Name: Olga Berggolts (Olga Berggolts)
Age: 65 years old
Place of Birth: St. Petersburg
Place of death: Leningrad, Russia
Activity: poetess, prose, journalist
Family status: was married
Olga Bergolz - Biography
"Says Leningrad! At the microphone of the poetess Olga Bergolts ..." Thousands of Leningradians were waiting for these words every day. They knew: if Olga on the air, then the city did not give up.
Olga Bergolts - Childhood
Mom brought up Olya and Masha by Turgenevian girls. I instilled love for poetry, hired a governess. She dreamed that her girls would go to the Institute of Noble Maiden. However, the revolution destroyed all the plans. The husband went to fight, and the family moved from Petrograd to Uglich - was safer there. Carefree life ended.
Love for poetry - that's all that Olga left from happy childhood. The girl began to write poetry early. Robbo recorded them in the diary, and then dare - took the newspaper to the editorial office. In 1925, the "Red Weaver" published the first poem of the poem of the young author Olga Berggolts in his biographies. And after a year the roots of Chukovsky said: "She will become a real poetess!"
Olga Bergholts - Biography of Personal Life
Soon the 18-year-old Olga had a devotee - the poet Boris Kornilov. The girl married him, and in nine months, in 1928, gave birth to the daughter of Jerhke. The child inspired Bergholts that she began to write poems for children.
Marriage was wrong - Olga realized this when Nikolai Molchanova met. After a series of scandals, Bergholts broke up with her first husband and married Nicholas. How she loved him! No one has never treated her so gently and all-friendly. Only he could close his eyes on her fleeting intrigues with colleagues, because he knew: she would return to the Lono of the family. The husband supported Olga and on a literary field. Together with her rejoiced to the success - exit in the 1930s collection of stories "Night in the New World", a collection of poems and essays.
In 1932, Pair had a daughter Maya. Nikolai with Olga Souls did not care in the baby. Enjoyed a happy time, as if the sample that it will soon end.
Olga Bergolz - a terrible loss
When Maye was one year old, she did not. Parents were inconsolable, especially Olga. And after three years, the older daughter Ira died from the heart of the heart. She was seven years old. The girl went hard, holding a mother by hand. Olga remembered these minutes for life. After the loss of daughters she was covered with guilt: she realized how little he gave them warmth and love. Kohl helped as he could - there was all the time near, calmed down: "We will definitely have children!" Did not deceive - a year later, Olga was pregnant again.
On December 13, 1938, Berggolts engaged in everyday affairs when they came for her. "You accuse about the enemies of the people and in the preparation of terrorist attacks," said poetess. It turned out, Olga was slandered by a friend of the family. A woman on the sixth month of pregnancy was arrested with the sole purpose of knocking out the truth from her. Started from intimidation, then switched to beatings. Bey in the stomach, and Olga, grieving his teeth, silent ...
Returning to the camera after the next beatings, she understood: the child is no longer. In medical care, she was refused, and almost two months Bergholz wore a dead fruit. Squeezed, only when they found it on the floor in a puddle of blood. "You, Golubushka, barely survived, a miracle did not happen to infection," the doctors said. And they also warned: she will no longer be able to have children.
Without having achieved recognition from poets, in July 1939 she was released. Olga recorded his diary: "They took out the soul, they fell into it with stinking fingers, they spoiled in her, they gone, then they put her back and say:" Live! "" But, how to live on, she did not know ...
Olga was extruded. The only person who remained nearby, -Nollai. He did not betray her, even when he was offered to refuse his wife, the enemy of the people. I put a partbiler on the table and said: "This is not a male."
Surprisingly, Bergholz helped to survive the war began in 1941. Of course, at first there was fear. "I know that the Germans will soon arrive. The legs are trembling, the hands are leaning ... "- wrote Olga in her diary. But then I understood: she needs her city. The poetess went to the radio and offered help. She was satisfied with the microphone, and every day she came into touch with Leningraders. "What can the enemy? Destroy and kill. And just. And I can love ... "- his voice sounded from radio receivers in thousands of apartments. She was the hope that Leningrad would not have a day so that Olga did not appear at the microphone. Even when a favorite husband died.
Nikolai suffered a severe form of epilepsy acquired during military service. Despite this, he again went to the front. Back he was brought with dystrophy, and soon the man died from hunger. Go to the funeral Olga could not: she simply had no strength. From hunger began to flush Berggolts herself. She swept the belly that, by mistake, a woman took care of pregnancy. Alas, a miracle did not happen.
She began to write, splashing on paper all his pain and despair. In 1942, her best poems came out about those who defended their homeland, "Leningrad Poem" and the February Diary. And on January 18, 1943, Olga Berggolts reported to Leningrads that the blockade ring was broken.
