Comfortable living conditions in a country cottage cannot be created without a high-quality heating system. It should be efficient and economical enough so that during the heating period it is warm in the living rooms, and the energy costs do not go too high. To achieve this, you need to choose the right type of heating system, and then choose the most suitable option for connecting heating radiators in a private house.
Types of heating systems
The heating system in a private house can be:
air;
electric;
Air system
This option operates without a coolant. The air in the house is heated directly from heating devices - stoves or convectors. With such a system, heating radiators are not used. Air heating is convenient for heating compact country houses. For large cottages, it is used extremely rarely.
electrical system
In such a system, heat is transferred through current conductors. Electric underfloor heating works on this principle. Heating with an electrical system can be quite convenient. But its arrangement requires increased attention to safety rules, and during operation it is expensive for home owners.
water system
A type of heating system in which heat is transferred by means of water (sometimes steam) as a heat carrier. The coolant flows from the heating device through pipes to the heating radiators. This option is considered the most convenient and practical. Most often, in country houses, heating is equipped in this way.
Types of heating boilers
The central element of the heating system is the boiler - a heating device in which the coolant reaches the desired temperature. The scheme for connecting heating in a private house largely depends on which boiler is used in it.
By appointment, boilers are divided into double-circuit and single-circuit. The first option is equipment designed for both heating and water heating. A single-circuit boiler heats only the heat carrier for heating. According to the method of installation, they are divided into floor and wall.
Boilers also differ in the type of fuel with which the coolant is heated. There are boilers of the following types:
-
electrical;
solid fuel;
liquid fuel;
combined.
For the operation of solid fuel boilers, coal, firewood, less often peat and other options for solid combustible materials are used. Diesel or used oils are used as liquid fuel for boilers of the corresponding type.
Most country cottages are heated by gas boilers. In non-gasified areas, heating with electricity is often used. Solid fuel and liquid fuel boilers are completely independent of communication networks. The first option is more attractive because it requires traditional firewood and coal, rather than dangerous combustible liquids.
The most prudent homeowners install combined boilers in their homes designed to work on different types of fuel. For example, you can install an electric boiler, supplemented by a combustion chamber for solid fuels, so that in the event of a power failure, you can switch to wood heating.
Double-circuit boilers that provide housing with heat and warm water are mainly gas devices. They are versatile as they save homeowners the hassle of buying and installing a separate water heater.
On our website you can find contacts of construction companies that offer home insulation services.
Heating radiator device
The heating radiator consists of several heat exchange sections. The more sections, the higher the battery power, respectively. There are such models of radiators that can be “growth” with new sections, if necessary, already during operation.
Through all sections there is one collector at the top and one at the bottom. Each section has a vertical channel connecting the upper and lower collectors. This applies to all sections, including the extreme ones. Therefore, the radiator has 4 outputs, but only two of them are used. One is connected to the coolant supply pipe, and the second serves to drain the cooled water back to the boiler. Unused outlets are closed with plugs. This is how most radiators work.
Types of pipe system
In the scheme of the heating system, the relative position of the inlet of the coolant supply and the outlet of the "return" is of fundamental importance. It depends on the direction of the coolant and on the type of pipe system.
Single pipe system
This is a simplified version of arranging heating in a cottage. This option is quite economical, since it requires fewer pipes for wiring and is performed with less labor costs for installation work. The system is a chain of radiators connected by a single pipe. The coolant heated in the boiler enters each radiator in turn, flowing from one to the other. That is, the "return" from one battery becomes the supply for the next, and so on.
The single-pipe scheme for connecting heating radiators in a private house has one significant drawback - with it, the radiators heat up unevenly. The hottest will always be the first radiator, and further from battery to battery, the temperature will gradually decrease. Therefore, it is impossible to maintain the same temperature in all rooms with single-pipe heating.
With certain planning features, a single-pipe system may be quite suitable. So, if in a small house the chain of radiators starts from living rooms and ends with technical rooms, this option may be optimal. But in spacious cottages it is better to install two-pipe heating.
Two-pipe system
More expensive to set up, but simple and easy to use option. In this system, two lines of pipes function simultaneously. The first supplies hot water to each battery. That is, there is one pipe entering each radiator. The coolant, before entering the radiator, regardless of its location in the circuit, does not enter neighboring radiators, but goes directly. The second pipe collects the return from all radiators and delivers it to the heating manifold.
The advantages of the bottom type of wiring are that almost the same temperature is achieved at all points of heat exchange. Such a system lends itself better to adjustment and provides uniform heating of the entire building.
Beam (collector) system
The collector circuit is a variant of a two-pipe connection, but with a more complex wiring. It is used in cases where pipes need to be hidden, for example under a floor covering. In this case, two collectors are equipped - for supply and return, and one pipe extends from each radiator to the first collector, and one more to the second.
