What varieties of cherries are best planted in the black earth. The best varieties of cherries for the southern regions of Russia

Sweet cherry, or bird cherry, is one of the most ancient and beloved fruit trees by gardeners, having a very small distribution region, limited to regions of southern Europe with a temperate climate, Asia Minor and the Caucasus. It is quite demanding to care for, but it grows very quickly and begins to bear fruit early. The fruits ripen at the very beginning of the season (May - June) and differ not only in their wonderful taste, but also in a rich set of vitamins, organic acids, micro- and macroelements.

As a result of centuries of selection, long time happened spontaneously, more than 4 thousand varieties of bird cherries were obtained, so it is quite difficult for a novice gardener to navigate in such a variety. Everything existing varieties are traditionally subdivided into early, middle and late. Among them there are self-fertile and self-pollinated varieties, with different resistance to natural whims, significantly differing in appearance and the quality characteristics of the fruit. At the beginning of the last century, Russian scientists began to breed winter-hardy sweet cherries that can withstand frost. middle lane.

Which of the early varieties are noteworthy?

Sweet cherries are one of those berries that we can taste in late spring by planting one of the early ripening varieties. With proper care, at the end of May, a vitamin dessert appears on our table and not only pleasantly diversifies the menu, but also helps the body to cope with spring vitamin deficiency faster. Most of the early ripening varieties are characterized by increased resistance to return frost, and juicy and tender berries are very tasty fresh, but they do not tolerate transportation well.

Iput- a high-yielding self-fertile variety, zoned in the Central and Central Black Earth regions. Medium-sized trees have good winter hardiness, especially of flower buds, and high resistance to fungal diseases... They form an early harvest of dark red heart-shaped berries that are above average in size (up to 10 g), which become almost black when overripe. Delicate and juicy, but firm, the pulp has an excellent moderately sweet taste. The harvest is versatile in application.

Ovstuzhenka- self-fruitless cherries of early ripening, recommended for cultivation in the central regions. The variety forms compact, low trees, resistant to winter freezing and return frost in spring. High and stable yields of medium-sized sweet and juicy dark raspberry berries (up to 6.5 g) and universal purpose make the variety popular with gardeners. An additional advantage is good immunity to coccomycosis and moniliosis.

Fairy tale- not the most productive self-fruitless variety, loved by gardeners for its large size (up to 12 g) and excellent commercial qualities very sweet berries with dense pulp. They do not crack during the rainy season and are excellent for transportation. Cherry Fairy Tale is not afraid of winter frosts, has a high immunity to most fungal diseases.

Chermashnaya- a high-yielding variety of very early ripening, forming medium-sized winter-hardy trees, practically not suffering from fungal diseases. Very tender, juicy berries of light weight (up to 4.5 g) and amber color have a sweet, dessert taste with a slight refreshing sourness. The fruit is good straight off the branch, but not suitable for storage, jam, or juice.

Mid-season cherries - the best varieties

Medium varieties usually yield from mid-June. They tolerate return frosts worse, but in comparison with early sweet cherries, they have better marketable fruit qualities.

Annushka- mid-ripening sweet cherry, recommended for cultivation in the North Caucasus region. The variety forms vigorous trees with a spreading crown and large (up to 10 g) berries of a dark pomegranate hue. Very decorative fruits of round shape are distinguished by an excellent sweet taste of dense and juicy pulp, which is not lost even in unfavorable weather. Plants perfectly tolerate winter frosts and summer droughts, but they are not sufficiently resistant to fungal diseases and cannot boast of high yields.

Adeline- a high-yielding and frost-resistant variety that ripens in the second or third decade of July. Medium-sized trees bear fruit in the fourth year of vegetation, forming medium-sized coral-red berries (up to 6 g) with a very tasty, firm and juicy pulp. Cherry Adeline quite well resists such common diseases as moniliosis and coccomycosis, but is not capable of self-pollination (self-fertile).

Teremoshka- a self-fertile variety of average winter hardiness, which begins to bear fruit in the fourth year of the growing season. Low, neat trees with a spherical crown withstand winter cold and return frosts well, have a fairly high immunity to fungal diseases. Dark cherry berries of an impressive size (up to 7 g) are valued for their excellent honey taste, firm and juicy pulp, good transportability.

Donetsk beauty- mid-season cherry, bred by Ukrainian breeders. The variety is valued for its excellent yield, as well as for beautiful and very tasty berries of impressive size (up to 10 g) and dessert taste, with a noble shade of red wine. In addition to the obvious external advantages, the variety has a high immunity to coccomycosis.

Gastinets- a very tasty variety of Belarusian selection, distinguished by excellent tasting qualities of medium-sized amber berries (up to 6 g) with an abundant carmine blush. Self-fertile trees of average yield are very decorative during fruiting, resistant to fungal diseases and give the first harvest in the third year of development.

The largest and most productive late varieties

At a time when the entire harvest of early cherries has already been eaten and processed, late-ripening varieties begin to bear fruit very by the way. Berries on such trees ripen towards the end of summer, and the most frost-resistant of them yield in the last decade of August.

Exhibition Is an incredibly productive variety that ripens in July. Tall trees form many large (up to 8 g) and very beautiful oval-shaped amber-carmine berries with excellent taste. Cherry Vystavochnaya stands out for its increased frost resistance of flower buds, but is not capable of self-pollination. The best pollinators for her are the Recordistka, Early Cassini and Rynochnaya varieties.

Bryansk pink- a self-infertile late-ripening variety with good yields, it is valued for its low and compact trees, highly resistant to fungal diseases and winter frosts. Small (up to 5.5 g) berries of a beautiful light scarlet shade with dense amber flesh are distinguished by sweetness and juiciness, and in addition, they almost do not crack and are perfectly preserved during transportation.

Napoleon- a very old and excellently productive variety of European selection, zoned in Dagestan at the beginning of the last century. Tall trees delight with large (up to 7 g) berries of almost black color and a very good, sweet taste of dense pulp, diluted with a slight acidity. Sweet cherry Napoleon is universal in use, resistant to winter frosts and fungal diseases, it is distinguished by excellent keeping quality and transportability.

Regina- self-fruitless late cherry, characterized by compact, low trees with very high frost resistance and good yield. Large (up to 10 g) berries of a very beautiful dark pomegranate shade delight with their bright taste and excellent transportability. The fruits are able not to crumble for a long time after ripening and not to crack in the rainy season. An additional advantage of the variety is its early maturity: the first harvest ripens already in the third year of the growing season.

Region preferences

Sweet cherry is a capricious tree, loving warmth and fertile slightly alkaline or neutral soils. That is why it feels best in the south of Russia and in the Central Black Earth Region. However, there are unpretentious and frost-resistant varieties, which can be cultivated even in the Urals and Siberia. With good and proper care, even in these regions, experienced gardeners receive good harvests delicious berries.

Here are some suggestions for cultivation in the middle lane.

Gronkovaya- self-fruitless early ripe variety, recommended for cultivation in the central regions. Tall, very productive trees are resistant to winter frosts and pathogenic fungi. In the fourth year of vegetation, they bear fruit for the first time, forming dark-scarlet berries of average weight (up to 4.5 g) with an excellent taste of sweet and juicy pulp. The best pollinators are Zhurba, Krasavitsa, Narodnaya.

Large-fruited- a time-tested variety of early fruiting, not capable of self-pollination. Rapidly developing trees of medium height with a compact crown perfectly tolerate winter cold and summer drought, are not afraid of fungal diseases, and are especially resistant to moniliosis. Very large (up to 12 g) pomegranate berries delight with a very rich taste of dense and sweet pulp. Pollination varieties - Surprise or Francis.

Jealous Is a late-ripening self-fruitless variety that forms rapidly developing trees of medium height. Fruits of impressive size (up to 7.7 g) have a wide-rounded shape and dark cherry, almost black, color. The dense pulp is distinguished by an excellently sweet taste and juiciness. Cherry Revna perfectly tolerates frost and is not afraid of fungal diseases. The best pollinators are Ovstuzhevka, Raditsa, Iput, Compact.

Fatezh- self-fertile high-yielding variety of medium early fruiting. Small trees with a compact, spherical crown form elegant berries of a small size (up to 4.6 g), amber in color with a scarlet blush. The sweet and sour pulp has a pleasant, dense structure. Cherry is resistant to the most dangerous fungal diseases and tolerates frost well. The varieties Chermashnaya and Iput are suitable for pollination.

For the regions of southern Russia and the Black Earth region the choice of varieties is much greater. The best representatives are Ariadne, Poetry, Orlovskaya pink.

Poetry- high-yielding mid-ripening sweet cherry, forming low self-fruitless trees with a raised pyramidal crown. Amber-scarlet berries of dessert use and medium size (up to 5.6 g) have an excellent taste of sweet, dense pulp with refreshing sour notes. The variety has sufficient winter hardiness, which is quite suitable for the mild climate of southern Russia. The immunity to fungal diseases is quite high.

Ariadne- early maturing variety with high and stable yield. Vigorous trees form impressive (up to 5.4 g) and very tasty fruits. Dark pomegranate berries are distinguished by an excellently sweet taste of dense and juicy pulp. Cherry Ariadne practically has no flaws, since it is not only tasty and fruitful, but also frost-hardy and does not get sick at all.

Oryol pink- a mid-season and high-yielding variety that forms medium-sized and frost-resistant trees. Small (up to 4.0 g) yellow fruits with a scarlet blush have a sweet, slightly sour, dessert taste of juicy, medium-dense pulp. Sweet cherry is characterized by good early maturity (fruiting - in the third year) and is relatively resistant to fungal diseases, but self-fertile.

Rechitsa- self-fertile medium-ripening sweet cherry with good yield. Fast growing trees of medium height with a spreading crown are distinguished by excellent frost resistance and high immunity to fungal diseases. Large (up to 5.8 g) fruits of almost black color have a remarkably sweet taste of juicy pulp. The best pollinators are Ovstuzhenka, Odrinka, Iput.

For the regions of the Urals and Siberia with their harsh winters, such a parameter of trees as frost resistance is especially important, which should be more related to flower buds. In addition, sharp fluctuations in day and night temperatures, especially at the end of winter, often lead to burns of skeletal branches and trunk. All these features were taken into account by the breeders, who received such winter-hardy varieties as Tyutchevka, Odrinka, Veda, Bryanochka.

Tyutchevka- a late-ripening highly productive variety, partially capable of self-pollination. Medium-sized trees and flower buds have good winter hardiness. Dark pomegranate fruits of an impressive size (up to 7.4 g) have an excellent taste of dense, sweet and juicy pulp. They are well stored and transported. Sweet cherry is practically not affected by moniliosis and is rarely susceptible to other fungal diseases.

Odrinka- self-fruitless sweet cherry of medium late ripening period forms low trees with a pyramidal crown, which practically do not get sick, have high winter hardiness and are not afraid sunburn... Flower buds are also well tolerated. Very large (up to 7.4 g) and remarkably sweet fruits of dark raspberry color with firm and juicy pulp have a universal field of application. Most suitable varieties for pollination - Rechitsa, Revna, Ovstuzhenka.

Bryanochka Is a self-fertile late variety, characterized by high winter hardiness and productivity. On medium-sized trees, very elegant and impressive (up to 7.1 g) fruits of a dark beet shade ripen. Their delicious pulp is juicy and high in sugar. Sweet cherry has a high immunity to coccomycosis and good immunity to other fungal diseases. The pollinating varieties are Veda, Iput and Tyutchevka.

Veda- a frost-resistant late-ripening table variety. Medium-sized trees are distinguished by high productivity, forming large (up to 7.0 g), juicy and very tasty dark cherry berries. Cherry Veda has an increased immunity to coccomycosis and other fungal infections, and is not capable of self-pollination. The best varieties-partners - Tyutchevka, Revna, Bryanochka, Iput.

LENINGRAD YELLOW
Tall tree with a spreading crown. Average winter hardiness. Resistant to coccomycosis. Fruits are small, weighing up to 4 g, oval-ovate, amber-yellow, the pulp is tender, tasty. The yield is high.

PEOPLE'S
The tree is medium-sized, with a wide-pyramidal raised crown. Winter hardiness is high. Moderately resistant to coccomycosis. Partially self-fertile. Fruits are of medium size, weighing up to 5.5 g, heart-shaped, dark red. The pulp is dark red, medium density, juicy, pleasant sweet taste. The juice is dark red. The yield is high.

FATEZH
The tree is medium-sized, an interesting spherical-spreading crown - at first, annual shoots grow at an angle, and then hang down. Winter hardiness is very high - even flowers can tolerate light frosts. Disease resistance is above average. Fruits are roundish, average weight is about 4.2 g. The color of the fruits is pink-red, the skin is shiny. The pulp is light pink, sweet and sour taste. The yield is high (up to 25 kg of berries can be obtained on 5-year-old plants). Variety from VSTISP, Moscow. The best pollinators for her will be the Crimean and Chermashnaya varieties.

