

The job of pruning old apple trees is difficult. Help is often needed. If the pruning of old apple trees is done for the first time, then it is better to carry it out with a person who has experience in this matter.

More information can be found in the video.

Pruning a tree involves removing unnecessary branches from it, for example, dead, diseased, interfering with the growth of young branches, or impairing the appearance of the green space and spoiling the impression of landscape design. The place of the cut, by analogy with any other living creature, is called a wound, and in fact it is. In the same way as through the cut of our skin, the body can penetrate harmful bacteria, pathogenic fungi are introduced into the wood at the site of the branch cut, which are capable of short term destroy the tree or significantly weaken it. Another danger is the active evaporation of moisture from the wound, which weakens the plant.

In connection with the above, the processing of the cut is not a whim, but a hard necessity. Some gardeners ignore this work, hoping that the wound will heal over time on its own. For the sake of justice, it should be said that the place from which the branch was removed is indeed overgrown - first, a bark roller is formed, located around the circumference of the wound. Gradually it converges to the center and closes the saw cut. Only it happens extremely slowly. Therefore, the area where the sawn branch grew must be processed. And there is only one way for this - to putty it with special mixtures.

Covering compounds

According to gardeners-practitioners, any substances with sealing properties are suitable for putty cuts. There is no scientific evidence on which agents perform better or worse protective functions, since such studies have not been carried out, and, probably, will never be carried out. The recommendations are based only on personal experience people who have been gardening for a long period of time. Today in orchards the following solutions are used for putty:

• garden var
• rosin
• oil paint
• acrylic paint.

And, of course, the gardener has a wide selection of specialized pastes at his disposal, from the range of which in specialized stores the eyes diverge. We will not name brands, but there are more than a dozen of them on the market. It is best to ask the seller about which mixture is optimal in your case.

The choice depends on the type of green space, its age, growing conditions and some other factors. The only thing that can be specified as general recommendation, this is the resistance of the composition to moisture. Low-quality garden pastes “sin” by falling off after the first rain. When buying a coating, pay attention to this point.

The main requirement that must be observed is that the substances included in their coating agents should not be harmful to the plant. Because of this, it is impossible to use nitro paints for processing the cut, which are very convenient with practical side, as they dry quickly. Nitrogen compounds are poisonous to stem cells and foliage. Only the roots like nitrogenous components, and even then not everyone. It is also not recommended to use petroleum-based substances for coating.

How to properly cover the cut?

After we have told WHAT it is necessary to cover up the cuts of old branches, we will briefly explain HOW it should be done. Correct implementation of this procedure will avoid errors and ensure effective protection plants - the way it really should be.

The quality of the section processing depends very much on how well you prepare the wound for the putty. If you miss this moment, then all the work will go to waste. The sealer does not stabilize on wood and is likely to flake off in the very near future. In preparation, you need to do the following.

Primarily, sharp knife cut off any burrs left after sawing off the branch. Do not try to pry them off with your hands. This can lead to bark seizure. At the end of mechanical processing, it is recommended to process the cut with copper sulfate. Then let the wood dry for 1-2 hours. If you put putty on a damp wood, it will not stick to it.

Use a spatula or wooden spatula to apply the compound directly. Apply the product evenly. Try not to leave untreated areas. Coat the entire area directly around the circumference. This will ensure the strength of the protection. Do not try to overlay the composition too thick. It is not the thickness that is important, but the uniformity of the layer.

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A wound on an apple tree - a saw cut, peeled areas of the bark, or torn damage as a result of breaking off a branch - represents open door for pests, bacteria, infections, fungi. Untreated lesions heal for a long time, which negatively affects the fruiting of the apple tree, the processes of forming new shoots. For this reason, not a single, even the most insignificant damage to the tree should be ignored; You will learn how to properly disinfect, lubricate cuts and sawn-off saws from this review. Measures should be taken as soon as possible - in this case, you will have time to prevent the development of serious diseases in time.

When cuts are formed (cut down old dead wood, damaged branches, grow an apple tree)

The main reasons for the formation of slices:

1. Crown formation - for apple trees to bear fruit and grow well, they need to be properly formed, but after pruning, defects often appear on the bark and branches.
2. Removing old branches - when cutting branches from trunks, wounds are almost always formed, which must be properly disinfected and treated with special protective equipment... Read about how to prune an apple tree in spring.
3. Rejuvenation - the same pruning, but for mature trees. Any traumatic measures (and with rejuvenation, the amount of removal of branches, shoots is significant) can cause the appearance of cuts.

Pruning trees and covering wounds special means do not spend in one day. Wait a few days until the cut dries up, and proceed to smearing.

Processing time

The timing of covering the cuts on apple trees depends on the time of year and current weather conditions. So in the fall, during the heavy rainy season, the sections dry out badly and for a long time - sometimes you have to wait at least a week for the wound to stop getting wet, and it could be fully treated. In sunny warm weather, the cuts dry out in just a couple of days.