In some connection schemes, two types of system are used. The whole house can be heated according to the two-pipe principle, but for a separate area, for example, a veranda or a large living room, a bunch of several radiators are used according to the single-pipe principle. When developing a two-pipe scheme for connecting heating batteries in a private house, the main thing is not to get confused in the supply and return manifolds.
Scheme of connecting radiators to the heating system
The coolant moves through the pipes and channels of the batteries due to two factors. The first is the desire of the liquid to fill the voids. In the absence of air pockets, a natural dynamic head of the coolant is created. The second factor is the movement of flows of different temperatures. Hot water tends to rise, displacing cold water into the lower stream.
Diagonal top connection
Diagonal connection of radiators with top feed allows you to equip the most efficient space heating. Hot water is supplied to the upper inlet, inside it spreads through the sections, and, cooling down, goes down, after which it is forced out into the lower inlet to the return manifold located on the other side of the radiator.
Bidirectional bottom connection
The supply is carried out at the bottom entrance on one side, and the return exits from the bottom entrance on the other side of the battery. The efficiency in this case is lower than in the previous version. But such a connection allows you to hide the pipes as much as possible.
One-way bottom top connection
Used mainly in multi-storey buildings. In cottages on 2 or 3 floors with one-pipe heating, it is also sometimes used. The difference between the lower and upper connections is that in the first case, hot water is supplied to the lower inlet and is discharged under pressure through the upper inlet, and in the second case, the opposite happens. In both cases, the plant and the coolant outlet are located on the same side. It is worth noting that of all the existing options, a one-way bottom connection is the most inefficient.
Video description
Which radiator connection system to choose
Other options
Theoretically, it is also possible to use a diagonal connection with a bottom inlet or a double-sided connection with a top inlet. These two options will also work if done correctly. However, the functioning of the system will be greatly hampered by the intersection of flows. Therefore, it is better not to experiment and take a diagonal top connection or a two-sided bottom connection as a basis.
Location of radiators
For high-quality heating of a cottage, it is necessary not only to correctly choose a heating scheme, but also to correctly position the batteries in the premises. The installation of heating batteries in a private house is carried out on the basis of calculations made by specialists. The number of radiators and sections for each radiator is determined taking into account various factors:
volume of premises;
the level of heat loss of the building;
radiator tie-in scheme;
at what height the batteries will be installed, and much more.
Video description
Typically, radiators are located under the windows. This creates a barrier to the cold air flow coming from the window. In addition, the air coming from the window opening is "dried" by the heat from the radiator, as a result, condensate does not collect on the surfaces in the room. The battery should be slightly narrower than the window, and it should be placed in the center relative to the window opening.
The radiator should not adjoin the upper part to the window sill, as this complicates the process of heat distribution. From the floor to the bottom level of the battery should be about 100 mm. A higher location will cause the air directly above the floor to warm up poorly. If you install the radiators too low, it will be difficult to clean the accumulated dust under them.
When planning the installation of batteries, it is necessary to take into account the features of the wall. Modern batteries are not very heavy, but in some cases the characteristics of the wall require strengthening the surface on which the bracket for the heating elements will be mounted.
Video description
Installation of heating radiators
On our website you can find contacts of construction companies that offer water supply installation services, sewerage and heating. You can directly communicate with representatives by visiting the exhibition of houses "Low-Rise Country".
Conclusion
The process of calculating, designing and installing a heating system can only be trusted by qualified specialists. But every homeowner should know the simplest rules for connecting radiators. The effective principle of connecting and locating heating equipment is a guarantee that a favorable and comfortable microclimate will always reign in the house.
What does the correct connection of a heating radiator look like? We will analyze the connection schemes used in private houses and city apartments, and pipes, fittings and elements of shut-off and control valves used for this purpose. In addition, we will find out what mistakes can be made when designing and installing a heating system.
Circuit diagrams
If in a city apartment the scheme of the heating system as a whole or its separate loop does not depend on our efforts, then in a private house the circuit is designed from scratch.
Two fundamentally different schemes can be distinguished:
- Single pipe, which is the only filling along the perimeter of the heated building. Heating appliances are cut parallel to the filling.
Note: consistent installation of batteries is also practiced; it is inconvenient because it does not allow independent adjustment of devices.
- Two-pipe- independent supply and return filling. Each radiator acts as a jumper between them.
The advantages of a single-pipe circuit are low cost, ease of installation and exceptional fault tolerance. Disadvantages - a significant temperature spread between the first and last heater, as well as the problematic laying around the perimeter of the house in the presence of high openings and panoramic windows.
The two-pipe scheme is devoid of these shortcomings, however, under certain conditions, it can create much more serious problems for the owner. The batteries closest to the boiler dampen the difference between fillings, which slows down the circulation in distant appliances. That is why the two-pipe requires mandatory balancing - throttling of the connections and adjusting their throughput to equalize temperatures.
This problem is gracefully circumvented in an associated two-pipe system, the Tichelmann loop, all loops of which are of equal length.