"Nobody is forgotten and nothing is forgotten," the words of the poetess on the Granite Wall of the Piskarevsky cemetery were carved after the war. Berggolts herself survived. He graduated from the war with the medal "For the defense of Leningrad" and hoped that she would be waiting for her ahead, but at least a quiet life.
After the death of the husband, a colleague, an employee of Radiocomitte, Georgy McOnenko, helped. He returned it to life, and she married him. In fact, it was a hoax - in fact Olga continued to love her stale ...
The post-war did not bring calmness: the poetess was accused of friendship with Opt Akhmatova, they reproached that in her military verses there was too much bitterness and suffering. The book "Says Leningrad", released after the war, seized from libraries. Olga was repeatedly called for interrogations, so not to attract the attention of the organs, she hid his manuscripts and diaries. And always wore a toothbrush and spare stockings in her handbag - I understood that they could arrest at any time.
When the thaw came, it became easier. Poems and prose Olga Berggolts began to print again. In 1952, the cycle of poems of Stalingrad was released, and in the 1960s - "Day Stars". It seemed to be allocated, but it was an illusion. The thawing ended, and the censors came again, and Bergholtz fell under the sight of the authorities.
To forget, she started drinking. Only in the blurred state of her brain and the soul could relax. George, despite the fact that his wife loved, could not allow him to be a drinking woman with him with not the best reputation. Divorce was inevitable.
Olga Berggolts - Dreams of Death
"My life is over," this thought, as if Nabat, beat Olga in the head. She wanted to impose on his hands, but was afraid to hurt the mother. That, together with the daughter of Masha, was all the time and supported as it could. And then Berggolts decided to destroy himself slowly. She began to drink again - he knew that with one kidney, with this lifestyle, would not last for a long time. Increasingly, the poetess took the ambulance, the doctors then repeat that one day they would not have time to save her. And she only dreamed about it ...
Everything happened on November 13, 1975. Olga Fedorovna was 65 years old. The necrologist in the newspaper was released only on the day of the funeral, so many citizens simply did not have time to hold the poetess on the last path. During the lifetime, Bergholts asked her to bury her at Piskarevsky cemetery. Hundreds of thousands of dead Leningradians rested there, her nute lay there ... But the authorities and after death did not want to leave her alone - they did as they considered it. Olga Bergholts was buried on the literal view of the Volkovsky cemetery.
In 1925, he came to the literary association of workers' youth - "Change", where B. Kornilova met (first husband), with whom he later studied at the highest courses at the Institute of Art History. Here they taught such teachers like Tynyanov, Eikenbaum, Shklovsky, played by Bagritsky, Mayakovsky, I. Utkin.
After graduating from the University of Leningrad Faculty of Leningrad, in 1930, leaving Kazakhstan, working as a correspondent of the Soviet steppe newspaper, which he told about the "Depth" book (1932). Returning to Leningrad, he worked as an editor in the newspaper Elektrosila. In 1933-1935 Books are published: essays "years of assault", a collection of stories "Night in the New World". The collection of "poems", from which Berggolts poetic fame begins.
December 13, 1938 was arrested on charges "in connection with the enemies of the people," in conclusion after the beatings was allowed to be a stillborn child (both her daughters died before). July 3, 1939 released and fully rehabilitated.
During the Great Patriotic War, remaining in the besieged Leningrad, worked on the radio, almost daily turning to the courage of the inhabitants of the city. Her second husband, literary critic N. Molchanov, died of hunger. At this time, Berggolts created his best poems dedicated to the defenders of Leningrad: "February Diary" (1942), "Leningrad Poem".
After the war, the book "says Leningrad" about the work on the radio during the war. He wrote the play "They lived in Leningrad", staged in the theater A. Tairov. In 1952 - the cycle of poems about Stalingrad. After a trip to the liberated Sevastopol created the tragedy "loyalty" (1954). A new step in the work of Berggolts was the prose name "Daytime Stars" (1959), allowing to understand and feel the "biographies of the century", the fate of generation.
In mid-1950 - early 1960s, several poems of Bergholts were common in Samizdat. In the 1960s, her poetic collections came out: "Knot", "Test", in the 1970s - "loyalty", "Memory". Olga Bergholts died in Leningrad in 1975.
The diaries that poetess led for many years, with her life did not see the world, the archive after death was confiscated by the authorities. Fragments of diaries and some poems appeared in 1980 in the Israeli magazine "Time and We". The majority of Berggolts Heritage not published in Russia entered the 3rd volume of the collections of its writings (1990).
The name of Olga Bergholts is called the street in the Nevsky District of St. Petersburg. On Rubinstein Street, 7, where she lived, a memorial plaque was opened. Another bronze bas-relief of its memory is set at the entrance to the radio. And she herself is buried on the Little Mosts of Volkov Cemetery.
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Olga Fedorovna Berggolts. 3 (16) May 1910 was born in St. Petersburg - died on November 13, 1975 in Leningrad (now St. Petersburg). Russian Soviet poetess, prose, playwright, journalist. Winner of the Stalin Prize (1951). One of the symbols of the blockade Leningrad. The author of the strings "Nobody is forgotten, nothing is forgotten."