During summer trim you need to remove only very young, not yet stiff shoots. Small-diameter sections heal quickly on their own and do not need special treatments. When low temperatures air, wounds practically do not heal at all, even with proper treatment.

In winter, the sections are not processed at all.

Slices, the diameter of which does not exceed 2.5 cm, are disinfected, but not covered with anything. They tighten themselves and quickly enough, they do not pose a danger to the tree. With cuts more than 3 cm in diameter, they work strictly according to plan - immediately after trimming, the wound is cleaned of roughness, burrs with a sharp garden knife, the cuts are smeared with a brush with a special solution that disinfects the wound and protects it from bacteria and infections. Then the cut is left to dry for several days, after this period, a special treatment is carried out without affecting the bark of the tree along the extreme parts of the cut. If rodents damaged the bark in winter, it cracked due to temperature fluctuations or received sunburn, the treatment is carried out in the spring (the temperature should be above zero). Damaged areas are cleaned to healthy wood, then processing is carried out in the same way as after seasonal pruning.

Treatment tools (which you can choose, how to foam, cover up, paint)

Consider which means are used to spray the saw cuts, and which ones are used for covering them up.

Also, in places of unprotected cuts, the branch may begin to dry out - this process begins due to a violation of sap flow, as a result of which nutrients they do not reach those sections of the branch that are located above the area of \u200b\u200bdamage.

Clay talker

For the preparation of clay talkers, use a part of a mullein, two parts of clay and a little hay or straw. All this is stirred, diluted with water to the consistency of sour cream.

Cement mortar

To do cement mortar, take 3 parts fine sand and part of the cement, mix with water and add drying oil. You can use the tool, including for smearing deep cracks, wounds. Since water-based, oil paints over time washed off by the rain, they need to be updated.

Putties are applied only to damaged areas of wood, while the edges of the bark must be clean - otherwise, a crustal roller will not form, which will tighten the wound.

Unprotected bark wounds are prone to cracking, sometimes the cracks are very deep. In the place where the saw cut damaged the tree bark, a hollow may form. For use a talker made of mullein and clay, garden var, oil paints on natural drying oil, cement mortars, water-based coloring compositions, as well as balm varnish, which is also called artificial bark.

Garden var, how to cover / cover up correctly

Garden pitch can be bought ready-made or made yourself from fat, rosin, wax.

The wax, which contains var, does not allow air to reach the tree, so the putty does not flow down the wounds. Cost from 50 rubles. per packing.

Due to the fact that the rosin is sticky, the pitch is securely connected to the wood, and the fat prevents the putty from cracking. You can replace fat with vegetable oil or drying oil, wax for turpentine. To prepare the solution, take one part of fat, rosin and two parts of wax.

First melt wax, fat, rosin, then mix, slowly pour the mass into cold water... When the mass hardens, remove it, mix in the same way 20 parts of paraffin, 1 drying oil, 4 rosins or wax and rosin in 2 parts, turpentine 1 part. Ash can be added to the garden pitch, work away from fire. Before applying to the cut, the garden pitch is slightly warmed up - this is necessary to make it softer. Apply the mass to the bark very thin layer - like a film. If you make a thick layer of putty, the wood underneath will rot over time.

If juice flows (juice ran after cutting branches)

If juice oozes out of small sections that you did not cover, the pruning was done very late and the wounds simply did not heal before the juice started moving. This is not harmful for the tree, but small branches, hearth buds can dry out. You can partially protect the tree by making a clay liquid chatterbox and smearing it on all wounds, including the smallest ones. If the juice flows from several large sections, it means that you have not sealed, foamed, painted the damage. Clean the surface with the tools at hand and do it all over again. Do the covering work well - otherwise, there will be no use whatsoever.

To better secure the putty on the branch, use a bandage - it is wrapped around the damaged area.

If the cut on the branch turns black

In cases where the cut was not processed in a timely manner, various pathogens settle on it. If you do not take action, the disease will spread to other branches and take large area... Blackening are characteristic symptoms and.

First, individual shoots dry out, and then the tree dies. Moreover, even neighboring crops in the garden may suffer. During treatment, it will be necessary to cut off all damaged parts, going into healthy areas of bark and wood. Treat the cut with Bordeaux mixture 3% if the leaves have not yet blossomed, and 1% if the growing season has begun. Let the slices dry, then cover with diluted clay or garden pitch. The treatment is repeated if the disease continues to progress. Read about the sooty fungus on the apple tree.

But how to remove moss from an apple tree can be understood from the content in.

When the sections are blackened, not only the damaged areas are sprayed, but the entire apple tree as a whole.

