Who came up with the temperature graphs of thermal networks. Substantiation of the reduced temperature schedule for regulation of centralized heat supply systems

Computers have been successfully working for a long time not only on the desks of office workers, but also in industrial and technological process control systems. Automation successfully manages the parameters of building heat supply systems, providing inside them ...

The set required air temperature (sometimes changing during the day to save money).

But the automation must be correctly configured, give it the initial data and algorithms for work! This article discusses the optimal temperature heating schedule - the dependence of the temperature of the coolant of the water heating system at various outdoor temperatures.

This topic has already been discussed in the article about. Here we will not calculate the heat losses of the object, but consider the situation when these heat losses are known from previous calculations or from the data of the actual operation of the operating object. If the facility is operating, then it is better to take the value of heat loss at the calculated outdoor temperature from the statistical actual data of previous years of operation.

In the article mentioned above, to construct the dependences of the coolant temperature on the outdoor air temperature, a system of nonlinear equations is solved by a numerical method. This article will present "direct" formulas for calculating water temperatures on the "supply" and on the "return", which is an analytical solution to the problem.

You can read about the colors of Excel sheet cells that are used for formatting in articles on the page « ».

Calculation in Excel of the temperature graph of heating.

So, when setting the operation of the boiler and / or the heating unit from the outside temperature, the automation system must set the temperature schedule.

Perhaps it would be more correct to place the air temperature sensor inside the building and adjust the operation of the coolant temperature control system based on the temperature of the indoor air. But it is often difficult to choose the location of the sensor inside due to different temperatures in different rooms of the object or because of the significant remoteness of this place from the heating unit.

Consider an example. Suppose we have an object - a building or a group of buildings that receive thermal energy from one common closed source of heat supply - a boiler house and / or a thermal unit. A closed source is a source from which the selection of hot water for water supply is prohibited. In our example, we will assume that, in addition to the direct selection of hot water, there is no heat extraction for heating water for hot water supply.

To compare and verify the correctness of the calculations, we take the initial data from the above article "Calculation of water heating in 5 minutes!" and compose in Excel a small program for calculating the heating temperature graph.

Initial data:

1. Estimated (or actual) heat loss of an object (building) Q p in Gcal/h at design outdoor air temperature t nr write down

to cell D3: 0,004790

2. Estimated air temperature inside the object (building) t time in °C enter

to cell D4: 20

3. Estimated outdoor temperature t nr in °C we enter

to cell D5: -37

4. Estimated supply water temperature t pr enter in °C

to cell D6: 90

5. Estimated return water temperature t op in °C enter

to cell D7: 70

6. Indicator of non-linearity of heat transfer of applied heating devices n write down

to cell D8: 0,30

7. The current (of interest to us) outdoor temperature t n in °C we enter

to cell D9: -10

Values in cellsD3 – D8 for a specific object are written once and then do not change. Cell valueD8 can (and should) be changed by determining the coolant parameters for different weather.

Calculation results:

8. Estimated water flow in the system GR in t/h we calculate

in cell D11: =D3*1000/(D6-D7) =0,239

GR = QR *1000/(tetc — top )

9. Relative heat flux q define

in cell D12: =(D4-D9)/(D4-D5) =0,53

q =(tvr — tn )/(tvr — tnr )

10. The temperature of the water at the "supply" tP in °C we calculate

in cell D13: =D4+0.5*(D6-D7)*D12+0.5*(D6+D7-2*D4)*D12^(1/(1+D8)) =61,9

tP = tvr +0,5*(tetc – top )* q +0,5*(tetc + top -2* tvr )* q (1/(1+ n ))

11. Return water temperature tO in °C we calculate

in cell D14: =D4-0.5*(D6-D7)*D12+0.5*(D6+D7-2*D4)*D12^(1/(1+D8)) =51,4

tO = tvr -0,5*(tetc – top )* q +0,5*(tetc + top -2* tvr )* q (1/(1+ n ))

Calculation in Excel of the water temperature at the "supply" tP and on the return tO for selected outdoor temperature tn completed.

Let's make a similar calculation for several different outdoor temperatures and build a heating temperature graph. (You can read about how to build graphs in Excel.)

Let's reconcile the obtained values of the heating temperature graph with the results obtained in the article "Calculation of water heating in 5 minutes!" - the values match!

Results.

The practical value of the presented calculation of the heating temperature graph lies in the fact that it takes into account the type of installed devices and the direction of movement of the coolant in these devices. Heat transfer non-linearity coefficient n, which has a noticeable effect on the temperature graph of heating for different devices is different.

The supply of heat to the room is associated with the simplest temperature graph. The temperature values of the water supplied from the boiler room do not change indoors. They have standard values and range from +70ºС to +95ºС. This temperature chart of the heating system is the most popular.

Adjusting the air temperature in the house

Not everywhere in the country there is centralized heating, so many residents install independent systems. Their temperature graph differs from the first option. In this case, the temperature indicators are significantly reduced. They depend on the efficiency of modern heating boilers.

If the temperature reaches +35ºС, the boiler will operate at maximum power. It depends on the heating element, where the thermal energy can be taken up by the flue gases. If the temperature values are greater than + 70 ºС, then the boiler performance drops. In this case, its technical characteristics indicate an efficiency of 100%.

Temperature chart and calculation

How the graph will look depends on the outside temperature. The greater the negative value of the outside temperature, the greater the heat loss. Many do not know where to take this indicator. This temperature is specified in the regulatory documents. The temperature of the coldest five-day period is taken as the calculated value, and the lowest value over the past 50 years is taken.

Graph of outside and inside temperature

The graph shows the relationship between outside and inside temperatures. Let's say the outside temperature is -17ºС. Drawing a line up to the intersection with t2, we get a point characterizing the temperature of the water in the heating system.

Thanks to the temperature schedule, it is possible to prepare the heating system even under the most severe conditions. It also reduces the material costs of installing a heating system. If we consider this factor from the point of view of mass construction, the savings are significant.

inside premises depends from temperature coolant, a also others factors:

Outside air temperature. The smaller it is, the more negatively it affects heating;
Wind. When a strong wind occurs, heat loss increases;
The indoor temperature depends on the thermal insulation of the structural elements of the building.

Over the past 5 years, the principles of construction have changed. Builders increase the value of a home by insulating elements. As a rule, this applies to basements, roofs, foundations. These costly measures subsequently allow residents to save on the heating system.

Heating temperature chart

The graph shows the dependence of the temperature of the outdoor and indoor air. The lower the outdoor temperature, the higher the temperature of the heating medium in the system.

The temperature schedule is developed for each city during the heating period. In small settlements, a temperature chart of the boiler house is drawn up, which provides required amount coolant to the consumer.

Change temperature schedule can several ways:

quantitative - characterized by a change in the flow rate of the coolant supplied to the heating system;
high-quality - consists in regulating the temperature of the coolant before being supplied to the premises;
temporary - a discrete method of supplying water to the system.

The temperature schedule is a heating pipeline schedule that distributes the heating load and is regulated by centralized systems. There is also an increased schedule, it is created for a closed heating system, that is, to ensure the supply of hot coolant to the connected objects. When using an open system, it is necessary to adjust the temperature graph, since the coolant is consumed not only for heating, but also for domestic water consumption.

The calculation of the temperature graph is made according to simple method. Hto build it necessary initial temperature air data:

outdoor;
in room;
in the supply and return pipelines;
at the exit of the building.

In addition, you should know the nominal heat load. All other coefficients are normalized by reference documentation. The calculation of the system is made for any temperature graph, depending on the purpose of the room. For example, for large industrial and civil facilities, a schedule of 150/70, 130/70, 115/70 is drawn up. For residential buildings, this figure is 105/70 and 95/70. The first indicator shows the temperature on the supply, and the second - on the return. The results of the calculations are entered in a special table, which shows the temperature at certain points of the heating system, depending on the outside air temperature.

The main factor in calculating the temperature graph is outdoor temperature air. The calculation table must be drawn up so that the maximum values of the temperature of the coolant in the heating system (schedule 95/70) provide heating of the room. The temperatures in the room are provided for by regulatory documents.

heating appliances

Temperature of heating devices

The main indicator is the temperature of the heating devices. The ideal temperature curve for heating is 90/70ºС. It is impossible to achieve such an indicator, since the temperature inside the room should not be the same. It is determined depending on the purpose of the room.

In accordance with the standards, the temperature in the corner living room is +20ºС, in the rest - +18ºС; in the bathroom - + 25ºС. If the outside air temperature is -30ºС, then the indicators increase by 2ºС.

Besides Togo, exists norms for others types premises:

in rooms where children are located - + 18ºС to + 23ºС;
children's educational institutions - + 21ºС;
in cultural institutions with mass attendance - +16ºС to +21ºС.

