"Air pollution is an environmental problem." This phrase does not reflect anyone of the consequences that the violation of natural composition and balance in the mixture of gases, called air.

To illustrate such a statement does not cause any difficulty. The World Health Organization has led data on this topic for 2014. Due to air pollution in the world, about 3.7 million people died. Almost 7 million people died of exposure to the body of polluted air. And this in one year.

The air includes 98-99% nitrogen and oxygen, the rest: argon, carbon dioxide, water and hydrogen. It consists of an atmosphere of the Earth. The main component, as we see oxygen. It is necessary for the existence of everything alive. They "breathe" the cells, that is, when it is admitted to the body of the body, a chemical oxidation reaction occurs, as a result of which the energy necessary for growth, development, reproduction, exchange with other organisms, and the like, is it, that is, for life.

The contamination of the atmosphere is interpreted as bringing chemical, biological and physical substances into the atmospheric air, that is, the change in their natural concentration. But it is more important not to change the concentration, which, no doubt, is occurring, but a decrease in the composition of the most useful component - oxygen. After all, the volume of the mixture does not increase. Harmful and pollutants are not added by simply adding volumes, but destroy and occupy its place. In fact, there is a lack of food for cells, that is, the basic nutrition of a living being.

About 24,000 people per day dies from hunger, that is, about 8 million in the year, which is comparable to the mortality rate from air pollution.

Types and sources of pollution

The air was contaminated at all times. Volcanic eruptions, Fires Forest and peat, dust and pollen plants and other substances in the atmosphere of substances usually immicking its natural composition, but that occurred as a result of natural reasons is the first type of origin of air pollution - natural. The second is as a result of human activity, that is, artificial or anthropogenic.

Anthropogenic pollution, in turn, can be divided into subspecies: transport or arising from the work of various types of transport, production, that is, the substances associated with emissions into the atmosphere formed in the production process and household or as a result of the direct vital activity of a person.

Air pollution itself can be physical, chemical and biological.

• Physical dust and solid particles, radioactive radiation and isotopes, electromagnetic waves and radio waves, noise, including loud sounds and low-frequency oscillation and thermal, in any form.
• Chemical pollution is a gas inlet of gaseous substances: carbon and nitrogen oxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrocarbons, aldehydes, heavy metals, ammonia and aerosols.
• Contamination with microbes is called biological. These are various spores of bacteria, viruses, mushrooms, toxins, and the like.

The first is mechanical dust. Appears in the technological processes of grinding of substances and materials.

The second is the sublimation. They are formed when condensation of chilled gas vapors and passed through technological equipment.

The third is flying ash. It is contained in a flue gas in suspension and is a non-frightened mineral fuel impurity.

Fourth - industrial soot or solid highly dispersed carbon. It is formed with incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons or their thermal expansion.

Basically, today the sources of such pollution are thermal power plants operating on solid fuel and angle.

The consequences of pollution

The main consequences of air pollution are: greenhouse effect, ozone holes, acid rains and was able.

The greenhouse effect is built on the ability of the Earth's atmosphere to skip short waves and detain long. Short waves are solar radiation, and long is thermal radiation, coming from the ground. That is, a layer is formed, in which heat or a greenhouse is accumulated. Gases capable of such an effect are called, respectively, greenhouse. These gases are heated themselves and heat the entire atmosphere. This process is natural and natural. He took place and is currently happening. Without him, life on the planet would not be possible. Its beginning is not associated with human activity. But if earlier nature itself regulated this process, now the person intervened intensively.

Carbon dioxide - main greenhouse gas. Its share in the greenhouse effect is more than 60%. The fraction of the remaining - chlorofluorocreonodorodorod, methane, nitrogen oxides, ozone and so on, there are no more than 40%. It is due to such a large proportion of carbon dioxide, natural self-regulation was possible. How many carbon dioxide was released with live organisms, so much and consumed its plants, producing oxygen. The volume and concentration of it remained in the atmosphere. Industrial and other human activity, and, above all, the cutting of forests and burning natural fuel led to an increase in carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases by reducing the volume and concentration of oxygen. The result was greater heating of the atmosphere - an increase in air temperature. The forecasts are such that an increase in temperature will lead to an excessive melting of ice and glaciers and an increase in the level of the world's ocean. This is on the one hand, and on the other to increase, due to higher temperatures, evaporation of water from the surface of the Earth. And, it means that the increase in desert lands.

Ozone holes or disruption of the ozone layer. Ozone is one of the forms of the existence of oxygen and is formed in the atmosphere naturally. This occurs when the ultraviolet radiation of the sun on the oxygen molecule. Therefore, the greatest ozone concentration in the upper layers of the atmosphere at an altitude of about 22 km. from the surface of the earth. Height it extends to about 5 km. This layer is considered protective, as it delays this most radiation. Without such protection, all living on Earth died. Now there is a decrease in the concentration of ozone in the protective layer. Why this happens still not established reliably. For the first time, this exhaustion was discovered in 1985 over Antarctic. Since then, the phenomenon has been the name of the "ozone hole". Then the convention on the protection of the ozone layer was signed in Vienna.

Industrial emissions into the atmosphere of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide connecting with atmospheric moisture forming sulfuric and nitric acid and cause "acid" rains. Such are any precipitation, the acidity of which is above natural, that is, the pH<5,6. Это явление присуще всем промышленным регионам в мире. Главное их отрицательное воздействие приходится на листья растений. Кислотность нарушает их восковой защитный слой, и они становятся уязвимы для вредителей, болезней, засух и загрязнений.

