What is the optimal temperature on the gas boiler. The optimal mode of operation of the heating boiler

05.09.2018

Practically never equipped with circulating pumps, security groups, adjustment and control devices. Everyone solves these issues on their own, choosing a circuit of the heating device in accordance with the type and characteristics of the heating system. From how correctly the installation of the heat generator will be performed, not only the efficiency and productivity of heating, but also its reliable, trouble-free operation. That is why it is important to include nodes and devices in the scheme, which will ensure the durability of the heating unit and its protection in case of emergency situations. In addition, when installing a solid fuel boiler should not refuse equipment that creates additional convenience and comfort. With the help of a heat accumulator, it is possible to solve the temperature of the temperature drop during the boiler reboot, and the indirect heating boiler will provide a hot water. Thought about connecting a solid fuel heating unit for all rules? We will help you with it!

However, if after this room is warmed, the hydraulic adjustment is recommended in connection with the update of the heating system. Especially useful is hydraulic adjustment when using condensation boilers. These devices work only with the highest possible efficiency if the return temperature below the temperature in which the water condenses from the flue gas of the boiler. A special occasions are single-tube systems Heating, especially in apartment buildings, as well as buildings with outdoor heating or mixed floor heating and heating radiator.

Typical strapping schemes for solid fuel boilers

The complexity of controlling the combustion process in solid fuel boilers leads to a large inertia of the heating system, which negatively affects the convenience and safety during operation. The situation is also complicated by the fact that the efficiency of the aggregates of this type is directly dependent on the temperature of the coolant. For efficient operation of heating, the strapping should ensure the temperature of the heat agent within 60 - 65 ° C. Of course, with incorrect integration of equipment, such heating at the plus temperature "overboard" will be very uncomfortable and uneconomical. In addition, the full operation of the heat generator depends on a number of additional factors - such as a heating system, the number of contours, the presence of additional consumers of energy, etc. The proprietary schemes presented below are the most common cases. If none of them meets your requirements, the knowledge of the principles and features of the structure of heating systems will help in the development of an individual project.

Hydraulic adjustment can also be performed using these heating systems in principle, but is usually associated with much higher costs. Precise definition The characteristics of the boiler of the heating system is possible only if the heat loss of the structural furnace can be relatively laborious. This calculation of the heat load ≡ The heating load ≡ The heating load is the power of heating that must be constantly supplied to the room to maintain the temperature in space, so it should be as large as the amount of heat loss from thermal conductivity and ventilation.

Open-type system with natural circulation in a private house First of all, it should be noted that open gravitational type systems are considered the most suitable for solid fuel boilers. This is due to the fact that even in emergency cases associated with a sharp increase in temperature and pressure, heating is likely to remain hermetic and operational. It is also important that the functionality of heating equipment does not depend on the presence of power. Given that firewood boilers are not installed in megalization, but in the areas remote from the benefits of civilization, this factor will not seem so insignificant to you. Of course, this scheme is not devoid of shortcomings, the main of which are:

The assessment should be made on the basis of clear rules, for example, according to comparable values \u200b\u200bfor rooms related to previous years or comparable premises in the appropriate reporting period. In this case, all the costs of heating are distributed in accordance with the fixed scale, as a rule, square meter. by experience. Regulation of the calculation.

What is the required capacity of the boiler? For example, using subsequent heat insulation ≡ Heat insulation ≡ Thermal insulation reduces the thermal stream from hot to the cold side of the component. For this purpose, a substance with low thermal conductivity is introduced as a layer between hot and cold. An important retention of water is achieved with a vacuum. In addition, sleeping air maintains thermal stream very well.

• free access of oxygen to the system, which causes internal corrosion of pipes;
• the need to replenish the coolant level due to its evaporation;
• the uneven temperature of the heat agent at the beginning and at the end of each contour.

Layer any mineral Oil 1 - 2 cm thick, poured into an expansion tank, will prevent the oxygen to enter the coolant and reduce the rate of evaporation of the fluid. Despite the disadvantages, the gravitational scheme is very popular due to its simplicity, reliability and low cost.

The revaluation is not harmful to condensation boilers for oil or gas and may even make sense in some cases. For low-temperature boilers ≡ Low-temperature boilers ≡ Low-temperature boiler is a boiler, which can also be used in continuous mode with a low temperature of the entrance to heating water from 35 to 40 degrees Celsius and in which it can lead to condensation in exhaust gases containing water vapor. The level of standard use of the low-temperature boiler is more than 90%.

Condensation heaters achieve an even greater degree of standard efficiency by 100%. Excessive measurement should be avoided. To provide safe deletion exhaust gases from the heating system, heating and chimney must coincide with each other. Previously, the interaction between the boiler and chimney was significantly less important. The adaptation of the chimney to the boiler was in the background. High flue gases of boilers at that time were also guaranteed that the flue gases were discharged without damage, even in the case of large chimney sections, and the smoke tube was dry.

By accepting the decision to perform the installation in this way, note that for normal circulation of the coolant, the boiler entry should be below the heating radiators at least as 0.5 m. The feed pipes and returns must have slopes for normal coolant circulation. In addition, it is important to correctly calculate the hydrodynamic resistance of all branches of the system, and in the design process, try to reduce the number of shut-off and regulatory reinforcement. The correct operation of the system with the natural circulation of the coolant depends on the installation site of the expansion tank - it should be connected at the highest point.

However, exhaust gases of modern low-temperature and condensing boilers have very low temperatures due to energy-saving work. In addition, when replacing the old boiler, the nominal thermal power of the boiler is adapted to the actual, possibly reduced thermal load of the building. This usually leads to a decrease in performance compared to the old boiler with a large size. Because of the existing chimney after replacing the old boiler, significantly lower volumes of exhaust gases with lower exhaust temperatures will be transferred.