Late

BRYANOCHKA
New variety. Medium-sized wood with an oval-rounded crown. Fruits are large, dark red, weight 5-6 g. Productivity up to 15 kg per tree. High winter hardiness.

BRYANSKAYA PINK
The tree is medium-sized with a wide-pyramidal crown. Winter hardiness is high. The variety is resistant to disease. Fruits are medium-sized, weighing 4-5 g, rounded, pink. The pulp is light yellow, firm, juicy, with a good sweet taste.

LENA
Newly bred cherry variety. The crown is round-oval, of medium height. The berries are dark red, large (6-8 g). The taste is excellent. Average yield 14 kg per tree.

LENINGRAD BLACK
The tree is medium-sized, spreading. Winter hardiness is satisfactory. The variety is resistant to disease. Fruits weighing up to 3.5 g, dark red, almost black, broadly ovate. The pulp is tender, very sweet, the juice is dark-colored. The yield is high.

REVNA
The tree is medium-sized, the crown is pyramidal, of medium density. Winter hardiness is above average. The variety is highly resistant to coccomycosis. Partially self-fertile. Fruits weighing about 5 g are dark red to almost black in color. The pulp is juicy, dense, of excellent sweet taste. The yield is high.

Tyutchevka
Medium-sized tree, spherical crown, semi-spreading, rare. Good winter hardiness. Resistance to moniliosis is high, to coccomycosis is average. The fruits are large, weighing 5.5-6 g, dark red. The pulp is red, dense, juicy, sweet. The yield is high.

How to get high yields effortlessly fruit crops? It's very simple - you need to plant zoned varieties that are best suited for growing in your area.

Apple tree

Summer varieties - Melba, Rossoshanskoe August;
from autumn - Zhigulevskoe,
from winter varieties- Lobo, Rossosh striped, Northern Sinap, Spartan.

Pear

In the western and southwestern regions of the Central Black Earth Region, varieties of both summer and autumn groups can be grown. In the north and northeast, the more winter-hardy summer varieties should be used. Marble is the main summer variety in all five regions, highly winter-resistant, needs good wind protection. Rossoshanskaya beautiful zoned in the Voronezh region, also winter-hardy. Space zoned in the Belgorod and Kursk regions, very early. Dessert rossoshanskaya zoned in the Voronezh region, fruitful, pears are stored until November. Autumn Yakovleva is zoned in the Voronezh and Kursk regions, high-yielding. Bere Russian is promising for the Voronezh and Belgorod regions, the fruits are stored until December-January.

Cherry

This crop is valued here for its early maturity, good winter hardiness, high and annual yield. The best of the early varieties are Generous Rossoshanskaya and Effective. The basis is made up of medium-ripening cherries: Crimson - hardy; Griot Rossoshansky - high-yielding; Prima - resistant to coccomyosis; Rossoshanskaya black - zoned in the Voronezh region; Salute - harvested annually; Tambovchanka is winter-hardy; Surgenevka - zoned in the Voronezh, Belgorod, Oryol regions; Large black - high-yielding. An old Russian variety of a late ripening period, Lyubskaya, is zoned in many regions of Russia.

Plum

It has long been growing in the Central Black Earth Region, mainly in personal plots. Fraternal winter-hardy, large-fruited. Hungarian Voronezh is zoned in the Belgorod region. Hungarian Rossoshanskaya has fruits with a small bone. The sunrise is large-fruited and high-yielding. Eurasia-21 is zoned in the Voronezh and Belgorod regions. The award is a table variety, zoned in the Voronezh region. The record has great results, it is zoned in the Voronezh region. The soviet renklode is high-yielding, zoned in the Voronezh, Belgorod and Kursk regions. Rossoshanskaya large-fruited gives very large plums in 50 g.

Cherries

Long-lasting and high-yielding crop, less damaged by diseases and pests. But - slightly winter-resistant, especially often the flower buds freeze. In the south of the Voronezh region, the Rossoshanskaya large is zoned. In the varietal composition - Check mark, Original, Early pink, Rossoshanskaya gold, Julia.

Apricot

It is also easily damaged by frost; it is not yet in the standard range. At the sites of the production variety testing of the Rossoshansk station for winter hardiness and early maturity, the following varieties were distinguished: Rattle, Russian-Bulgarian, Voronezh large, Dessertny, Son of the red-cheeked and Stepnyak Rossoshansky.

Currant

The most vitamin berry. The varietal composition is adopted as follows: black - Pamyat Michurin, Belorusskaya Sweet, Minai Shmyrev, Studencheskaya; red and white - Red cross, Dutch red, Versailles white, Pervenets, Chulkovskaya, Generous and Yuteborg; golden - Sweet, Dense meat.

Gooseberry

It is also called the northern grape. In our zone, the regionalized Russian and Yubileiny are recommended, as well as Northern grapes, Moscow red, Mleevsky yellow, Canned Koptivator and Orlyonok.

Strawberry

In the Central Black Earth Region, the varieties Festivalnaya, Zenga-Zengana, and Early Makheraukha are zoned. Highlighted as promising Jasna and Redgauntlet.

Raspberries

Latham, Krimzon Mammut, Selected Sheyna, Kenby, Newburgh were selected among the best varieties for the Black Earth Region.

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A rare summer resident of central Russia does not try to plant at least one cherry tree on his site, even knowing that this culture is very whimsical and capricious. When it is possible to harvest a crop, it is said about the skill of the owner, and if the berries have not been waited for, then they usually appeal to the fact that the role of cherries was reduced solely to pollination of cherries growing nearby.

Cherry varieties for central Russia

The concept of the middle zone of Russia is conditional and does not coincide with the division into regions adopted in the State Register of the Russian Federation. It covers the North-West region (with the exception of the Kaliningrad region), the Central and Central chernozem regions, as well as almost the entire Volga-Vyatka and Middle Volga regions. The climate in such a territory is heterogeneous, but in general it is characterized by warm, rather humid weather in summer and moderately cold snowy winters. Average temperatures range from -12 ° C in winter to +21 ° C in summer.

The first scientific attempts to adapt southern culture to new conditions were made by I.V. Michurin. The removed cherries became the foundation for further breeding work to create new cold-resistant varieties. The variety of the obtained types of sweet cherries makes it possible to classify them according to a variety of characteristics, primarily according to the color of the fruit.

Yellow-fruited cherry varieties

The cherry fruits are colored red, yellow, pink and orange. Sweet cherries with yellow berries are not as picky about climatic conditions as their relatives, therefore they are more adapted to grow and bear fruit in climatic conditions the middle lane, where severe winters are not uncommon.

Drogana yellow

Drogana yellow is an old variety with large amber fruits. Their average weight is about 6-7 g, some reach 8 g. The berries taste sweet, dessert, but they are poorly transported.

Drogan yellow cherry is suitable for compotes and preserves, but not for freezing; after defrosting, the shape of the berries is not preserved

Drogana yellow fruits ripen by the end of June or in July, do not fall off. Trees are productive from 4-5 years old and bear fruit for another 20 years. The yield is stable, up to 30 kg per tree.

The variety is self-fertile, pollinating cherries - Denissena yellow, Gaucher. It is frost-hardy and, due to late flowering, does not suffer from recurrent frosts. Approved for cultivation in the Lower Volga and North Caucasian regions, but through the efforts of gardeners, it has successfully expanded the distribution zone.

Drogana yellow tolerates drought well, and in a rainy summer, the skin of the fruit cracks, it is affected by fruit rot. The cherry fly also does not ignore the Drogana berries. However, cherry is not exposed to fungal diseases.

Leningrad yellow

Leningrad yellow is a widespread late-ripening sweet cherry, the berries ripen at the end of August. The skin is honey-yellow, the pulp is moderately tart, but sweet and juicy. The fruits weigh 3.4 g.

The berries of the Leningradskaya yellow cherry do not deteriorate, do not lose their taste and appearance within two weeks after picking

On average, it gives 15 kg per tree. Winter hardiness. It is immune to bacterial rot, does not suffer from pests, including fruit fly damage.

Self-infertile. Pollinated by varieties Leningradskaya black or Leningradskaya pink. These three types of cherries were obtained at the Pavlovsk experimental station VIR, located not far from St. Petersburg. Scientists-pomologists of the station have created winter-hardy varieties of sweet cherries, which are successfully cultivated in the North-West region, although they are not formally included in the State Register.

Orlovskaya amber

Orlovskaya amber - early ripe sweet cherry, berry picking begins in the second half of June. The fruits are intensely yellow with a slight blush, weighing 5.6 g. The pulp is dense, juicy, sweet. Sweet cherries are most often consumed fresh.

The berries of Orlovskaya Amber have a very thin skin that attracts bees, besides, ripe fruits are prone to shedding

From the age of 4, Orlovskaya Amber bears fruit, increasing its yield every year. Up to 33–35 kg of berries can be harvested from one mature tree. It needs pollinators, the varieties Vityaz, Iput, Gostinets, Severnaya and Ovstuzhenka are suitable.

The variety is not included in the State Register. It grows in the Central Black Earth and Middle Volga regions.

Backyard yellow

Household yellow was obtained at the end of the 20th century. Rounded ruddy berries weigh an average of 5.5 g. The pulp is pleasantly gristly, sweet, with a slight sourness.

The backyard yellow is not intended for growing on an industrial scale, since it is poorly stored and transported

It blooms early and gives an early harvest, which begins to be harvested in the second half of June. Regular fruiting from the sixth year without the participation of pollinators. The yield is up to 15 kg per tree.

The advantages of this variety include high frost resistance. Household yellow is zoned in the Central Black Earth Region.

Chermashnaya

Chermashnaya - medium-sized, early-ripening and early-growing cherries. The berries are round, yellow, some develop a blush. The taste is dessert, sweet and sour (sweetness is more pronounced, sourness is hardly perceptible). The average fruit weight is up to 4.5 g. Berries are eaten fresh.

Cherry Chermashnaya is transportable for both close and long distance, the main thing is to harvest in dry weather and pick the berries along with the tails

The variety is fruitful, yields up to 30 kg of berries from one tree. When two-year-old seedlings are planted, the crop is harvested after four years. Self-infertile. The varieties Fatezh, Krymskaya, Bryanskaya rozovaya, Iput, Leningradskaya black or Shokoladnitsa cherry are recommended as pollinators.

Chermashnaya is resistant to fungal diseases of stone fruits. Included in the State Register for the Central Region.

Winter-hardy cherry varieties

In unstable winter weather, when cold weather is replaced by periods of thaw, cherry wood is affected, and frost holes appear. And returnable spring frosts are detrimental to the buds, because of which the harvest suffers. The breeders managed to develop cherry varieties that are resistant to cold in the buds and wood. In addition to the yellow-fruited Leningradskaya and Priusadebnaya, it is worth remembering a few more winter-hardy varieties.

Veda

Veda is a late cherry. Fruits are flattened, heart-shaped, medium-sized. Weight - a little over 5 g. Under the ruby skin lies a juicy, tender pulp. The yield of the variety is up to 25 kg per tree. Fruiting from 4-5 years. The State Register recommends growing in the Central Region.

To improve the pollination of any sweet cherry, including the Veda variety, during the flowering period, you can spray the branches with water with honey or sugar, bees will flock to sweets

Bryansk pink

Bryansk pink - very late cherry. The berries are round, coral. Veins shine through the dense skin. Cartilaginous elastic flesh with a rich sweet taste. Fruit weight - 4.5 g. Needs pollinators, the best varieties are Iput, Ovstuzhenka, Revna, Tyutchevka. Average yield - 20 kg per tree. Trees are fast-growing, winter-hardy, not susceptible to coccomycosis. Sweet cherry Bryansk pink is included in the State Register for the Central Region.

100 g of any sweet cherry, for example, the Bryanskaya pink variety, contains 14-15 mg of vitamin C (the daily norm of an adult is 70-100 mg)

Iput

Iput is a cherry variety with dark pomegranate-colored fruits. Heart berries weigh on average 5 g, although the weight can be up to 10 g. The skin cracks under conditions of excessive moisture. The pulp is dense, dark red, sweet and juicy.

Iput blooms early and gives an early harvest. Fruiting from 4-5 years. The average yield is 20 kg per tree, twice as much in good years. Yields a crop only when adjacent to pollinators. The varieties Revna, Bryanskaya rozovaya, Tyutchevka are suitable for pollination.

Winter hardy, not affected by fungal diseases. Sweet cherry Iput is included in the State Register and approved for cultivation in the Central Black Earth Region.