Failing to the soil, the acids contained in their water take into a reaction with toxic metals in the ground. Such as: lead, cadmium, aluminum and others. Dissolve and that contribute to their penetration into living organisms and groundwater.

In addition, acid rains contribute to corrosion and those act on the strength of buildings, structures and other building structures from the metal.

Casual - the familiar picture of large industrial cities. It occurs where a large number of contaminants of anthropogenic origin and substances obtained as a result of their interaction with solar energy accumulate in the lower layers of the troposphere. I could formed and lives for a long time in cities, thanks to windy weather. There is: wet, ice and photochemical could.

With the first bombings of nuclear bombs in the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945, humanity opened another, perhaps the most dangerous, type of air pollution - radioactive.

Nature has the ability to self-cleaning, but the human activity is clearly preventing it in this.

Video - Uncipient secrets: how air pollution affects health

All industrialized countries are subject to contamination of air to a certain extent. The air of large cities that we breathe contains a huge number of different harmful impurities, allergens, suspended particles and is an aerosol.

Aerosols are aeroduous (colloidal) systems in which solid particles (dust), liquid droplets formed either during vapor condensation, or in the interaction of gas environments, may be in suspended state, or in the interaction of gas media or entering the phase composition.

The main sources of artificial aerosol air pollution are thermal power plants that consume high ash content, processing factories, metallurgical, cement, magnesite and planting plants, which emit dust, sulfur and other harmful gases to the atmosphere, isolated in various technological production processes.

The ferrous metallurgy smelting the cast iron and processing it on steel is accompanied by an emissions into the atmosphere of various gases.

Air pollution with dust during coal coking is associated with the preparation of the charge and loading it into coke ovens, with the discharge of coke into the stewing wagons and with wet cooling of the coke. Wet quenching is also accompanied by emissions in the atmosphere of substances included in the water used.

In non-ferrous metallurgy, in the preparation of metal aluminum by electrolysis with exhaust gases, a significant amount of gaseous and dust-like fluoride compounds is distinguished from electrolysis baths into the atmospheric air.

the latest emissions of the oil and petrochemical industry enterprises contain a large amount of hydrocarbons, hydrogen sulfide and bad smelling gases. The release of harmful substances in the oil refineries is mainly due to insufficient equipment sealing. For example, air pollution with hydrocarbons and hydrogen sulfide is observed from metal tanks of raw parks for unstable oil, intermediate and commodity parks for passenger petroleum products.

The production of cement and building materials can be a source of pollution of the atmosphere of various dust. The main technological processes of these industries are grinding processes and thermal processing of the mixture, semi-finished products and products in hot gases, which is associated with emissions of dust into atmospheric air.

The chemical industry includes a large group of enterprises. The composition of their industrial emissions is very diverse. The main emissions from the chemical industry enterprises are carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfuric anhydride, ammonia, dust from inorganic industries, organic substances, hydrogen sulfide, servo-carbon, chloride compounds. Fluoride compounds, etc. Sources of air pollution in rural settlements are livestock and poultry farms , Industrial complexes from meat production, energy and heat lines, pesticides used in agriculture. In the area of \u200b\u200bthe location of the premises for livestock and birds in atmospheric air, they can be applied to a considerable distance of ammonia, servo-carbon and other bad smelling gases.

Sources of air pollution with pesticides include warehouses, seed etching, and fields themselves, on which pesticides and mineral fertilizers are applied, as well as cotton-cleaning plants.

Smoke - an aerosol consisting of smoke, fog and dust, one of the types of air pollution in large cities and industrial centers. Could be able to form in almost any natural and climatic conditions in large cities and industrial centers with severe air pollution. The most harmful was able to the warm periods of the year, in solar weak weather, when the upper layers of air are sufficiently warm to stop the vertical circulation of air masses. This phenomenon is often found in cities protected from winds by natural obstacles, such as hills or mountains. Fog itself is not dangerous for the human body. It becomes harmful only when extremely contaminated with toxic impurities

37) The struggle for purity of atmospheric air has currently become the most important task of domestic hygiene. This task is solved through legislative warning measures: planning, technological and sanitary and technical.

All directions for the protection of the atmosphere can be combined into four large groups:

1. A group of sanitary activities is the construction of ultrahigh flue pipes, the installation of gas pipelines, sealing of technical and transport equipment.

2. A group of technological measures is the creation of new technologies based on partially or completely closed cycles, the creation of new methods for the preparation of raw materials that purify it from impurities to the involvement in the production, replacement of the feedstock, replace dry methods for processing dusting materials with wet, automation of production processes.

3. A group of planning activities - the creation of sanitary protection zones around industrial enterprises, the optimal location of industrial enterprises, taking into account the wind roses, the removal of the most toxic production traits, rational planning of urban development, gardening cities.

4. A group of control prohibitory measures is the establishment of extremely permissible concentrations (MPC) and maximum permissible emissions (PDV) of pollutants, prohibition of the production of individual toxic products, automation of emission control.

The main activities for the protection of atmospheric air include a group of sanitary and technical events. In this group, an important direction of air protection is the purification of emissions in combination with the subsequent disposal of valuable components and the production of products. In the cement industry is the capture of cement dust and its use for the production of solid road coatings. In the heat energy - the capture of the volatile ash and the utilization of it in agriculture, in the industry of building materials.