If the apple cut is rotting

Cutting rot usually indicates a spore infection of the tinder fungus. Spores are carried by the wind, and an open cut is a fertile place for infection and lesion. The whole branch is cut, then the cutting area is checked. If after stripping the wood is healthy, it means that the disease did not have time to penetrate deeply. The diseased branch is burned, the cut is thoroughly disinfected and covered with pitch. In the event that the wood is dark and soft in the area of \u200b\u200bthe cut, the tinder fungus, most likely, has affected the entire tree, and it is too late to take action. To prevent the disease from spreading to the trees in the garden, cut down and burn the apple tree.

When the cut is rotting, it makes sense to save the tree (grow further) only if the wood is moist, but hard enough.

Video

This video will tell you about the putty of fruit tree wounds.

conclusions

1. Pruning trees should be carried out annually, cut down the old trunk and branches, dead wood. To speed up the healing process of slices, special putties are used.
2. Slices heal the fastest in young twigs - large wounds of perennials heal with difficulty.
3. To protect apple orchard from hares, the trunks are wrapped in agrofibre or fenced off with fine-mesh nets.

Also read what to do if the bark of an apple tree is gnawed by mice.

Even in ancient times, wood was used not only as a material for construction, but also as a material for handicrafts, from which not only various interesting objects in everyday life were made, but also decor items in the interior. Since the tree is easily processed, crafts can be done by hand, while not requiring special skills.

If you have a desire to learn how to make crafts from branches, but have never encountered such an activity before, do not be afraid to improvise. To choose the right tree for crafts, you should be aware that it should be even, without knots. You will find smooth, flawless wood on a sawmill or in any woodworking company or in a store. It is necessary that the wood is of high quality, as this affects the quality of the crafts. Crafts can be made not only from branches, but from tree cuts or from any scraps.

If you make crafts from branches, then it is better to choose straight and without resin, although branches that are not standard in shape are also ideal. Based on this, spruce or pine branches are not very suitable for the manufacture of products for interior decoration, since they a large number of resin, so it is very difficult to clean the resin after working with pine branches or eating a knife and hands. Branches with fibers in the same direction are ideal for crafts.

If you want to make crafts from branches hard rocks trees (oak, maple) , then you need to know what they need process, immediately after they have been cut... In order to make a small figurine, birch branches are perfect. Because they are very easy to cut, and it will not take you much time to make a craft. But, for example, black birch wood is harder. If birch wood is slightly dried, it will become even more obedient.

How to process branches before using at home?

1. The first step is to wash them thoroughly.
2. And then, in order for the crafts to be smooth and even, we take sandpaper (or a hard washcloth) and rub its surface, leveling it.
3. After that, you need to dry the cut branches. To do this, you need to put the branches in the oven for 1-2 hours. Watch that no matter what they dry up.

If the wood dries up, then you just need to moisten them a little with water before starting to work, since it is more difficult to work with dried wood.

How and with what you can paint the branches

In order for the branches to be snow-white, they can be painted with ordinary white emulsion paint, and we will get such a wonderful base for decorating. You can also paint the twigs gouache white brush and without water (pure paint), and not watercolors, since the consistency of the gouache allows the paint to dry on the branches. It is also applied evenly, clearly and has a snow-white color (compared to watercolors).

After covering the branches with one coat of paint, let dry for about 15 minutes, flip them over and paint the other side. You can repeat the process until all parts of the branches are completely covered with paint.

You can also use for painting branches acrylic paint or paint in a spray can (aerosol).

Spray paint in a spray can has some advantage:

• Very easy to operate. No need to spend money on solvents or quality brushes.
• If you use brushes, you will not achieve such an even paint as from an aerosol.
• Spray paint is a simplified compressor painting method. If used skillfully, then you can achieve professional painting any surface.
• Reliability and color matching.

Advantages of acrylic paint:

• There is practically no toxicity - you can work indoors, there is no unpleasant smell.
• High quality coating of the material, which makes it possible to apply fewer paint layers.
• Dries very quickly. Drying time acrylic paint on wood, depending on the surface structure, layer thickness, indoor microclimate
• Good tenacity.
• Easy application (both by hand and by spray).
• Very flexible after drying. The film that forms after the evaporation of water can change its linear dimensions, therefore, cracks appear much less often on the painted surface.
• An extensive palette of colors and a variety of textures.

Disadvantages of acrylic paint:

• High price.
• It delaminates if stored for a long time.
• Cheap varieties quickly discolor, fading under the influence of ultraviolet radiation.

Painted tree branches are ideal for interior decoration.

How to age a tree

The use of wood in the interior - always great option... It is the most environmentally friendly clean material... The tree always has a beneficial effect on humans, has bactericidal properties.

Why artificially age a tree? There are three main answer options:

• Purely personal preference. The processed material allows you to create one of fashion styles: vintage, shabby chic, retro, provence, country style.
• Pretend to be antiques (especially when it comes to furniture).