For the sweet cherry Iput, breeders chose a name that seems strange to many, and the name was given in honor of the river flowing through the Bryansk region

Odrinka

Odrinka is a late cherry with rounded, dark red berries with a rich taste. The maximum fruit weight is 7.5 g, weighing on average 5.4 g. Blooms late and yields a medium late harvest. Begins fruiting at the age of 5. Productivity - 25 kg per tree. Self-infertile, the best pollinators are Ovstuzhenka, Rechitsa, Revna. Hardy, not susceptible to fungal diseases. In the State Register for the Central Region.

Among other advantages, any cherry, like the Odrinka variety, is very decorative - in the spring it is covered with fragrant flowering, in the summer - with juicy fruits.

Jealous

Revna is a medium late cherry. Flattened-rounded fruits weigh no more than 5 g, although some are almost 8 g. The skin is red to black in ripe berries. The pulp is dark, dense, juicy, excellent in taste. Jealousy bears fruit since 5 years. Partially self-fertile, the best pollinators for this cherry are Ovstuzhenka, Tyutchevka, Raditsa, Iput. When adjacent to other varieties, the average yield is 25 kg per tree, and the maximum reaches 30 kg. Shows winter hardiness and resistance to fungal pathology. The variety is included in the State Register for the Central Region.

Pink pearl

Berries of winter-hardy cherries Pink pearls are not very large, weigh an average of 5.4 g. In terms of taste, the fruits are pleasant, they are characterized by sweetness. The variety tolerates temperature extremes, is drought-resistant and at the same time actively bears fruit. The first harvest appears in 5-6 years, and the first berries - in mid-July. The indicator relative to one mature plant reaches 13-18 kg. The variety is self-fertile and needs pollinators. For these purposes, cherry varieties Michurinka or Michurinskaya late, Adelina, Ovstuzhenka, Plaziya, Rechitsa are used. It is undergoing state tests.

To enhance pollination and attract insects next to any cherry, including the Pink Pearl variety, you can plant melliferous herbs: lemon balm, mint, oregano

Fatezh

Fatezh is a sweet cherry variety. The berries are small, round, medium-early ripening, weigh 4.5 g. The skin is red or red-yellow. The pulp is juicy, has a cartilaginous structure and pale pink color. The taste is sweet with sourness. The fruits are well transported. The variety is self-fertile, Chermashnaya, Iput, and Bryanskaya rozova are recommended as the best pollinators for it. With the neighborhood of pollinators, it gives up to 35 kg of yield from one tree. Resistant to fungal diseases and frost-resistant. Included in the State Register for the Central Region.

Sweet cherry varieties Fatezh is a recognized pollinator for almost all other sweet cherry varieties, with the exception of undersized ones.

Gardeners often increase the winter hardiness of cherries by grafting. In this case, the seedlings retain the characteristics of the selected varieties, while showing resistance to cold and disease due to the hardy stock.

Undersized cherry

In small garden plots, tall cherry trees with a spreading crown cause a lot of trouble. Breeders offer varieties with limited growth, easy to care for and harvest. Such cherries are called dwarf or columnar. Fruiting in such trees occurs earlier than in tall cherries, sometimes even in the year of grafting. However, it is recommended to pick the flowers of the first year.

In fact, these trees represent an overgrown central conductor 2-3 m high with short skeletal and bouquet branches . To facilitate the maintenance and limit the growth of trees, the formation of a sweet cherry in the form of a bush, in several trunks, is also practiced. Due to the structural features, compact seedlings take up less space on the site, they are planted closer. Columnar trees often need additional support.

Dwarf trees, more than other types of cherries, are demanding on external conditions, they need a lot of illumination of the site, the absence of wind and sudden changes in temperature. In addition, they do not tolerate irrigation flaws and are not drought tolerant.

Seedlings of dwarf trees retain their maternal properties, therefore, not only grafting is used for reproduction, but also planting of seeds. Seedlings generally adapt better to the local climate.

Dwarf trees look advantageous in small areas because of their unusual shape and dense flowering. Often they are self-fertile, and their taste is not inferior to large-sized ones. There are not many varieties that can survive harsh winters. Most often, suppliers offer Helena, Sylvia and Little Sylvia, Black Columnar cherries. As a pollinator, the variety Sam is proposed, catching up with large trees in height.

Photo gallery: columnar varieties of sweet cherries

Columnar trees can be planted close to each other, at a distance of 1-2 m Cherries of the Helena variety can tolerate cold weather, but it is better to create additional protection for the winter so that it does not die Sylvia sweet cherry is a very valuable industrial variety, suitable for transportation and storage under normal conditions for up to 7 days. The Little Sylvia variety retains all its properties for several weeks if stored in the refrigerator. Pruning low-growing varieties of cherries, like the Black Columnar, is not needed, they themselves stretch up Cherry Sam has the highest resistance to fruit cracking among all cherries, therefore it is prized in regions with big amount precipitation

Sweet cherry with large fruits

As a rule, large-fruited cherries grow in warm regions, are prone to various diseases, do not tolerate cold and temperature fluctuations. In particular, it is already described above Drogan yellow - its fruits reach 8 g. There are other varieties that are worth talking about.

It can be noted winter hardy, the weight of the berries of which is within 8 g. These dark, sweet berries with a slight acidity have one drawback: with excessive humidity or temperature drops, the peel of the fruit cracks. Due to this, the quality and transportability deteriorate. In the presence of pollinators (varieties Iput, Ovstuzhenka, Tyutchevka) Bovine heart is capable of producing up to 40 kg of berries from one tree. The berries ripen by the end of June. It is grown mainly in the southern Black Earth region.

Berries sweet cherries Bovine heart gives one of the largest among all varieties, but they do not tolerate transportation well and immediately burst (since the pulp is very juicy)

Some gardeners cut off up to a third of the flowers to increase the size of the fruit, artificially reducing the number of ovaries. In this case, the remaining berries receive more nutrition and develop better.

Self-fertile varieties of cherries

Due to the peculiarities of the structure of the flower, sweet cherry is mainly a cross-pollinated plant. Most varieties of cherries are self-fertile, however, self-pollinated cherries also exist.

The berries of the Narodnaya Syubarova sweet cherry reach a weight of 5–7 g. This is an example of an unpretentious sweet cherry growing on any soil and in almost any climate. Despite the cold snowy winters and strong winds, bright scarlet berries ripen on cherries in the second half of July. Up to 40-50 kg of harvest is harvested from a tree without the presence of other varieties. Not included in the State Register. It is widespread in the Crimea and the Volgograd region, but gardeners manage to expand the cultivation area of Narodnaya Syubarova due to the unpretentiousness and winter hardiness of the variety.

Self-fertile cherry Narodnaya Syubarova, like other self-fertile crops, in the presence of pollinators will bear more fruits

Partly self-fertile varieties include early middle Ovstuzhenka, the average weight of which is 4 g. Berries are dark cherry in color, medium-sized, slightly elongated, with dark sweet pulp. Without pollinating trees, only 10% of flowers form berries. The best neighbors are Iput, Raditsa, Bryanskaya rozovaya. Yielding variety (up to 20 kg per tree). Ovstuzhenka is not affected by coccomycosis and is resistant to cold, tolerating frost without damage to -40 o C. In the State Register for the Central Region.

Cherry Ovstuzhenka does not like weeds very much, it is necessary to weed the trunk circle in a timely manner, increasing it by 50 cm annually

There are other partially self-fertile varieties, for example, Revna, but it also bears fruit better in the presence of pollinators. Without proximity to other varieties, 5-10% of flowers are tied.

Early cherry

Sweet cherry begins to bear fruit at 5–6 years. Cherries Iput, Veda bear fruit from 4-5 years. The four-year-olds of Orlovskaya Amber and Chermashnaya are not inferior to Adeline in terms of yield. But there are also champions.

There is a sweet cherry that yields a harvest already in the third year after planting. This is the Orlovskaya pink variety, whose flattened-rounded berries are even, with an average weight of 3.5 g. Skin and pulp color pink... The taste is sweet with a delicate sourness. The yield of the variety is 20 kg per tree. Self-sterile, pollinating varieties - Vityaz, Iput, Gostinets, Severnaya and Ovstuzhenka. Its dignity is in resistance to fungal diseases and early maturity. Approved by the State Register for cultivation in the Central Black Earth Region.

The sweet cherry variety Orlovskaya pink surpasses all varieties in frost resistance: after being tested by a severe frost, the tree continued to bear fruit

Adeline lags slightly behind Orlovskaya rosea, giving the first harvest in 4 years. The variety is mid-season. The heart-shaped berries are ruby-colored. The average weight of Adeline's fruits is within 5.5 g. The pulp is juicy, cartilaginous in structure. Due to the dense consistency of the pulp, the fruits are excellently transportable. A self-fertile variety, the best neighbors will be the Poetziya and Rechitsa varieties. The yield is low, a little more than 20 kg per tree. Included in the State Register for the Central Black Earth Region.

If you want to protect the entire and so small crop of Adelina cherries from birds, then the nets that cover the trees can help

Sweet varieties of cherries

The sweetest cherries for the middle lane:

Adeline;
Bryansk pink;
Iput;
Jealous;
Ovstuzhenka;
Chermashnaya.

In addition to these varieties, it is worth mentioning the mid-season cherry Tyutchevka, the fruits of which are dark red, juicy, dense, weighing 5.3 g. It needs pollinators, the varieties Bryanskaya rozovaya, Iput, Ovstuzhenka, Raditsa, Revna are recommended. In a typical year, 25 kg are harvested from a tree. Excellent cold-resistant and disease-resistant sweet cherry. Included in the State Register for the Central Region.

Cherry varieties Tyutchevka

Features of planting and growing cherries in central Russia

When planting cherries, it is necessary to take into account the climatic features of the region, the composition and level of acidity of the soil, as well as varietal characteristics the cherry itself. According to I. V. Michurin, the variety ensures the success of the business.

Sweet cherry prefers to grow in warm, lighted areas, protected from piercing winds. It does not tolerate stagnant water and acidic soils, therefore, before planting trees, the soils are deacidified by introducing 3-5 kg of dolomite flour into the planting pit for these purposes. All stone fruits love light soils, therefore sand is added to the soil mixture to improve its composition (in proportion to dolomite flour), and limestone crushed stone is poured onto the bottom of the pit to improve drainage and provide cherries with calcium.

The seedlings are purchased from reliable suppliers or from large nurseries. Check the condition of the kidneys and root system. The buds should be awake and the root system developed and completely covering the container.

It is preferable to purchase containerized cherry seedlings, since the closed root system is not injured during transportation and is less stressed during planting.

Prepare a place on the site in advance. The projection area of the crown corresponds to the prevalence of roots, therefore, more space is left for higher varieties. In addition, the need for pollinators is considered. Planting holes are dug at a distance of 3-4 meters from each other. To plant one seedling:

Dig a hole with a diameter of 80 cm and a depth of 70 cm.
The top fertile layer is separated.
Crushed stone is poured onto the bottom for drainage.
Dolomite flour and sand (1: 1) are mixed with their own fertile soil layer, adding organic matter (humus, compost or peat in equal amounts), and poured back.
The planting stake is fixed and the seedling is placed next to it so that the root collar rises above the soil level.
A tree is tied to a peg.
Compact the soil around the seedling, forming an irrigation hole.
Water abundantly (up to 3-4 liters of water).
To reduce moisture evaporation, cover the trunk circle with mulch.

Sweet cherry is characterized by intensive growth, therefore, it is advisable to immediately cut off the central conductor to a height of 50-60 cm in order to form a longline crown in the future. If the skeletal branches are already formed, then cut them so that they are shorter than the trunk.

The formation of a sparse-tiered crown provides the plant with optimal development

When landing, make organic fertilizers so as not to fertilize the soil under the trees in the next few years. Further watering of seedlings is carried out if necessary. Excessive soil moisture leads to decay of the roots, and during the ripening period of the fruits - to their cracking. Important periods for watering cherries are the time of flowering and the formation of the ovary, immediately after harvest and a month before the expected constant cold weather (beginning or mid-October). The rest of the time, cherries are watered based on the characteristics of the climate.

Video: planting cherries

It is recommended to prophylactically treat cherry seedlings in early spring with a 1% solution copper sulfate or Bordeaux liquid to prevent fungal diseases. If necessary, repeat the procedure before flowering.

Regular pruning is carried out in early spring in order to remove damaged branches and form the crown correctly. Weak, thickening, criss-crossing branches that grow inward are removed, thereby indirectly regulating flowering and ensuring a harvest.

In autumn, it is recommended to whitewash not only the trunks, but also the main skeletal shoots to protect the bark from frost damage. In the early years, it is recommended to cover the seedlings before the winter cold by wrapping the trunks with corrugated cardboard or other material to protect the planting from rodents.