When disposing of caught components there are two types of effect: ecological and economic. The environmental effect consists in reducing environmental pollution when using waste compared to the use of primary material resources. Thus, in the production of paper from waste paper or the use of scrap metal in steelmaking, the atmosphere contamination decreases by 86%. The economic effect of utilization of the captured ingredients is associated with the advent of an additional commodity source, as a rule, more favorable economic indicators compared with the corresponding production indicators from natural raw materials. Thus, the production of sulfuric acid from non-ferrous metallurgy gases compared to the production of traditional raw materials (natural sulfur) in the chemical industry has lower costs and specific capital investments, higher annual profit and profitability.

The most efficient ways of cleaning gases from gas impurities include three: liquid absorption, solid adsorption and catalytic cleaning.

In absorption methods of purification, phenomena of different solubility of gases in liquid and chemical reactions are used. In the liquid (usually water), such reagents are used that are formed with chemical compounds with gas.

Adsorption methods of cleaning are based on the ability of fine adsorbents (active coals, zeolites, simple glasses, etc.) from gases under the appropriate conditions, harmful components.

The basis of catalytic purification methods is the catalytic transformation of harmful gaseous substances in harmless. These purification methods include inertial separation, electrical precipitation, etc. When inertial separation, the precipitation of suspended solids occurs due to their inertia, which occurs when the direction or the flow rate in the devices called cyclones. Electrical precipitation is based on the electrical attraction of particles to the charged (precipitant) surface. Electrical precipitation is implemented in various electrostilifers, in which, as a rule, charging and precipitates particles together.

The concept of "atmospheric resources"

Atmospheric air as a resource.The atmospheric air is a natural mixture of gases of the surface layer of the atmosphere outside the residential, industrial and other premises, which pretended during the evolution of our planet. It is one of the main vital elements of nature.

The atmospheric air performs a number of complex environmental functions, namely:

1) regulates the thermal regime of the Earth, contributes to the redistribution of heat on the globe;

2) serves as an indispensable source of oxygen required for the existence of everything alive on Earth. When characterizing the particular importance of air in a person's life, it is emphasized that a person can live without air only a few minutes;

3) is a conductor of the energy of the Sun, serves as protection against disastrous cosmic radiation, forms the basis of climatic and weather conditions on Earth;

4) intensively operated as transport communication;

5) saves everything living on earth from destroying ultraviolet, x-ray and cosmic rays;

6) Protects the Earth from various celestial bodies. The dimensions of meteorites in the overwhelming majority do not exceed the magnitudes of the pea. With a huge speed (from 11 to 64 km / s), they are influenced by the earthly attraction cut into the atmosphere of the planet, are repeated due to the friction of air and at an altitude of about 60-70 km mostly burn;

7) Determines the light regime of the Earth, breaks the sun's rays to millions of small rays, dispels them and creates even the uniform lighting to which a person is used;

8) is the environment where sounds are applied. Without air on Earth would be silence;

9) has the ability to self-cleaning. It occurs when the aerosols are washed out of the atmosphere with precipitation, turbulent stirring in the surface layer of air, the deposition of contaminated substances on the ground surface.

Atmospheric air and atmospheric in general, many other environmental and socially useful properties. For example, atmospheric air is widely used as a natural resource in the national economy. Mineral nitrogen fertilizers, nitric acid and its salts are made from atmospheric nitrogen. Argon and nitrogen are used in metallurgy, chemical and petrochemical industries (for the implementation of a number of technological processes). Oxygen and hydrogen are also obtained from atmospheric air.

Pollution of atmospheric air by industrial enterprises

Under pollution in ecology, the unfavorable environmental change is understood, which is entirely or partially the result of human activity, directly or indirectly changes the distribution of the incoming energy, radiation levels, the physicochemical properties of the environment and the conditions of the existence of living organisms. These changes can affect the person directly or through water and food. They can also affect a person, worsening the properties of the things used by him, recreation conditions and work.

Intensive air pollution began in the 19th century in connection with the rapid development of the industry, which began to use a stone coal as the main type of fuel, and the rapid growth of cities. The role of coal in the pollution of the atmosphere in Europe has been known for a long time. However, in the 19th century he was the cheapest and affordable fuel in Western Europe, including the UK.

But coal is not the only source of atmospheric pollution. Now the atmosphere is annually thrown a huge amount of harmful substances, and, despite the significant efforts taken in the world in order to reduce the degree of pollution of the atmosphere, is located in developed capitalist countries. At the same time, researchers note that if the countryside of harmful impurities in the atmosphere is now 10 times more than above the ocean, then they are more than 150 times over the city.

Impact on the atmosphere of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises.The enterprises of the metallurgical industry are saturated with dust, sulfur and other harmful gases that are distinguished by various technological production processes.

The ferrous metallurgy of the production of cast iron and processing it on steel naturally occurs with the accompaniment of emissions into the atmosphere of various harmful gases.

Air pollution with gases in the formation of coal is accompanied by the preparation of the charge and loading it into coke ovens. Wet quenching is also accompanied by emissions in the atmosphere of substances included in the water used.