Olga Bergholts was born 3 (16 in a new style) May 1910 in St. Petersburg.
The Father had German-Swedish roots.
Father Fedor Christforovich Berggolts (1885-1948), a descendant of the military, taken captive at, with a specialty surgeon, a graduate of the Derpt University.
Mother - Maria Timofeevna Berggolts (nebulina; 1884-1957).
Younger sister - (1912-2003), actress, theater figure.
Olga in the family called Lyal, and her sister Maria - Musa. The mother was engaged in their upbringing, who adored poetry and handed this love to daughters. Olga's childhood has passed in a two-story house on the Neva Statement, in the usual intelligent family of those years in life - nanny, governess, love and care of parents.
In the first world father went to the front of a field surgeon. In 1918, hunger and devastation led Maria Timofeevna with daughters in Uglich, where they lived in one of the kesels of the Bogoyavlensky monastery.
In 1921, the father returned, the past two wars. And they returned to Nevka Zavverow. Parental dreams about the Institute of Noble Maiden and Medical Education were found to be unconsciously, and Olga became a student of the 117th Labor School, and in 1924 she was already a pioneer, turning from a devout intelligent girl to the proletarian activist, soon joined Komsomol.
The first poem of the fourteen-year-old Olga Bergholz - Lenin - published the factory wall newspaper of the Red Weaver plant on September 27, 1925, where Dr. Berggolts Dr. Berggolts operated on her dad. And her first story "Enchanted path" appeared in the magazine "Red Tie".
After a year, her poems "Song about the banner" were published by "Leninskaya Sparks", and Olga, who studied in the graduation class of the nine-board, joined the literary youth association "Change" under the Leningrad Association of Proletarian Writers.
In 1926, she awarded praise that celebrated the meeting of the poets Union that a real poet would be able to work out of Olga.
He studied at the highest courses at the Institute of Art History, in which she was taught by teachers like Tynanov, Eikenbaum, Shklovsky, performed Bagritsky, Mayakovsky, Utkin.
Since 1930, he worked in children's literature, published in the journal "Chizh", published its first book - "Winter-Summer-Parrot".
Further arrived at the Faculty of Philology of the University of Leningrad. The pre-diploma practice took place in Vladikavkaz in the summer - in the fall of 1930 in the newspaper "Power of Labor". Lighted the construction of a number of national objects, in particular, the Gizeldon HPP.
After graduating from the University in 1930, he leaves to Kazakhstan, working as a correspondent of the Soviet steppe newspaper, which was told in the book "Depthint" (1932). Returning to Leningrad, he worked as an editor in the newspaper Elektrosila (1931-1934). In 1933-1935, Books are published: Essays "Years of Sturm", a collection of stories "Night in the New World", the first "adult poetic book" - a collection of "poems", from which Berggolts poetic fame begins.
In 1934, the Soviet Writers was adopted, from where it was excluded on May 16, 1937. Restored in July 1938, and then, due to arrest, was again excluded.
Arrests of Olga Berggolts
In early 1937, Berggolts was involved in the "AVERBAH case", which was held witness. During the meeting of the Party Committee of the Elektrosil Plant named after S. M. Kirov dated May 29, 1937, she explained: "The charges that prevent me are very difficult accusations. At the factory, opinions were quite good. As for my connection with Averbach - I met him as the head of the Union of Soviet writers. I consisted in SSPs even earlier, then I was excluded. With Averbach I was introduced to Libdition. Averbach was at that time in the position of the leader, enjoyed a huge authority. Everyone was in very good relationship with him. At that time, the "Young Guard" wanted me to attract me to literary work, and Averbach wanted to leave me in the Writers' Union, considering me indispensable in the field of children's literature ... I never had ideological connections with him. The instructions from him did not receive and there was no close relationship with him ... In 1931, Averbach wanted me to marry him, he was in love with me. I refused. He was not my husband. I wrote to the same husband in Kazakhstan so that he left, and Avenbha said then he would not hoped for me. The husband came, and he was excluded from the Komsomol for it. Husband in 1932 he wrote a statement to the parthorization of Rappa, where Averbach called a political adventurer and literary passing. I was frightened, because Averbach was at the height of his position at the time, but the conflict did not happen then. "
The first husband, Boris Kornilov, was shot on February 21, 1938 in Leningrad. By the middle of 1938, all accusations with Olga Bergulz were removed.
However, six months - on December 13, 1938 - Olga Bergholts again arrested on charges of "in connection with the enemies of the people", as well as as a member of the counter-revolutionary conspiracy against Voroshilov and Zhdanov. Passed in the case of the "literary group", which was falsified by former employees of UGB in the Kirov region.