Cherries

This season we are pleased to offer you a rich selection of sweet cherry varieties. Here you can find varieties for every taste - like the northern ones, bred by F.K. Teterev and M.V. Kanshina for the middle zone of horticulture, as well as those bred in the south of the Chernozem region and in neighboring regions of Ukraine, which are of high quality.

Varieties for the south of the Black Earth zone

Olenka

Early pink

medium-early variety of the selection of Rossoshanskaya station, fruits ripen in mid-June, medium, weighing 5-6 g, yellow with a large dark red blush, the pulp is juicy, tender, of good taste; the variety is very productive, an adult tree gives 70 - 80 kg of fruits, ripening is non-simultaneous, which is valuable for a home garden.

Farewell

a new very large-fruited variety of the selection of the Donetsk gardening station, the fruits ripen in mid-June, large, 10 - 12 g, dark red, the pulp is firm, sweet with light acid, excellent taste.

Enviable

a new variety of our selection, the fruits ripen in mid-June, very large, 9-10 g, dark red, very dense, crunchy, sweet with a light acid of excellent taste.

Fedor

a new variety of our selection, ripens in mid-June, the fruits are very large, 11 - 13 g, dark red, very dense, crispy, of high taste, average winter hardiness.

Yaroslavna

an excellent variety of selection of Donetsk station, fruits ripen at the end of the 2nd decade of June, large, 7 - 8 g, dark red, when fully ripe black, juicy, excellent sweet taste with light acid, intense color.

Velka

a new variety of our selection, is distinguished by a high winter hardiness of the tree, the fruits ripen at the end of the 2nd decade of June, very large, 10 - 11 g, dark red, dense, excellent sweet taste with very light acid.

Rossosh gold

variety of selection of Rossoshanskaya station, average winter hardiness; fruits ripen at the end of the 3rd decade of June, medium, 6 -7 g, bright yellow, sometimes with a slightly noticeable blush on the sunny side, the pulp is juicy, amazingly sweet with a honey flavor, excellent taste.

Sturdy

a new variety of our selection, it is distinguished by a restrained growth of the tree, the fruits ripen at the beginning of the 3rd decade of June, large, 9 - 10 grams, dark red, medium density, sweet taste with a slight acidity.

Exuberant

a new variety of our selection, average winter hardiness, fruits ripen in the 3rd decade of June, very large, 12 - 14 g, dark red, sweet with light acid, excellent taste.

Worthy

a new variety of our selection, it is distinguished by good winter hardiness and high productivity, the fruits ripen at the end of June, very large, 11 - 13 g, dark red, dense, sweet with light acid, excellent taste.

Rossoshanskaya large

variety of selection of Rossoshanskaya station, ripens at the end of June, fruits are large, 8 - 9 g, dark red, dense, sweet with light acid.

Annushka

a variety selected by the Donetsk Experimental Gardening Station, the fruits ripen at the end of June, large, 9 - 11 g, dark red very dense, with a crispy sweet pulp of dessert taste, one of the best varieties of sweet cherry in taste.

Yuliya

the most popular cherry variety in the Chernozem region, bred by Rossoshanskaya station, high winter hardiness, vigorous tree, very productive, at the age of 15 it gives up to 120 kg; fruits begin to ripen in early July, large, 7 - 8 g, yellow with a large pink barrel, good taste.

Northern varieties

Although these varieties are inferior to the varieties listed above in terms of fruit quality, they generally surpass them in winter hardiness. They winter well in the south of the Non-Black Earth Region, northwest Russia, and in places with a favorable microclimate in the Volga region and even in the Urals.

Dawn

the variety was bred by F.K. Teterev at the Pavlovskaya station of VIR (Leningrad region), the fruits ripen at the end of the 2nd decade of June, medium, 5 - 6 g, yellow with a large red blush, tender, sweet with light acid, good or excellent taste.

Leningrad black

like the previous variety bred at the Pavlovsk station, the fruits ripen in the 3rd decade of July, medium, 5 - 6 g, almost black, tender, very juicy, good sweet taste with mild acidity.

Bryansk pink

the variety was bred by M.V. Kanshina at the Research Institute of Lupine (Bryansk), one of the most winter-hardy varieties of sweet cherry, the fruits ripen very late, in the third decade of July, below average size, 4-5 g, yellow with a large pink blush, dense, crunchy, good taste.

Veda

new variety M.V. Kanshina, has a high winter hardiness of the tree and flower buds, the fruits ripen late, at the end of the 1st decade of July, large 6 - 7 g, dark red, dense, sweet dessert with a light acid taste, are not inferior in quality to southern varieties.

Ovstuzhenka

a new variety of the Research Institute of Lupine (Bryansk), fruits ripen early, medium, 5 - 6 g, dark red, juicy, tender, good sweet taste with light acidity.

Jealous

selection variety M.V. Kanshina, late ripening, medium and above average fruits, 4 - 6 g, dark red, firm, sweet with light acid, good or excellent taste.

rostok-agro.oml.ru

Cherry varieties

As a result of centuries-old selection, which took place spontaneously for a long time, more than 4 thousand varieties of bird cherries were obtained, so it is quite difficult for a novice gardener to navigate in such a variety. All existing varieties are traditionally subdivided into early, middle and late. Among them there are self-fertile and self-pollinated varieties, with different resistance to natural whims, significantly different in appearance and quality characteristics of the fruit. At the beginning of the last century, Russian scientists began to breed winter-hardy sweet cherries, which are able to withstand the frosts of the middle zone.

Which of the early varieties are noteworthy?

Iput- a high-yielding self-fertile variety, zoned in the Central and Central Black Earth regions. Medium-sized trees have good winter hardiness, especially of flower buds, and high resistance to fungal diseases. They form an early harvest of dark red heart-shaped berries that are above average in size (up to 10 g), which become almost black when overripe. Delicate and juicy, but firm, the pulp has an excellent moderately sweet taste. The harvest is versatile in application.

Ovstuzhenka- self-fruitless cherries of early ripening, recommended for cultivation in the central regions. The variety forms compact, low trees, resistant to winter freezing and return frost in spring. High and stable yields of sweet and juicy dark raspberry berries of medium size (up to 6.5 g) and universal use make the variety popular among gardeners. An additional advantage is good immunity to coccomycosis and moniliosis.

Fairy tale- not the most productive self-fruitless variety, loved by gardeners for its large size (up to 12 g) and excellent commercial qualities of very sweet berries with dense pulp. They do not crack during the rainy season and are excellent for transportation. Cherry Fairy Tale is not afraid of winter frosts, has a high immunity to most fungal diseases.

Mid-season cherries - the best varieties

Medium varieties usually yield from mid-June. They tolerate return frosts worse, but in comparison with early sweet cherries, they have better marketable fruit qualities.

The largest and most productive late varieties

Region preferences

Sweet cherry is a capricious tree, loving warmth and fertile slightly alkaline or neutral soils. That is why it feels best in the south of Russia and in the Central Black Earth Region. However, there are unpretentious and frost-resistant varieties that can be cultivated even in the Urals and Siberia. With good and proper care, even in these regions, experienced gardeners get good yields of delicious berries.

Here are some suggestions for cultivation in the middle lane.

For the regions of southern Russia and the Black Earth region the choice of varieties is much greater. The best representatives are Ariadne, Poetry, Orlovskaya pink.

Odrinka- self-fruitless sweet cherry of medium late ripening period forms low trees with a pyramidal crown, which practically do not get sick, have high winter hardiness and are not afraid of sunburn. Flower buds are also well tolerated. Very large (up to 7.4 g) and remarkably sweet fruits of dark raspberry color with firm and juicy pulp have a universal field of application. The most suitable varieties for pollination are Rechitsa, Revna, Ovstuzhenka.

Veda- a frost-resistant late-ripening table variety. Medium-sized trees are distinguished by high productivity, forming large (up to 7.0 g), juicy and very tasty dark cherry berries. Cherry Veda has an increased immunity to coccomycosis and other fungal infections, and is not capable of self-pollination. The best partner varieties are Tyutchevka, Revna, Bryanochka, Iput.

Cherry varieties for the central Chernozem region

In the last period (10–15 years) in the middle zone of fruit growing, the interest of the population in the culture of sweet cherry has significantly increased. Many varieties of cherries of the "northern" group show sufficient winter hardiness in the conditions of the current warming of the climate, moreover, they are more resistant to dangerous diseases, are productive and surpass many varieties of cherries in fruit quality. In the southern part of the Central region in 2002, for the first time, the sweet cherry crop was introduced into the industrial assortment. Cherry varieties of the "northern" group are included in the list of zoned ones or are promising for the Central Black Earth Region. In most of them there are varieties obtained by MV Kanshina (Bryansk) at the All-Russian Research Institute of Lupine: Iput, Revna, Bryanskaya rozovaya, Ovstuzhenka, Rechitsa; varieties created by a team of authors (A.F. Kolesnikova, E.N. Dzhigadlo, etc.) of the All-Russian Research Institute for Breeding Fruit Crops (Orel): Poetry, Orlovskaya rose, Orlovskaya amber, Malysh and varieties Adeline and Ariadna, created jointly with the team of the All-Russian Research Institute of Genetics and Breeding of Fruit Plants named after V.I. I. V. Michurina (Michurinsk).

Despite the extensive zoned assortment of sweet cherries, it lacks varieties that are highly resistant to coccomycosis and moniliosis, highly winter-resistant, self-fertile, with a restrained tree size and a compact crown of very early and early ripening. It is desirable to have varieties with dense, juicy, brightly colored pulp, with fruits of high taste and simultaneous ripening, dry separation of the stalk. The creation of such varieties of an intensive type is an urgent goal in the selection of sweet cherries for the coming years.

The characteristics of some varieties recommended for cultivation in the natural and climatic conditions of the Central Black Earth Region are given.

Adeline.

Ariadne.

A variety of universal use. The variety is partially self-fertile, early ripening. Average harvest for 1996-2000 amounted to 5.4 t / ha. The variety is winter-hardy, weakly affected by diseases and pests.

The advantage of the variety is high winter hardiness, early ripening, high annual yield, fruits of high taste.

Iput.

Baby.

The pulp is yellow, medium density, juicy, colorless juice. Fruits contain dry matter - 14.0%, sugars - 10.4%, acids - 0.4%. The stone is broadly elliptic, weighing 0.2 g. The peduncle is long. A variety for dessert purposes. Flowering in medium terms. Self-infertile. Fruit ripening in medium terms. Begins fruiting in the 4th year. Average yield 7.5 t / ha. Maximum 12.8 t / ha. Winter hardiness is high.

Poetry.

Early pink.

Countrywoman

June

Joy

Symphony(Leningrad black? Golden loshitskaya). The tree is characterized by good winter hardiness and high yield.

Amber

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My Manor

Varieties of fruit trees for the Central Black Earth Region

I will make a reservation right away - this list is basic, found in the internet. as information accumulates, it will be supplemented.

Apple tree... Summer varieties - Melba, Rossoshskoe august; from autumn - Zhigulevskoe, from winter varieties - Lobo, Rossosh striped, North synap, Spartan... Promising varieties - Steppe beauty, winter April, Reneth Voronezh, Rossoshskoe crimson and Rossoshanskoe dry The last variety is valued for its exceptional keeping quality - when stored in an ordinary cellar, it does not lose its qualities until the next harvest.

Pear... In the western and southwestern regions of the Central Black Earth Region, varieties of both summer and autumn groups can be grown. In the north and northeast, the more winter-hardy summer varieties should be used. Marble- the main summer variety in all five regions, highly winter-resistant, needs good wind protection. Rossoshanskaya beautiful zoned in the Voronezh region, also winter-hardy. Space zoned in the Belgorod and Kursk regions, very fast-growing. Dessert rossoshanskaya zoned in the Voronezh region, fruitful, pears are stored until November. Autumn Yakovleva zoned in the Voronezh, Tambov, Kursk and Lipetsk regions, high-yielding. Bere Russian promising for the Voronezh and Belgorod regions, fruits are stored until December - January.

Cherry we are valued for early maturity, good winter hardiness, high and annual yield. From the early varieties - Generous Rossoshanskaya and Effective. The basis is made up of medium-ripening cherries - Crimson winter-hardy, Griot Rossoshansky high-yielding, Prima resistant to coccomyosis, Rossoshanskaya black zoned in the Voronezh region, Firework- annually harvested, Tambovchanka- winter hardy, Surgenevka zoned in the Voronezh, Belgorod, Oryol regions and Black large high-yielding. Late ripening old Russian variety - Lyubskaya, zoned in many regions of Russia.