When a metallic aluminum is obtained using electrolysis to the environment, a huge amount of gaseous and dust-like compounds containing fluorine and other elements are distinguished. When smelting one ton of steel, 0.04 tons of solid particles, 0.03 tons of sulfur oxides and up to 0.05 tons of carbon oxide fall into the atmosphere. Color metallurgy plants are discharged into the atmosphere of manganese, lead, phosphorus, arsenic, mercury pairs, vapor-gas mixtures consisting of phenol, formaldehyde, benzene, ammonia and other toxic substances. .

Impact on the atmosphere of enterprises of the petrochemical industry.The enterprises of the oil refining and petrochemical industry have a noticeable negative impact on the state of the environment and, above all, on atmospheric air, due to their activities and the combustion of oil refining products (motor, boiler fuels, etc. products).

For air pool pollution, oil refining and petrochemistry occupy the fourth place among other industries. The fuel combustion products include such pollutants such as nitrogen, sulfur and carbon oxides, carbon black, hydrocarbons, hydrogen sulfide.

In the processing processes of hydrocarbon systems, more than 1500 tons / year of harmful substances are emitted into the atmosphere. Of these, hydrocarbons are 78.8%; sulfur oxides - 15.5%; Nitrogen oxides - 1.8%; Carbon oxides - 17.46%; solids - 9.3%. Emissions of solids, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides are up to 98% of total emissions from industrial enterprises. As the analysis of the state of the atmosphere shows, it is the emissions of these substances in most industrial cities create an elevated contamination background.

The most environmentally dangerous are the production associated with the rectification of hydrocarbon systems - oil and heavy oil residues, oil treatment with aromatic substances, obtaining elemental sulfur, and objects of wastewater treatment plants.

Impact on the atmosphere of agricultural enterprises.Pollution of atmospheric air by agricultural enterprises is carried out mainly through emissions of polluting gaseous and suspended substances with ventilation plants providing normal conditions for animal and human life in production facilities for livestock and birds. Additional contamination occur from boilers as a result of processing and receipt of fuel combustion products, from exhaust gases of autotractor equipment, from evaporations from exhausting containers, as well as when scattering manure, fertilizers and other chemicals. It is impossible not to take into account dust formed during the harvesting of field crops, loading, unloading, drying, and refinement of bulk agricultural products.

The fuel and energy complex (thermal power plants, thermal power plants, boiler installations) highlights smoke to atmospheric air, formed during the combustion of solid and liquid fuel. Emissions into the atmospheric air from the fuel supplying installations contain complete combustion products - sulfur and ash oxides, incomplete combustion products - mainly carbon monoxide, soot and hydrocarbons. The total volume of all emissions is very significant. For example, a thermal power station that consumes 50 thousand tons of coal, containing approximately 1% of sulfur, daily discarded the atmosphere of 33 tons of a sulfuric anhydride into the atmosphere (under certain meteorological conditions) in 50 tons of sulfuric acid. For one day, this power plant produces up to 230 tons of ash, which is partially (about 40-50 tons per day) is ejected to the environment within a radius of up to 5 km. The emissions of heat stations burning oil almost do not contain ash, however, it is highlighted three times more of the sulfuric anhydride.

Air pollution of the oil-producing, oil refining and petrochemical industries contain a large amount of hydrocarbons, hydrogen sulfide and bad smelling gases. The release of harmful substances in the oil refineries is mainly due to insufficient equipment sealing. For example, air pollution with hydrocarbons and hydrogen sulfide is observed from metal tanks of raw parks for unstable oil, intermediate and commodity parks for passenger petroleum products.

There are two main sources of pollution of the atmosphere: natural and anthropogenic.

Natural source is volcanoes, dust storms, weathered, forest fires, plants decomposition processes and animals.

Anthropogenic, mainly divided into three main sources of pollution of the atmosphere: industry, household boiler houses, transport. The share of each of these sources in general, air pollution is greatly varied depending on the place.

It is now generally recognized that the most strongly pollutes the air industrial production. Sources of pollution - thermal power plants, which, together with smoke, emit sulfuous and carbon dioxide into the air; Metallurgical enterprises, especially non-ferrous metallurgy, which are emitted into the air of nitrogen oxides, hydrogen sulfide, chlorine, fluorine, ammonia, phosphorus compounds, particles and mercury and arsenic compounds; Chemical and cement plants. Harmful gases fall into the air as a result of fuel combustion for the needs of industry, housing heating, transport, burning and processing of household and industrial waste.

According to scientists (1990), in the world, in the world, as a result of human activity, 25.5 billion tons of carbon oxides, 190 million tons of carbon oxides, 65 million tons of nitrogen oxides, 1.4 million tons are in the atmosphere. chlorofluorocarbons (freons), organic lead compounds, hydrocarbons, including carcinogenic (causing cancer) protection of the atmosphere from industrial pollution. / Ed. S. Kalvert and Inglund. - M.: Metallurgy, 1991., p. 7 ..

The most common atmospheric pollutants enter it mainly in two types: either in the form of suspended particles (aerosols) or in the form of gases. By weight, the lion's share - 80--90 percent - all emissions into the atmosphere due to human activity are gaseous emissions. There are 3 main sources of formation of gaseous pollution: combustion of combustible materials, industrial production processes and natural sources.

Consider the main harmful impurities of anthropogenic origin of Grushko Ya.m. Harmful organic compounds in industrial emissions into the atmosphere. - Leningrad.: "Chemistry", 1991., p. 15-27 ..