In prison, Olga Bergoltz lasted 171 days, her health was finally undermined. Despite this, Berggolts held steadfastly and did not recognize himself guilty.
Under torture, testimony was knocked out on the poetess at her comrades Igor Farnsit and Leonid Dyakonov, and his friend's friendships were associated with the latter while working in the Kazakh newspaper Soviet steppe. But the first testimony on the investigation of the "literary group" against L. Dyakonov, O. Berggolts and other writers gave the Chairman of the Vyatsky Union of Soviet Writers Andrei Aldan-Semenov, who was the first among the arrested.
On July 3, 1939, Olga Fedorovna Bergholts was released and fully rehabilitated. Soon after the liberation he remembered: "They took out the soul, they gave it with stinking fingers, they spoiled in her, they gadal, then they junny and say: live!".
In February 1940 he entered into the ranks of the WCP (b).
Olga Berggolts during the Leningrad blockade
During the Great Patriotic War, Olga remained in a besieged Leningrad. From August 1941 he worked on the radio, almost daily appealed to the courage of residents of the city.
During the war, she, like thousands of Leningradians, persistently worried about the blockade and managed to express feelings and their own, and many in their verses.
Comrade, garbye days fell out,
Fantasy troubles threaten
But we are not forgotten with you, not alone -
And this is already a victory.
Olga Bergholts acted almost daily on the radio, referring to the residents of the besieged city. Her soft singeling voice, which merged pain, compassion and the heroism of the defenders of Leningrad, said the truth about the city, nothing smoothing, not decorating. And the whole country knew that Leningrad and in the ring of the blockade continues to live and fight. Love to the homeland and the ability to obscure the other - that's what helped survive and stand out.
I speak with you under the sheep of shells,
Gray zarene.
I speak with you from Leningrad,
My country, sad country ...
Olga Bergholts not only performed on the radio, often, together with the artist's brigade, she was chosen to the front, which was very close to the city, read his poems to fighters defended Leningrad.
This is the front today. A hundred meters
Before who death prepares me.
But today quiet. Even wind
No at all. Easily sound string.
I know there is no death: it does not subside
I will not strangle slowly, -
Just life flashes and turns around,
Exactly the song is full of string.
Olga Bergholts itself later spoke: "What we will stay in Leningrad, no matter how hard his fate has happened, - we decided firmly from the first days of war. I had to meet the test face to face. I understood: my time came when I can give my homeland everything - my work, my poetry. After all, we lived for something all preceding years. "
At this time, Berggolts created its best poems dedicated to the defenders of Leningrad: "February diary" (1942), "Leningrad Poem" (1942).
Father Poets, Fedor Bergholts, formally for refusing to become an informant in March 1942, was "sent" from the Blocade Leningrad by the NKVD bodies in Minusinsk (Krasnoyarsk Territory).
On January 27, 1945, Radio Film "900 days", which used different fragments of sound recordings (including metronome, excerpts from the seventh symphony, alarm announcement, voices of people), combined in one entry. Olga Berggolts, among others, worked on this radio film, read poems there.
Despite all the merits, at the end of May 1945, the USSR joint venture was criticized for the fact that in his verses reflected the subject of suffering related to countless disasters of citizens of a besieged city. For criticism O. Berggolts answered by verse:
And even for those who would like to smooth
in a mirror timid memory of people
I will not give to forget how Leningradets fell
on the yellow snow of deserted squares.
After the war on the granite stele of the Piskarevsky memorial cemetery, where 470,000 Leningrad residents are resting, who died during the Leningrad blockade and in battles in the protection of the city were carved by her words:
Leningrads lie here.
Here the townspeople are men, women, children.
Next to them soldiers-redarmeys.
All life is NEW
They defended you, Leningrad,
The cradle of the revolution.
Their noble names we can not list here,
So they are much under the eternal protection of granite.
But know, listening to these stones:
No one is forgotten and nothing is forgotten.
After the war, the Berggolts book "Says Leningrad" about the work on the radio during the war. Olga also wrote a play "They lived in Leningrad", put in the theater A. Tairova.
In 1948, "Favorites" comes in Moscow, 10 years later - the collected works in two volumes.
In 1952, the cycle of poems about Stalingrad was released. After a business trip to the liberated Sevastopol created the tragedy "loyalty" (1954). A new step in the work of Berggolts was the prose name "Daytime Stars" (1959), allowing to understand and feel the "biography of the century", the fate of generation.
The heart is poured with blood ...
Our favorite, our dear!
Hook your headboard
Crying homeland over you.
In other verses, Bergholts so responded about the death of Stalin:
Oh, not your pipes sobbed
Four nights, four days
From the fifth of March in the column hall
Above the risks, in the lifetime of me msaming me ... ("Five appeals to the tragedy").
In mid-1950 - early 1960s, several poems of Bergholts were common in Samizdat. In the 1960s, her poetic collections "Knot" and "Testing" came out, in the 1970s - "loyalty" and "memory".