This area of temperature values is compiled for all types of premises. It depends on the movements performed inside the room: the more of them, the lower the air temperature. For example, in sports facilities people move a lot, so the temperature is only +18ºС.

Air temperature in the room

Exists certain factors, from which depends temperature heating appliances:

Outside air temperature;
Type of heating system and temperature difference: for a single-pipe system - + 105ºС, and for a single-pipe system - + 95ºС. Accordingly, the differences in for the first region are 105/70ºС, and for the second - 95/70ºС;
The direction of the coolant supply to the heating devices. At the top supply, the difference should be 2 ºС, at the bottom - 3ºС;
Type of heating devices: heat transfers are different, so the temperature graph will be different.

First of all, the temperature of the coolant depends on the outside air. For example, the outside temperature is 0°C. At the same time, the temperature regime in the radiators should be equal to 40-45ºС on the supply, and 38ºС on the return. When the air temperature is below zero, for example, -20ºС, these indicators change. In this case, the flow temperature becomes 77/55ºC. If the temperature indicator reaches -40ºС, then the indicators become standard, that is, at the supply + 95/105ºС, and at the return - + 70ºС.

Additional parameters

In order for a certain temperature of the coolant to reach the consumer, it is necessary to monitor the state of the outside air. For example, if it is -40ºС, the boiler room should supply hot water with an indicator of + 130ºС. Along the way, the coolant loses heat, but still the temperature remains high when it enters the apartments. The optimal value is + 95ºС. To do this, an elevator assembly is installed in the basements, which serves to mix hot water from the boiler room and the coolant from the return pipeline.

Several institutions are responsible for the heating main. The boiler house monitors the supply of hot coolant to the heating system, and the state of the pipelines is monitored by the city heating networks. The ZHEK is responsible for the elevator element. Therefore, in order to solve the problem of supplying coolant to new house, you need to contact different offices.

Installation of heating devices is carried out in accordance with regulatory documents. If the owner himself replaces the battery, then he is responsible for the functioning of the heating system and changing the temperature regime.

Adjustment methods

Dismantling of the elevator assembly

If the boiler room is responsible for the parameters of the coolant leaving the warm point, then the employees of the housing office should be responsible for the temperature inside the room. Many tenants complain about the cold in the apartments. This is due to the deviation of the temperature graph. In rare cases, it happens that the temperature rises by a certain value.

Heating parameters can be adjusted in three ways:

Nozzle reaming.

If the temperature of the coolant at the supply and return is significantly underestimated, then it is necessary to increase the diameter of the elevator nozzle. Thus, more liquid will pass through it.

How to do it? To begin with, shut-off valves are closed (house valves and cranes at the elevator unit). Next, the elevator and nozzle are removed. Then it is drilled out by 0.5-2 mm, depending on how much it is necessary to increase the temperature of the coolant. After these procedures, the elevator is mounted in its original place and put into operation.

To ensure sufficient tightness of the flange connection, it is necessary to replace the paronite gaskets with rubber ones.

Suction dampening.

In severe cold, when there is a problem of freezing of the heating system in the apartment, the nozzle can be completely removed. In this case, the suction can become a jumper. To do this, it is necessary to muffle it with a steel pancake, 1 mm thick. Such a process is carried out only in critical situations, since the temperature in pipelines and heaters will reach 130ºС.

Drop adjustment.

In the middle of the heating period, a significant increase in temperature can occur. Therefore, it is necessary to regulate it using a special valve on the elevator. To do this, the supply of hot coolant is switched to the supply pipeline. A manometer is mounted on the return. Adjustment occurs by closing the valve on the supply pipeline. Next, the valve opens slightly, and the pressure should be monitored using a pressure gauge. If you just open it, then there will be a drawdown of the cheeks. That is, an increase in the pressure drop occurs in the return pipeline. Every day, the indicator increases by 0.2 atmosphere, and the temperature in the heating system must be constantly monitored.

Heat supply. Video

How is the heat supply of private and apartment buildings can be found in the video below.

When drawing up a temperature schedule for heating, various factors must be taken into account. This list includes not only the structural elements of the building, but the outdoor temperature, as well as the type of heating system.

In contact with

The temperature graph represents the dependence of the degree of heating of water in the system on the temperature of cold outside air. After the necessary calculations, the result is presented in the form of two numbers. The first means the temperature of the water at the inlet to the heating system, and the second at the outlet.

For example, the entry 90-70ᵒС means that for given climatic conditions for heating a certain building, it will be necessary that the coolant at the inlet to the pipes has a temperature of 90ᵒС, and at the exit 70ᵒС.

All values are presented for the outside air temperature for the coldest five-day period. This design temperature is accepted according to the Joint Venture "Thermal protection of buildings". According to the norms, the internal temperature for residential premises is 20ᵒС. The schedule will ensure the correct supply of coolant to the heating pipes. This will avoid hypothermia of the premises and waste of resources.

The need to perform constructions and calculations

The temperature schedule must be developed for each settlement. It allows you to provide the most competent work heating systems, namely:

Adjust the heat losses during the supply of hot water to houses with the average daily outdoor temperature.
Prevent insufficient heating of rooms.
Oblige thermal power plants to supply consumers with services that meet technological conditions.

Such calculations are necessary both for large heating stations and for boiler houses in small settlements. In this case, the result of calculations and constructions will be called the boiler house schedule.

Ways to control the temperature in the heating system

Upon completion of the calculations, it is necessary to achieve the calculated degree of heating of the coolant. You can achieve it in several ways:

quantitative;
quality;
temporary.

In the first case, the flow rate of water entering the heating network is changed, in the second, the degree of heating of the coolant is regulated. The temporary option involves a discrete supply of hot liquid to the heating network.

For the central heating system, the most characteristic is a qualitative method, while the volume of water entering the heating circuit remains unchanged.

Graph types

Depending on the purpose of the heating network, the execution methods differ. The first option is the normal heating schedule. It is a construction for networks that work only for space heating and are centrally regulated.

The increased schedule is calculated for heating networks that provide heating and hot water supply. It is built for closed systems and shows the total load on the hot water supply system.

The adjusted schedule is also intended for networks operating both for heating and for heating. Here, heat losses are taken into account when the coolant passes through the pipes to the consumer.

Drawing up a temperature chart

The constructed straight line depends on the following values:

normalized air temperature in the room;
outdoor air temperature;
the degree of heating of the coolant when it enters the heating system;
the degree of heating of the coolant at the outlet of the building networks;
the degree of heat transfer of heating devices;
thermal conductivity of the outer walls and the overall heat loss of the building.

To perform a competent calculation, it is necessary to calculate the difference between the water temperatures in the direct and return pipes Δt. The higher the value in a straight pipe, the better heat dissipation heating systems and higher indoor temperatures.

In order to rationally and economically consume the coolant, it is necessary to achieve the minimum possible value of Δt. This can be ensured, for example, by carrying out work on additional insulation of the external structures of the house (walls, coatings, ceilings above a cold basement or technical underground).

Calculation of the heating mode

First of all, you need to get all the initial data. Standard values of temperatures of external and internal air are accepted according to the joint venture "Thermal protection of buildings". To find the power of heating devices and heat losses, you will need to use the following formulas.

Heat loss of the building

In this case, the input data will be:

the thickness of the outer walls;
thermal conductivity of the material from which the enclosing structures are made (in most cases it is indicated by the manufacturer, denoted by the letter λ);
surface area of the outer wall;
climatic area of construction.

First of all, the actual resistance of the wall to heat transfer is found. In a simplified version, you can find it as a quotient of the wall thickness and its thermal conductivity. If the outer structure consists of several layers, separately find the resistance of each of them and add the resulting values.

Thermal losses of walls are calculated by the formula:

Q = F*(1/R 0)*(t inside air -t outside air)

Here Q is the heat loss in kilocalories and F is the surface area of the exterior walls. For more exact value it is necessary to take into account the area of the glazing and its heat transfer coefficient.

Calculation of the surface power of batteries

Specific (surface) power is calculated as a quotient of the maximum power of the device in W and the heat transfer surface area. The formula looks like this:

R beats \u003d R max / F act

Calculation of the coolant temperature

Based on the obtained values, the temperature regime of heating is selected and a direct heat transfer is built. On one axis, the values of the degree of heating of the water supplied to the heating system are plotted, and on the other, the outside air temperature. All values are taken in degrees Celsius. The results of the calculation are summarized in a table in which the nodal points of the pipeline are indicated.

It is rather difficult to carry out calculations according to the method. To perform a competent calculation, it is best to use special programs.