• - carbon oxide. It turns out in case of incomplete combustion of carbon substances. It falls into the air as a result of burning solid waste, with exhaust gases and emissions of industrial enterprises. This gas comes into atmosphere at least 1250 million tons. Carbon oxide is a compound that is actively reacting with the components of the atmosphere and helps increase the temperature on the planet, and the creation of a greenhouse effect.
• - Sulfurian anhydride. It is highlighted in the process of combustion of sulfur-containing fuel or processing of sulfur ores (up to 170 million tons per year). Part of the sulfur compounds is highlighted when combusthing organic residues in mining dumps. Only in the United States, the total number of sulfurized anhydride thrown into the atmosphere amounted to 65% of the global emission.
• - Sulfuric anhydride. It is formed when oxidizing sulfur anhydride. The final product of the reaction is an aerosol or solution of sulfuric acid in rainwater, which acidifies the soil, exacerbates the diseases of the respiratory tract of man. The loss of sulfuric acid aerosol from the flue torches of chemical enterprises is noted with low cloudiness and high humidity. Leaf plates of plants growing at a distance less than 11 km. From such enterprises, there are usually thickly dodged with small necrotic stains formed in places of settlement of drops of sulfuric acid. Pyrometallurgical enterprises of color and ferrous metallurgy, as well as TPPs annually throw tens of millions of tons of sulfur anhydride into the atmosphere.
• - hydrogen sulfide and carbon. Enter into the atmosphere separately or together with other sulfur connections. The main sources of emissions are enterprises for the manufacture of artificial fiber, sugar, coke-chemical, oil refinery, as well as oilfields. In the atmosphere, when interacting with other pollutants, slow oxidation to sulfur anhydride is subjected.
• - Nitrogen oxles. The main sources of emissions are enterprises producing nitrogen fertilizers, nitric acid and nitrates, aniline dyes, nitro compound, viscose silk, celluloid. The number of nitrogen oxyls entering the atmosphere is 20 million tons per year.
• - Fluoride connections. Sources of pollution are enterprises for the production of aluminum, enamel, glass, ceramics, steel, phosphate fertilizers. Fluoro-containing substances come to the atmosphere in the form of gaseous compounds - fluoride hydrogen or dust of sodium fluoride and calcium. Compounds are characterized by toxic effect. Fluorous derivatives are strong insecticides.
• - Chlorine compounds. Enter into the atmosphere from chemical enterprises producing hydrochloric acid, chlorine-containing pesticides, organic dyes, hydrolyzed alcohol, chlorine lime, soda. The atmosphere is found as an admixture of chlorine molecule and hydrochloric acid vapor. Chlorine toxicity is determined by the type of compounds and their concentration. In the metallurgical industry during the smelting of the cast iron and when it is recycling, it will be released into the atmosphere of various heavy metals and poisonous gases. So, in the calculation of 1 tons. The administrative cast iron is distinguished except 12.7 kg. sulfur gas and 14.5 kg of dust particles, which determine the number of mice compounds, phosphorus, antimony, lead, mercury vapors and rare metals, resin substances and cyanide hydrogen.

In addition to gaseous pollutants, a large amount of solid particles enters the atmosphere. This is dust, soot and soot. The pollution of the natural environment is tatting the pollution of natural medium with heavy metals. Lead, cadmium, mercury, copper, nickel, zinc, chrome, vanadium became almost constant components of the air of industrial centers.

Aerosols are solid or liquid particles that are suspended in the air. The solid components of aerosols in some cases are especially dangerous for organisms, and people cause specific diseases. In the atmosphere, aerosol pollution is perceived in the form of smoke, fog, mall or haze. A significant part of aerosols is formed in the atmosphere in the interaction of solid and liquid particles between themselves or with water vapor. The average size of aerosol particles is 1-5 microns. About 1 cube arrives annually into the atmosphere of the Earth. km of dust-like particles of artificial origin. A large amount of dust particles is also formed during the production activities of people. Information about some sources of technogenic dust are given in Appendix 3.

The main sources of artificial aerosol air pollution are TPPs, Which consume high ash content, processing factories, metallurgical, cement, magnesite and planting plants. Aerosol particles from these sources are distinguished by a large variety of chemical composition. Most often in their composition, silicon, calcium and carbon compounds are found, less often - metal oxides: iron, magnesium, manganese, zinc, copper, nickel, lead, antimony, bismuth, selenium, arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, as well as asbestos.

Industrial dumps are permanent sources of aerosol pollution - artificial embankments from a transmitted material, preferably revealed rocks formed during mining or from waste of enterprises of the processing industry, TPP.

The source of dust and poisonous gases serve mass explosive work. So, as a result of one average by weight of the explosion (250-300 tons of explosives), about 2 thousand cubic meters are emitted into the atmosphere. m. Conditional carbon oxide and more than 150 tons. dust.

The production of cement and other building materials is also a source of pollution of the atmosphere of dust. The main technological processes of these industries are grinding and chemical treatment of semi-finished products and products obtained in hot gas streams are always accompanied by emissions of dust and other harmful substances into the atmosphere.

The main air pollutants to date are carbon monoxide and sulfur gas (Appendix 2).