In 1960, the book "Daytime Stars".
The latest printed new book is a collection of poems "Memory", published in 1972 in Moscow.
Olga Bergholts died in Leningrad on November 13, 1975. He was buried on the literal view of the Volkovsky cemetery.
The monument on the grave of the poetess appeared only in 2005.
The name of Olga Bergholts is named the street in Nevsky district and Square in the courtyard of the house number 20 on the Black River embankment in the Primorsky district of St. Petersburg. Also named Olga Bergoltz is called Street in the center of Uglich.
Olga Bergholts Memorial Boards are installed on the building of the former school in the degree of Uglich's Elementary Monastery, where she studied from 1918 to 1921. And on Rubinstein Street, 7, where she lived. Another bronze bas-relief of its memory is set at the entrance to the radio. The monument to Olga Bergholts is also installed in the courtyard of the Leningrad Regional College of Culture and Art on the Pea, 57 - A: Where during the Great Patriotic War there was a hospital.
In 1994, Olga Bergolts was awarded the title "Honorary Citizen of St. Petersburg".
On January 17, 2013, the Museum of Olga Berggolts was opened to the 70th anniversary of the breakthrough of Leningrad Blockada in St. Petersburg at school No. 340 of the Nevsky district. The exposition consists of four exhibition sections - "Olga Berggolts Room," Blocade Room "," Memory Place "and" Microdistrict and School History ".
To the 100th anniversary of the birth of poetess, in 2010, the St. Petersburg Theater "Baltic House" put the play "Olga. Forbidden Diary "(director Igor Konyaev, in the lead role of Era Zygrenos).
On May 16, 2015, in the 105th anniversary of the Birthday of the poet, a monument to Olga Berggolts was opened in the Palevsky Garden of the Nevskiye side of St. Petersburg.
Diaries that poetess led for many years, with her life were not published. After the death of Olga Bergholts, her archive was confiscated by the authorities and placed in Special. Fragments of diaries and some poems appeared in 1980 in the Israeli magazine "Time and We". The majority of Bergholts Heritage not published in Russia entered the 3rd volume of the collections of its writings (1990). Exposures from the diaries about the arrival of poetess in the village of Old Rakhino published in the magazine "Banner" in 1991. In 2015, it was announced the first full edition of the Bergholts Bergholts diaries. The training of the publication was engaged in the team of the Russian state archive of literature and art (Rgali), in which the Personal Fund has been kept in 1975.
Personal life Olga Bergoltz:
Three times was married.
First husband - Poet Boris Kornilov. I got acquainted in 1925 in the literary association of the working youth "Change". She was 18 years old. In 1928, they got married.
On October 13, 1928, the pair was born daughter Irina, which on March 14, 1936, at the age of 7, died (due to the complication on the heart - decompensated heart disease - after heavily suffered angina).
In 1930 divorced.
The first husband, Boris Kornilov, was shot on February 21, 1938 in Leningrad. In 1968, Olga opened a monument to Boris Cornilov at the poet's homeland in Semenov.
Olga Bergoltz and Boris Kornilov. More than love
Second husband - Nikolai Molchanov, literary critic, her classmate.
To his second spouse, soon after the wedding dedicated the rows:
At my life I will get
Like a spark of flint,
to not part to
You always loved me.
You sorry that I am
What is the year in a row
then I fall in love, then wander,
Only people say ...
In 1932, Olga gave birth to Maya's daughter, but a year later, the girl died.
In early 1937, Berggolts was arrested, being on a large period of pregnancy. She fell into the hospital where he lost the child.
In December 1938, Olga Berggolts again arrested when she was on a large gestation. After beatings and torture Olga directly in prison gave birth to a dead child.
Nikolai Molchanov died of hunger on January 29, 1942. Despite his disabilities, he went to the construction of fortifications in the Luzhsky turn. In his combat character, there was a phrase: "Capacious to self-sacrifice."
The spouse had a long sick, exhausted from adversity and malnutrition, melted in his eyes. The leadership of the radio and amateur decided to help Olga Bergholz and her husband were evacuated to the Great Earth. Dates were appointed, but each time something broke away: then there was a need for her verses, then in participation in the transmissions, and she was postponed.
For the death of the second husband, she wrote poems:
Was a day like a day.
Came to me a friend
I do not cry, told that yesterday
the only one sorted a friend
And we were silent with her until the morning.
What could I find words?
I am also a Leningrad widow.
We ate bread that was postponed on the day,
In one handkerchief, they wrapped together
and quietly became quiet in Leningrad,
One, stucha, worked in the metronome.
In 1965, Olga Berggolts devoted to Molchanov the best, in her own opinion, the poetic book "Knot". Until the death at the night table, Olga Bergholts stood a portrait of Nikolai Molchanova.