Closed system with natural circulation

Installation on the reverse line of the membrane type expansion tank will help to avoid the harmful effects of oxygen and will relieve the need to control the level of the coolant. By deciding to equip the gravitational system with a hermetic expansion tank, consider the following points:

Why do chimneys are wet? In the hot exhaust gas, which comes out of the combustion chamber of the boiler, contains water vapor. If this exhaust gas is cooled to a certain temperature, water vapor becomes water and postponed on colder surfaces. The temperature of flue gases in moistened chimns should be so high to eliminate condensation in the chimney, otherwise it can lead to moisture penetration or.

Relevant standards and building standards require accurate coordination of the exhaust system with a heat generator. Chimney should be planned and designed so that the exhaust gases can be removed without mechanical assistance, as well as eliminate damage to the chimney or building.

• the capacity of the membrane tank must accommodate at least 10% of the total coolant;
• a safety valve must be installed on the feed pipe;
• the top point of the system should be equipped with an air vent.

Additional devices that are included in the boiler security group (safety valve and air) will have to purchase separately - the manufacturers are very rarely completed by the aggregates of such devices. The safety valve allows you to reset the coolant if the pressure in the system exceeds the critical value. The pressure from 1.5 to 2 atm is considered to be a normal operating indicator. The emergency valve is adjusted by the value of 3 atm.

The following requirements for the smoke system must be followed. If the chimney is located on the outer wall, there is a risk that the exhaust gas will not receive the necessary thermal buoyancy and that water steam is condensed on the walls of the chimney. In many cases, the existing smoke tube will be replaced by the above-mentioned chimney. no longer meet the requirements.

Every year, the chimney cleaner confirms good exhaust values. "What else do you need?" You may be surprised. "All a lot" - our answer. More energy and save more environmental funds, more comfort, more prompt security, learn more to trust future security. The deflection of the chimney determines whether the quality of combustion and loss of exhaust gases comply with the operation of the burner with the requirements of the law. It checks whether the pipe works, and the system is safe.

Features of systems with coercive movement of the coolant

In order to align the temperature at all areas, the circulation pump integrate into the closed heating system. Since this unit can provide forced coolant movement, the requirements for the installation of the boiler and compliance with the inclusion becomes insignificant. However, it is not necessary to abandon the autonomy of natural heating. If at the outlet of the boiler to establish a bypass branch, called bypass, then in the case of turning off the electricity, the circulation of the heat agent will provide gravity forces.

Even if he assures you in perfect values, it does not have much For the economy of your system. In the end, the old boiler should work constantly with high temperature round year. Especially in transitional months or even in the summer, when the boiler is necessary only for heating drinking water, high cooling and / or heat, which, as a rule, is much higher than the loss of exhaust gases, measured during the passage of the chimney are formed.

Not so with the new boiler. Here, the temperature of the boiler water is automatically adjusted to the appropriate outdoor temperature. If heat is not required, they will even completely turn off. If the boiler is 10 years old or more, so it is worth dealing with a new heating system. New system Saves up to 30% of energy and costs. You have a clear plus in comfort, safety, environmental and security, in order to further comply with the requirements of the legislation.

The electrical pump is installed on the return highway, between the expansion tank and the inlet fitting. Due to the reduced temperature of the coolant, the pump operates in a more gentle mode, which increases its durability. Installing the circulating unit on the return is necessary for security purposes. When boiling water in the boiler, the formation of a couple is possible, the fall in the centrifugal pump is fraught with a complete cessation of fluid movement, which can lead to an accident. If the device is installed at the inlet to the heat generator, it will be able to ensure the circulation of the coolant even when emerging emerging situations.

Operational safety: Heating is required only if necessary

Of course, it would be exaggerated to think that your old heating system would refuse his spirit in the coming days with a big blow. No, if she does it, she will probably make it quietly and calmly - without warning. In any case, you can show new materials and opportunities without any obligations in our exhibition halls.

Operating costs: Is that what he wants?

You will notice high efficiency and long service life of the boiler that is easy to maintain. How much is your oil and gas costs, check the bill regularly. It is not easy to see if your heating system is economically viable. Perhaps he even highlights heat, where no one needs: or it just oversleep.

Connecting through collectors

If you want to connect several parallel branches with radiators, water warm floor to a solid fuel boiler, then the balancing of contours is required, otherwise the coolant will go along the path of the smallest resistance, and the rest of the system remains cold. To this end, one or more collectors (combs) are installed at the output from the heating unit) - switchgear With one input and multiple outputs. Installation of the rowing opens up ample opportunities for connecting multiple circulation pumps, allows to serve the thermal agent to consumers of the same temperature and adjust its feed. The only minus of the strapping of this type can be considered a complication of the design and an increase in the cost of the heating system.

The development of harmful exhaust gases is closely related to consumption and use. Boilers who consume a lot also produce many exhaust gases. Keywords: forest death, greenhouse effect. Old boilers consume about a third of the fuel and produce more than 60 percent of pollutants than new boilers.

New burners with modern technology have particularly economical combustion with favorable values, so that they still do not meet the requirements of the Blue Angel environmental label and the Swiss regulations to combat air pollution.

A separate case of collector strapping is a hydraulic connection. Her difference from the ordinary collector lies in the fact that this device performs a kind of mediator between the heating boiler and consumers. Made in the form of a large diameter pipe, the hydroelectron is installed vertically and connects to the input and pressure pipes of the boiler. At the same time, the inserting consumers are made at different heights, which allows you to choose the optimal temperature for each contour.

Operational safety, cost, environment, Ease of operation. Perhaps you think: "Yes, such a modern heater, which I already liked." And you can also think: but it costs again. After all, it is not only about buying a purchase price. Then the invoice looks completely different.

Then you could say: "I can't postpone so much." Be sure to configure this account for your home by a specialist. It also knows funding, for example, for solar and condensing technology. What is a refund? Where and why is technology used? How does the reverse stream increase? What are the advantages of the efficiency of the heating system?

Installation of emergency and adjustment systems

Emergency and adjusting systems serve several goals:

• protection of the system from depressurization in the event of an uncontrolled increase in pressure;
• adjustment of the temperature of individual contours;
• protection of the boiler from overheating;
• preventing condensation processes associated with a large flow temperature drop and return.