Insert radiators
What are the ways to connect heating radiators to spills and risers?
| Name | Description | Peculiarities |
| Lateral unilateral | The connections are connected to the upper and lower collectors on one side of the heater. | With a small number of sections provides maximum heat transfer. If the number of sections is more than ten, the edge of the radiator farthest from the connections will cool down. Silt accumulates in the outer sections over time |
| Bottom down | Liners are connected to both plugs of the lower manifold | The heat transfer of the device is slightly reduced due to slow circulation through the upper collector. The radiator does not require flushing: the sections do not silt |
| Diagonal | The connections are connected to the top plug on one side of the radiator and the bottom plug on the other side. | Heat transfer is maximum at any length of the radiator. The bottom of the sections is silted from the side of the blind bottom plug |
Please note: in a closed autonomous heating system, you can forget about the problem of battery silting.
A small amount of suspension contained in the coolant quickly collects in the sump and does not create problems in the future.
Accordingly, it makes sense to choose those types of connection of heating radiators that will provide maximum heat transfer.
Mistakes
Incorrect connection of heating radiators can lead to malfunctions of the central heating system, autonomous circuit or seriously reduce the heat transfer of the device.
What mistakes can be made when installing batteries?
- Inserting your radiator between the supply and return risers on any floor except the top one will make your riser neighbors freeze. The coolant will circulate through the small ring - through your battery, but the heat transfer of all devices above the improvised jumper will drop sharply.
- Radiator tie-in with any shut-off or throttling valves on the inlets without a jumper in front of the taps or throttles. In this case, a closed tap will stop the circulation in the entire riser.
- Lateral connection of a multi-section radiator, as already mentioned, will lead to a drop in heat transfer from the extreme sections.
- The connection of heating radiators with an undersized piping will also lead to a drop in thermal power relative to the nominal one. The norm is the pipe DN15 (1/2 inch) with up to seven sections and DN20 (3/4 inch) with more sections.
Material selection
The choice of pipes, batteries and fittings affects the efficiency and safety of the heating system at least as much as its scheme. What materials should be preferred in different cases?
Central heating
The nominal parameters of the central heating operation (4-6 kgf / cm2, 40-95 C) seem to allow the use of any modern pipes, batteries and fittings in it.
However, practice shows that it is better to refuse some of their types:
- The calculated value of the coolant temperature is often exceeded in severe frosts. With massive complaints about the cold in apartments, the operation of elevator units without a nozzle, with a muffled suction, is sometimes practiced. In this mode, the batteries can heat up to 130 - 140 C.
- Abrupt closing of any element of shutoff valves due to the incompetence of a locksmith or a breakdown will lead to a water hammer with a short-term increase in pressure up to 20-25 atmospheres.
Cast iron radiators are designed for a pressure of 9 - 15 atmospheres and can be destroyed during a water hammer.
It is the probability of emergency situations that leaves its mark on the choice of equipment for central heating.
Pipes
For installation of eyeliners can be used:
- Steel VGP (water and gas) pipe on welded joints;
- Threaded galvanized VGP pipe. Welds are contraindicated for its anti-corrosion coating: zinc burns out at high temperatures;
- Corrugated stainless steel pipe with compression fittings.
The latter option is attractive in that it is easy to assemble with your own hands using the simplest tool - a pair of adjustable wrenches. The price of a corrugated pipe with a diameter of 1/2 inch is about 200 rubles per linear meter.
Radiators
Central heating systems use:
- , representing a coil of pipe with fins that increase heat transfer;
- Bimetal radiators. The steel core makes them resistant to pressure surges up to 25 - 40 kgf / cm2;
- In rooms where aesthetics does not play a decisive role, the installation of home-made all-welded tubular radiators (registers) is practiced. As a rule, the connection of steel heating radiators is carried out with a black steel pipe on welded joints.
Heating system
Pipes
Fully controlled parameters of autonomous circuits allow the use of inexpensive and durable polypropylene and metal-plastic pipes in them.
A couple of subtleties are associated with their installation:
- For metal-plastic, not compression, but press fittings are preferred, which better tolerate numerous heating and cooling cycles;
- For polypropylene, reinforcement is desirable that reduces the elongation of pipes when heated.
Radiators
Everything is simple here: our choice is cheap, aesthetic and high heat dissipation aluminum batteries.
Aluminum sectional batteries are an excellent choice for a stand-alone circuit.
Valves and fittings
In recent years, American women have been massively used to connect the heater to taps and connections - fittings with a union nut, which make it possible to make the connection quick-connect.
The following can be used as control and shutoff valves:
- Ball Valves;
- Cone valves (chokes), allowing you to adjust the heat transfer in manual mode;
- Thermostatic valves with thermal heads allowing automatic maintenance of the set air temperature.