For each building, such a calculation is carried out individually by the management company. For an approximate definition of water at the inlet to the system, you can use the existing tables.

For large suppliers of thermal energy, coolant parameters are used 150-70ᵒС, 130-70ᵒС, 115-70ᵒС.
For small multi-unit systems, the settings apply. 90-70ᵒС (up to 10 floors), 105-70ᵒС (over 10 floors). A schedule of 80-60ᵒС can also be adopted.
When arranging an autonomous heating system for an individual house, it is enough to control the degree of heating using sensors, you can not build a graph.

The performed measures allow determining the parameters of the coolant in the system at a certain point in time. By analyzing the coincidence of the parameters with the schedule, you can check the efficiency of the heating system. The temperature chart table also indicates the degree of load on the heating system.

Each Management Company strive to achieve economical heating costs for an apartment building. In addition, residents of private houses are trying to come. This can be achieved if a temperature graph is drawn up, which will reflect the dependence of the heat produced by the carriers on the weather conditions on the street. Correct use of these data allow optimal distribution of hot water and heating to consumers.

What is a temperature chart

The same mode of operation should not be maintained in the coolant, because outside the apartment the temperature changes. It is she who needs to be guided and, depending on her, change the temperature of the water in heating objects. The dependence of the coolant temperature on the outside air temperature is compiled by technologists. To compile it, the values \u200b\u200bof the coolant and the outside air temperature are taken into account.

During the design of any building, the size of the equipment providing heat supplied to it, the dimensions of the building itself and the cross-sections of the pipes must be taken into account. In a high-rise building, residents cannot independently increase or decrease the temperature, as it is supplied from the boiler room. Adjustment of the operating mode is always carried out taking into account the temperature graph of the coolant. The temperature scheme itself is also taken into account - if the return pipe supplies water with a temperature above 70 ° C, then the coolant flow will be excessive, but if it is much lower, there is a shortage.

Important! The temperature schedule is drawn up in such a way that at any outdoor air temperature in the apartments a stable optimal heating level of 22 °C is maintained. Thanks to him, even the most severe frosts are not terrible, because the heating systems will be ready for them. If it is -15 ° C outside, then it is enough to track the value of the indicator to find out what the water temperature in the heating system will be at that moment. The more severe the outdoor weather, the hotter the water inside the system should be.

But the level of heating maintained indoors depends not only on the coolant:

Temperature outside;
The presence and strength of the wind - its strong gusts significantly affect heat loss;
Thermal insulation - high-quality processed structural parts of the building help to keep heat in the building. This is done not only during the construction of the house, but also separately at the request of the owners.

Heat carrier temperature table from outdoor temperature

In order to calculate the optimal temperature regime, it is necessary to take into account the characteristics that heating devices have - batteries and radiators. The most important thing is to calculate their specific power, it will be expressed in W / cm 2. This will most directly affect the transfer of heat from the heated water to the heated air in the room. It is important to take into account their surface power and the coefficient of resistance available for window openings and external walls.

After all the values \u200b\u200bare taken into account, you need to calculate the difference between the temperature in the two pipes - at the entrance to the house and at the exit from it. The higher the value in the inlet pipe, the higher in the return pipe. Accordingly, indoor heating will increase below these values.

Weather outside, С	at the entrance to the building, C	Return pipe, C
+10	30	25
+5	44	37
0	57	46
-5	70	54
-10	83	62
-15	95	70

Proper use of the coolant implies attempts by the inhabitants of the house to reduce the temperature difference between the inlet and outlet pipe. It could be construction work for wall insulation from the outside or thermal insulation of external heat supply pipes, insulation of ceilings above a cold garage or basement, insulation of the inside of the house or several works performed simultaneously.

Heating in the radiator must also comply with the standards. In central heating systems, it usually varies from 70 C to 90 C, depending on the outside air temperature. It is important to bear in mind that in the corner rooms it cannot be less than 20 C, although in other rooms of the apartment it is allowed to drop to 18 C. If the temperature drops to -30 C outside, then the heating in the rooms should rise by 2 C. In other rooms it should also increase the temperature, provided that it can be different in rooms for different purposes. If there is a child in the room, then it can range from 18 C to 23 C. In pantries and corridors, heating can vary from 12 C to 18 C.

It is important to note! The average daily temperature is taken into account - if the temperature is about -15 C at night, and -5 C during the day, then it will be calculated by the value of -10 C. If at night it was about -5 C, and in the daytime it rose to +5 C, then heating is taken into account by the value of 0 C.

Schedule for supplying hot water to the apartment

In order to deliver optimal hot water to the consumer, CHP plants must send it as hot as possible. Heating mains are always so long that their length can be measured in kilometers, and the length of apartments is measured in thousands. square meters. Whatever the thermal insulation of the pipes, heat is lost on the way to the user. Therefore, it is necessary to heat the water as much as possible.

However, water cannot be heated to more than its boiling point. Therefore, a solution was found - to increase the pressure.

It's important to know! As it rises, the boiling point of water shifts upwards. As a result, it reaches the consumer really hot. With an increase in pressure, risers, mixers and taps do not suffer, and all apartments up to the 16th floor can be provided with hot water without additional pumps. In a heating main, water usually contains 7-8 atmospheres, the upper limit usually has 150 with a margin.

It looks like this:

Boiling temperature	Pressure
100	1
110	1,5
119	2
127	2,5
132	3
142	4
151	5
158	6
164	7
169	8

Hot water supply to winter time years must be continuous. Exceptions to this rule are accidents on heat supply. Hot water can only be turned off summer period for preventive work. Such work is carried out both in closed-type heating systems and in open-type systems.

After installing the heating system, it is necessary to adjust the temperature regime. This procedure must be carried out in accordance with existing standards.

Temperature norms

The requirements for the temperature of the coolant are set out in the regulatory documents that establish the design, installation and use engineering systems residential and public buildings. They are described in the State building codes and regulations:

DBN (B. 2.5-39 Heat networks);
SNiP 2.04.05 "Heating, ventilation and air conditioning".

For the calculated temperature of the water in the supply, the figure is taken that is equal to the temperature of the water at the outlet of the boiler, according to its passport data.

For individual heating to decide what should be the temperature of the coolant, should be taking into account such factors:

1The beginning and end of the heating season at an average daily temperature of +8 °C outside for 3 days;
2 The average temperature inside the heated premises of housing and communal and public importance should be 20 ° C, and for industrial buildings 16 ° C;
3 The average design temperature must comply with the requirements of DBN V.2.2-10, DBN V.2.2.-4, DSanPiN 5.5.2.008, SP No. 3231-85. such:
1
For a hospital - 85 ° C (excluding psychiatric and drug departments, as well as administrative or domestic premises);
2 For residential, public, as well as domestic buildings (excluding halls for sports, trade, spectators and passengers) - 90 ° С;
3For auditoriums, restaurants and premises for production of category A and B - 105 °C;
4For catering establishments (excluding restaurants) - this is 115 °С;
5 For production premises (categories C, D and D), where combustible dust and aerosols are released - 130 ° C;
6For stairwells, vestibules, pedestrian crossings, technical premises, residential buildings, industrial premises without the presence of flammable dust and aerosols - 150 ° C. Depending on external factors, the water temperature in the heating system can be from 30 to 90 ° C. When heated above 90 ° C, dust and paintwork begin to decompose. For these reasons, sanitary standards prohibit more heating.
To calculate the optimal indicators, special graphs and tables can be used, in which the norms are determined depending on the season:
- With an average value outside the window of 0 °С, the supply for radiators with different wiring is set at a level of 40 to 45 °С, and the return temperature is from 35 to 38 °С;
- At -20 °С, the supply is heated from 67 to 77 °С, while the return rate should be from 53 to 55 °С;
- At -40 ° C outside the window for all heating devices set the maximum allowed values. At the supply it is from 95 to 105 ° C, and at the return - 70 ° C.
Optimal values in an individual heating system

Autonomous heating helps to avoid many problems that arise with a centralized network, and the optimal temperature of the coolant can be adjusted according to the season. In the case of individual heating, the concept of norm includes the heat transfer of a heating device per unit area of the room where this device is located. The thermal regime in this situation is provided by the design features of the heating devices.

It is important to ensure that the heat carrier in the network does not cool below 70 °C. 80 °C is considered optimal. It is easier to control heating with a gas boiler, because manufacturers limit the possibility of heating the coolant to 90 ° C. Using sensors to adjust the gas supply, the heating of the coolant can be controlled.

It is a little more difficult with solid fuel devices, they do not regulate the heating of the liquid, and can easily turn it into steam. And it is impossible to reduce the heat from coal or wood by turning the knob in such a situation. At the same time, the control of heating of the coolant is rather conditional with high errors and is performed by rotary thermostats and mechanical dampers.