To solve the security tasks of the system in the strapping scheme, a safety valve, an emergency heat exchanger or a contour of the natural circulation are introduced. As for the need to regulate the temperature of the thermal agent, the thermostatic and controlled valves are used to these purposes.

Modern heating systems work only optimally when certain operating temperatures are not exceeded and not exceeded. To prevent excessive refund cooling, use the so-called return elevator. We explain to you in this article, what it is with a rollback and how to implement it technically. You will also learn in which heating systems there is a reverse climb, and in which there is no.

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Functional implementation of reverse flux

Reverse elevator is a technology used in heating systems. hot water to quickly achieve and maintain the desired minimum temperature In the heater of the heating circuit. The return of the reverse stream is achieved through the use of a special mixing valve. It mixes under the cold returned part of the hot heating waterwhich was heated with a heat generator. This leads to a usually faster and higher temperature of the coolant returning back to the heat generator.

The strapping with a three-axis valve.

A solid fuel boiler is a heating unit of periodic action, so it is subjected to risk of corrosion due to condensate, which falls on its walls during heating. This is due to the getting of too cold coolant from the return to the heat exchanger of the heating unit. Eliminate the danger of this factor with the help of a three-way valve. This device is an adjustable valve with two inputs and one output. By a signal from the temperature sensor, the three-way valve opens a hot heat carrier feed channel to the boiler input, preventing the appearance of the dew point. As soon as the heating unit goes into the operating mode, the supply of fluid on a small circle is terminated.

Consequently, in the heat exchanger, the flow and reverse flow with a lower temperature difference. Higher reverse flow temperature, which rises in this way. positive influence To work the heating system, which, thus, can optimally function. The optimal operating temperature depends on the combed fuel, more precisely, on the so-called dew point of the flue gas.

At the same time, the backup lift is used to counteract damage, which may occur, for example, when heating gases, which accumulate when burning fuel, cool and condense. Condensate can damage the system because it leads to such effects as Pitting. The temperature difference can also cause stress leading to the formation of cracks.

A rather common mistake is the installation of a centrifugal pump to a three-way valve. Naturally, when the valve is closed, no circulation of fluid in the system cannot be speech. It will correctly install the pump after the adjustment device. The three-way valve can also be used to adjust the temperature of the thermal agent entering consumers. In this case, the device is configured to work in the other side, mixing the cold coolant from the return to the feed.

Scheme with buffer tank

Low controllability of solid fuel boilers requires constant control over the amount of wood and burden, which significantly reduces the convenience of their operation. To load more fuel and at the same time not to worry about the possible boosting of the liquid will allow the installation of a buffer tank (heat accumulator). This device is a hermetic tank separating the heating unit from consumers. Due to the large volume, the buffer container can accumulate excessive heat and as needed to give it to radiators. Adjust the temperature of the fluid coming from the heataccumulator will help the mixing node that uses the same three-way valve.

Elements of strapping that ensure the safety of the heating system

In addition to the safety valve, which was mentioned above, the protection of the heating unit from overheating is solved with the help of an emergency circuit, according to which cold water from the water pipeline is supplied to the heat exchanger. Depending on the design of the boiler, the coolant feed can be carried out directly into the heat exchanger or special coil installed in work chamber aggregate. By the way, it is the last option that is the only possible for systems with a flooded antifreeze. Water supply is carried out with the help of a three-way valve that controls the sensor installed inside the heat exchanger. The discharge of the "waste" fluid occurs on a special highway connected with sewage system.

Scheme with connecting the boiler of indirect heating

The binding with the connection of a hot water boiler can be used for heating systems of all types. To do this, a special heat insulated capacity (boiler) is connected to the water supply and the DHW system, and the coil is installed inside the water heater, which is embedded to the thermal agent's supply line. Passing through this contour, the hot heat carrier gives heat water. Often, the indirect heating boiler is also equipped with Tanni, thanks to which there is an opportunity to get hot water in the warm season.

Proper installation solid fuel boiler In the heating system of the closed type

The huge advantage of solid fuel boilers is that there are no need for their installation. permissive documents. Installation is quite possible to spend its own, especially since it will not be required for this. special toolnor special knowledge. The main thing is to accommodately approach work and observe the oddity of all stages.

Arrangement of boiler room.The disadvantage of the heating units used for burning firewood and coal is the need for a special, well-ventilated room. Of course, it would be possible to install the boiler in the kitchen or bathroom, however, the periodic emission of smoke and soot, dirt from fuel and combustion products make this idea unsuitable for implementation. In addition, the installation of burning equipment in residential rooms Also unsafe - the release of chado gas can lead to tragedy. When installing a heat generator in the boiler room, several rules are followed:

• the distance from the furnace door to the wall should be at least 1M;
• at a distance not higher than 50 cm from the floor and no lower than 40 cm from the ceiling must be installed ventilation channels;
• in the room there should be no fuel and lubricating and flammable substances and items;
• the base area in front of the ashtel is protected using a metal sheet with dimensions of at least 0.5x0.7 m.

In addition, at the installation site of the boiler, it is planned to open under the smoke tube, which is derived out. The configuration and dimensions of the chimney manufacturers indicate technical passport, so invent nothing will need. Of course, if there is a need, then from the requirements of the documentation can be devaway, but in any case the channel for removing the combustion products should provide excellent traction in any weather. Setting smoky pipeAll connections and cracks are sealed with sealing materials, and also provide windows for cleaning the channels from soot and condensate catcher.

Preparation for installing a heating unit

Before installing the boiler, choose the pattern of the strapping, calculate the length and diameter of the pipelines, the number of radiators, the type and number of additional equipment and the shut-off-regulating reinforcement. Despite all the diversity of design solutions, experts recommend choosing combined heating, which can provide forced and natural circulation of the coolant. Therefore, when calculated, it is necessary to think about how the parallel section of the feed pipeline (bypass) with a centrifugal pump will be installed and the slopes needed for the work of the gravitational system. Do not refuse and buffer containers. Of course, its installation will entail additional costs. However, the drive of this type can align the temperature curve, and one of the fuel laying is enough for a longer time.