Third husband - Georgy McOnenko, an employee of the Leningrad Radiocomitte, Professor of the Department of Russian Literature LSU. For a long time he was secretly in love with Olga. They were married from 1949 to 1962.
Olga's last love later described in verses "Indian Summer." However, the third marriage quickly broke up - the husband went to another woman.
In 1952, he was treated from alcohol dependence in a psychiatric hospital.
Bibliography Olga Berggolts:
1944 - "Leningrad Diary"
1946 - "Says Leningrad"
1954 - "Favorites"
1955 - "Lyrics"
1960 - "Day Stars"
1964 - "Day Stars"
1967 - Selected works in 2 volumes
1967 - "Day Stars"
1970 - "loyalty"
1971 - "Day Stars"
1976 - "Leningrad Poem. Poems. Poem "
1975 - "Day Stars"
1978 - "Day Stars"
1985 - "Voice"
2000 - "Day Stars"
Olga Berggolts filmography:
Fixing works by Olga Bergoltz:
1966 - "Daytime Stars" (dir. Igor Talankin)
1967 - "Priororsia" (dir. Evgeny Schiffers)
Awards and Awards Olga Bergoltz:
Stalin's third degree premium (1951) for the Poem "Primorrosiysk" (1950)
Order of Lenin (10/28/1967)
Order of the Red Banner of the Red Banner (1960)
Medal "For Defense of Leningrad" (1943)
Medal "For Valiant Labor in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945"
Honorary Citizen of St. Petersburg (1994)
Today, May 16, marks 100 years since the birth of Russian writer and poetess Olga Fedorovna Berggolts.
Russian writer, poetess Olga Fedorovna Bergholts was born on May 16 (according to the old style - May 3) 1910 in St. Petersburg in the doctor's family. The family lived on the working outskirts of St. Petersburg in the Neva Oblast area, where the child's future poeteles passed.
In the 1920s. Olga Berggolts studied in a labor school. Her first poems were published in 1924 in the factory wallpaper, and a year later, Olga Bergholts entered into the literary youth group "Change".
In 1926, she became a student of the highest state courses of art history at the Institute of Art History, and in a few years he was translated into the University of Leningrad.
In 1930, Berggolts graduated from the Faculty of Philology of the Leningrad University and went to Kazakhstan in distribution, where he began to work as a traveling correspondent of the Soviet steppe newspaper, as told in his book "Depth" (1932).
Returning to Leningrad, Olga Berggolts worked as an editor in the Militail of the Electrosil Plant. Later he worked in the newspaper "Literary Leningrad".
In 1932-1935 The first collections of Olga Berggolts came out from which her fame like poetess. Among her works of that time - poems, poems, stories, stories, plays, journalism: the story "Uglich" (1932), a collection of essays written in Kazakhstan "Depthint" (1932) Collection of lyrics "Poems" (1934), Tale "Journalists "(1934), Collection of stories" Night in the "New World" (1935), Tale "Grain" (1935), Collection "Book of Songs" (1936).
In December 1838, Olga Berggolts arrested, accusing that "that she was an active participant in a counter-revolutionary terrorist organization who prepared terrorist acts over Zhdanov and Voroshilov" (of the case). She spent half a year in the conclusion where the dead child gave birth to a dead child as a result. In July 1939, he was released "for the unprove of the composition of the crime."
Creative maturity comes to Bergholts during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. During the blockade of Leningrad, Olga Bergholts was located in the besieged by the fascists of the city. In November 1941, her with a seriously sick husband had to evacuate from Leningrad, but the husband died and Olga Fedorovna remained in the city.
Staying in a besieged Leningrad, she worked in the Radio House of Radio all days, almost daily radio broadcasts, later the Leningrad says "says". These days, Bergholts became truly a popular poet, dividing all the horrors of "mortal time" with Leningraders, instilling in them hope with their verses.
Olga Bergolz was awarded the Order of Lenin, the Order of the Labor Red Banner and Medals.
Having survived the blockade of Leningrad, Berggolts devoted the heroic defense of the city of the work "February Diary", "Leningrad Poem" (1942), "Leningrad Notebook" (1942; Collection), "Memory of Defender" (1944), "They lived in Leningrad" (written Together with George Macogonenko in 1944 and put in the theater of Alexander Tairov), "Your way" (1945), the Leningrad Symphony filmceneuria (1945; together with Macogonenko), the play "We have on Earth" (1947).
In 1950, she wrote a heroic and romantic poem about the Petrograd workers, built in 1918 in Altai, the commune city - "Priorossiysk", for which in 1951 was awarded the USSR State Prize.
After a trip to the liberated Sevastopol Olga Bergholts created the tragedy of "loyalty" (1954). In 1959, her autobiographical book of lyric prose "Daystock Stars", in 1968, was removed the same film.
In 1960, her poetic collections "Knot", "Test", in the 1970s came out. - "loyalty", "Memory".