Electric boilers allow you to smoothly adjust the heating of the coolant from 30 to 90 ° C. They are equipped with an excellent overheating protection system.

One-pipe and two-pipe lines

The design features of a single-pipe and two-pipe heating network determine different standards for heating the coolant.

For example, for a single-pipe line, the maximum rate is 105 ° C, and for a two-pipe line - 95 ° C, while the difference between the return and supply should be, respectively: 105 - 70 ° C and 95 - 70 ° C.

Matching the temperature of the heat carrier and the boiler

Regulators help to coordinate the temperature of the coolant and the boiler. These are devices that create automatic control and correction of the return and supply temperatures.

The return temperature depends on the amount of liquid passing through it. The regulators cover the liquid supply and increase the difference between the return and supply to the level that is needed, and the necessary pointers are installed on the sensor.

If it is necessary to increase the flow, then a boost pump can be added to the network, which is controlled by a regulator. To reduce the heating of the supply, a “cold start” is used: that part of the liquid that has passed through the network is again transferred from the return to the inlet.

The regulator redistributes the supply and return flows according to the data taken by the sensor, and ensures strict temperature norms heating networks.

Ways to reduce heat loss

The above information can be used to correct calculation coolant temperature standards and tell you how to determine the situation when you need to use the regulator.

But it is important to remember that the temperature in the room is affected not only by the temperature of the coolant, outdoor air and wind strength. The degree of insulation of the facade, doors and windows in the house should also be taken into account.

To reduce the heat loss of housing, you need to worry about its maximum thermal insulation. Insulated walls, sealed doors, metal-plastic windows help reduce heat loss. It will also reduce heating costs.

Norms and optimal values of the temperature of the coolant, Repair and construction of a house

After installing the heating system, it is necessary to adjust the temperature regime. This procedure must be carried out in accordance with existing standards. Norms

Coolant for heating systems, coolant temperature, norms and parameters

In Russia, such heating systems that work thanks to liquid-type heat carriers are more popular. This is most likely due to the fact that in many regions of the country the climate is quite severe. Liquid heating systems are a set of equipment that includes components such as: pumping stations, boiler rooms, pipelines, heat exchangers. The characteristics of the coolant largely determine how efficiently and properly the entire system will work. Now the question arises, which coolant for heating systems to use for work.

Heat carrier for heating systems

Heat transfer requirements

You need to immediately understand that there is no ideal coolant. Those types of coolants that exist today can only perform their functions in a certain temperature range. If you go beyond this range, then the quality characteristics of the coolant can change dramatically.

The heat carrier for heating must have such properties that will allow for a certain unit of time to transfer as much as possible large quantity heat. The viscosity of the coolant largely determines what effect it will have on the pumping of the coolant throughout the heating system for a specific time interval. The higher the viscosity of the coolant, the better its characteristics.

Physical properties of coolants

The coolant should not have a corrosive effect on the material from which the pipes or heating devices are made.

If this condition is not met, then the choice of materials will become more limited. In addition to the above properties, the coolant must also have lubricity. The choice of materials that are used for the construction of various mechanisms and circulation pumps depends on these characteristics.

In addition, the coolant must be safe based on its characteristics such as: ignition temperature, release of toxic substances, vapor flash. Also, the coolant should not be too expensive, studying the reviews, you can understand that even if the system works efficiently, it will not justify itself from a financial point of view.

Water as a heat carrier

Water can serve as a heat transfer fluid required for the operation of a heating system. Of those liquids that exist on our planet in its natural state, water has the highest heat capacity - about 1 kcal. Speaking more in simple words, then if 1 liter of water is heated to such a normal temperature of the heating system coolant as +90 degrees, and the water is cooled to 70 degrees by means of a heating radiator, then the room that is heated by this radiator will receive about 20 kcal of heat.

Water also has a fairly high density - 917kg / 1 sq. meter. The density of water can change when it is heated or cooled. Only water has properties such as expansion when heated or cooled.

Water is the most demanded and available heat carrier.

Also, water is superior to many synthetic heat transfer fluids in terms of toxicology and environmental friendliness. If suddenly such a coolant somehow leaks from the heating system, then this will not create any situations that will cause health problems for the residents of the house. You only need to be afraid of getting hot water directly on the human body. Even if a coolant leak occurs, the volume of coolant in the heating system can be very easily restored. All that needs to be done is to add the right amount of water through the expansion tank of the natural circulation heating system. Judging by the price category, it is simply impossible to find a coolant that will cost less than water.

Despite the fact that such a coolant as water has many advantages, it also has some disadvantages.

In its natural state, water contains various salts and oxygen in its composition, which can adversely affect the internal state of the components and parts of the heating system. Salt can have a corrosive effect on materials, as well as lead to overgrowth of scale on the inner walls of pipes and elements of the heating system.

The chemical composition of water in different regions of Russia

Such a disadvantage can be eliminated. The easiest way to soften water is to boil it. When boiling water, care must be taken that such a thermal process takes place in a metal container, and that the container is not covered with a lid. After such heat treatment, a significant part of the salts will settle to the bottom of the tank, and carbon dioxide will be completely removed from the water.

A larger amount of salt can be removed if a container with a large bottom is used for boiling. Salt deposits can be easily seen at the bottom of the vessel, they will look like scale. This method of removing salts is not 100% effective, since only less stable calcium and magnesium bicarbonates are removed from the water, but more stable compounds of such elements remain in the water.

There is another way to remove salts from water - this is a reagent or chemical method. Through this method, it is possible to transfer salts that are contained in water even in an insoluble state.

To carry out such water treatment, the following components will be required: slaked lime, soda ash type or sodium orthophosphate. If you fill the heating system with a coolant and add the first two of the listed reagents to the water, this will cause the formation of a precipitate of calcium and magnesium orthophosphates. And if the third of the listed reagents is added to the water, then a carbonate precipitate is formed. Once the chemical reaction is complete, the sediment can be removed by a method such as water filtration. Sodium orthophosphate is such a reagent that will help soften water. Important point, which must be taken into account when choosing this reagent, is the correct flow rate of the coolant in the heating system for a certain volume of water.

Plant for chemical softening of water

It is best to use distilled water for heating systems, as it does not contain harmful impurities. True, distilled water is more expensive than regular water. One liter of distilled water will cost approximately 14 Russian rubles. Before filling the heating system with a distilled-type coolant, it is necessary to thoroughly rinse all heating devices, the boiler and pipes with plain water. Even if the heating system was installed not so long ago and has not yet been used before, then its components still need to be washed, since there will be pollution anyway.

In order to flush the system, you can use and melt water, since such water contains almost no salts in its composition. Even artesian or well water contains more salts than melt or rain water.

Frozen water in the heating system

Studying the parameters of the heating system coolant, it can be noted that another big drawback of water as a heating system coolant is that it will freeze if the water temperature drops below 0 degrees. When water freezes, it expands, and this will lead to breakage of heating devices or damage to pipes. Such a threat can only arise if there are interruptions in the heating system and the water stops heating. This type of coolant is also not recommended for use in those houses where the residence is not permanent, but periodic.

Antifreeze as a coolant

Antifreeze for heating systems

More high performance for effective work the heating system has such a type of coolant as antifreeze. By pouring antifreeze into the heating system circuit, it is possible to reduce the risk of freezing of the heating system in the cold season to a minimum. Antifreeze is designed for lower temperatures than water, and they are not able to change its physical state. Antifreeze has many advantages, since it does not cause scale deposits and does not contribute to corrosive wear of the interior of the heating system elements.

Even if the antifreeze solidifies at very low temperatures, it will not expand like water, and this will not cause any damage to the heating system components. In the event of freezing, the antifreeze will turn into a gel-like composition, and the volume will remain the same. If, after freezing, the temperature of the coolant in the heating system rises, it will turn from a gel-like state into a liquid, and this will not cause any negative consequences for the heating circuit.

Many manufacturers add various additives to antifreeze that can increase service life heating system.

Such additives help to remove various deposits and scale from the elements of the heating system, as well as eliminate pockets of corrosion. When choosing antifreeze, you need to remember that such a coolant is not universal. The additives that it contains are only suitable for certain materials.

Existing coolants for heating systems-antifreeze can be divided into two categories based on their freezing point. Some are designed for temperatures up to -6 degrees, while others are up to -35 degrees.

Properties various kinds antifreeze

The composition of such a coolant as antifreeze is designed for a full five years of operation, or for 10 heating seasons. The calculation of the coolant in the heating system must be accurate.