Special comfort will provide a solid fuel boiler with an additional contour, which is used for hot water supply. Given the fact that due to the installation of a solid fuel unit in a separate room, the length of the DHW circuit is significantly increased, an additional circulation pump is mounted on it. This will eliminate the need to merge cold water waiting when it goes hot. Before mounting the boiler, it is necessary to provide a place for the expansion tank and do not forget about devices designed to reduce the pressure in the system in critical situations. Simple scheme Straps that can be used as a working project is shown in our figure. It combines all the equipment considered above and ensures its correct and trouble-free operation.

Installation and connection of a solid fuel heat generator

After all the necessary calculations and the preparation of equipment and materials proceed to the installation.

• Installing the place, align in the level and fasten the heating unit, after which the chimney is connected to it.

• Heating radiators are fixed, installed heat accelerator and expansion tank.

• Mounted the feed pipeline and bypass on which the circulation pump is installed. Ball valves are installed on both sites (direct and edging) in order for the coolant to be transported by a forced or natural way. We remind you that the centrifugal pump can be installed only with the correct orientation of the shaft, which must be in the horizontal plane. Schemes of all possible installation options The manufacturer indicates the instructions on the product.

• Pressure highway is connected to the heataccumulator. It must be said that both the input, and the outlet nozzles of the buffer tank must be installed in its upper part. Due to this, the amount of warm water in the container will not affect the readiness of the heating circuit. Be sure to note the fact that the cooling of the boiler during the reboot period will reduce the temperature in the system. This is due to the fact that at this time the heat generator will work as an air heat exchanger, giving heat from the heating system into the chimney. To eliminate it, separate circulation pumps are installed in the boiler and heating circuit. By placing the thermocouple into the burning zone, you can stop the movement of the coolant through the boiler circuit when the fire is attenuation.

• Safety valve and air vent were installed on the supply highway.

• Connect the emergency circuit of the boiler or mounted a lock-controlled fittings, which, when boiling water, will open its reset to the sewer and the cold fluid supply channel from the water supply.

• Mount the reverse pipeline from the heat accumulator to the heating unit. A circulation pump, a three-way valve and filter-sump are installed in front of the inlet nozzle of the boiler.

• Separately on the pipeline, the expansion tank is mounted. Note! On pipelines that are connected to protection devices, the shut-off valve is not installed. These areas should be as few connections as possible.

• The upper output of the heat accumulating container is connected to a three-way valve and circulating pump of the heating circuit, after which the radiators are connected and the return pipeline is mounted.

• After connecting the main contours, it is processed to arrange a hot water system. If the heat exchanger coil is built into the boiler, it will be enough to simply connect to the appropriate nozzles cold water and access to the "hot" highway. When installing a separate water heater of indirect heating, a circuit with an additional circulation pump or a three-way valve is used. And in that, in another case, a check valve is installed at the cold water supply inlet. It will block the path for heated fluid into the "cold" plumbing.

• Some solid fuel boilers are equipped with a thrust regulator, the work of which is to reduce the passage section pissed. This reduces the flow of air into the combustion zone and its intensity, and, accordingly, the temperature of the coolant is reduced. If the heating unit has such a design, then the drive of the air damper mechanism is assembled and adjust.

Places of all threaded compounds should be carefully sealed with plumbing flax and special non-drying paste. After completing the installation into the system, the coolant is poured, included at full power centrifugal pumps And carefully inspect the places of all connections for leakage. Making sure the absence of leakage, burn the boiler and check the operation of all contours at maximum modes.

Features of the integration of a solid fuel unit in the open heating system

The main feature of open heating systems is the contact of the coolant with atmospheric airwhich occurs with the participation of the expansion tank. This container is designed to compensate for the thermal expansion of the coolant, which occurs when it is heated. The extender is embedded in the highest point of the system, and in order that when the tank is overflow, the hot fluid does not pour out the room, the drain tube is connected to its upper part, the second end of which is taken into the sewer.

The large volume of the tank forces it to install it in the attic, so you will need additional insulation Expansion and suitable tubes, otherwise they can climb in winter. In addition, it is necessary to remember that this element is part of the heating system, so its thermal losses will result in a decrease in temperature in radiators. Since the open system is not hermetic, there is no need to install a safety valve and connecting emergency contours. When boiling the coolant, the pressure will be dropped through the expansion tank.

Special attention should be paid to pipelines. Since the water in them will go in a self-shot, then the circulation will have the effect of pipe diameter and hydraulic resistance in the system. The last factor depends on the turns, narrowings, level drops, etc., therefore their quantity must be minimal. In order to initially give the stream of water the necessary potential energy, the vertical risker is mounted at the outlet of the boiler. The higher the water will be able to climb it, the higher the coolant speed will be and the faster the radiators will warm up. For the same purposes, the input of the return is at the lowest point of the heating system.

Finally, I would like to note that in open systems it is preferable to use non-antifreeze, but water. It is connected with a higher viscosity, reduced by heat capacity and rapid aging of the substance when contacting air. As for the water, it is best to soften and, if possible, never merge. This will increase the service life of pipelines, radiators, heat generator and other heating equipment several times.

Solid fuel boiler strapping - emergency cooling valve

3. Protection against low temperature of the coolant in the "return" of a solid fuel boiler.

What will happen with a solid fuel boiler if its temperature "returns" is below 50 ° C? The answer is simple - a mixed flask will appear on the entire surface of the heat exchanger. This phenomenon will reduce the performance of your boiler, it will essentially difficult his cleaning and most importantly, can lead to chemical damage to the walls of the boiler heat exchanger. To prevent such a problem, it is necessary to provide appropriate equipment when installing the heating system with a solid fuel boiler.