But, of course, it is impossible to forget about freons, or chlorofluorocrous goods. It is their majority of scientists who consider the cause of the formation of so-called ozone holes in the atmosphere. Freons are widely used in production and in everyday life as consolidated agents, foaming agents, solvents, as well as in aerosol packages. Namely, with a decrease in ozone content in the upper layers of the atmosphere, doctors bind the increase in the amount of cancer skin diseases. It is known that the atmospheric ozone is formed as a result of complex photochemical reactions under the influence of ultraviolet radiation of the Sun. Although its content is small, its value for the biosphere is huge. Ozone, absorbing ultraviolet radiation, protects everything alive on Earth from death. Freons also falling into the atmosphere, under the action of solar radiation disintegrate into a number of compounds, from which chlorine oxide is most intensively destroying ozone.

Distinguish natural(Natural) and anthropogenic(artificial) sources of pollution. TO natural Sources include: dust storms, fires, various aerosols of plant, animal or microbiological origin, etc. Anthropogenic Emissions into the atmosphere annually amount to more than 19 billion tons, of which more than 15 billion tons of carbon dioxide, 200 million tons of carbon oxide, more than 500 million tons of hydrocarbons, 120 million tons of ash, etc.

On the territory of the Russian Federation, for example, in 1991, emissions of pollutants in the aircraft amounted to about 53 million tons, including industry - 32 million tons (61%), automobiles 21 million tons (39%). In one of the major regions of the country, the Rostov region, emissions of pollutants into atmospheric air in 1991 and 1996. Among 944.6 thousand tons and 858.2 thousand tons, including:

solids	112.6 thousand tons
sulfur dioxide	184.1 thousand tons	133.0 thousand tons
carbon oxide	464.0 thousand tons	467.1 thousand tons
nitrogen oxide
hydrocarbons
volatile org. Seda.

More than half of the total amount of emissions from vehicles. Pollution is mainly obtained in the form of by-products or waste during the mining, processing and use of resources, and may also be one of the forms of harmful energy emissions, such as excess heat, noise and radiation.

Most of the natural contaminants (for example, volcanic eruption, coal burning) are dissipated by extensive territory, and their concentration is often reduced to a safe (due to decomposition, dissolution and dispersion). Anthropogenic air pollution arise in urbanized territories, where large amounts of pollutants are concentrated in small air volumes.

The following eight pollutants categories are most dangerous and widespread:

1) suspension - the smallest particles of matter in suspension;

2) hydrocarbons and other volatile organic compounds in the form of vapors;

3) carbon monoxide (CO) - extremely poisonous;

4) nitrogen oxides (NO x) - gaseous compounds of nitrogen and oxygen;

5) sulfur oxides (SO 2 dioxide) - poisonous gas, dangerous for plants and animals;

6) Heavy metals (copper, tin, mercury, zinc, etc.);

7) ozone and other photochemical oxidizers;

8) acid (mainly sulfur and nitric).

Consider what these pollutants are and how they are formed.

In major cities you can meet two main types of pollutants sources: point, for example, CHP pipe, chimney, car exhaust pipe, etc. and inethumen - Entering the atmosphere from extensive sources.

There are solid, liquid and gaseous substances that pollute the environment.

Solid - are formed in the mechanical processing of materials or their transportation, during combustion and thermal processes of production. These include dust and suspension, formed: the first - in the mining, processing and transportation of bulk materials, various technological processes and wind erosion; The second - with the open incineration of waste and from industrial pipes as a result of various technological processes.

Liquid Pollutants - product of chemical reactions, condensation or spraying of fluid in technological processes. The main liquid pollutants are oil and products of its processing that pollute the atmosphere of hydrocarbons.

Gaseouspollutants are formed as a result of chemical reactions, electrochemical processes, fuel combustion, recovery reactions. The most common pollutants in the gas state are: carbon oxide Co, carbon dioxide CO 2, nitrogen oxides NO, N 2 O, NO 2, NO 3, N 2 O 5, SO 2 sulfur dioxide, chlorine compounds and fluorine.

Consider the most dangerous, widespread pollutants. What are they and what are their danger?

1. Dust and suspend - It is weighted thin particles, such as smoke and soot (Table 4.2). The main sources of suspension are industrial pipes, transport and open fuel combustion. We can observe such suspensions in the form of smog or haze.

By dispersion, i.e. The degree of shreddance differences dust:

Large-dispersed - with particles of more than 10 microns, deposited in fixed air with increasing speed;

The average-part - with particles from 10 to 5 microns, slowly deposited in fixed air;

Small and smoke - with particles of 5 μm particles, quickly dissipating in the environment and almost no settlement.

Table 4.2.

Basic sources of air pollution

	Aerosols	Gaseous emissions
Boilers and industrial furnaces		NO 2, SO 2, as well as Co, Aldehydes (HCHO), Organic Acids, Benzazapin
Car engines		CO, NO 2, Aldehydes, non-alpine hydrocarbons, benzapin
Oil refining industry		SO 2, H 2 S, NH 3, NO X, CO, Hydrocarbons, Acids, Aldehydes, Carcinogenic Substances
Chemical industry		Depending on the process (H 2 S, CO, NH 3), acids, organic substances, solvents, volatile sulfides, etc.
Metallurgy and cokeshimiya		SO 2, CO, NH 3, NO X, fluoride and cyanide compounds, organic substances, benzapin
Mining		Depending on the process (CO, fluoride compounds, organic substances)
Food industry		NH 3, H 2 S, mixtures of organic compounds
Industry of building materials		CO, Organic Connections

Dust capable of being in the air in suspension, called spray can, unlike dust, called aergel. The fine dust is the greatest danger for the body, since it is not delayed in the upper respiratory tract and can penetrate deep into the lungs. In addition, thin dust can be a conductor in the human body of various poisonous substances, such as heavy metals, which can penetrate deeply into the respiratory tract.