On the upper floors of apartment buildings and in cases where the upper radiator manifold is the upper point of a separate loop of the circuit, the radiator plug is equipped with a Mayevsky crane - a simple device for bleeding air plugs.
Conclusion
We hope that our review of connection diagrams and materials used in heating systems will help the reader make the right decision when planning their own repair or construction. The video in this article will offer him additional thematic information. Good luck!
In addition to the two-pipe heating system, which is quite common in our country, a single-pipe system can also be found. This will provide significant savings by reducing the need for pipes, but a number of measures will have to be taken to ensure that the heating of the home is uniform. In particular, special attention will have to be paid to the methods of connecting radiators.
Is it worth it to use a single-pipe heating system
When laying pipes, a 2-pipe heating system is often used. Schematically, it can be represented in the form of 2 circuits, one is responsible for supplying hot water to the radiators, and the second for removing the cooled coolant and supplying it to the boiler. This approach allows you to organize the circulation of water of the same temperature in all batteries.
A significant disadvantage of this method of organizing heating is the financial cost of pipes (the price of such a heating device will be about 1.5-2 times more than a single-pipe one), and the labor intensity increases. In addition, pipes will be more difficult to disguise.
The single-pipe scheme does not imply the presence of a separate riser for the removal of the cooled coolant, that is, the pipes will need about half as much. Schematically, it can be represented as a closed circuit, and the connection of radiators with a single-pipe heating system is made in series.
Such a system began to be massively applied during the construction boom back in the USSR, at the same time its significant shortcomings were discovered:
- the main thing can be considered that the last batteries in the circuit receive a coolant with a temperature of about 30-50% lower than those closest to the boiler, this leads to the fact that the rooms are heated extremely unevenly;
Note!
This shortcoming can be easily solved by increasing the number of sections of the last radiators.
But when building a large number of facilities, this will lead to an increase in calculations, which is not very convenient.
- you will need a fairly powerful pump, it will not work to organize the movement of the coolant by gravity;
- it is characterized by large heat losses;
- the start-up of the system takes longer than in the case of a two-pipe system;
- when doing work with your own hands, the risk of air pockets during operation is especially high. It's just that quite often it is not possible to maintain the necessary slopes along the entire length of the pipes.
The listed list of disadvantages is typical for a conventional single-pipe heating system. Today, most of these shortcomings are successfully eliminated by installing simple devices. For example, it is already possible to regulate the temperature in individual batteries, and the installation of balancing valves will make it possible to achieve almost the same operating conditions for all batteries in the circuit.
Given the significant savings on materials, such a scheme of the heating system definitely deserves attention.
How to connect radiators correctly
Not only the reliability of their operation, but also the efficiency of heating in general depends on the correct connection of radiators. For example, with a lower radiator connection, it will warm up somewhat worse than with a diagonal one.
Features of installing a radiator
Connection of heating radiators with a single-pipe heating system can be performed in 2 ways:
- without using a bypass (flow circuit). In this case, the maximum heat transfer of the radiator is guaranteed, but the operation of the system cannot be called flexible and reliable. With such a scheme, the failure of even one battery will require turning off the entire heating system, it will not work to turn off only one radiator;
- installation of a radiator with a bypass. This somewhat reduces the flow of coolant into it, as a result of which the heat transfer of the heater decreases by up to 10-15%, but such losses cannot be called critical in any way (especially since a margin is always included in the calculation, the same 10-15%). But the landlord will have the opportunity not only to turn off any battery at any time, but also to regulate the temperature in it.
In the photo - bypass
Note!
In order to avoid problems with, the bypass diameter must be selected 1 step less than the diameter of the supply pipe.
Also, when installing radiators, you will need:
- a pair of ball valves, installed on both sides of the radiator and used to instantly turn off the water supply to it;
- in principle, the instructions do not require this, but it is advisable to install a simple automatic thermostat at the battery inlet. A couple of hundred rubles will not affect the budget, but the ability to regulate the heat transfer of the heater is worth a lot;
- fittings for connecting the bypass to the pipeline. It is advisable to do without welding, and use any other type of detachable connection, for example, an American;
- also, when installing, a Mayevsky crane is extremely necessary, situations often arise when one section of the battery suddenly becomes cool, air congestion is to blame. The Mayevsky crane allows you to manually bleed air from the radiator.
Note!
A ball valve can be installed on the pipeline section under the battery in order for the coolant to circulate (adjustable bypass).
When the battery is disconnected, it opens.
How to properly connect a radiator
The heat transfer of the heater largely depends on how exactly the inlet and outlet pipes are connected to it. The difference between different connection methods can be up to 20-25%.
Connecting a heating radiator to a single-pipe system can be performed according to one of the following schemes:
- unilateral. At the same time, the inlet and outlet pipes are connected to the radiator from the bottom side, or the inlet from the top, and the outlet from the bottom);
- diagonal(it is also cross), the supply pipe is connected to the upper part of the battery, the discharge pipe to the bottom;
- bottom- in this case, the pipes are connected from the bottom side of the battery, the connection can be made both from one side and from different sides.