The task is to provide the temperature of the coolant, which returns to the boiler from the heating system at no lower than 50 ° C. It is at this temperature of water vapor contained in the flue gases of a solid fuel boiler, begins to condense on the walls of the heat exchanger (crossing the gaseous state into liquid). The transition temperature is called the "dew point". The condensation temperature directly depends on the humidity of fuel and the amount in the combustion products of hydrogen and sulfur formations. As a result of the chemical reaction, iron sulphate is obtained - a substance is useful in many industries, but not in a solid fuel boiler. Therefore, it is quite natural that manufacturers of many solid fuel boilers remove the boiler with a guarantee in the absence of a reverse water heating system. After all, here we are dealing not with a metal exercise at high temperatures, but with chemical reactions at which no boilers do not stand.

The simplest solution of the problem of low reverse coolant temperature is the use of thermal three-way valve (anti-condensation thermostatic mixing valve). The thermal anti-condensation valve is a thermomechanical three-way valve that provides a coolant substrate between the primary (boiler) circuit and the heat carrier from the heating system in order to achieve a fixed temperature of the boiler water. In fact, the valve is allowed not yet heated coolant for a small circle and the boiler warms himself. After reaching the tuned temperature, the valve automatically opens the coolant access to the heating system and works until the repetitive temperature will fall below the configured values.

Solid fuel boiler strapping - anti-condensation valve

4. Protection of the heating system of a solid fuel boiler from work without a coolant.

The work of the boiler without a coolant is categorically prohibited by all manufacturers of solid fuel boilers. Moreover, the coolant in the heating system should always be under certain pressure, which depends on your heating system. When the pressure in the system drops, the user opens the crane and fills the systems to a certain pressure.

In this case, there is a "human factor", which may well allow errors. Can be solved this issue With the help of automation.
Automatic installation of feeding is a device that is configured to a certain pressure and connects to an open tap of the water supply. In case of pressure reduction, the process of filling the system to the desired pressure will be fully automatically.

So that everything worked correctly, you need to perform some conditions when installing the automatic feed valve:
- Mount the automatic feeding valve is necessary at the lowest point of the heating system;
- when installing, it is necessary to leave access to cleaning or possible replacement valve;
- Water from the water supply should be constantly fed to the pressure valve, and the water pipe valve and the valve valve valve must always be open.

Solid fuel boiler strapping - auto-hot valve

5. Remove air from the heating system of a solid fuel boiler.

The air in the heating system can cause a number of problems: poor circulation of the coolant or its absence, noise when pumping a pump, corrosion of radiators or heating system elements. To avoid this, it is necessary to release air from the system. Ways for this two are first manually - we think over the installation of cranes in the highest point of the system and on the lifting sites and periodically pass these cranes, the release of the air. The second path is the installation of an automatic air shutter valve. The principle of its work is simple - when there is no air in the system, the valve is filled with water and the float is in the upper part of the valve, and, through the hinge lever, seals the exhaust valve of the air.

When air falls into the valve chamber, the water level in the valve falls, the float is lowered and over the hinge lever opens the air outlet hole on the exhaust valve. As air outputs from the chamber, the water level is growing and the valve again occupies the upper position.

We have already described the boiler security group device above, when they talked about the protection against high pressure coolant. Ideally, if you installed a security group, it has an automatic air shutter valve. Trace only that the security group is installed at the top of the system of your heating. If not, we recommend putting a separate automatic air discharge valve and forever solve the problem of searching for air plugs in your heating system.

Solid fuel boiler strapping - automatic air shutter valve

The efficiency of the heating system depends on many factors. These include rated power, degree of heat transfer of radiators and temperature mode. For the latter, it is important to correctly select the degree of heating of the coolant. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the optimal temperature in the heating system for water, radiators and boilers.

From what depends the water temperature in heating

For the proper operation of heat supply, the water temperature schedule is required in the heating system. Accordingly, it is determined by the optimal degree of heating of the coolant, depending on the influence of certain external factors. On it, it is possible to determine which water temperature in the heating batteries should be at a certain period of operation of the system.

A common misconception is that the higher the degree of heating of the coolant, the better. However, the fuel consumption increases, the current costs increase.

Often the low temperature of heating batteries is not a violation of the heating standards. The low-temperature heat supply system was simply designed. That is why the exact calculation of water heating should be given special attention.

The optimal water temperature in heating pipes depends largely on external factors. To determine it, you need to consider the following parameters:

• Thermal loss of the house. They are determining to calculate any type of heat supply. Their calculation will be the first step in the design of heat supply;
• Characteristics of the boiler. If the work of this component does not meet the calculated requirements - the temperature of the water in the system of heating a private house will not rise to the desired level;
• Pipe and radiators manufacturing material. In the first case, it is necessary to use pipes with a minimum thermal conductivity. This will reduce thermal losses in the system during the transportation of the coolant from the heat exchanger of the boiler to radiators. For batteries, the opposite is important - high thermal conductivity. Therefore, water temperature in radiators central heatingMade from cast iron should be slightly higher than that of aluminum or bimetallic structures.

Is it possible to determine how to determine what temperature should be in heating batteries? It depends on the characteristics of the system components. To do this, you should familiarize yourself with the properties of batteries, boiler and heat supply pipes.

In the centralized heat supply system, the temperature of heating pipes in the apartment is not an important indicator. It is important that air heating norms in residential rooms are respected.

Heating standards in apartments and houses

In fact, the degree of heat heating in pipes and heat supply radiators is a subjective indicator. It is much more important to know the heat transfer of the system. It in turn depends on what is the minimum and maximum temperature Water in the heating system can be achieved during operation.

For autonomous heat supply, the norms of central heating are fully applicable. They are set out in detail in the decision of PPF No. 354. It is noteworthy that there does not indicate the minimum water temperature in the heating system.

It is important only to observe the degree of air heating indoors. Therefore, in principle, the temperature mode of the operation of one system can be different from the other. It all depends on the affecting factors that were indicated above.

In order to determine what temperature should be in heating pipes, you should familiarize yourself with the current standards. In their content there is a division into residential and non-residential premises, as well as the dependence of the degree of heating of air from time to day:

• In the rooms in the daytime. In this case, the rate of heating temperature in the apartment should leave + 18 ° C for the premises in the middle of the house and + 20 ° C in the corner;
• In residential rooms at night. Some decrease is allowed. But at the same time, the temperature of heating radiators in the apartment should provide respectively + 15 ° C and + 17 ° C.