Antifreeze also has its drawbacks:

The heat capacity of antifreeze is 15% lower than that of water, which means that they will give off heat more slowly;
They have a rather high viscosity, which means that a sufficiently powerful circulation pump will need to be installed in the system.
When heated, antifreeze increases in volume more than water, which means that the heating system must include a closed-type expansion tank, and radiators must have a larger capacity than those used to organize a heating system in which water is the coolant.
The speed of the coolant in the heating system - that is, the fluidity of antifreeze, is 50% higher than that of water, which means that all connectors of the heating system must be very carefully sealed.
Antifreeze, which includes ethylene glycol, is toxic to humans, so it can only be used for single-circuit boilers.

In the case of using this type of coolant as antifreeze in the heating system, certain conditions must be taken into account:

The system must be supplemented with a circulation pump with powerful parameters. If the circulation of the coolant in the heating system and the heating circuit is long, then the circulation pump must be outdoor installation.
Volume expansion tank should be no less than twice as compared with the tank, which is used for such a coolant as water.
It is necessary to install volumetric radiators and pipes with a large diameter in the heating system.
Do not use air vents automatic type. For a heating system in which antifreeze is the coolant, only manual type taps can be used. A more popular manual type crane is the Mayevsky crane.
If antifreeze is diluted, then only with distilled water. Melt, rain or well water will not work in any way.
Before filling the heating system with coolant - antifreeze, it must be thoroughly rinsed with water, not forgetting about the boiler. Manufacturers of antifreezes recommend changing them in the heating system at least once every three years.
If the boiler is cold, then it is not recommended to immediately set high standards for the temperature of the coolant to the heating system. It should rise gradually, the coolant needs some time to heat up.

If in winter a double-circuit boiler operating on antifreeze is turned off for a long period, then it is necessary to drain water from the hot water supply circuit. If it freezes, the water can expand and damage pipes or other parts of the heating system.

Coolant for heating systems, coolant temperature, norms and parameters

Standard temperature of the coolant in the heating system

Security comfortable conditions life in the cold season - the task of heat supply. It is interesting to trace how a person tried to warm his home. Initially, the huts were heated in black, the smoke went into the hole on the roof.

Later they switched to stove heating, then, with the advent of boilers, to water heating. Boiler plants increased their capacity: from a boiler house in one taken house to a district boiler house. And, finally, with the increase in the number of consumers with the growth of cities, people came to centralized heating from thermal power plants.

Depending on the source of heat energy, there are centralized and decentralized heating systems. The first type includes heat production based on combined production of electricity and heat at thermal power plants and heat supply from district heating boiler houses.

Decentralized heat supply systems include boiler plants of small capacity and individual boilers.

According to the type of coolant, heating systems are divided into steam and water.

Advantages of water heating networks:

the possibility of transporting the coolant over long distances;
the possibility of centralized regulation of heat supply in the heating network by changing the hydraulic or temperature regime;
no loss of steam and condensate, which always occur in steam systems.

Formula for calculating heat supply

The temperature of the heat carrier, depending on the outside temperature, is maintained by the heat supply organization on the basis of the temperature graph.

The temperature schedule for supplying heat to the heating system is based on monitoring air temperatures during the heating period. At the same time, eight of the coldest winters in fifty years are selected. The strength and speed of the wind in different geographical areas is taken into account. The necessary heat loads are calculated to heat the room up to 20-22 degrees. For industrial premises, their own parameters of the coolant are set to maintain technological processes.

The heat balance equation is drawn up. The heat loads of consumers are calculated taking into account heat losses to the environment, and the corresponding heat supply is calculated to cover the total heat loads. The colder it is outside, the higher the losses to the environment, the more heat released from the boiler.

Heat release is calculated according to the formula:

Q \u003d Gsv * C * (tpr-tob), where

Q - heat load in kW, the amount of heat released per unit of time;
Gsv - coolant flow rate in kg / s;
tpr and tb - temperatures in the forward and return pipelines depending on the outdoor air temperature;
C - heat capacity of water in kJ / (kg * deg).

Parameter regulation methods

There are three methods of heat load control:

With the quantitative method, the regulation of the heat load is carried out by changing the amount of the supplied coolant. With the help of heating network pumps, the pressure in the pipelines increases, the heat supply increases with an increase in the coolant flow rate.

A qualitative method is to increase the parameters of the coolant at the outlet of the boilers while maintaining the flow rate. This method is most often used in practice.

With the quantitative-qualitative method, the parameters and flow rate of the coolant are changed.

Factors affecting the heating of the room during the heating period:

Heating systems are divided depending on the design into single-pipe and two-pipe. For each design, its own heat schedule in the supply pipeline is approved. For single pipe heating system Maximum temperature in the supply line 105 degrees, in a two-pipe - 95 degrees. The difference between the supply and return temperatures in the first case is regulated in the range of 105-70, for a two-pipe - in the range of 95-70 degrees.

Choosing a heating system for a private house

The principle of operation of a single-pipe heating system is to supply the coolant to the upper floors, all radiators are connected to the descending pipeline. It is clear that it will be warmer on the upper floors than on the lower ones. Because private house at best, it has two or three floors; the contrast in space heating does not threaten. And in a one-story building, there will generally be uniform heating.

What are the advantages of such a heating system:

The disadvantages of the design are high hydraulic resistance, the need to turn off the heating of the entire house during repairs, the limitation in connecting heaters, the inability to control the temperature in a single room, and high heat losses.

For improvement, it was proposed to use a bypass system.

bypass- a pipe section between the supply and return pipelines, a bypass in addition to the radiator. They are equipped with valves or taps and allow you to adjust the temperature in the room or completely turn off a single battery.

A single-pipe heating system can be vertical and horizontal. In both cases, air pockets appear in the system. A high temperature is maintained at the inlet to the system to warm all rooms, so the piping system must withstand high pressure water.

Two-pipe heating system

The principle of operation is to connect each heating device to the supply and return pipelines. The cooled coolant is sent to the boiler through the return pipeline.

Installation will require additional investments, but air locks will not be in the system.

Temperature standards for rooms

In a residential building, the temperature in the corner rooms should not be below 20 degrees, for interior spaces the standard is 18 degrees, for showers - 25 degrees. When the outdoor temperature drops to -30 degrees, the standard rises to 20-22 degrees, respectively.

Their standards are set for the premises where there are children. The main range is from 18 to 23 degrees. Moreover, for premises for different purposes, the indicator varies.

At school, the temperature should not fall below 21 degrees, for bedrooms in boarding schools it is allowed at least 16 degrees, in the pool - 30 degrees, on the verandas of kindergartens intended for walking - at least 12 degrees, for libraries - 18 degrees, in cultural mass institutions temperature - 16−21 degrees.

When developing standards for different rooms the amount of time a person spends in motion is taken into account, so the temperature for sports halls will be lower than in classrooms.

Approved building codes and regulations of the Russian Federation SNiP 41-01-2003 "Heating, ventilation and air conditioning", regulating the air temperature depending on the purpose, number of storeys, height of the premises. For an apartment building, the maximum temperature of the coolant in the battery for a single-pipe system is 105 degrees, for a two-pipe system 95 degrees.

In the heating system of a private house

The optimum temperature in an individual heating system is 80 degrees. It is necessary to ensure that the coolant level does not fall below 70 degrees. WITH gas boilers temperature control is easier. Boilers work in a completely different way. solid fuel. In this case, water can very easily turn into steam.

Electric boilers make it easy to adjust the temperature in the range from 30-90 degrees.

Possible interruptions in the heat supply

If the air temperature in the room is 12 degrees, it is allowed to turn off the heat for 24 hours.
In the temperature range from 10 to 12 degrees, heat is turned off for a maximum of 8 hours.
When heating the room below 8 degrees, it is not allowed to turn off the heating for longer than 4 hours.

Regulation of the temperature of the coolant in the heating system: methods, dependency factors, norms of indicators

Classification and advantages of coolants. What determines the temperature in the heating system. Which heating system to choose for individual construction. Standards for water temperature in the heating system.

Adjusting the air temperature in the house

Temperature chart and calculation

Graph of outside and inside temperature

Outside air temperature. The smaller it is, the more negatively it affects heating;
Wind. When a strong wind occurs, heat loss increases;
The indoor temperature depends on the thermal insulation of the structural elements of the building.

Heating temperature chart

The graph shows the dependence of the temperature of the outdoor and indoor air. The lower the outdoor temperature, the higher the temperature of the heating medium in the system.

The temperature schedule is developed for each city during the heating period. In small settlements, a temperature chart of the boiler house is drawn up, which provides the required amount of coolant to the consumer.

quantitative - characterized by a change in the flow rate of the coolant supplied to the heating system;
high-quality - consists in regulating the temperature of the coolant before being supplied to the premises;
temporary - a discrete method of supplying water to the system.