With lateral connection, the heat transfer of the battery is not much less than the maximum, a fairly uniform heating of the sections is ensured, the best option for vertical wiring.
But the scheme for connecting heating radiators with a single-pipe system in which the pipes are connected from the bottom side is far from ideal. The heat transfer of the radiator can be lower by about 10-20%, depending on the length of the sections, the circulation of the coolant is difficult, respectively, the distant sections warm up poorly.
Note!
If you need to mask the pipes in the floor or wall and make them completely invisible, then you can purchase radiators in which the connection is made from the bottom side.
Heat transfer, of course, is not up to par, but the pipes are not visible.
Diagonal connection of a heating radiator with a single-pipe system can be considered the best option in terms of efficiency. In this case, the coolant passes diagonally through the entire battery and the sections are heated as evenly as possible. Practice shows that optimal heat transfer is observed when the number of sections is about 15 pieces.
With a cross (diagonal connection), it is the supply pipe that must be connected to the top of the radiator, and the outlet pipe to the bottom. If they are interchanged, then the heat transfer will drop by almost half.
How to achieve maximum heating efficiency
The correct connection of heating radiators in a single-pipe system, of course, affects the heating efficiency, but you should also not forget about shut-off and control valves. And the choice of location also plays a role.
In order to achieve a stable microclimate in the house in any weather, and the batteries do not run idle, it is recommended to follow the following tips:
- do not place them close to the wall. Typically, radiators are installed in niches under the windows, in which case it is necessary to maintain distances from the walls and the floor (the distance from the walls should be about 5 cm, and from the floor - from 10 cm);
Note!
Ordinary curtains can also affect the heating efficiency, if the batteries are covered with a thick cloth, then the heating efficiency will drop sharply.
- as for thermostats, it is best to choose an automatic model; after the initial calibration, it will maintain the temperature in the room by itself. One-pipe connection of heating radiators will not be a problem if a bypass is used, in which case the circulation will be carried out partly through it, and partly through the pipe.
Summarizing
A single-pipe heating system is extremely attractive from the point of view of economy, the cost of pipes alone will be almost 2 times less. A number of problems associated with connecting batteries in series can be solved with simple thermostats, balancing valves and choosing the best way to connect a radiator.
The video in this article describes the advantages and disadvantages of different types of battery connection.
One of the reasons for the insufficiently good operation of the heating system in the house is the illiterate installation of heating batteries, the incorrect calculation of the number of sections in the battery, or the incorrect location of the radiators in the room and throughout the building. Therefore, the specifications of the battery specified in the passport will not be met. Proper installation of heating radiators involves the use of several schemes, and you need to know them before choosing the most optimal one.
How is the radiator
Structurally, any radiator is an assembly of heating sections combined into one unit (positions No. 1 and No. 2 in the figure below) by a collector. There can be any number of such sections in one radiator, but usually the maximum number is 10-12 pieces. Sections can be added or removed as they are threaded together. Some models of radiators are made non-separable, which complicates their non-repair operation.
- 1 - collector from above;
- 2 - collector from below;
- 3 - vertical sectional channels in the radiator;
- 4 - radiator housing, working as a heat exchanger.
Vertical channels are interconnected (position No. 4), and hot water flows through them. Both collectors have an input and an output (in the diagram for the collector on top, these are B1 and B2, for the collector below, these are B3 and B4). 
The supply of heated water from the heat generator is connected to the inlet, and a return pipe (“return pipe”) is connected to the outlet. Unnecessary holes are closed with screw plugs. When buying a new radiator, all the necessary parts for assembly, including plugs, are included in the basic package. It is the correct installation of heating radiators and the connection scheme of the collectors that determines the efficiency of the heating system. A Mayevsky crane, which is also included in the kit, is usually installed on one free exit. Effective installation of radiators includes two main schemes - 1-pipe and 2-pipe methods for connecting heating radiators. The choice of scheme depends on how the supply and return will be connected to the system. Within the framework of the selected scheme, the connection of pipes with coolant can be top, bottom, diagonal or lateral.
Attention: The figure shows a simplified diagram of the radiator device. The specific model will differ in design features.
Single pipe heating system
Such schemes for connecting heating radiators in a private house are considered the simplest and are used even in multi-apartment high-rise buildings, despite their low efficiency. The popularity of the single-pipe scheme is due to its low cost and simple installation. Therefore, connecting batteries according to this principle is one route that runs from the supply to the "return" connected to the boiler. For one floor, a single-pipe heating connection scheme in a private house is as follows: 
It is clear from the figure that the return pipe of the previous battery is the supply pipe of the next radiator. There is only one drawback of such a scheme - in each next radiator the temperature will be lower than in the previous one. In addition to the horizontal connection of the hot water pipe, there is also a vertical scheme, and this is also a good connection. Such a scheme is usually implemented in an apartment building, it is mounted in two versions - "a" and "b": 
- According to scheme "a", the pipe with the coolant is supplied from above, and the water is directed downward.