The diaries that poetess led for many years, with her life did not see the light, the archive after death was confiscated by the authorities. Fragments of diaries and some poems appeared in 1980 in the Israeli magazine "Time and We". Most of the Heritage of Berggoltz, who did not publish in Russia, entered the third volume of the collections of its writings, published in 1990.
Personal life poetess did not work out. The first husband, Boris Kornilov, has lived with it for no more than two years, they divorced in 1928 ("did not agree with the characters") and Olga married Nikolai Molchanov, with whom he studied together at the university. Nikolai Molchanov fell ill with epilepsy and in 1942 he died.
Olga Bergolts had to be survived not yet one tragedy: she had a daughter alone: \u200b\u200bin 1933, the youngest Maya, and three years later - the older Irina. The third child Berggolts lost in prison. Together with his death Olga Fedorovna lost the ability to be a mother.
The third husband, St. Petersburg philologist Georgy McOnenko, in 1959 left Berggolts.
For the last sixteen years, "pain, wine, loneliness" (according to her sister, Maria Fedorovna, who died in 2003), surrounded the poetess, but did not pay a song darus in it. In the last year of life, she said: "I live through pain, I am writing through pain ..."
Olga Fedorovna died on November 13, 1975 in Leningrad and was buried, contrary to his wish, not at the Piskarevsky cemetery, but on the literal walkways of the Volkovsky cemetery.
The name of Olga Bergholts is called the street in the Nevsky District of St. Petersburg. On Rubinstein Street, 7, where she lived, a memorial plaque was opened. Another bronze bas-relief of its memory is set at the entrance to the radio.
Rows of Olga Bergholts are carved on the granite stele of Piskarevsky memorial cemetery: "No one is forgotten, nothing is forgotten."
On October 3, 1994, the President of Russia Boris Yeltsin issued a decree "On the perpetuation of the memory of O. F. Bergholts", according to which a monument to poetess should have put on her grave in the first half of 1995, but Olga Berggolts sister did not want to change anything on the grave.
And on May 3, 2005, on the literal view of the Volkovsky cemetery, the poetess was installed on the grave of the poetess, a sculptural composition in granite and bronze, which is marked by the window contour, resembling the four-stented cross (the work of the St. Petersburg sculptor Vladimir Grief).
In the spring of 2010, the collection "Olga. Forbidden Diary", dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the poet Olga Berggolts, was released in the publishing house "ABC". The collection includes first-collected prison and blockade diaries, excerpts from and not addressed the second part of the book "Day Stars", previously not printed letters to the Father, sent by the authorities from Leningrad during the blockade, rare photos and documents from the archives of Moscow and St. Petersburg.
In addition to the Berggolts diaries, 1939-1949, letters, photos and documents, the book includes the materials of the investigative work Berggolts 1938-1939. From the archives of the FSB. These materials were considered lost and became accessible only in the fall of 2009.
The material is prepared based on RIA news and open sources.
The poetess Olga Bergoltz fell a terrible fate. She had to go through everything that he was seen only in the most difficult nightmares. And she survived all these tests with honor. No wonder it was called the voice of a blockade Leningrad.
Throughout the blockade of Leningrad, Olga Berggolts, almost every day appealed to the citizens on the radio: "" - he picked up, convinced that it was necessary to continue to live and fight, inspired faith in a victory. She was definitely a hero and a man of his time. With the help of cruel lessons, power inspired her game rules. And Olga Fedorovna knew how to play on them.
Gifted by nature
It is difficult to imagine a hassle of life and career than Olga Berggolts. She was born in 1910 in the family of a doctor-surgeon of German origin. Nature gave her with unprecedented generosity. Berggoltz belonged to the type of women who like very many men: medium height, with blonde thick hair, okay folded, round, with clear eyes and a wonderful smile. In addition, she from nature possessed a good taste in clothes and a sense of style.
Berggolts began to be published at the age of 15. Prints and poems, and prose. The first works, of course, were created in the spirit of time - about the "exemplary Komsomol family." But they were written not without a spark of talent. Its path was common for the era, which had to grow up the future of the Big Poet. The girl from the family of devout St. Petersburg intellectuals turned into a pioneer, and then to the Komsomol activist.
In 1926, Olga became acquainted with the young poet Boris Kornilov at the meeting of the literary association of young people "Change". He was 3 years older and arrived in Leningrad from the Volga "Learn Poetry". Cornilova considered the most promising writer of a new generation. The union of two poets - young, beautiful and talented -mained as a poster arguing for power, with the slogan "We have every young one in our wonderful, beautiful country." In 1928, the daughter of Irina was born in the family ...
But already in 1930, the spouses divorced - they did not agree with the characters. No politics. In the same year, Berggolts, who made an irresistible impression on men, married the literator Nikolai Molchanov, with whom he studied at the Philological Faculty of the University. Another daughter was born - Maya.