How to age a tree

There are several ways. The most interesting and most used of these is the method texturing, or brushing.

The name of stitching comes from english word brush, translated means "brush". This method consists in removing soft fibers from the top layer of the wood. As a result of processing, the surface becomes embossed. If this happened during natural aging, it would take a very long time. Brushing is considered the most realistic method of imitation of antiquity, and it is not at all difficult to do it at home.

What types of wood are suitable for brushing?

In order to age a tree, you need to use the following tree species: pine, oak, larch, ash, walnut. Maple, beech, cherry, pear, teak and some exotic trees absolutely do not lend themselves to mechanical aging.

The main tool when brushing acts tough metal brush ... Since it will not be possible to age the tree quickly, the process can be accelerated with a drill or grinder with a special wire brush.

If you do it yourself, then this will require a tough sandpaper... We clean the surface with it, and then apply an ammonia solution ( ammonia), which gives the wood darkening effect. As a result, the structure of the wood will be able to appear brightly, and the darkening will give the product an antique look.

Then rub it with a soft cloth to add extra shine. Thanks to varnishing, the product is given a finished look.

How to handle wood cuts

Products from end cuts or tree cuts simply captivate with their patterns and deserve special attention.

A smooth cross-section of a tree with a thickness of 8 to 20 cm with a diameter of 15 to 80 cm or more is called a saw cut.

It is simply unique, as the tree rings are visible on the “plate”, their contours never repeat. Cuts with and without bark serve in decorative design interior: on walls, ceiling, on the floor, in furniture cladding, in object design and decor.

1. For example, take a saw cut from a tree, cut out the shape we need with an electric jigsaw.
2. Then we grind it with a grinding wheel, or sandpaper.
3. After that we cover the product with wood stain or wood varnish.

In order to protect your crafts from harmful factors and give them an aesthetic look, they must be painted (by choosing the paint you like), or varnished with varnish. Before painting, you can prime with wood primer. The paint lays on the primed surface in an even layer.

Cutting off unnecessary and unnecessary branches from a tree is only half the battle. Left cuts and untreated wounds are open gate for dangerous infections and fungi. If left untreated, trees that have been grown for many years can be lost.

You cannot cut branches and cover up wounds in one day. It is necessary to give the wounds 5-10 days to dry out. Then the garden pitch will lie much better. In winter, you have to wait up to ten days, and in spring, in dry weather, a couple of days are enough. Slices up to 2-3 cm in diameter are not covered. They overgrow so quickly and no infection occurs. But it is useful to disinfect them. Why dissolve 3-4 tbsp in a 2 liter bottle. spoons ferrous sulfate.

With cuts of more than 3 cm, the following work is carried out:

• After trimming, the wound is cleaned with a sharp knife from burrs and irregularities.
• The saw cut is treated with a brush with a solution of ferrous sulfate.
• Leave to dry for several days.
• Cover the wound with garden varnish or a similar means, trying not to touch the bark at the edges of the saw cut.

How to process an apple tree saw cut?

Wounds and cuts in trees must first be disinfected. Than? The choice is large, here are just the most popular methods:

• 50 g copper sulfate diluted in 1 liter of very warm water;
• 50 g of ferrous sulfate is diluted in 1 liter of water;
• several granules of potassium permanganate are dissolved in 1 liter of water. The solution should turn out red;
• a mixture of lime and copper sulfate is prepared. Why 30 g of lime is diluted in 0.5 l of water and 30 g of copper sulfate is diluted in 0.5 l hot water... Pour a solution of copper sulfate into lime and stir all the time.

Always wear rubber gloves when treating wounds.

A cut or a wound - how to cover it up?

A cleaned and disinfected saw cut or wound after drying must be covered with a special agent. If this is not done, even if it does not get infected, the untreated wound is prone to cracking. Sometimes the cracks are very deep, which will impair the well-being of the entire tree.

The most common remedy is garden var. It is better to choose a white var. It is not only practical, but also looks great after treating the wound.

A completely different type of Rannet putty. It seems that it consists of fine clay. Can wash off with rains. But it contains stimulants that accelerate wound healing. It makes sense to apply it in spring and summer. During winter pruning, it is better to give preference to a garden brew.

For especially large injuries and hollows, using a garden var is expensive and impractical. A cement mortar is prepared for them and wounds and hollows are closed for them. Also, large wounds can be closed with a thick talker made of clay, mullein and ash. It does not last long, but you can always update it, and almost every gardener has the ingredients.

It is very good to cover the cuts water-based paints... You just need to be careful not to smear yourself in it while moving in the crown. In this regard, the garden pitch is more advantageous. Only in cold weather is the emulsion preferable, since the var hardens and does not want to lie down in a thin layer.

IN recent times you can buy artificial bark (balsam varnish) in seed stores. The reviews about her are good. But it costs much more than a garden varnish.