- According to scheme "b", the lower connection of heating radiators is implemented.
Option "b" is used to save materials, since this scheme has the main disadvantage - the temperature on each next radiator drops even more than in option "a".
Two-pipe scheme
Before connecting a heating radiator, you need to study the 2-pipe version, which is considered more efficient, simple and able to adjust the temperature in each heater. But connecting a heating radiator to a two-pipe system will require more building materials and higher labor costs. 
The advantage of implementing such a scheme is obvious - in each radiator the temperature is maintained as efficiently as possible, at a constant and stable level, and the location and distance of the heaters from the heat generator does not matter. Two-pipe connection of the heating battery is also carried out in multi-apartment high-rise buildings. The supply and "return" are muffled from above, and it turns out the connection of two vertical collectors running in parallel.
In practice, other two-pipe heating schemes are also used - collector, it is also “radiant” or “star”. But such complex wiring is mainly used for the installation of hidden wiring, for example, under the floor. It is clear from the figure that it is necessary to first assemble the collector itself, and from it to separate the heating pipes throughout the premises of the house. 
Before you properly connect the heating battery, you need to understand which scheme will be most effective for a particular room and its geometry. Often, batteries are connected in two ways - 1-pipe and 2-pipe - even in the same room.
Radiator connection diagonally with top feed
Option "A" (see figure below) is considered the most effective. If the batteries are connected according to this option, then in the calculations of the heating system for the circuit, a correction factor of 1 is introduced, and for other connection options, corrections in one direction or another. Heated water passes through the pipe line without hindrance, the pipes are 100% filled, there is no air in them. As a result, the heat exchanger is heated evenly over the entire area, which leads to maximum heat transfer to the room. 
- A - diagonal connection of heating radiators with top supply;
- B - one-sided scheme with top feed.
Option "B" is traditionally implemented in a 1-pipe scheme. This scheme was most widely used when connecting risers with a coolant supply from above in high-rise buildings or when connecting pipes with a supply from below on descending heating mains.
On the positive side, the circuit works as efficiently as possible if there are few sections in the battery.
Negative point: with a large number of heat exchange sections, the pressure in the system may not be enough to force water through the uppermost ring. Therefore, water can flow through the near vertical sections of the battery, which will provoke stagnation in certain sections of the heating main.
Approximate number of radiator sections per room - table:
| Brand | thermal return, | Room area, m 2 (ceiling 2.7 m high) | ||||||||||||||||
| 8,0 | 10,0 | 12,0 | 14,0 | 16,0 | 18,0 | 20,0 | 22,0 | 24,0 | 26,0 | 28,0 | 30,0 | 32,0 | 34,0 | 36,0 | 38,0 | 40,0 | ||
| Required number of sections | ||||||||||||||||||
| A350 aluminum radiator | 0,14 | b | 7 | 8 | 9 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 |
| A500 aluminum radiator | 0,186 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 |
| S500 aluminum radiator | 0,201 | 4 | 5 | b | 7 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 |
| Bimetal radiator L350 | 0,14 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 |
| Bimetal radiator L500 | 0,19 | b | 7 | 8 | 9 | AND | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 |
Even standard sizes of a heating battery will give heat losses of up to 5%. And with an increased number of sections, heat losses on each radiator can reach 10%. Therefore, when connecting heating radiators to the piping circuit, it is better to install batteries according to the first method - “A”.
Radiator connection options
Water supply from below with one-sided pipe connection
The scheme has a low efficiency, but with the lower connection of the coolant supply pipe, it is used very often, even in high-rise buildings. The option justifies itself with ease of installation, economical use of building materials and low labor costs.
Cons of connecting according to this option:
- The appearance of a zone of stagnant water, which will lead to cooling of the farthest radiator.
- Losses during heat transfer can rise up to 20-25%.
Double Sided Bottom Feed
The option is used both in private houses and in multi-apartment skyscrapers. This scheme allows you to mask the pipe line in the wall or under the floor. Efficiency is low, but it is precisely because of the possibility of covert pipe laying that the option is popular.
Flaws:
- Losses during heat transfer can rise up to 10-15%.
- The upper sections of the battery sections will warm up less due to the oncoming flows of the cooled coolant, as the hot water will tend to move along the lower collector.
Diagonal bottom connection
The most inefficient installation of heating batteries, but there may be cases of forced installation of just such a scheme.
Flaws:
- As mentioned above, the pressure in the line may not be enough to warm up the upper rings of the heating system as much as possible.
- In addition, the resistance and temperature difference play a role. Therefore, if a radiator with more than the calculated number of sections is installed, a stagnation zone may appear under the coolant return pipe.