Until the early 1930s, life as if only did what I gave Olga a gift for a gift. The poetess, thank God, did not know what fate it was waiting for her.
Courage and ... duplex
Molchanov did not live with his wife and the year when he was taken into the army. During the service on the border with Turkey, Nikolai was captured to Basmach. After torture, which had to be transferred, he developed a severe form of epilepsy, from which he suffered before death. Her husband's disease became grief for the family. But remained a private problem. Then everyone was thinking about the construction of a young fair state ...
Career Bergholts walked to the mountain: poems and prose were printed in children, and in adults. Her talent was recognized by Marshak, and Chukovsky ...
The next blow was worse: Little Maya died, which just learned to utter the word "mother". And in 1936, the eldest daughter Irina from some incomprehensible disease died.
In 1937, the first husband of poetess-Boris Kornilov was arrested. In 1938 he was shot. By the time Bergholts have been married to another man for several years. But it did not prevent it from grabbing her, accusing in relations with the enemies of the people. This story ended for Berggolts relatively successfully. For those times - certainly. She was released in 1939. In prison she had a dead child. Olga Fedorovna had no children.
Berggolts even rehabilitated, recognizing the arrest of the error. But Boris Kornilov was recognized as innocent only in 1957 - almost 20 years after death.
After a prison in the character and image of Olga's thoughts, significant changes have occurred. The illusions in relation to power, it never fifth. But at the same time, Berggolts felt part of the country and her people and sincerely worried all the troubles together with compatriots. The second lesson learned from prison experience was the fact that Olga Fedorovna learned to duveni. When it was necessary, I gave a conjunctural lie to the public. And the terrible truth wrote on the table, in fear of searches, carefully hiding written.
Gorough days
This is how she wrote about her feelings in a secret diary: - - "The feeling of prison is now, after five months of will, arises in me sharper than at first after liberation. Not only really feel, I smell this heavy smell of a prison corridor to a large house, the smell of fish, damp, onions, a knock of steps on the stairs, but also the mixed state of the doomed, hopelessness with which there was interrogations ... reset the soul, digged in It smeared with stinking fingers, wept in her, then jumped her back and say: "Lives" ... I returned to our house (both my daughters died before my arrest). The soul wound of the gyped and sick in Nesterpimo. We have not had time to feel our loss and their pain, as the Great Patriotic War batted. "
The war brought new losses with him. In 1942, Nikolay Molchanov was died from hunger in a deposited Leningrad. After this loss, Berggolts decided to stay in his hometown. She now had nothing to lose. And she began to support compatriots with their performances on radio and verses.
Comrade, garbye days fell out,Fantasy troubles threatenBut we are not forgotten with you, not alone -And this is already a victory.
Her voices were waiting. Olga knew about it, so, even by flying in 1942 in Moscow, she returned home - to the exhausted hunger of Leningrads. In memory of them, she remained mainly like a blockade voice. And this voice was sincere - it felt and knew everything.
War and blockade have become the main themes of Berggolts creativity for the rest of his life. This topic is dedicated to her main book "Daytime Stars".
Secret diary
The most intimate thoughts, she still recorded in a secret diary. At the beginning of the war there was an entry: "How was brought to the fact that Leningrad is besieged, Kiev is besieged, Odessa is besieged ... I don't know what in me more - hate to the Germans or irritation, a mad, tight, mixed with wild pity, - To our government ... It was called: "We are ready for war." Oh, bastards, adventurers, ruthless bastards! "
In 1953, when Stalin died, Olga Fedorovna broke out a heartbreaking quatrain:
The heart is poured with blood ...Our favorite, our dear!Grasing your headboardCrying homeland over you.
And in the secret diary, poetess on the same topic appeared something completely opposite in meaning:
Oh, not your pipes sobbedFour nights, four daysFrom the fifth of March in the column hallOver the rush, with a lifetime of me ...
Even after all the horrors, which fell into her share, Olga Fedorovna did not lose his female glamor. In 1949, she married the third time - for George Ma-Kogonenko, Philologist, a specialist in Russian literature. About their marriage and the personality of the third husband Berggolts Contemporaries responded in different ways. Some said that Macogonenko married a generally accepted poetess from career motivations. Others argued: the spouse was very tormented with Olga because of her all the challenge every year addiction to alcohol. Alcohol on the unless time drowned mental pain.
Great Anna Akhmatova called on everyone to regret Olga. He considered her a martyr who says goodbye.
In 1962, the divorce of Bergholts with the last husband took place. Now the main interlocutor at her loneliness for Olga Fedorovna was the secret diary, which she frankly admitted:
At the collected whole day sat -that voted, then Lgal ...How did I not get from the longing?How did I not dream of shame? ..Long from the street did not go -only there was itself.In the gate - with the janitor smoked,vodka in the eatery saw ...
Olga Fedorovna Berggolts, a woman who was called "Blocade Madonna", died in full solitude in 1975.