Observation of these standards is responsible management Company. In case of their violation, you can request recalculation of payment for heating services. For autonomous heat supply, a table of temperatures are made for heating, where the heating values \u200b\u200bof the coolant and the degree of load on the system are made. At the same time, no one carries responsibility for violation of this schedule. This will affect the comfort of stay in a private house.

For centralized heating, it is mandatory to maintain the required level of air heating on the staircases and non-residential premises. The water temperature in heating batteries should be such that the air is heated to minimum meaning + 12 ° С.

Calculation of the temperature mode of the heating

During the calculation of heat supply, it is necessary to take into account the properties of all components. In particular, this concerns radiators. What optimal temperature should be in heating batteries - + 70 ° C or + 95 ° C? It all depends on heat calculationwhich is performed on the design stage.

First, it is necessary to determine the thermal losses in the building. Based on the data obtained, a boiler with an appropriate power is selected. Then the most complex stage of design comes - determining the parameters of the heating batteries.

They must have a certain level of heat transfer, which will affect the water temperature schedule in the heating system. Manufacturers indicate this parameter, but only for a specific system operation mode.

If, to maintain a comfortable level of air heating in the room, 2 kW of thermal energy will be required - it means radiators should have a no less heat transfer.

To determine this, you need to know the following values:

• Permissible maximum water temperature in the heating system -t1.. It depends on the power of the boiler, temperature limit impact on pipes (especially polymeric);
• Optimalthe temperature that should be in the feed pipes of heating - T is determined by the type of highway layout (single-tube or two-pipe) and the total length of the system;
• Required degree of air heating indoors -t.

TNAP \u003d (T1-T2) * ((T1-T2) / 2-T3)

Q \u003d k * f * tnap

Where k. - The coefficient of heat transfer device of heating. This parameter must be specified in the passport; F. - the area of \u200b\u200bthe radiator; TNAP - thermal pressure.

Variating various indicators of the maximum and minimum water temperature in the heating system, you can determine the optimal mode of operation of the system. It is important to correctly calculate the required power heating device. Most often, the low temperature indicator in heating batteries is associated with heating design errors. Specialists are recommended for the resulting magnitude of the radiator power to add a small margin - about 5%. It will be needed in the case of a critical temperature decrease in the street in the winter.

Most manufacturers indicate radiators heat transfer according to adopted EN 442 standards for mode 75/65/20. This corresponds to the rate of heating temperature in the apartment.

Water temperature in boiler and heating pipes

After executing the above calculation, you must adapt the temperature of the heating temperatures for the boiler and pipes. During the operation of heat supply, emergency situations should not arise, which is a frequent cause of which is a violation of the temperature chart.

The normal water temperature indicator in central heating batteries can be up to + 90 ° C. This is strictly followed at the stage of preparation of the coolant, its transportation and distribution of residential apartments.

Much more complicated situation with autonomous heat supply. In this case, control is completely dependent on the owner of the house. It is important to monitor so that no water temperature is exceeded in the heating pipes, which go beyond the composed of the graph. This may affect the safety of the system.

If the temperature of the water temperature in the private house heating system exceeds the norm, the following situations may occur:

• Damage to pipelines. This is especially true of polymer highways, in which the maximum heating can be + 85 ° C. That is why the normal value of the temperature of heating pipes in the apartment is usually equal to + 70 ° C. Otherwise the deformation of the highway may occur and the impulse will arise;
• Excess air heating. If the temperature of heat supply radiators in the apartment provokes an increase in the heating degree of over + 27 ° C - it goes beyond the limits of the norm;
• Reducing the life of heating components. This applies to both radiators and pipes. Over time, the maximum water temperature in the heat supply system will lead to a breakdown.

Also violation of the water temperature schedule in the autonomous heating system provokes formation aerial traffic. This occurs due to the transition of the coolant from the liquid state into the gaseous. Additionally, this affects the formation of corrosion on the surface of the metal components of the system. That is why it is necessary to accurately calculate what temperature should be in the batteries of heat supply, given their manufacturing material.

Most often violation thermal regime Work is observed in solid fuel boilers. This is due to the problem of adjusting their power. When the critical temperature is reached in the heating pipes, it is difficult to quickly reduce the boiler power.

The effect of temperature on the properties of the coolant

In addition to the above factors, the temperature of water in heat supply pipes affects its properties. This is based on the principle of operation of gravitational heating systems. With an increase in the heating level of water, its expansion occurs and circulation occurs.

However, in the case of the use of antifreezes, the temperature exceeding the temperature in heating batteries can lead to other results. Therefore, for heat supply with a coolant other than water, you should first find out the permissible indicators of its heating. It does not concern the temperature of radiators centralized heat supply In the apartment, since liquids based on antifreezes are not used in such systems.

Antifreeze is used if there is a possibility of the influence of a low temperature on the heating battery. In contrast to the water, it does not begin to move from the liquid state into the crystalline when the 0 ° C is reached. However, if the work of heat supply is included in the standards of temperature table for heating in most side - The following phenomena may occur:

• Foaming. This entails an increase in the volume of the coolant and as a result - increasing pressure. The reverse process when cooled antifreeze will not be observed;
• Formation of limescale. The composition of antifreeze includes a number of mineral components. In violation of the temperature of heating temperature in the apartment, their precipitate begins in the apartment. Over time, this will lead to a tubing of pipes and radiators;
• Increase the denotation rate. There may be failed in the operation of the circulation pump if its rated power was not calculated on the occurrence of such situations.

Therefore, it is much easier to monitor the water temperature in the heat supply system of a private house than to control the degree of heating of antifreeze. In addition, ethylene glycol based compositions, during evaporation, highlight gas harmful to humans. Currently, they are practically not used as a coolant in autonomous systems Heat supply.

Before filling in the heating of antifreeze should be replaced rubber strips on pairsty. It's connected with increased indicator Permeability of this type of heat carrier.