- Heat losses during heating installation according to a similar scheme are ≤ 20%.
Top connection on both sides
Before you properly connect the radiator, you must understand that this option is inefficient. Flaws:
- The coolant is supplied through the upper collector, which means that it will not flow down, and the lower part of the battery will always be cold.
- This option is also used in exceptional cases when there are no other solutions. More or less effective can be considered the connection of high radiators according to this scheme.
Battery Connection Optimization - Options
With the existing pipe wiring, you don’t want to change it, but often this option is more profitable than replacing a radiator or changing the entire battery connection scheme in the system. You can optimize the connection of pipes directly connected to the battery if the heating radiator piping is changed geometrically (see the figure below): 
Companies that manufacture heating batteries and radiators almost always produce models designed for connection according to different tie-in options, but the diagonal option is considered the most optimal connection solution, at least in Moscow, which is indicated as the most effective in the device passport. Also in the instruction manual (and possibly on the device itself) the correct direction of flow and other useful parameters are indicated. If it is not possible to purchase the above radiator, heat transfer is optimized using a valve. 
Such a valve is mounted between the sections, blocking the intersection nipple. A heating pipe is inserted inside the valve, supplying or discharging the coolant - this depends on the selected option for connecting the battery.
Another option for optimizing heat transfer is a flow extender. This is a special pipe Ø 16 mm, which is inserted into the upper collector of the radiator. If a Ø 16 mm thread does not fit the radiator or battery, then you can buy an extension cord with a different thread diameter or connect it to the battery through an adapter. 
The extension cable is most effective if a diagonal connection to the battery is made from above in a one-sided version. In this connection option, the coolant enters the upper remote edge of the battery through the extension cavity and from there it moves diagonally to the lower opposite end of the radiator. Thus, a variant of the coolant is realized diagonally from top to bottom, in which all sections of the heating device are evenly heated.
Video about the operation of a 1-pipe heating system
Video about the operation of a 2-pipe heating system
The location of the radiator in the room
Even the most expensive radiator will not give the desired effect if it is not properly connected or mounted incorrectly on the wall. Standard mounting options for radiators are under window openings, next to entrance doorways, in places where there are unremovable drafts. But regarding the fastening of heating batteries on walls and other surfaces, there are also standard requirements:
- Under the windowsill. Under it there is always a place for a battery, since other interior items are simply not needed there. All drafts from the window are minimized by heat flow from the radiator. With this arrangement of the device, its total length should not exceed ¾ of the width of the entire window. If this rule is followed, the heat output will be maximum. The radiator should be mounted in the center of the window, the tolerance to the left or right should not be more than 2 cm.
- Between the window sill and the radiator there must be a distance in height of at least 10 cm (or at least ¾ of the thickness of the heating battery), but not more than 15 cm, otherwise the window sill plane will retain the entire heat flow or not reflect it with a high mount.
- The distance between the battery and the wall on which it is mounted should not be less than 2 cm. A shorter distance provokes the accumulation of debris and dust, which, in turn, reduces the heat transfer of the device.
These requirements are not fixed in GOST, therefore they are advisory. If there are no other recommendations from the manufacturer, then it is best to take these tips into account when attaching any radiator. But most often, the manufacturer in the radiator passport indicates the optimal scheme for mounting it on the wall, which should be used.
Conclusion
After considering the main options for connecting heaters to the heating system, their main disadvantages, as well as the advantages of each connection option, clearly emerge. In addition, the considered options for optimizing heat transfer can be applied to any scheme, and recommendations for mounting radiators are always needed when installing a heating system in an apartment or in a private house.
In order for the autonomous type heating system to work as efficiently and efficiently as possible, it is important not only to choose the right heating devices included in its design, but also to connect them accordingly, using the optimal schemes for connecting heating radiators in a private house.
The comfort of living in the house directly depends on how competently and professionally this will be done, so it is best to entrust the calculations and installation of the system to specialists. But, if necessary, you can perform the installation work yourself, paying attention to the following points:
- Correct wiring installation.
- The sequence of connection of all elements of the system, including pipelines, locking and control valves, boiler and pumping equipment.
- Selection of optimal heating equipment and components.
Before you connect a heating radiator in a private house, you must familiarize yourself with the following installation and placement standards for these devices:
- The distance from the bottom of the battery to the floor is 10-12 cm.
- The gap from the top of the radiator to the window sill is at least 8-10 cm.
- The distance from the rear panel of the device to the wall is at least 2 cm.
Important: Failure to comply with the above standards can lead to a decrease in the level of heat transfer from heaters and incorrect operation of the entire heating system.
Another important point to consider before installing heating radiators in a private house is their location in the premises. It is considered optimal when installed under windows. In this case, they create additional protection from the cold entering the house through window openings.
Please note that in rooms with several windows, it is better to install radiators under each of them, connecting them in series. In the corner rooms, it is also necessary to install several sources of heating.