The calculation of the temperature graph is made by a simple method. Hto build it necessary initial temperature air data:

outdoor;
in room;
in the supply and return pipelines;
at the exit of the building.

In addition, you should know the nominal thermal load. All other coefficients are normalized by reference documentation. The calculation of the system is made for any temperature graph, depending on the purpose of the room. For example, for large industrial and civil facilities, a schedule of 150/70, 130/70, 115/70 is drawn up. For residential buildings, this figure is 105/70 and 95/70. The first indicator shows the temperature on the supply, and the second - on the return. The results of the calculations are entered in a special table, which shows the temperature at certain points of the heating system, depending on the outside air temperature.

The main factor in calculating the temperature graph is the outside air temperature. The calculation table must be drawn up so that the maximum values of the temperature of the coolant in the heating system (schedule 95/70) provide heating of the room. The temperatures in the room are provided for by regulatory documents.

Temperature heating appliances

in rooms where children are located - + 18ºС to + 23ºС;
children's educational institutions - + 21ºС;
in cultural institutions with mass attendance - +16ºС to +21ºС.

Air temperature in the room

Outside air temperature;
Type of heating system and temperature difference: for a single-pipe system - + 105ºС, and for a single-pipe system - + 95ºС. Accordingly, the differences in for the first region are 105/70ºС, and for the second - 95/70ºС;
The direction of the coolant supply to the heating devices. At the top supply, the difference should be 2 ºС, at the bottom - 3ºС;
Type of heating devices: heat transfers are different, so the temperature graph will be different.

Additional parameters

Adjustment methods

Heating parameters can be adjusted in three ways:

Nozzle reaming.

To ensure sufficient tightness of the flange connection, it is necessary to replace the paronite gaskets with rubber ones.

Suction dampening.

Heating temperature chart

Heating temperature chart The supply of heat to the room is connected with the simplest temperature chart. The temperature values of the water supplied from the boiler room do not change indoors. They

The temperature of the coolant in the heating system is normal

Batteries in apartments: accepted temperature standards

Heating batteries today are the main existing elements of the heating system in city apartments. They are effective household devices responsible for the transfer of heat, since comfort and coziness in residential premises for citizens directly depend on them and their temperature.

If we refer to the Government Decree of the Russian Federation No. 354 dated May 6, 2011, the supply of heating to residential apartments begins at an average daily outdoor air temperature of less than eight degrees, if this mark is consistently kept for five days. In this case, the start of heat begins on the sixth day after a decrease in the air index was recorded. For all other cases, according to the law, postponing the supply of the heat resource is allowed. In general, in almost all regions of the country, the actual heating season directly and officially begins in mid-October and ends in April.

In practice, it also happens that due to the negligent attitude of heat supply companies, the measured temperature installed batteries in the apartment does not meet the regulated standards. However, in order to complain and demand a correction of the situation, you need to know what standards are in force in Russia and how exactly to measure the existing temperature of working radiators.

Norms in Russia

Considering the main indicators, the official temperatures of the heating batteries in the apartment are shown below. They are applicable to absolutely all existing systems in which, in direct accordance with the Decree of the Federal Agency for Construction and Housing and Communal Services No. 170 of September 27, 2003, the coolant (water) is supplied from the bottom up.

In addition, it is necessary to take into account the fact that the temperature of the water that circulates in the radiator directly at the entrance to the functioning heating system must comply with the current schedules regulated by the utility networks for a particular room. These schedules are regulated by the Sanitary Norms and Rules in the sections of heating, air conditioning and ventilation (41-01-2003). Here, in particular, it is indicated that with a two-pipe heating system, the maximum temperature indicators are ninety-five degrees, and with a single-pipe - one hundred and five degrees. Measurements of these should be carried out sequentially in accordance with established rules otherwise, when applying to higher authorities, the testimony will not be taken into account.

Maintained temperature

The temperature of heating batteries in residential apartments in centralized heating is determined according to the relevant standards, displaying a sufficient value for the premises, depending on their purpose. In this area, the standards are simpler than in the case of working premises, since the activity of residents, in principle, is not so high and is more or less stable. Based on this, the following rules are regulated:

Of course, the individual characteristics of each person should be taken into account, everyone has different activities and preferences, therefore there is a difference in the norms from and to, and not a single indicator is fixed.

Requirements for heating systems

Heating in apartment buildings is based on the result of many engineering calculations, which are not always very successful. The process is complicated by the fact that it does not consist in delivering hot water to a specific property, but in evenly distributing water to all available apartments, taking into account all the norms and necessary indicators, including optimal humidity. The effectiveness of such a system depends on how coordinated the actions of its elements, which also include batteries and pipes in each room. Therefore, it is impossible to replace radiator batteries without taking into account the characteristics of heating systems - this leads to negative consequences with a deficit of heat or, conversely, its excess.

As for the optimization of heating in apartments, the following provisions apply here:

In any case, if something bothers the owner, it is worth applying to the management company, housing and communal services, the organization responsible for the supply of heat - depending on what exactly differs from the accepted norms and does not satisfy the applicant.

What to do about inconsistencies?

If the functioning heating systems used in an apartment building are functionally adjusted with deviations in the measured temperature only in your premises, you need to check the internal apartment heating systems. First of all, you should make sure that they are not airborne. It is necessary to touch the individual batteries available on the living space in the rooms from top to bottom and in the opposite direction - if the temperature is uneven, then the cause of the imbalance is airing and you need to bleed the air by turning a separate tap on the radiator batteries. It is important to remember that you cannot open the tap without first substituting any container under it, where water will drain. At first, the water will come out with a hiss, that is, with air, you need to close the tap when it flows without hiss and evenly. Some time later you should check the places on the battery that were cold - they should now be warm.

If the reason is not in the air, you need to submit an application to the management company. In turn, she must send a responsible technician to the applicant within 24 hours, who must draw up a written opinion on the discrepancy between the temperature regime and send a team to eliminate the existing problems.

If the management company did not respond to the complaint in any way, you need to take measurements yourself in the presence of neighbors.

How to measure temperature?

Consideration should be given to how to correctly measure the temperature of the radiators. It is necessary to prepare a special thermometer, open the tap and substitute some container with this thermometer under it. It should be noted right away that only a deviation upward of four degrees is permissible. If this is problematic, you need to contact the Housing Office, if the batteries are airy, apply to the DEZ. Everything should be fixed within one week.

Exists additional ways for measuring the temperature of heating batteries, namely:

Measure the temperature of the pipes or surfaces of the battery with a thermometer, adding one or two degrees Celsius to the indicators thus obtained;
For accuracy, it is desirable to use infrared thermometers-pyrometers, their error is less than 0.5 degrees;
Alcohol thermometers are also taken, which are applied to the place chosen on the radiator, fixed on it with adhesive tape, wrapped with heat-insulating materials and used as permanent measuring instruments;
In the presence of an electrical special measuring device, wires with a thermocouple are wound to the batteries.

In case of an unsatisfactory temperature indicator, an appropriate complaint must be filed.

Minimum and maximum indicators

Like other indicators that are important to ensure the required conditions for people's lives (humidity indicators in apartments, warm water supply temperatures, air, etc.), the temperature of the heating batteries, in fact, has certain allowable minimums depending on the time of year. However, neither the law nor the established norms prescribe any minimum standards for apartment batteries. Based on this, it can be noted that the indicators should be maintained in such a way that the above-mentioned allowable temperatures in the premises. Of course, if the temperature of the water in the batteries is not high enough, it will actually be impossible to provide the optimal required temperature in the apartment.

If there is no established minimum, then the Sanitary Norms and Rules, in particular 41-01-2003, establish the maximum indicator. This document defines the standards that are required for an in-house heating system. As mentioned earlier, for two-pipe this is a mark of ninety-five degrees, and for one-pipe it is one hundred and fifteen degrees Celsius. However, the recommended temperatures are from eighty-five degrees to ninety, since water boils at one hundred degrees.

Our articles talk about typical ways to resolve legal issues, but each case is unique. If you want to know how to solve your particular problem, please contact the online consultant form.

What should be the temperature of the coolant in the heating system

The temperature of the coolant in the heating system is maintained in such a way that in apartments it remains within 20-22 degrees, as the most comfortable for a person. Since its fluctuations depend on the temperature of the air outside, experts develop schedules with which it is possible to maintain heat in the room in winter.

What determines the temperature in residential premises

The lower the temperature, the more the coolant loses heat. The calculation takes into account the indicators of the 5 coldest days of the year. The calculation takes into account the 8 coldest winters over the past 50 years. One of the reasons for the use of such a schedule for many years: the constant readiness of the heating system for extremely low temperatures.