Ways to normalize the temperature regime of heating

The minimum temperature of the water temperature in the heating system is not the main threat For her work. This certainly affects the microclimate in residential premises, but in no way affects the functioning of heat supply. In case of exceeding the heat heating rate, emergencies may occur.

In compiling the heating scheme, it is necessary to provide a number of measures aimed at eliminating the critical increase in water temperature. First of all, this will lead to an increase in pressure and an increase in the load on the inner surface of the pipes and radiators.

If this phenomenon is one-time and short - components of heat supply may not be injured. However, such situations occur with the constant impact of certain factors. Most often it is the incorrect operation of a solid fuel boiler.

• Installation of a security group. It consists of an air vent, a shore valve and a pressure gauge. If the water temperature reaches the critical level - these components are removed by excess coolant, thereby ensuring normal circulation of liquid for its natural cooling;
• Mixing knot. It connects the reverse and feed pipe. Additionally, a two-way valve with a servo drive is installed. The latter connects to the temperature sensor. If the degree of heating is exceeded by the norm, the valve will open and the streams of hot and cooled water will occur;
• Electronic control unit Heating. It fixes the temperature of the water in various sections of the system. In the event of a heat violation, it will give the appropriate command of the boiler processor to reduce power.

These measures will help prevent the incorrect operation of heating on initial stage The emergence of the problem. The most difficult to adjust the temperature of the water temperature in systems with a solid fuel boiler. Therefore, for them, special attention should be paid to the choice of the parameters of the Security Group and the mixing site.

The effect of water temperature on its circulation in heating is described in detail in the video material:

External low-temperature corrosion arises as a result of formation on the surfaces of heating, droplets or moisture film enters a reaction with a metal surface.

Moistow appears on the surfaces of heating in the process of condensation of water vapor from flue gases due to the low temperature of water (air) and, accordingly, low wall temperatures.

The temperature of the dew point, at which the condensation of the water vapor passes, depends on the type of fuel of the fuel, its humidity, the excess air coefficient, from the size of the partial pressure of water vapor in combustion products.

To eliminate the appearance of low-temperature corrosion on the surfaces of heating is possible if the surface temperature from the gas medium side will be 5 ° C above the dew point temperature. Such a temperature point of the dew point corresponds to the condensation temperature of a pure water vapor and appears when burning fuel.

When burning fuel (fuel oil), which contains sulfur, a sulfuric anhydride is formed in combustion products. Some of this gas, oxidizing, forms an aggressive sulfur anhydride, which dissolving in water forms the film of the solution of sulfuric acid on the surfaces of heating surfaces, as a result, the corrosion process is sharply enhanced. The presence in the combustion products of sulfuric acid vapor increases the temperature of the dew point and causes corrosion in those areas of the heating surface, the temperature of which is significantly higher than the temperature of the dew point and when burning natural gas is 55 ° C, when combing fuel oil - 125 ... 150 ° C.

In steam boilers, for most cases, the water temperature coming into the economizer exceeds the required temperature because water comes from atmospheric type deaerators with a temperature of 102 ° C.

More difficult, this issue is solved for water-heating boilers, since the temperature of the coolant in the external pipeline of the heat supply system entering the boilers depends on the outdoor temperature.

Increase the temperature of incoming water into the boiler can be a method for recycling hot water from the boiler.

The efficiency and reliability of the water heating system of the water boiler, depends on the flow rate of the coolant through recycling. With an increase in the supply of the pump, the temperature of the water entering the boiler increases, the temperature of the outgoing gases is also increasing, which means that the efficiency of the boiler is reduced. The consumption of electricity to the drive of the recycling pump in this case increases.

Instructions for the operation of hot water boilers It is proposed to regulate the operation of the heating system of heat water in such a way that the water temperature at the inlet of the boilers in the burning of natural gas does not fall below 60 ° C. This requirement reduces the efficiency of their work, since anticorrosive measures to maintain the temperature of the heating surfaces of the heating surfaces can be ensured If the temperature is below 60 ° C. But at the same time it is necessary to take into account in the calculations the temperature of the heating surface of the heating.

Analysis of this kind of calculation shows that, for example, for water boilers operating on natural Gaze, at a gas temperature of 140 ° C, the water temperature at the inlet to the boiler needs to be maintained at least 40 ° C, i.e. Below 60 ° C provided by instructions.

Thus, having changed the operation of the water boilers, you can save thermal and electrical energy in the absence of low-temperature corrosion of metal surfaces of hot water boilers.

The heating boiler is a device, using the combustion of fuel (or electricity) heating the heat carrier.

Device (design) of the heating boiler: heat exchanger, heat insulated housing, hydraulic block, as well as safety elements and automation for control and control. Gas and diesel boilers in the design there is a burner, in solid fuel - firewood and coal firebox. Such boilers require the connection of the chimney to remove the combustion products. Eleklocks are equipped with Tanni, do not have burners and chimels. Many modern boilers are equipped with built-in pumps for forced water circulation.

The principle of the heating boiler - The coolant, passing through the heat exchanger, heats up and further circulates through the heating system, giving the resulting thermal energy Through radiators, warm floor, heated towel rails, as well as ensuring water heating in an indirect heating boiler (if it is connected to the boiler).

Heat exchanger - metal containerin which the heat carrier (water or antifreeze) is heated - can be made of steel, cast iron, copper, etc. Cast iron heat exchangers are resistant to corrosion and rather durable, but sensitive to sharp drop Temperatures and have a lot of weight. Steel can suffer from rust, therefore their inner surfaces are protected by various anti-corrosion coatings. Such heat exchangers are the most common in the production of boilers. Copper heat exchangers corrosion is not terrible and thanks to high coefficient Heat transfer, low weight and dimensions such heat exchangers are popular, often used in wall boilers, but usually more expensive.
In addition to the heat exchanger, an important part of gas or liquid boilers is a burner that can be different species: atmospheric or fan, single-stage or two-stage, with smooth modulation, double. ( Detailed description The burners are presented in articles about gas and liquid fuel boilers).