Plum has long been growing in the Central Black Earth Region, mainly in personal plots. Bratsk- hardy, large-fruited. Hungarian Voronezh zoned in the Belgorod region. Hungarian Rossoshanskaya has fruits with a small pit. Sunrise- large-fruited and high-yielding. Eurasia-21 zoned in the Voronezh and Belgorod regions. Reward- table variety, zoned in the Voronezh region. Record has large fruits, zoned in the Voronezh region. Renklode soviet- high-yielding, zoned in the Voronezh, Belgorod, Tambov, Lipetsk and Kursk regions. Rossoshanskaya large-fruited gives very large plums of 50 grams.

Cherries durable and high-yielding, less damaged by diseases and pests, but weakly winter-resistant, especially often the flower buds freeze. In the south of the Voronezh region zoned Rossoshanskaya large... In the varietal composition - Checkmark, Original, Early pink, Rossoshansk gold, Julia.

Apricot also easily damaged by frost. At present, the following varieties have stood out in terms of winter hardiness and early maturity: Rattle , Russian-Bulgarian, Voronezh large, Dessert, Son of the red-cheeked and Stepnyak Rossoshansky.

Cherry varieties for black soil

From the editorial board

The proposed brochure describes in detail the botanical characteristics, morphological characteristics of the tree and the biological characteristics of sweet cherry, without the knowledge of which it is impossible to obtain high yields of this crop.

Currently, scientists of the Russian Federation have created wonderful varieties for cultivation in the natural and climatic conditions of the Central Black Earth Region. You will learn in detail about the methods of propagation of rootstocks and cherry seedlings and you will be able to master the technology of production of planting material on your own. Decide on the choice of a site for laying a garden, master the important agrotechnical measures for caring for young and fruiting cherry plantations.

We wish you good luck!

The value of culture

Sweet cherry is the most important stone fruit crop, which is widespread in the Central Black Earth region and is very popular among the population.

Cherry fruits are early fruits; they are supplied to the markets and trade organizations of the Voronezh region mainly from the southern regions of our country. Only a small part of the population consumes fruits from the backyard garden.

The fruits have very good taste and high nutritional qualities and are a fresh product. In addition, sweet cherries are distinguished by high technological properties and are widely used for industrial processing, mainly for canned compotes, which are recognized as one of the best in comparison with those of other stone fruit breeds.

The assortment of cherries presents a variety of fruit colors from yellow, pink, red and dark red to almost black. Compotes from varieties with yellow and pink fruits are very highly appreciated, the syrup of the compote turns out to be yellow, and from varieties with red and dark red fruits, the compote acquires a beautiful cherry or ruby color. Part of the cherry fruit is used for freezing and a small part is dried. In addition, jams, compotes, juices and wine are used in the confectionery industry from cherries.

According to the consistency of the pulp, cherry fruits are divided into two very different groups of varieties: bigarro - varieties that produce fruits with firm elastic pulp and gini - varieties with soft pulp. Varieties with dense, cartilaginous flesh are of higher quality and are better transported.

Among cherries, plants with fruits of different ripening periods prevail. Cherry fruit different varieties differ markedly in chemical composition. These differences are due to both the biological characteristics of the varieties and the conditions of the growing season. The highest dry matter content is distinguished by fruits of a late ripening period. Fruits contain 10.7-24.8% dry matter, 7.1-17% sugars, 0.19-0.80% organic acids, 3.8-26.2 mg% vitamin C, 62.0-115, 0 mg% tannins and dyes. The high content of easily digestible forms of sugars (glucose and fructose), low acidity, the presence of hematogenous substances (iron and folic acid) make cherries an irreplaceable dietary product.

Salicylic acid is found in the fruits, therefore, cherries are useful for rheumatic and colds.

Thanks to the pectin contained in all types of cherries - both sour and sweet, sweet cherries protect the intestinal mucosa from irritation.

Cherry fruits are used to stimulate kidney function in case of kidney disease, have a good diuretic effect, help to reduce weight and improve the general condition of the body. Cherry varieties, painted in dark, almost black colors, help to strengthen the walls of blood vessels and capillaries, preventing atherosclerotic manifestations and helping with hypertension. Due to the presence of coumarin compounds, the blood clotting threshold is reduced, and thus the formation of plaques and blood clots is prevented, and cherry fruits also help in the treatment of anemia. With a weakening of gastric motility (atony), cherry juice is useful. It is also used to stimulate digestion, relieve pain in the stomach, and to bind and eliminate excess cholesterol in the body. Cherry has an analgesic effect, used for gout, arthritis, rheumatism. Decoctions of the stalk from the fetus regulate cardiac activity, used for neuroses, increased irritability.

Cherry seeds contain up to 30% fatty oil, which includes glucoside amygdalin and glucoside laurocerazine, which is often utilized, although it could find practical application. And here essential oil, contained in seeds up to 1%, is distilled off and used in perfumery and alcoholic beverage production. The gum escaping from cracks and wounds on the trunks is a valuable product used by textile workers when finishing fabrics. The bark of trees contains up to 10% tannins (tannins), which is why it is in demand in the leather industry. Wood is prized by carpenters. Cherry pipes and mouthpieces are very popular with smokers. Hoops are made from young trunks and branches. Very decorative tree and a good honey plant (36–40 kg of honey per hectare).

The history of the distribution and creation of sweet cherry varieties

Cherry originates from the bird cherry Prunus avium L, which is distributed throughout Europe - from Scandinavia to the Mediterranean Sea. The center of the greatest diversity of avian cherry genes, or region of origin, is Western asia, Caucasus, Transcaucasia (Georgia, Armenia) and Iran. Even in the pile buildings of the Neolithic era in the area of Lake Constance, the bones of this cherry are found. In the Ancient East and among the Romans, bird cherry was known as a fruit crop.

The first written account of cherries was made by the Greek writer Theophrastus, who lived in the 4th century BC. He does not indicate whether there were varieties at that time, so it can be assumed that the Greeks considered sweet cherries as a forest species. After 100 years, the sweet cherry is already mentioned as a fruit tree. The Greek physician Diphilius Sifnius, who lived in the 3rd century BC, writes that Cerasus has a good juice, which is used as a medicine for stomach inflammation, and red cherries are better than black ones. He divides this breed into two varieties - red and Milesian (named after the city of Miletus in Asia Minor). In the 1st century AD, Dioscorides wrote about cherries.

The first detailed description of sweet cherry as a cultivated plant was made by the Roman writer Pliny, who lived in the 1st century AD. He describes 10 varieties of cherries growing in Rome, among which he distinguishes technical groups: cherries and cherries, and the latter subdivides into gini and bigarro.

Another Roman writer Varro devoted a whole chapter to the sweet cherry, where he touches upon the issues of agricultural technology, from which it can also be concluded that the culture of sweet cherry was familiar to the Romans for a relatively long time.

There is also no doubt that in the Crimea, sweet cherry was cultivated by Greek colonists and Genoese settlers. P.I.Sumarokov, who visited the Crimea in 1799, describing the gardens of the Crimea, notes that, along with apple trees and other fruit species, sweet cherries are also found. V Kievan Rus, where horticulture was developed, among the fruit species, there was probably also a sweet cherry. Old songs, where cherries are often mentioned, serve as a sure proof of the spread of this culture in Ukraine.

Over the course of two thousand years, cherries, under the influence of cultural withdrawal and from the best forms, have undergone noticeable changes, as a result of which cultivars have appeared. Already at an early stage in the development of cherries, a variety with dense pulp appeared - the present bigarro.

In the 1st century AD, when describing the 10 varieties known then in Rome, it was mentioned about cherries, which differed from other varieties in high taste and firm pulp.

Currently, the cherry culture is associated with the countries of the Old and New Worlds located in the Northern Hemisphere. Sweet cherry is widespread in Europe, where more than 80% of the world production of sweet cherry fruits is grown. In the neighboring countries, sweet cherry occupies about 50 thousand hectares. A large area is occupied by sweet cherry on the territory of the Melitopol district of the Zaporozhye region of Ukraine.

Cherry improvement was carried out almost exclusively through the selection of random seedlings. Currently, there are up to 4000 varieties of sweet cherries in the world, but they all originate from one species - bird cherries. Now it grows wild in deciduous forests of Western Asia, Southern Europe, North Africa, in the mountains of the Caucasus, Crimea, Ukraine.

In Russia, less than 10 thousand hectares are occupied by cherries, industrial cherry orchards are concentrated in the southern regions - the North Caucasus and Nizhnevolzhsky, where Western European and Ukrainian varieties grow mainly. There are relatively small areas of sweet cherries in the central and northern regions of the Russian Federation, but the insufficient winter hardiness of the available varieties does not allow moving sweet cherries to more northern regions.

In cherries, flower buds and bark on the trunk, as well as in the forks of skeletal branches, are especially sensitive to frost. Cherry trees have a good regenerative ability, with the exception of old and sick ones, their bark is well restored after freezing.

The cultivation of sweet cherry varieties in different regions of Russia pursued one goal - to obtain productive varieties with high quality fruits. But due to the fact that the regions differ greatly in the conditions of their growth, the ways of obtaining these varieties were different.

In central Russia, it was necessary to obtain high-yielding varieties cherries with winter hardiness of flower buds and wood, resistant to fungal diseases.

I. V. Michurin started the first work on the cherry trees. Then, in the Central Black Earth Zone, they were continued by S.V. Zhukov and E.N. Kharitonova (Central Genetic Laboratory named after I.V. Michurin, Michurinsk), A.N. Mashkin (Voronezh State University), A. Ya. Voronchikhina (Rossoshanskaya zonal experimental gardening station) and others.

Thanks to the work of Russian breeders, sweet cherry culture becomes possible in the northern regions of the Central Black Earth Region.

In the Central Black Earth Region, the most favorable conditions for its cultivation in industrial gardens are available in the southern part of the Voronezh, Belgorod and Kursk regions. Provided that cherry plantations are placed in elevated, well-protected areas, more winter-hardy varieties of northern selection cherries bear fruit annually. In terms of yield, they surpass many varieties of cherries.

Breeders of a number of research institutions carry out work on the "axillation" of cherries in the middle zone of fruit growing: the All-Russian Research Institute for Breeding Fruit Crops (Orel), VNIIGiSPR named after V.I. IV Michurin and All-Russian Research Institute of Horticulture named after I.V. IV Michurin (Michurinsk), Donetsk experimental station, Ukrainian research institute and some others.

In Voronezh, A. N. Venyaminov worked on the breeding of winter-hardy varieties of sweet cherries, and then under his leadership, O. Kh. Mishchenko and M. V. Kanshina. Through free pollination and crossing of Leningrad, Belarusian and Michurin varieties, several hundred hybrid seedlings were obtained, of which, according to a complex of economically valuable traits, 100 selected forms were isolated, and of which the varieties Kommunarka, Kompaktnaya Venyaminova, Symphony, etc., which tolerate severe winters, were distinguished. in Voronezh.

More large-scale and more successful in the last 35 years, work on the "axillary" of cherries has been carried out by the fruit growing department of the All-Russian Research Institute of Lupine (Bryansk region), where 14 winter-hardy varieties have been bred.

As a result of synthetic selection, selection from generation to generation of winter-hardy hybrids from intervarietal and distant ecological-geographical crosses, carried out by breeders of the middle zone of fruit growing, over a period of more than 120 years (starting with the works of IV Michurin), an ecological group of sweet cherries - "northern" ...

Morphological signs and biological features

Nowadays, varieties with the desired combinations of traits are being created by directional crossing. To develop new varieties of sweet cherries, breeders used wild cherries and bush cherries (steppe), ordinary and Besseya.

Wild cherry belongs to the genus Cerasus: the plum subfamily (Prunoideae), the rose family, the species Cerasus avium L. A large tree, sometimes 10-15 m high, with a slender spreading crown, few skeletal branches, but with a large number short fruit twigs.

The leaves of the cherry are large (up to 16 cm long), obovate, glossy, large-toothed at the edges. The flowers are large, in umbrellas, white or pink. Fruits are spherical or ovoid, up to 1.5 cm in diameter, yellow, red or black. The pulp is juicy, sweet. The fruits are used fresh and for processing, and the seeds are used to obtain rootstocks. Trees are durable (up to 100 years), fruitful.

Aboveground system. Most varieties of sweet cherries form very large trees, up to 20 m tall. It is characterized by rapid growth, especially in young age... The bark at a young age is brown, reddish or silvery in color, with numerous stripes, it can flake off transverse thin films.

Trees have a highly developed trunk (leader), to which skeletal branches are subordinated. The cherry crown is spherical or pyramidal, sparse or dense, but usually sparse; branches are relatively thick, often with acute angle departures.

Sweet cherry belongs to the species with a weak shoot-forming ability. Skeletal branches are covered with long-term overgrown fruit branches, average age which are about 10-12 years old.