The radiators connected to the system must have automatic or manual heat regulation. To this end, they are equipped with special ones designed to select the optimal temperature regime depending on the operating conditions of these devices.
Types of piping
Connection of heating radiators in a private house can be carried out by one-pipe or two-pipe scheme.
The first method is widely used in multi-storey houses, in which hot water is first supplied through the supply pipe to the upper floors, after which, after passing through the radiators from top to bottom, it enters the heating boiler, gradually cooling down. Most often in such a scheme there is a natural circulation of the coolant.
The photo shows a single-pipe connection diagram with a bypass (jumper) Its main advantages:
- Low cost and material consumption.
- Relative ease of installation.
- Compatible with various types of underfloor heating systems and radiators.
- Possibility of installation in rooms with different layouts.
- Aesthetic appearance due to the use of only one pipe.
Minuses:
- The complexity of carrying out hydro- and heat calculations.
- The inability to regulate the heat supply on a separate radiator, without affecting the rest.
- High level of heat loss.
- An increased pressure of the heat carrier is required.
Please note: During the operation of a single-pipe heating system, difficulties may arise with the circulation of the coolant through the pipeline. However, they can be solved by installing pumping equipment.
Two-pipe scheme connecting heating batteries in a private house is based on a parallel method of connecting heating devices. That is, the branch supplying the coolant is supplied to the system, in this case it is not connected with the branch through which it returns, and their connection is carried out at the end point of the system.
Advantages:
- Possibility of using automatic temperature controllers.
- Serviceability. If necessary, shortcomings and errors made during installation can be corrected without damage to the system.
Flaws:
- Higher installation costs.
- Longer installation time compared to a single-pipe type of wiring.
Radiator connection options
To know how to properly connect a heating battery, you need to consider that in addition to the types of piping, there are several schemes for connecting batteries to the heating system. These include the following options for connecting heating radiators in a private house:
- Lateral (unilateral).
In this case, the connection of the outlet and supply pipes is made on one side of the radiator. This method of connection allows you to achieve uniform heating of each section at minimal cost for equipment and a small amount of coolant. Most often used in multi-storey buildings, with a large number of radiators.
Useful information: If the battery, connected to the heating system in a one-way scheme, has a large number of sections, the efficiency of its heat transfer will be significantly reduced due to the weak heating of its remote sections. It is better to ensure that the number of sections does not exceed 12 pieces. or use another connection method.
- Diagonal (cross).
It is used when connecting to a heating system with a large number of sections. In this case, the supply pipe, as in the previous connection option, is located at the top, and the return pipe is at the bottom, but they are located on opposite sides of the radiator. Thus, heating of the maximum battery area is achieved, which increases heat transfer and improves the efficiency of space heating.
- Lower.
This connection scheme, otherwise called "Leningrad", is used in systems with a hidden pipeline laid under the floor. In this case, the connection of the inlet and outlet pipes is made to the lower branch pipes of the sections located at opposite ends of the battery.
The disadvantage of this scheme is heat loss, reaching 12-14%, which can be compensated by the installation of air valves designed to remove air from the system and increase battery power.
For quick dismantling and repair of the radiator, its outlet and inlet pipes are equipped with special taps. To adjust the power, it is equipped with a temperature control device, which is installed on the supply pipe.
What they have, you can find out from a separate article. It also contains a list of popular manufacturers.
And about what it is, read in another article. Volume calculation, installation.
Tips for choosing an instantaneous water heater for a faucet. Device, popular models.
Installation
As a rule, the installation of the heating system and the installation of heating radiators is carried out by invited specialists. However, using the listed methods for connecting heating radiators in a private house , you can install the batteries yourself, strictly following the technological sequence of this process.
If you perform these works accurately and competently, ensuring the tightness of all connections in the system, there will be no problems with it during operation, and installation costs will be minimal.
The photo shows an example of a diagonal installation method. The procedure for this will be as follows:
- We dismantle the old radiator (if necessary), having previously blocked the heating line.
- We mark the place of installation. The radiators are fixed on brackets that need to be attached to the walls, taking into account the regulatory requirements described earlier. This must be taken into account when marking.
- Attach brackets.
- We collect the battery. To do this, we install adapters on the mounting holes in it (they come with the device).
Attention: Usually two adapters are left-handed and two are right-handed!
- We also use locking caps to plug unused collectors. To seal the joints, we use sanitary flax, winding it on the left thread counterclockwise, on the right - clockwise.
- We fasten ball-type valves to the junctions with the pipeline.
- We hang the radiator in place and connect it to the pipeline with mandatory sealing of the joints.
- We make pressure testing and trial start-up of water.
Thus, before connecting a heating battery in a private house, it is necessary to determine the type of wiring in the system and its connection scheme. At the same time, installation work can be performed independently, taking into account the established standards and process technology.
How the installation of heating batteries in a private house is carried out, the video will show you clearly.