To control the boiler, automation with different settings and functions (for example, a weather-dependent control system), as well as devices for remote control of the boiler - GSM module (adjustment of the device through SMS messages).

Basic technical characteristics Heating boilers are: boiler power, energy type, number of heating contours, combustion chamber type, burner type, mounting type, pump availability, expansion tank, automatic boiler, etc.

To determine necessary power The heating boiler for the house or apartment is used simple formula - 1 kW of the boiler power for heating 10 m 2 well insulated room with ceiling heights up to 3 m. Accordingly, the heating of the basement, glazed winter Garden, premises with non-standard ceilings, etc. The boiler power must be increased. An increase in power is also necessary (about 20-50%) when providing a boiler and hot water supply (especially if water is needed in the pool).

We note the feature of the calculation of power in gas boilers: nominal pressure Gas, in which the boiler works at a 100% stated power producer, for most boilers is from 13 to 20 mbar, and the actual pressure in gas networks in Russia may be 10 mbar, and sometimes below. Accordingly, the gas boiler often works only on 2/3 of its capabilities and it must be taken into account when calculating. When choosing a boiler power, be sure to mark all the features of the thermal insulation of the house and premises. In more detail with the table of calculating the power of the boiler heating can be

So which boiler is better to choose? Consider the types of boilers:

"Middle class" - The average price is not so prestigious, but it is quite reliably, standard typical solutions are presented. These are Italian boilers Ariston, Hermann and Baxi, Swedish Electrolux, German Unitherm and boilers from Slovakia Protherm.

"Economy class" - budget options, simple modelsThe service life is less than that of boilers higher category. Some manufacturers have boiler budget models, for example,

After installing the heating system, you must configure the temperature mode. It is necessary to conduct this procedure according to existing standards.

Requirements for the temperature of the coolant are set forth in regulatory documents that establish design, laying and using engineering systems of residential and public structures. They are described in state building standards and rules:

• DBN (B. 2.5-39 thermal networks);
• SNIP 2.04.05 "Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning."

For the estimated temperature of the water in the feed, the figure is taken, which is equal to the water temperature at the outlet of the boiler, according to its passport data.

For individual heating To decide which the temperature of the coolant should be, follows in view of such factors:

1. Start and completion heating season by average daily temperature On the street +8 ° C for 3 days;
2. The average temperature inside the heated premises of housing and communal and social significance should be 20 ° C, and for industrial buildings 16 ° C;
3. The average estimated temperature must comply with the requirements of DBN B.2.2-10, DBN B.2.2.-4, DSUNPIN 5.5.2.008, SP №3231-85.

According to SNiP 2.04.05 "Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning" (paragraph 3.20) The limit indicators of the coolant are:

Depending on the external factors, the water temperature in the heating system can be from 30 to 90 ° C. When heated over 90 ° C, dust begin to decay and paintwork. For these reasons sanitary norms Forbid to carry out greater heating.

To calculate the optimal indicators, special graphs and tables can be used, in which the norms are determined depending on the season:

• With an average of 0 ° C, the feed for radiators with different wiring is set at a level from 40 to 45 ° C, and the temperature of the return - from 35 to 38 ° C;
• At -20 ° C, heating from 67 to 77 ° C is carried out, and the return rate should be from 53 to 55 ° C;
• At -40 ° C outside the window for all heating devices, the maximum allowable values \u200b\u200bare put. At the feed is from 95 to 105 ° C, and on the return - 70 ° C.

Optimal values \u200b\u200bin the individual heating system

H2_2.

Heating system It helps to avoid many problems that arise with a centralized network, and the optimal coolant temperature can be adjusted in accordance with the season. In the case of individual heating, the concept of the norm includes heat transfer device of heating per unit area of \u200b\u200bthe room, where this device is worth. Thermal mode in this situation is provided constructive features Heating devices.

It is important to ensure that the heat carrier in the network does not compose below 70 ° C. Optimal consider an indicator of 80 ° C. With a gas boiler, control the heating is easier, because manufacturers restrict the possibility of heating the coolant to 90 ° C. Using the sensors for adjusting the gas supply, heat carrier heating can be adjusted.

A little more complicated with solid fuel devices, they do not regulate the heated fluid, and easily can turn it into steam. And it is impossible to reduce the heat from coal or wood with a turn of the handle in such a situation. Control of heat carrier heating is sufficiently conditional with high errors and is performed by rotary thermostats and mechanical valves.

Electric boilers allow smoothly adjust the heat carrier heating from 30 to 90 ° C. They are equipped with an excellent overheating protection system.

One-tube and two-pipe highways

The design features of a single-tube and two-pipe heating network cause different norms for heating the coolant.

For example, for a single-tube highway, the maximum norm is 105 ° C, and for two-pipe - 95 ° C, while the difference between the reverse and feed must be, respectively: 105 - 70 ° C and 95 - 70 ° C.

Coordination of the temperature of the coolant and boiler

Control the temperature of the coolant and boiler helps the regulators. These are devices that create automatic control and adjustment of the flow temperature and feed.

The inverse temperature is dependent on the amount of fluid that has passed over it. The regulators cover the fluid supply and increase the difference in the return and feed to the level that is needed, and the necessary pointers are installed on the sensor.

If you need to increase the stream, the increase in the network can be added to the network, which is controlled by the regulator. To reduce the feed heating, use the "cold start": that part of the fluid, which was held over the network, from the return again they are recreated to the input.

The regulator redeplies the flow streams and returns according to the data that removed the sensor, and provides strict temperature standards of the heating network.

Ways to reduce heat loss

The above information will help to be used for right calculation The temperature norms of the coolant and tell me how to determine the situations when you need to apply the regulator.

But it is important to remember that not only the temperature of the coolant, street air and the strength of the wind affects the temperature indoors. The degree of insulation of the facade, doors and windows in the house should also be taken into account.

To reduce heat loss housing, you need to worry about its maximum thermal insulation. Warmed walls, compacted doors, metal-plastic windows will help reduce heat leakage. Also, the costs of heating will also be reduced.