Three types of buds are characteristic of sweet cherries: generative, vegetative and mixed types, which are respectively located on fruit and growth shoots. The generative (flowering) bud of a sweet cherry has a more rounded shape compared to the vegetative (leaf) bud. It is located at the base of long growths and on bouquet branches. The inflorescence consists of 3-5 single flowers, which bloom in the form of an umbrella without a median flower and bear stipular covering leaves at the base of the pedicels. The inflorescences located on the bouquet branches are concentrated on the sides and cover the vegetative apical bud. The number of inflorescences depends on the position and thickness of the bouquet branch and on the variety. The flowers are bisexual, white, up to 3 cm in diameter, as a rule, appear on the shoots shortly before the leaves bloom, forming a few-flowered, almost sessile umbrellas. There are five sepals and petals, many stamens, one pistil. Blooms for two weeks.

Rice. 1. Cherry blossom

The fruits are real drupes, with a fleshy, juicy pericarp. Fruits are distinguished by their shape: oval, spherical or heart-shaped, and in color from light yellow (almost white) to dark red (almost black), wild fruits are smaller than cultivated ones, up to 2 cm in diameter. The stone is spherical or slightly elongated, with a smooth surface. The seeds are composed of the rind, embryo and endosperm. The color of the peel is yellowish brown, sometimes with a dark red tint.

Compared to other species, cherry trees form a limited number of skeletal branches with a small number of branching orders. It is characterized by a rather sparse crown with weak branching. Sweet cherry lays flower buds on annual growths and on shortened fruit formations (bouquet twigs). One bouquet branch can have 6-8 flower buds and one (usually in the middle) growth buds (Fig. 1).

On growth annual growths, fruit buds, as a rule, are located in the lower part. In the upper part there are growth buds. Flower buds, after fruiting, die off, and the branches are bare. Growth buds, germinating, give a bouquet twig or growth shoot. Bouquet branches closer to the top develop better and bear more flower buds. The main part of the crop (70–90%) is formed on bouquet branches, and only a small part (10–30%) is formed on annual growths.

Sweet cherry has a high bud awakensibility and a weak shoot-forming ability, which causes a relatively weak crown thickening. Due to the high awakenability of the buds, many bouquet branches are formed, on which the bulk of the crop is formed in mature trees (53–91%), which indicates a tree-like type of fruiting.

Flower buds can also be laid on the growths of the last year, including the growth type. Bouquet cherry twigs are distinguished by significant durability - they live up to 10–12 years, which, together with the high awakening of the buds, leads to the formation of a large fruiting zone and a significant leaf canopy inside the crown. As a result, the skeletal branches become bare slowly. Together with the trunk, they thicken well and are able to withstand heavy loads of berries.

The ratio of flowering and vegetative buds on annual growths, as in all stone fruits, depends on their length. With a decrease in the length of shoots, the number of flower buds increases; on shoots shorter than 10 cm, only one apical bud is vegetative, and all lateral ones are generative. With a shoot length of 20–30 cm, the ratio of buds is approximately equal, and with an increase in length to 40–50 cm, the number of flower buds is 25–30%. Lateral branches are formed only on growths longer than 30 cm, and on weaker ones, only bouquet branches. With the weakening of growth processes, the formation of strong shoots stops, and the yield gradually decreases, which necessitates the use of rejuvenating pruning and increased plant care.

Branches can be thick, medium thick and thin. The angle of departure is sharp and straight. Cultivars with sharp branching angles are less desirable as branch breaks are common.

Cherries begin to bear fruit more often at the age of 5–7 years and give good yields at the age of 10–12 years. According to the time of entry into fruiting, the varieties are divided into groups: early-fruiting, medium- and late-fruiting.

Cherry blossoms earlier than cherry and apple, but later than apricot. Depending on the variety and weather, in spring, flowering lasts from 13 to 27 days, and for individual varieties - 8-16 days, therefore cherry varieties are divided: early flowering, medium and late flowering.

Most varieties of sweet cherry are self-fertile, therefore, to create high yields, it is necessary to plant the best pollinating varieties in the garden.

From the beginning of flowering to the beginning of ripening of cherry fruits of very early varieties, 32 days pass, early - 42 days, medium early - 48 days, average ripening - 56 days, medium late - 59 days, late - 63 days, and very late - 68 days.

Root system. The root system is predominantly horizontal, but under favorable conditions, well-branched vertical roots can also form. The taproot is formed only during 1–2 years of life, and over time it branches out.

The development of the root system of sweet cherry depends on the strength of the rootstock growth, the type of soil and its granulometric composition. Most of the roots can be located at a depth of 16–83 cm, but the depth of their placement can vary. It was found that trees with a more powerful root system have a larger crown size.

By the age of 15–17 years of growth of trees in the garden, the root system spreads over the entire width of the row spacings. In the soil layer of 10–40 cm, on average, 70 to 90% of the horizontal roots are located. Trees grafted on wild cherries have a developed horizontal root system, and trees grafted on antipka have a very weak root system.

The best stock for this culture turned out to be wild cherry, and in the central parts of the northern, steppe and southern zones, antipka is most often used as a stock. Wild cherries in all zones have a more powerful root system than antipka. Therefore, during reproduction, the effect of the scion on the rootstock and the rootstock on the scion should be taken into account, an assessment of the suitability of the rootstock is necessary, which must be taken into account in terms of: the general condition of the trees, the circumference of the stem, the yield, otherwise an incorrect conclusion and selection of variety-rootstock combinations can be made.

The relationship of cherries to natural factors

Temperature. Sweet cherry is a thermophilic plant. In terms of winter hardiness, it is inferior to apple, pear, cherry, plum. Sweet cherries do not tolerate extreme heat relatively well, and the fruits ripen better in cooler summers. According to the nature of winter hardiness, cherry varieties are divided into 3 groups: winter hardy, medium winter hardy, low winter hardiness.

Frosts primarily damage fruit buds; more resistant wood can withstand frosts below 30–34 ° C. Fruit formations are damaged at –24 ° C. The winter hardiness of sweet cherries is determined by a whole complex of factors: the preparedness of trees for winter, the peculiarities of fertilization, the location of the garden, the slopes and their steepness. The most typical winter injuries of sweet cherry are burns of the trunk and main skeletal branches, freezing of wood and freezing of flower buds.

Frosts at 29–30 ° C often cause great damage to seedlings in the nursery.

Light. Sweet cherry is a light-loving breed. Its branches become bare faster and fruiting decreases with a lack of light in the crown. Therefore, it is important to provide the cherries with the appropriate feeding area and by skillful pruning to create the best conditions for the light regime in the crown of the tree.

Water. Cherry's exactingness to water is high, but it depends primarily on the rootstock on which the plant is grafted. For example, cherries grafted on antipka are more drought-resistant than when grafted on wild cherries, especially on ordinary sour cherries. Sweet cherry does not tolerate excess water in the soil and close standing of groundwater.

The soil. Cherry grows well on loose, deep soil, in which there is no stagnation of groundwater. It works well on alluvial soils of river or lake origin, with a moderate sand content. If the soil layer is thin, and the subsoil is impervious to roots or consists of coarse sand, then cherry grows poorly on such soil and it is short-lived. On deep soils, on the contrary, it becomes powerful and durable.

On too dense clay soils, cherries grow poorly and often die if the clay is not in such proportion with the rest of the soil, which makes it accessible to air and water, in the combinations necessary for the normal development of roots. Cherry does not tolerate moist soil, but it requires a sufficient amount of water, since the need for cherries for it is greater than that of some other fruit trees.

Own-rooted sweet cherry trees on light loamy soils have advantages over trees grafted on antipka. On heavy loamy chernozem soils, cherries grafted onto wild cherries grow better than native-rooted trees and grafted onto antipka. Trees with stronger root systems have a larger crown size.

For good plantation growth, the soil must be fertile and sufficiently loose, permeable to air and water, and at the same time capable of retaining an adequate supply of moisture in the upper layers and in the subsoil.

For planting cherry plantations, you can also use ordinary carbonate chernozems with good water-physical properties, with a small lime content (1–2%), provided that the planting material is grafted on an antipick. Sweet cherries, grafted on ordinary cherries, suffer from chlorosis on such soils.

Cherry varieties for the central Chernozem region

Adeline. The trees are medium-sized, up to 3.5 m high, the crown is pyramidal, spreading, of medium density. Fruiting on bouquet branches and growths of the last year. Fruits weighing 5.5–6.0 g, heart-shaped, 23 mm high, 24 mm thick (Fig. 2). The pulp is dark red, medium density, gristly, the juice is red. Fruits contain dry soluble substances - 16.2%, sugars - 11.9%, acids - 0.6%. The stone is round, weighing 0.2 g. It is 3.6% of the weight of the fruit, light yellow in color. The length of the stalk is 46 mm, the thickness is 0.8 mm. The separation from the fetus is good. A variety for dessert purposes. Flowering in medium terms (May 10-15). The variety is self-fertile, medium-ripening varieties are good pollinators. Fruit ripening in medium terms (July 15). Begins fruiting in 4 years. Average yield - 7.9 t / ha, maximum - 14.2 t / ha. is characterized by high winter hardiness.

Rice. 2. Fruits of sweet cherry varieties Adeline

Ariadne. The trees are vigorous, with a pyramidal crown. The flowers are large, white. Fruiting on bouquet branches and on growths of the last year. Fruits are medium, one-dimensional, weighing 4.6 g, maximum - 5.5 g. The shape is flat-round. The top is depressed. The color is dark red.

The pulp is red, juicy, gristly. Colored juice. The character of the taste is sweet, score 5 points. The fruits contain dry matter - 17.5%, sugars - 14.3%, acids - 0.7%, P-active catechins - 330 mg / 100 g, ascorbic acid - 10.8 mg / 100 g. Medium stone , separates well from the pulp. The peduncle is long, of medium thickness. Transportability is good.

Iput. Medium-sized trees, with a wide-pyramidal, well-leafed crown. The kidneys are large. Leaves are oblong-ovate, large. the petiole is short or medium, thick, has 2–3 large colored glands. In inflorescence 3-4 flowers, large, saucer-shaped corolla, petals touching, white. Fruits on bouquet branches. Fruits weighing 5.3–9.7 g, 21 mm high, 22 mm wide, 20 mm thick, blunt-hearted, dark red in color, almost black when fully ripe (Fig. 3). The pulp is dark red, medium density. The juice is dark red. The fruits contain dry matter - 16.6%, sugars - 11%, acids - 0.5%, ascorbic acid - 11.5 mg / 100 g. Ovoid stone, weighing 0.27 g, light brown. The peduncle is short and thick. The fruits come off the stalk well. A variety of universal use. Early flowering. The variety is self-fertile. Ripens early. Becomes fruiting for 4–5 years. Average yield 7.3 t / ha, maximum 14.6 t / ha. Good winter hardiness.

Rice. 3. Fruits of sweet cherry varieties Iput

Baby. Trees of medium vigor, up to 3.5 m high, pyramidal crown, spreading, raised, of medium density, medium shoots, straight, yellowish, buds 4 mm, ovoid, oval leaves, petiole 46 mm long, 2.8 mm thick ... Fruits on bouquet twigs and fruit twigs. Fruits weighing 3.6 g, heart-shaped, 21 mm high. fruits are yellow.

Poetry. Trees of medium vigor, up to 3.5 m high, pyramidal crown, flat, of medium density. Shoots are medium, straight, brown. Kidneys 5 mm. Leaves are oval. The petiole is 49 mm long, 2.9 mm thick. The number of flowers in the inflorescence is 3, the corolla is 27.8 mm in diameter. The petals are white, located freely. Fruiting on bouquet branches and growths of the last year. fruits weighing 5.5 g, 18.2 mm wide, 14.3 mm thick. Heart-shaped. Fruits are yellow with a dark red integumentary color. The pulp is creamy, dense, gristly, sweet and sour (Fig. 4). The juice is colorless. Fruits contain solids - 17.8%, sugars - 12.4%, acids - 0.44%. The stone is ovoid, weighing 0.4 g, light yellow. A variety for dessert purposes. Flowering in medium terms (May 10-15). The variety is self-fertile. Fruit ripening is average - in the second decade of July, simultaneous. Average yield 6.9 t / ha, maximum 11.1 t / ha. Average winter hardiness.