Another reason lies in the field of finance, such a preliminary calculation allows you to save on the installation of heating systems. If we consider this aspect on the scale of a city or district, then the savings will be impressive.

We list all the factors that affect the temperature inside the apartment:

Outdoor temperature, direct correlation.
Wind speed. Heat loss, for example, through front door, increase with increasing wind speed.
The condition of the house, its tightness. This factor is significantly influenced by the use in construction thermal insulation materials, insulation of the roof, cellars, windows.
The number of people inside the premises, the intensity of their movement.

All of these factors vary greatly depending on where you live. And the average temperature for last years in winter, and the wind speed depends on where your house is located. For example, in central Russia there is always a consistently frosty winter. Therefore, people are often concerned not so much with the temperature of the coolant as with the quality of construction.

Increasing the cost of building residential real estate, construction companies take action and insulate the house. But still, the temperature of the radiators is no less important. It depends on the temperature of the coolant, which fluctuates in different time, under different climatic conditions.

All requirements for the temperature of the coolant are set out in building codes and regulations. When designing and commissioning engineering systems, these standards must be observed. For calculations, the temperature of the coolant at the outlet of the boiler is taken as a basis.

The indoor temperatures are different. For example:

in the apartment the average is 20-22 degrees;
in the bathroom it should be 25o;
in the living room - 18o

In public non-residential premises, the temperature standards are also different: at school - 21o, in libraries and gyms - 18o, in the pool 30o, in industrial premises the temperature is set at about 16°C.

The more people gather inside the premises, the lower the temperature is initially set. In individual residential buildings, the owners themselves decide what temperature they should set.

In order to install desired temperature it is important to consider the following factors:

Availability of one-pipe or two-pipe system. For the first, the norm is 105 ° C, for 2 pipes - 95 ° C.
In supply and discharge systems, it should not exceed: 70-105 ° C for a one-pipe system and 70-95 ° C.
The flow of water in a certain direction: when distributing from above, the difference will be 20 ° C, from below - 30 ° C.
Types of applied heater. They are divided according to the method of heat transfer (radiation devices, convective and convective-radiation devices), according to the material used in their manufacture (metal, non-metallic devices, combined), and also according to the value of thermal inertia (small and large).

By combining different properties of the system, the type of heater, the direction of water supply and other things, optimal results can be achieved.

Heating regulators

The device by which the temperature graph is monitored and the necessary parameters are adjusted is called the heating regulator. The regulator controls the temperature of the coolant automatically.

The advantages of using these devices:

maintaining a given temperature schedule;
with the help of control over water overheating, additional savings in heat consumption are created;
setting the most efficient parameters;
all subscribers are created the same conditions.

Sometimes the heating controller is mounted so that it is connected to the same computing node with the hot water supply controller.

Such modern ways make the system work more efficiently. Even at the stage of the occurrence of the problem, an adjustment should be made. Of course, it is cheaper and easier to monitor the heating of a private house, but the automation currently used can prevent many problems.

Coolant temperature in different heating systems

In order to comfortably survive the cold season, you need to worry in advance about the creation of a high-quality heating system. If you live in a private house, you have an autonomous network, and if you live in an apartment complex, you have a centralized network. Whatever it is, it is still necessary that the temperature of the batteries during the heating season be within the limits established by SNiP. Let us analyze in this article the temperature of the coolant for different systems heating.

The heating season begins when the average daily temperature outside drops below +8°C and stops, respectively, when it rises above this mark, but it also stays that way for up to 5 days.

Regulations. What temperature should be in the rooms (minimum):

In a residential area +18°C;
V corner room+20°C;
In the kitchen +18°C;
In the bathroom +25°C;
In corridors and flights of stairs +16°C;
In the elevator +5°C;
In the basement +4°C;
In the attic +4°C.

It should be noted that these temperature standards refer to the period of the heating season and do not apply to the rest of the time. Also, it would be useful to know that hot water should be from +50°C to +70°C, according to SNiP-u 2.08.01.89 "Residential buildings".

There are several types of heating systems:

with natural circulation

The coolant circulates without interruption. This is due to the fact that the change in temperature and density of the coolant occurs continuously. Because of this, heat is distributed evenly over all elements of the heating system with natural circulation.

The circular pressure of water directly depends on the temperature difference between hot and cold water. Typically, in the first heating system, the temperature of the coolant is 95°C, and in the second 70°C.

With forced circulation

Such a system is divided into two types:

The difference between them is quite large. The pipe layout scheme, their number, sets of shut-off, control and monitoring valves are different.

According to SNiP 41-01-2003 (“Heating, ventilation and air conditioning”), the maximum coolant temperature in these heating systems is:

two-pipe heating system - up to 95°С;
single-pipe - up to 115°С;

The optimum temperature is from 85°C to 90°C (due to the fact that at 100°C, water already boils. When this value is reached, special measures must be taken to stop boiling).

The dimensions of the heat given off by the radiator depend on the installation location and the way the pipes are connected. Heat output can be reduced by 32% due to poor pipe placement.

The best option is diagonal connection when hot water comes from above, and the return line comes from the bottom of the opposite side. Thus, radiators are tested in tests.

The most unfortunate thing is when hot water comes from below, and cold water from above along the same side.

Payment optimal temperature heater

The most important thing is the most comfortable temperature for human existence +37°C.

where S is the area of the room;
h is the height of the room;
41 - minimum power per 1 cubic meter S;
42 - nominal thermal conductivity of one section according to the passport.

Please note that a radiator placed under a window in a deep niche will give almost 10% less heat. Decorative box will take 15-20%.

When you use a radiator to maintain the required air temperature in the room, you have two options: you can use small radiators and increase the temperature of the water in them (high temperature heating) or install a large radiator, but the surface temperature will not be so high (low temperature heating) .

In high-temperature heating, the radiators are very hot and can cause burns if touched. In addition, at high temperature radiator, the decomposition of dust that has settled on it, which will then be inhaled by people, may begin.

When using low-temperature heating, the appliances are slightly warm, but the room is still warm. In addition, this method is more economical and safer.

Cast iron radiators

The average heat transfer from a separate section of the radiator from this material ranges from 130 to 170 W, due to the thick walls and the large mass of the device. Therefore, it takes a lot of time to warm up the room. Although there is a reverse plus in this - a large inertia ensures a long preservation of heat in the radiator after the boiler is turned off.

The temperature of the coolant in it is 85-90 ° C

Aluminum radiators

This material is light, heats up easily and has good heat dissipation from 170 to 210 watts/section. However, it is adversely affected by other metals and may not be installed in every system.

The operating temperature of the heat carrier in the heating system with this radiator is 70°C

Steel radiators

The material has even lower thermal conductivity. But due to the increase in surface area with partitions and ribs, it still heats well. Heat output from 270 W - 6.7 kW. However, this is the power of the entire radiator, and not its individual segment. The final temperature depends on the dimensions of the heater and the number of fins and plates in its design.

The operating temperature of the coolant in the heating system with this radiator is also 70 ° C

So which one is better?

It is likely that it will be more profitable to install equipment with a combination of the properties of an aluminum and steel battery - a bimetallic radiator. It will cost you more, but it will also last longer.

The advantage of such devices is obvious: if aluminum can withstand the temperature of the coolant in the heating system only up to 110 ° C, then bimetal up to 130 ° C.

Heat dissipation, on the contrary, is worse than that of aluminum, but better than other radiators: from 150 to 190 watts.

Warm floor

Another way to create a comfortable temperature environment in the room. What are its advantages and disadvantages over conventional radiators?

From school course Physicists we know about the phenomenon of convection. Cold air tends to go down, and when it gets hot it goes up. That's why my feet get cold. The warm floor changes everything - the air heated below is forced to rise up.

Such a coating has a large heat transfer (depending on the area of the heating element).

The floor temperature is also spelled out in SNiP-e (“Building Norms and Rules”).

In the house for permanent residence it should not be more than +26°С.

In rooms for temporary stay of people up to +31°С.

In institutions where there are classes with children, the temperature should not exceed + 24 ° C.

The operating temperature of the heat carrier in the underfloor heating system is 45-50 °C. Surface temperature average 26-28°С

How to regulate heating batteries and what should be the temperature in the apartment according to SNiP and SanPiN

To feel comfortable in an apartment or in your own house in winter period a reliable, compliant heating system is required. In a multi-storey building, this is, as a rule, a centralized network, in a private household - autonomous heating. For the end user, the main element of any heating system is the battery. Cosiness and comfort in the house depends on the heat coming from it. The temperature of the heating batteries in the apartment, its norm is regulated by legislative documents.