Other examples can be given: the combination of sulfur dioxide with dust irritates the skin and mucous membranes, with an increase in concentration - leads to breathing disorders and pain in the chest, and at very high concentrations that are significantly superior to MPC, causes death from suffocation.

In mechanical engineering enterprises, especially in the workshops of hot and cold metal processing, a lot of dust, toxic and irritating gases are distinguished in the operating area. Modern standard sets MPC for harmful substances about 1000 species. According to the degree of impact on the body, harmful substances are divided into four classes:

1st - substances are extremely dangerous;

2nd - substances are highly dangerous;

3rd - substances are moderately dangerous;

4th - fastening substances.

The class of danger of substances is established depending on the norms and indicators (Table 4.3).

Table 4.3.

Classes of danger and limits of pollution

The maximum permissible concentrations of harmful substances in the air of the working area are concentrations that, with a daily 8-hour (except weekend), work or with another duration (but not more than 41 hours per week) during the whole working experience, diseases or abnormalities are able to Health.

The maximum permissible concentration represents the primary standard, which is the criterion of pollution, is the maximum level of pollution, which a person can transfer without prejudice to health, plus 10-15% as a margin of safety.

2. Hydrocarbons - These are organic compounds of carbon and hydrogen. In the technique and industry, they are used as energy carriers, for example, natural gas, propane, gasoline, solvents for paints and cleaning products, etc. Among the particularly dangerous hydrocarbons is an important place in benzapire - an integral part of car exhaust gases and emissions into the atmosphere from coal ovens.

3. Carbon monoxide. With full combustion of fuel and waste, which is organic compounds, carbon dioxide and water are formed:

CH 4 + 2O 2 \u003d CO 2 + 2H 2 O.

In the case of complete combustion, carbon dioxide is ejected into the air, also called carbon dioxide (CO 2) with incompletely oxidized carbon - ditch gas (CO).

Carbon dioxide - colorless gas with a weak odor is formed with the breath of living organisms, as well as when burning coal, oil and gas on heat stations, in boiler rooms, etc. In a small amount, carbon dioxide is not dangerous, but in very large doses he leads to death. The content of CO 2 in the air is constantly growing, which is associated with an increasing amount of coal and oil burning. Over the past 100 years, the content of carbon dioxide in the air increased by about 14%. The growth of carbon dioxide in the air contributes to increasing the temperature on the ground, since the carbon dioxide layer creates a powerful screen that does not transmit heat into space, emitted by the earth, which disrupts the natural heat exchange between the planet and its surrounding space. This is the so-called greenhouse or orangene, effect.

Carbon monoxide (CO) is not fully oxidized carbon, the so-called carbon monoxide. CO - poisonous gas that does not have color and smell. Inhalation of carbon monoxide blocks the flow of oxygen into the blood, leads to oxygen starvation of tissues, followed by the onset of fainting, paralysis of respiratory tract and death.

4. Azoto oxides (NO x) - gaseous compounds of substances produced by microorganisms; Also may be formed in fuel combustion products in automotive engines, in the chemical industry, for example, in the production of nitric acid. At high combustion temperatures, part of nitrogen (N 2) is oxidized, forming monooxide (NO), which in the air, entering into the reaction with oxygen, is oxidized to dioxide (NO 2) and / or tetraoxide (N 2 O 4).

Nitric oxides contribute to the emergence of a photochemical smog formed from the reaction products between nitrogen oxides and unsaturated hydrocarbons under the active action of ultraviolet radiation of the Sun.

Nitrogen oxides irritate respiratory organs, mucous membranes, especially lungs and eyes, and also negatively act on the brain and the nervous system of man.

5. Sulfur dioxide Or the so-called sulfur gas (SO 2) is an acutely smelling, colorless gas, irritating the respiratory tract of man and animals, especially in the medium of fine dust. The main sources of air pollution with sulfur dioxide are combustible fossils, incinerated in energy installations. Fuel and waste, which in combustion enter the air, contain sulfur (for example, in an angle from 0.2 to 5.5% sulfur). In the process of combustion, the sulfur is oxidized with the formation of SO 2. Sulfur dioxide causes serious environmental damage - in plants under the action of SO 2 there is a partial die off chlorophyll, which adversely acts on agricultural crops, forest trees, reservoirs, falling out in the form of so-called acid rains.

6. Heavy metals, polluting the environment, bring great harm to man and nature. Lead, mercury, cadmium, copper, nickel, zinc, chrome, vanadium - permanent components of the air of large industrial centers. Heavy metals impurities may contain coal, as well as various waste.

Examples: Where used as an add to gasoline Tetraeethylsvinets in order to cheap engine knock prevention (in a number of countries, such a way of adding is prohibited) The air is significantly contaminated with lead. Eased with the exhaust gases, this harmful heavy metal remains in the air and, before it is to settle, is transferred to the wind over long distances.

Another heavy metal - mercury, getting out of contaminated air in the process of bioaccumulation in the lakes, falls into fish organisms, which creates a serious danger of human poisoning on the food chain.

7. Ozoneand various active organic compounds that are formed in the process of chemical interactions of nitrogen oxides with volatile hydrocarbons stimulated by the rays of the Sun. These reactions are called photochemical oxidizing agents. For example, under the action of solar energy, nitrogen dioxide decays to monoxide and an oxygen atom, which, connecting with O 2, forms ozone about 3.