Rice. 4. Fruits of sweet cherry varieties Poetziya

Early pink. The trees are medium-sized, up to 4.5 m with a rounded spreading crown. Shoots are straight, with long internodes. Vegetative buds are very large 6–7 mm, generative buds are smaller than 4–5 mm. Leaves are oval. The petiole is 30–50 mm long; stipules are absent. In the inflorescence there are usually 2-3 flowers with a diameter of 30-50 mm, wide-bowl-shaped, rounded, snow-white petals. Fruits with an average weight of 5.0 g, height 21 mm, width 23 mm, thickness 19 mm, shape from obtuse heart to round-oval. The main color of the fruit is creamy yellow, the flesh is creamy, tender to medium density, closer to guineas than bigarro, very juicy. Good winter hardiness.

Countrywoman(seedling of the Pobeda variety). The tree has a high yield and good winter hardiness. Fruits are medium (4.5 g), flattened, almost black. The pulp is dark red, juicy, medium density, very good taste. The stone is small, well separated from the pulp. The fruits are suitable both for fresh consumption and for making compotes. Ripen in mid-July.

June(seedling from the second generation of southern varieties). The tree is characterized by good winter hardiness and high yield.

Fruits are medium (4 g), heart-shaped, dark red. The pulp is red, juicy, medium density, excellent taste. The stone is of medium size, semi-detachable. Table variety, ripens in mid-June.

Joy(seedling from the second generation of southern varieties). The tree is characterized by high productivity and good winter hardiness. Fruits are medium (4.1 g), cylindrical, dark red. The pulp is dark red, tender, juicy, very good taste. The stone is of medium size, separating. Table and canning variety. The fruits ripen in early July.

Symphony(Leningrad Black x Golden Loshitskaya). The tree is characterized by good winter hardiness and high yield.

Fruits are medium (4.2 g), oblong, almost black. The pulp is dark red, tender, juicy, very good taste. The stone is large, separating. The variety is suitable for fresh consumption and for making compotes. The fruits ripen in early July.

Amber(seedling of the Pobeda variety). The tree has good winter hardiness and high yield. The fruits are large (7.1 g), heart-shaped, yellow. The pulp is yellow, dense, juicy, good taste. The stone is medium, semi-detachable. The fruits are suitable for fresh consumption and for technical processing, ripen in mid-July.

At the Voronezh State Agrarian University, winter-hardy varieties of sweet cherries have been preserved, which blossomed and bore fruit after the harsh winter of 2006. The varieties are distinguished by resistance to diseases, durability, different in terms of ripening, taste and color of the fruit.

Cherry propagation

Cherry propagates by seed and vegetative method. The seed propagation method is used for growing rootstocks and own-rooted cherry trees. In production conditions and scientific institutions, a vegetative method of reproduction is used, i.e. varietal cherry seedlings are grown by grafting with a cuttings or buds, the result is a plant consisting of two parts: rootstock and scion. Each of these organisms has its own characteristics: metabolism, a set of amino acids and proteins, reaction to environmental conditions, life rhythm. On the basis of the created anatomical unity between the stock and the scion, an exchange of plastic substances is established and a deep physiological and biochemical interaction takes place. This is what causes a change in the properties of both components of the vaccine, that is, their mutual influence.

The rootstock and scion have a certain physiological selectivity, therefore, not every variety-rootstock combination can be highly productive and resistant to growing conditions.

For cherries, seedlings of wild cherry, Magaleb cherry (antipka) and ordinary cherry can be used as a rootstock.

Wild cherry used successfully in industrial culture areas in the south. It is compatible with all varieties of cherries, forms vigorous and durable trees. Wild cherry prefers rich, light, sufficiently moist and aerated soils with deep groundwater. Cherry grows successfully on powerful chernozems and alluvial, non-saline and waterlogged soils of river valleys without a close standing of groundwater.

The disadvantage of wild cherry as a rootstock is its weak frost and drought resistance. Proceeding from this and taking into account its requirements for the soil, the seedlings grafted onto this stock should be planted in more southern, well-humid areas or under conditions of artificial irrigation.

In the Central Black Earth Region, it is preferable to use seeds of local varieties of sweet cherry and cherry-sweet cherry, as they are more winter-hardy.

Antipka used in areas of industrial cultivation of sweet cherry, but has both positive and negative features that must be taken into account. This stock is not well compatible with all varieties, and compatible cherry trees always have a weaker growth, but enter the fruiting season earlier, turn out to be less durable and die off faster than those grafted onto wild cherries.

The positive aspects of this rootstock - great frost and drought resistance, the development of vigorous seedlings in the nursery, the ability of the root system to penetrate into the soil to a depth of over 4 m and undemanding to soils - make it possible to use it successfully. Therefore, antipka is recommended to be used in more northern, steppe and insufficiently humid southern regions. Some scientists note that cherries grafted on antipka cherries often die, especially when grown on rich loamy chernozem with nitrogen nutrition. Cherry grows better on sandy loam soil, although here, too, some of the trees may die from incompatibility with the stock. A sign of incompatibility is premature autumn yellowing of the leaves.

Common cherry possesses good winter hardiness, can successfully grow on heavy and saline soils, therefore it is the only rootstock for sweet cherry on the territory of the Russian Federation.

Trees grafted on wild cherries are characterized by strong growth, grafted on antipka - fragility and low productivity, on steppe cherry seedlings - they are distinguished by high drought resistance, winter hardiness of the root system, strong growth and resistance to chlorosis, on ordinary cherries they are weaker, but suffer from chlorosis when grown on soils with a high carbonate content.

Cherry varieties are well compatible with seedlings of local varieties of cherries and cherries; they grow and develop normally on different types of soils.

Cherry and cherry seeds, after being freed from the pulp, are sown to a depth of 3-4 cm in well-moistened ridges with a distance between rows of 20-25 cm, in a row of 3-5 cm. After sowing, the ridges are lightly watered and covered with a film, and covered with sawdust on top with a layer of 5 –6 cm or other mulching material, which protects the ridges from drying out until autumn. When night temperatures drop to 3–5 ° C, the shelter is removed and replaced with fallen leaves with a layer of 5–6 cm. In the first frosty days, the ridges are covered with a 10–15 cm loose layer of leaves, the soil does not freeze, and cherry seeds will finish in any winter stratification and will sprout together in spring.

The periods of stratification of sweet cherry seeds are 150–170 days, and they can vary depending on weather conditions during the period of fruit ripening. When carrying out artificial stratification, it is advisable to thoroughly rinse the seeds after freeing from the pulp, sprinkle with steamed sawdust or sand. Before sowing (April 5–27), the seeds are stored in a basement at a temperature of 3-5 ° C for preliminary stratification, covering the top of the box with a film to prevent drying out. It is necessary to monitor the moisture content of the seeds, but not to dry or overmoisten.

In the dry spring-summer period, the shoots of seed rootstocks, when 4–6 leaves are formed, can stop growing and lay an apical bud, after which it is difficult to force them to grow again. Therefore, when 3-4 leaves appear, they give abundant watering with nitrogen feeding(10 g of urea per 10 liters of water). After 15–20 days, give a second watering with nitrogen fertilization (30 g of urea per 10 l of water) and microelements. Subsequent watering is carried out, if necessary, on a monthly basis, already without fertilizers.

Rice. 5. Budding cherries

When the first signs of coccomycosis appear, the plants are sprayed with zineb in time.

The seedlings are dug out in early October, the leaves are scrubbed, the top is cut off, leaving a stem 20–25 cm long. Standard seedlings are planted in a nursery at a distance of 15–20 cm in a row and 70 cm in a row spacing and watered abundantly. Weak seedlings are discarded.

Budding cherries can be carried out from the end of June and throughout July. 7-10 days before budding, the nursery is watered or started several days after heavy rainfall. When budding cherries on cherry seedlings, it is better to carry out it in the early morning hours, when the air humidity is usually about 60% (Fig. 5).

The gap in time between the processes of budding and tying should not be more than 2-3 minutes, because open tissues of seedlings in the air quickly oxidize and turn brown.

When encircling the cherry into a T-shaped cut, you must not touch the rootstock wood, otherwise the shield will float with glue and die, which reduces the yield of seedlings to 10-15%. Fulfilling all of the above conditions, you can annually receive up to 70% of seedlings from the number of rootstocks planted.

Cherry seedlings are resistant to dry air and it is better to budding in the morning and evening hours. Oculated in a T-shaped incision of the bark or "butt", with a shield up to 1.5-2 cm long. It is advisable to graft the eyelet into the root collar, so that in the future there will be no stump growth. Do not tie the grafted kidney with a film, but leave it free. A month after vaccination, the tape is removed.

When budding cherries, the shield can be covered with soil or covered with sawdust just before winter. However, early hilling, when the shields are not sufficiently prepared for winter, can lead to damping out in winter.

With late budding, when the bark ceases to lag behind, the scutes are poorly overgrown with callus, an appearance of survival is created, but in winter many buddings die. With early budding on a cherry rootstock, established eyes may germinate prematurely, but it happens very rarely. In this case, the shoot must be pinched, then it will withstand the winter, and will germinate in the spring.

After overwintering, in mid-April, the aerial part of the rootstock (seedling) is removed to the grafted peephole. Rootstocks with non-accustomed buds are re-grafted with a cherry cuttings by the "copulation without a tongue" method, leaving two buds on the cuttings, or by "butt" budding. Tongue copulation can cause gum leakage.

Cuttings for spring grafting are harvested at the beginning of winter and stored in a cold place in sawdust until grafting. Storage at positive temperatures destroys the cuttings - outwardly normal, but do not take root.

On developing seedlings in the summer, 2-3 times the rootstock overgrowth and lateral shoots (1-2 pcs.), Formed in the lower part of the cherry stem (below 20-25 cm), are removed on a ring without leaving stumps.

In a one-year-old sapling, cherries pinch the top of the central conductor when it reaches a height of 70–75 cm, cutting off at a height of 55–60 cm, in order to form side shoots at a given height. By autumn, annual cherry seedlings form full-fledged crowns with 3-4 lateral shoots. Such crowning leads to the fact that 80–85% of annual seedlings develop full-fledged crowns. Saplings that are not crowned in the first year of growth in the nursery, after planting in the garden, lose a year for crown formation and later begin to bear fruit.

On the territory of the Central Black Earth Region, cherry seedlings cannot be planted in the garden in the fall, because the wood of one-year-olds is not sufficiently matured and they are less frost-resistant. Until spring, the seedlings should be stored in the basement, sprinkling the roots with wet sawdust or sand, protecting them from mice.

Soil preparation and planting cherries

Many areas of the Central Chernozem region, due to their soil conditions, are suitable for winter-hardy varieties of sweet cherries in home gardening. It is necessary to avoid planting only on soils with dense subsoils, do not use saline soils and areas where groundwater is closer than 2 m from the soil surface.

For cherries, flat places or gentle slopes should be taken away. In the northern regions, the southern slopes are the best, as they are warmer.

Rice. 6. Soil content in a young garden

When choosing a place for cherry plantations, preference should be given to elevated places provided with good air drainage. For good plantation growth, the soil must be sufficiently loose, permeable to air and water, and at the same time, capable of retaining a sufficient supply of moisture in the upper layers and in the subsoil.

The best soils for cherries should be considered loamy and light clayey gray, dark gray forest soils. Favorable soils are typical, leached and ordinary chernozems of the same granulometric composition. Soils with a high content of carbonates are of little use, and soils with signs of solonetzicity and swampiness are completely unsuitable.

For planting cherry plantations, you can also use ordinary carbonate chernozems with good water-physical properties, with a small lime content (1–2%), provided that the planting material is grafted on an antipick. Sweet cherries grafted on common cherries suffer from chlorine on such soils.

The plot allocated for planting cherries must be protected from the prevailing and cold north and north-east winds by plantations or buildings.

When growing cherries, soil preparation and planting of seedlings are essential. It should be carried out at the scheduled time, since the quality of the implementation of the measures has a large and lasting effect on the survival rate of trees and stable fruiting.

On the site allocated for planting cherries, plowing or digging the soil to a depth of 30 cm is carried out in the fall.

It is recommended to plant cherries only in spring at the earliest possible date. In this case, cherry seedlings take root well, winter better in the first year after planting, and suffer less from air drought and high air temperatures. In late-planted cherry trees, with the onset of hot weather, drying of the young leaves that have appeared is often observed, despite timely watering. The survival rate of seedlings in this case will be very low.

In order to spend early landing, all preparatory work(breakdown of the site, digging holes) must be done in the fall.

Almost all cherry varieties are self-infertile, that is, they are not able to pollinate with their own pollen. Sometimes, varieties may appear on the site that are not able to pollinate with previously planted varieties, which reduces productivity. To avoid infertility, in one area it is necessary to have two or four mutually pollinated varieties in order to increase yields and extend the period of fresh fruit consumption.

Pits 80 cm wide and 50-60 cm deep are dug for planting cherries. 10-15 kg of humus, 300-400 g of superphosphate and 50 g of potassium chloride are introduced into each pit. In cherry trees, the addition of superphosphate and potassium salt to the manure noticeably increases the total length of the roots with a completely insignificant increase in the weight of the roots. The total length of thin and medium roots exceeds by 81% the length of the roots after application of manure.