Radiator heating standards

If the house or apartment has autonomous heating, adjusting the temperature of the radiators and taking care of maintaining thermal regime falls on the homeowner. In a multi-storey building with central heating, an authorized organization is responsible for compliance with the standards. Heating norms are developed on the basis of sanitary standards applicable to residential and non-residential premises. The basis of the calculations is the need of an ordinary organism. The optimal values are established by law and are displayed in SNiP.

It will be warm and cozy in the apartment only when the heat supply norms stipulated by the legislation are observed.

When is the heat connected and what are the regulations

The beginning of the heating period in Russia falls on the time when the thermometer readings fall below + 8 ° C. Turn off the heating when the mercury column rises to + 8 ° C and above, and keeps at this level for 5 days.

To determine if the temperature of the batteries meets the standards, it is necessary to take measurements

Minimum temperature standards

In accordance with the norms of heat supply, minimum temperature should be like this:

living rooms: +18°C;
corner rooms: +20°C;
bathrooms: +25°C;
kitchens: +18°C;
landings and lobbies: +16°C;
basements: +4°C;
attics: +4°C;
lifts: +5°C.

This value is measured indoors at a distance of one meter from outer wall and 1.5 m from the floor. With hourly deviations from established standards the heating fee is reduced by 0.15%. The water must be heated up to +50°C – +70°C. Its temperature is measured with a thermometer, lowering it to a special mark in a container of tap water.

Norms according to SanPiN 2.1.2.1002-00

Norms according to SNiP 2.08.01-89

Cold in the apartment: what to do and where to go

If the radiators do not heat well, the temperature of the water in the tap will be lower than normal. In this case, tenants have the right to write an application with a request for verification. Representatives of the municipal service inspect the plumbing and heating systems, draw up an act. The second copy is given to the tenants.

If the batteries are not warm enough, you must contact the organization responsible for heating the house

If the complaint is confirmed, the authorized organization is obliged to correct everything within a week. The rent is recalculated if the room temperature deviates from the permissible norm, and also when the water in the radiators is 3°C lower than the norm during the day, and 5°C at night.

Requirements for the quality of public services, prescribed in the Decree of May 6, 2011 N 354 on the rules for the provision of public services to owners and users of premises in apartment buildings and residential buildings

Air expansion parameters

The air exchange rate is a parameter that must be observed in heated rooms. In a living room with an area of 18 m² or 20 m², the multiplicity should be 3 m³ / h per sq. m. The same parameters must be observed in regions with temperatures up to -31 ° C and below.

In apartments equipped with two-burner gas and electric stoves and hostel kitchens up to 18 m² in size, aeration is 60 m³/h. In rooms with three burners, this value is 75 m³ / h, with a gas stove with four burners - 90 m³ / h.

In a bathroom with an area of 25 m², this parameter is 25 m³ / h, in a toilet with an area of 18 m² - 25 m³ / h. If the bathroom is combined and its area is 25 m², the air exchange rate will be 50 m³ / h.

Methods for measuring the heating of radiators

Hot water, heated to +50°С - +70°С, is supplied to the taps year-round. During the heating season, heaters are filled with this water. To measure its temperature, open the tap and place a container under the stream of water into which the thermometer is lowered. Deviations are allowed by four degrees upwards. If there is a problem, file a complaint with the housing office. If the radiators are airy, the application must be written to the DEZ. The specialist should come within a week and fix everything.

The presence of a measuring device will allow you to constantly monitor the temperature regime

Methods for measuring the heating of heating batteries:

The heating of the pipe and radiator surfaces is measured with a thermometer. 1-2°C are added to the result obtained.
For the most accurate measurements, an infrared thermometer-pyrometer is used, which determines the readings with an accuracy of 0.5 ° C.
An alcohol thermometer can serve as a permanent measuring device, which is applied to the radiator, glued with adhesive tape, and wrapped with foam rubber or other heat-insulating material on top.
Heating of the coolant is also measured by electrical measuring instruments with the “measure temperature” function. For measurement, a wire with a thermocouple is screwed to the radiator.

Regularly recording the data of the device, fixing the readings on the photo, you will be able to make a claim against the heat supplier

Important! If the radiators do not heat up enough, after submitting an application to an authorized organization, a commission should come to you to measure the temperature of the liquid circulating in the heating system. The actions of the commission must comply with paragraph 4 of the "Methods of control" in accordance with GOST 30494−96. The device used for measurements must be registered, certified and pass state verification. Its temperature range should be in the range from +5 to +40°С, the permissible error is 0.1°С.

Adjustment of heating radiators

Adjusting the temperature of the radiators is necessary in order to save on space heating. In apartments of high-rise buildings, the bill for heat supply will decrease only after the installation of the meter. If a boiler is installed in a private house that automatically maintains a stable temperature, regulators may not be needed. If the equipment is not automated, the savings will be significant.

Why is adjustment needed?

Adjusting the batteries will help achieve not only maximum comfort, but also:

Remove airing, ensure the movement of the coolant through the pipeline and heat transfer to the room.
Reduce energy costs by 25%.
Do not constantly open windows due to overheating of the room.

Heating adjustment must be carried out before the start of the heating season. Before that, you need to insulate all the windows. In addition, take into account the location of the apartment:

angular;
in the middle of the house;
on the lower or upper floors.

insulation of walls, corners, floors;
hydro- and thermal insulation of joints between panels.

Without these measures, the adjustment will not be useful, since more than half of the heat will heat the street.

Warming corner apartment helps to minimize heat loss

The principle of adjusting radiators

How to properly regulate heating batteries? To rationally use heat and ensure uniform heating, valves are installed on the batteries. With their help, you can reduce the flow of water or disconnect the radiator from the system.

In district heating systems of high-rise buildings with a pipeline through which the coolant is supplied from top to bottom, regulation of radiators is not possible. On the upper floors of such houses it is hot, on the lower floors it is cold.
In a single-pipe network, the coolant is supplied to each battery with a return to the central riser. Heat is distributed evenly here. Control valves are mounted on the supply pipes of the radiators.
In two-pipe systems with two risers, the coolant is supplied to the battery and vice versa. Each of them is equipped with a separate valve with a manual or automatic thermostat.

Types of control valves

Modern technologies allow the use of special control valves, which are valve heat exchangers connected to the battery. There are several types of faucets that allow you to regulate heat.

The principle of operation of control valves

According to the principle of action, they are:

Ball bearings providing 100% protection against accidents. They can rotate 90 degrees, let water through or shut off the coolant.
Standard budget valves without temperature scale. Partially change the temperature, blocking the access of the heat carrier to the radiator.
With a thermal head that regulates and controls the parameters of the system. There are mechanical and automatic.

The operation of a ball valve is reduced to turning the regulator to one side.

Note! The ball valve must not be left half open, as this may cause damage to the sealing ring, resulting in a leak.

Conventional direct acting thermostat

A direct acting thermostat is a simple device installed near a radiator that allows you to control the temperature in it. Structurally, it is a sealed cylinder with a bellows inserted into it, filled with a special liquid or gas that can respond to temperature changes. Its increase causes expansion of the filler, resulting in increased pressure on the stem in the regulator valve. It moves and blocks the flow of coolant. Cooling the radiator causes the reverse process.

A direct-acting thermostat is installed in the pipeline of the heating system

Temperature controller with electronic sensor

The principle of operation of the device is similar to the previous version, the only difference is in the settings. In a conventional thermostat, they are performed manually, in an electronic sensor, the temperature is set in advance and maintained within the specified limits (from 6 to 26 degrees) automatically.

A programmable thermostat for heating radiators with an internal sensor is installed when it is possible to place its axis horizontally

Heat regulation instructions

How to regulate batteries, what actions need to be taken to ensure comfortable conditions in the house:

Air is released from each battery until water flows from the tap.
The pressure is adjustable. To do this, in the first battery from the boiler, the valve opens for two turns, in the second - for three turns, etc., adding one turn for each subsequent radiator. Such a scheme provides optimal passage of the coolant and heating.
In forced systems, the pumping of the coolant and the control of heat consumption are carried out using control valves.
To regulate the heat in the flow system, built-in thermostats are used.
In two-pipe systems, in addition to the main parameter, the amount of coolant is controlled in manual and automatic modes.

Why is a thermal head for radiators needed and how does it work:

Comparison of temperature control methods:

Comfortable living in apartments of high-rise buildings, in country houses and cottages is provided by maintaining a certain thermal regime in the premises. Modern systems heating systems allow you to install regulators that maintain the required temperature. If the installation of regulators is not possible, the responsibility for the heat in your apartment lies with the heat supply organization, which you can contact if the air in the room does not warm up to the values provided for by the regulations.

The temperature of the coolant in the heating system is normal

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