8. Acid, mostly sulfur and nitrogen, which form acid rains.

What are the objects of the sources of the atmosphere pollution make up the main danger of the health of the planet?

The main air pollutants in industrial countries are cars and other types of transport, industrial enterprises, thermal power plants, large complexes of military industry and nuclear power.

Motor transport pollutes the air of cities in the oxide of carbon and nitrogen, hydrocarbons and other harmful substances. Annual car emissions in Russia in early 90s amounted to 36 million tons or 37% of the total emissions (about 100 million tons / year), including: nitrogen oxides - 22%, hydrocarbons - 42%, carbon monoxide - about 46% (the greatest amount of emissions from cars is marked in Moscow - more than 840 thousand tons / year).

Now there are several hundred millions of only personal cars in the world, almost half of them are about 200 million - on the American continent. In Japan, due to a limited territory, a unit of Square accounts for almost 7 times more motorists than in the United States. At the conscience of the car - this "chemical factory on wheels" - more than 60% of all harmful substances in the city air. The exhaust gases of the car contain about 200 substances that harm health and nature. They are present by unlawful or incompleteness of decomposable fuel hydrocarbons. The amount of hydrocarbons increases sharply if the engine operates on small speeds or with an enlarged speed, for example, when starting at the intersections at traffic lights. At the time of clicking on the accelerator pedal, a large number of unburned particles is distinguished (10-12 times more than at normal mode). In addition, in the unburned engine exhaust gases, under normal mode, there are about 2.7% carbon monoxide, the amount of which increases with a decrease in the speed to about 3.9-4%, and in a quiet move - up to 6.9%.

Exhaust gases, including carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and many other emissions of engines, heavier than air, so they all accumulate in the earth, poisoning humans and vegetation. With full combustion of fuel in the engine, part of the hydrocarbons turns into a soot containing various resins. Especially when the engine malfunction behind the car stretches the black loaf of smoke containing polycyclic hydrocarbons and including benzapine. The exhaust gases also contain nitrogen oxides, aldehydes with a sharp odor and irritant effect, unorganic lead connections.

Black metallurgy is one of the major sources of pollution of the atmosphere of dust and gases. In the process of smearing the cast iron and processing it on steel, the emissions of dust in the calculation of 1 T of the limit cast iron are 4.5 kg, sulfur gas - 2.7 kg and manganese - 0.5-0.1 kg.

The emissions of Martenov and converter steel-smelting workshops play a significant role in the pollution of the atmosphere. The emissions of the Marten furnaces mainly contain dust from iron troccycles (76%) and aluminum trocies (8.7%). In the oxygen-free process, 3000-4000 m 3 gases with dust concentration of about 0.6-0.8 g / m 3 is distinguished on 1 t. In the process of supplying oxygen into the molten metal zone, the dust formation increases significantly, reaching 15-52 g / m 3. At the same time, the burning of hydrocarbon and sulfur occurs, and therefore, in the emissions of the Marten furnaces, up to 60 kg of carbon oxide and up to 3 kg of sulfur gas per 1 tons of the steel issued are contained.

The process of obtaining steel in converter furnaces is characterized by emissions to the atmosphere of flue gases consisting of particles of silicon oxides, manganese and phosphorus. The composition of the smoke contains up to 80% of carbon monoxide, and the concentration of dust in the exhaust gases is about 15 g / m 3.

Non-ferrous metallurgy emissions contain technical dusty substances: arsenic, lead, fluorine, etc., therefore, constitute a serious danger to the health of people and the environment. In the process of production of aluminum by electrolysis, a large amount of gaseous and dusty fluoride compounds is ejected to the atmosphere. To obtain 1 T aluminum, 33 to 47 kg of fluorine is spent (depending on the power of the electrolyzer), more than 65% of which enters the atmosphere.

Enterprises of the chemical industry refer to the group of the most dangerous sources of the atmosphere pollution. The composition of their emissions is very diverse and contains many new, extremely harmful substances. We know little about the potentially harmful effects of 80% of these substances on people, animals and nature. The main emissions of the chemical industry enterprises include carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfurous anhydride, ammonia, organic substances, hydrogen sulfide, chloride and fluoride compounds, dust from inorganic industries, etc.

The fuel and energy complex (thermal power plants, thermal power plants, boiler installations) highlights smoke to atmospheric air, formed during the combustion of solid and liquid fuel. Emissions into the atmospheric air from the fuel supplying installations contain complete combustion products - sulfur and ash oxides, incomplete combustion products - mainly carbon monoxide, soot and hydrocarbons. The total volume of all emissions is very significant. For example, a thermal power station that consumes 50 thousand tons of coal, containing approximately 1% of sulfur, daily discarded the atmosphere of 33 tons of a sulfuric anhydride into the atmosphere (under certain meteorological conditions) in 50 tons of sulfuric acid. For one day, this power plant produces up to 230 tons of ash, which is partially (about 40-50 tons per day) is ejected to the environment within a radius of up to 5 km. The emissions of heat stations burning oil almost do not contain ash, however, it is highlighted three times more of the sulfuric anhydride.

Air pollution of the oil-producing, oil refining and petrochemical industries contain a large amount of hydrocarbons, hydrogen sulfide and bad smelling gases.

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