Before fertilizing the planting pit, they are thoroughly mixed with the ground. Half of the mixture is poured onto the bottom of the pit, and half is poured directly to the roots when planting a tree. Before planting, seedlings are stored in a pit or basement in winter.

In early spring, when the soil allows the work to be done, cherry seedlings are planted in the garden. Before planting, they are carefully examined, and those damaged by rodents and broken ones are discarded, sick, rotten, torn off and dried roots are cut off with a sharp knife. On healthy roots, only the ends are trimmed, which may interfere with planting.

When transporting and unloading seedlings, they should be protected from drying out small roots (put on the roots plastic bag or temporarily dig in), injuries, kidney breaking, as well as crush injuries.

When planting, the entangled roots are straightened, all the voids between the root branches are filled with earth, and the earth is compacted above the roots. After filling all the roots of the seedling with earth, its root collar (grafting site) should be 2-3 cm above the soil level. For properly planted seedlings, after the earth settles in the planting pit, the root collar should be at the level of the soil.

After planting, a hole is made around the seedling and watered abundantly (20–30 l / der.). After watering, the soil surface around the tree is sprinkled with dry earth or mulched with manure. In dry weather, in spring, the planted trees are watered with an interval of two weeks, in the summer months, watering is carried out monthly, August watering is especially important (the second decade of the month).

If in winter there were frosts down to -30 ° C and after a year of growth in the garden the young trees are frozen, they must be cut back for growth. Already in the second year of growth in the garden with good care, cherries significantly increase frost resistance, young trees can withstand the most severe winters.

Cherry plantation care

Care of young plantings. All work on the care of young plantings of sweet cherry is aimed at creating favorable conditions for the survival and good growth of trees. Regardless of the time of planting cherries in the garden, pruning the seedling after planting is best done in the spring. If the seedling has no lateral branches in the form of one long shoot, it is shortened at a height of 70–80 cm in order to ensure the establishment of the crown at a given height.

After planting seedlings with lateral ramifications, they are shortened, leaving shoots 50–55 cm long. The guide should be 20–25 cm longer than the upper branches. When shortening the branches and the conductor, pruning is done on a healthy kidney. Trimming of lateral branches in cherry varieties with a narrow pyramidal crown shape is done on the outer bud, and in varieties with a weeping crown shape - on the inner bud.

The soil is cultivated on the area of the trunk circle, which expands by about 0.5 m every year.

Table 1. Approximate doses of fertilizers for cherries in a young garden (according to BM Vedenov)

The most suitable soil maintenance system in an orchard is black fallow (Fig. 6). With such a system, the soil is digged to a depth of 18–20 cm in the fall. The first loosening of the soil is carried out in early spring to a depth of 10–12 cm, the second - during the flowering period, the third - until the fruits ripen, the soil is loosened by 8–10 cm, which contributes better growth shoots and the formation of large and high quality fruits.

Young cherry trees are fertilized annually. In the first two years after planting, only nitrogen fertilizers are applied along with watering. Subsequently, complete mineral fertilization is applied annually, organic fertilizers - in 2-3 years. Approximate doses of fertilizers in a young garden are presented in Table 1.

In a young garden, doses are calculated based on the area of the trunk circle. Fertilizers are applied to the entire area under the tree and 50 cm beyond its crown projection. The best results are obtained by applying mineral fertilizers to a depth of 20–25 cm along the diameter of the trunk circle.

For cherries, the simultaneous application of manure and mineral fertilizers in autumn is most effective than in spring. Part of nitrogen fertilizers is applied as top dressing during the period of active growth. It is not recommended to apply them at the end of summer, as this delays growth and reduces the frost resistance of plants.

To increase the frost resistance of cherry trees in the second half of the growing season, trees should be sprayed with phosphorus and potassium at the rate of 30 g of superphosphate and 20 g of potassium salt per 10 liters of water.

Sweet cherry develops well with sufficient, but not excessive moisture. With a lack of moisture in the soil, the leaves curl and crumble. In dry years, good results are obtained by late winter water-charging irrigation. Autumn irrigation keeps trees from drying out and freezing, promotes a friendly start of the growing season in spring, reduces the need for vegetative irrigation, and increases productivity on fruit-bearing cherry trees.

During the growing season, cherries are watered early with a vein, if the spring is dry - before flowering, 15–20 days before the fruit ripens, which increases the yield of sweet cherries. Watering before harvesting will cause the fruit to crack. The plant must be watered to the depth of the active roots (40–50 cm). After watering, the soil is mulched or loosened to prevent crusting. Autumn irrigation, the so-called water charging, is very useful.

In cherries, especially young plantations, in early spring (mid-March), under the influence of direct sunlight in the daytime, the bark heats up strongly, which causes the growth of bark and cambium cells, and a decrease in temperature at night kills them, this causes burns, and especially the shtamb suffers from the south or southwest side.

Rice. 7. Sparse-tiered cherry crown: 1 - with two orders of skeletal branches; 2 - with one order

The resistance of trees to burns depends on the characteristics of the varieties and the conditions of the water and nutritional regime during the growing season. Trees with a low stem are less affected by burns. Therefore, to prevent burns of cherries, whitewashing of boles and forks of the main branches with slaked lime or acrylic paint is required to whitewash trees in late autumn or early spring (first decade of March). For whitewashing, a thick solution of lime is also used with the addition of 0.5 liters of skim milk (milk), 50 g of sodium chloride and 25 g of copper sulfate per 10 liters of solution.

Crown formation and pruning before fruiting. The best crown of formation for sweet cherry is considered to be a sparse-tiered one. To do this, in each tier, three main skeletal branches are placed, extending from the conductor at an obtuse angle, and all other shoots in the tier are removed to the ring. The distance between the tiers is 45–50 cm (Fig. 7).

In the second year, they begin to form the crown. Sweet cherries can be shaped like round or flat crowns. The main shoots for the crown are chosen taking into account the adopted formation system. With a rounded crown shape, 3-4 shoots are chosen, directed in different directions. Since shoots often come off at an acute angle, the angles should be corrected with spacers or branch braces. The guide is cut 70–80 cm to lay the second tier of the crown. In the second and third tiers, 2-3 skeletal branches are left. The distance between the tiers should be at least 50 cm. Shortening causes additional branching, and hence an increase in the number of side branches. Excessive branches should not always be deleted. By folding them down, they can be turned into fruit formations.

Due to the fact that the stem and the base of the skeletal branches of cherries suffer from sunburn, it is recommended to form trees with a low stem in the form of a low-growing bush with three to five trunks. To do this, in the spring, the one-year-old is cut above the fifth or sixth bud, providing more opportunity for the lower buds and shoots to develop. Cherry takes on the shape of a bush if the strong lateral shoots are not removed above the grafting site. These are the future trunks and skeletal branches of the bush. Abroad, in intensive plantings, the formation of a cherry crown in the form of a hedge is widespread. This creates favorable conditions for harvesting.

When forming like a hedge, you must adhere to the following rules:

1. After the first year - hedge-like crown formation without pruning and branching stimulation.

2. From the fifth year onwards, pruning to stimulate growth and branching while maintaining the hedge system.

3. After the seventh year - restorative pruning so that the average length of the shoots is at least 40 cm.

Such formation makes it possible to accelerate the entry of the tree into fruiting, to limit the size of the crown, to facilitate tree care and to obtain higher yields.

Caring for fruiting plantations. The formation of the crop in sweet cherry takes place in a very short time. At the same time, tree growth processes are underway, usually ending in late July - early August, and cherries consume a large amount of water and nutrients. Therefore, maintaining black steam, weed control, measures to ensure optimal humidity soils, fertilization are critical to yield and annual growth.

With the entry of sweet cherry trees into fruiting, it is necessary to make moderate doses of organic (10-12 kg / m) and mineral fertilizers (ammonium nitrate 45-55 g / m; potassium nitrate 27-33 g / m: superphosphate 55-83 g / m; wood ash 120-150 g / m2). The reaction of cherries to fertilization begins only from the fourth year after fertilization, which increases the yield.

From an organizational point of view, it is better to combine the application of organic and phosphorus-potassium fertilizers, in this case the dose of mineral fertilizers is reduced by half, and applied once every 2-3 years. Nitrogen fertilizers are applied annually. For normal growth, micronutrient fertilizers are needed: boron, manganese, zinc, copper and others.

Pruning during fruiting is reduced to moderate crown thinning, removal of dry and intertwining branches. Only strong shoots are shortened, more than 50 cm.

If necessary, the crown is reduced, for which the conductor is transferred to a well-positioned lateral branch (Fig. 8).

Rice. 8. Reducing the height of cherry trees (the dashed line indicates the removed parts of the central conductor and branches)

Shorten first upper part the central conductor at a height of 2.0-2.5 m, above a single skeletal branch (if this operation was not done at a young age, 2-3 years after the completion of crown formation). The upper single branch in thickness should be close to the center conductor and extend from it at an angle of at least 45 ° C. Then they are shortened by transferring to external, less often to lateral ramifications, skeletal branches of the upper tiers, which exceed the specified descent height. The level of decrease in height is monitored on a measuring rod.

Caring for the crown after the decline consists in shortening and thinning the recovery shoots that are strongly growing and thickening the crown.

When growth diminishes, when growths reach 15–20 cm or are absent altogether, rejuvenating pruning is carried out on 3-4-year-old wood. From the remaining branches, strong shoots grow the next year, from which new branches are formed in subsequent years.

Sweet cherry responds positively to shaping and pruning at all ages. Since the flower buds of cherries are concentrated on perennial bouquet branches and on annual growths, even before fruiting, when the tree tolerates pruning more easily, it is necessary to shorten more powerful shoots in order to create many branches closer to the conductor and the base of the branches. This helps to increase the strength and compactness of the crown.

The shortening of shoots depends on the variety: shoots of those varieties in which flower buds are located closer to the base of the shoot are greatly shortened; and moderately - in which flower chains are located throughout the shoot.

At an older age of the tree, pruning should be intensified, especially by thinning thickened, bare and weakened branches, and lightly shortening the ends of the branches to well-developed lateral branches of two to three-year-old wood. Providing good nutrition, sweet cherry trees give moderate growth, do not create strong thickening, without shortening and thinning, they bear fruit every year.

Old trees, in which growth stops, and branches begin to dry out, they are rejuvenated. With high agricultural technology, they restore crowns in 3-4 years and begin to bear fruit. Pruning is carried out in the upper part of the crown, and intertwining branches are removed at the bottom; cut into lateral branches, since the cherry has underdeveloped dormant buds.

On mature, fruit-bearing trees, the old (outer) layers of the bark gradually coarse. It is not dangerous for the fruit tree, but the uneven surface of the trunk and main branches becomes a haven for pests. Therefore, in plantations, periodically (once every two to three years), special scrapers are carefully scraped off the old bark, without affecting the living tissues. In areas of the middle zone, such an operation can be carried out in the fall, at the end of winter or early in the spring. The peeled stems are whitewashed.

Diseases of cherries and the fight against them

Cherry is one of the rarely grown stone fruit species due to fungal diseases such as coccomycosis, moniliosis, and perforated spot (clusterosporia). To create high yields, it is advisable to carry out measures to protect plants from diseases.

The most common stone fruit disease is moniliosis, manifested in the form of a monilial burn, leading to the death of young shoots and fruits. In humid weather, ash-gray pads form on infected parts of trees - a spore mass of the pathogen, which is carried by wind, rain, and insects. Mass infection occurs during the flowering period - the pores fall on the stigma of the flower pistil, germinate, give a mycelium, which spreads into the ovary and peduncle. The fungus penetrates the fruits, of which - into the shoots and twigs, which turn brown and die off. The strong development of the disease affects all flower shoots and the tree looks as if burned by fire, hence the name of this form of the disease - monilial burn. In summer, the disease develops on fruits in the form of gray rot (Fig. 9). Fruit infection occurs with spores, penetrate through places of mechanical injury or damage by insects. A small amount appears on the fruit. dark spot spreading over the entire surface. The fruits shrivel and dry up. Most of they crumble, and some hang on the tree until next year. The mushroom hibernates in affected inflorescences, shoots, branches and dry fruits.

Rice. 9. Monilial burn on fruits

Clusterosporiosis, or perforated spot - a dangerous disease that affects the buds, flowers, leaves, fruits, shoots, branches. Light brown spots with a reddish-brown border appear on the leaves, the diseased tissue crumbles and holes remain. When severely damaged, leaves fall off, trees become bare and their productivity decreases.

On the shoots, the spots are at first rounded, then, as the shoot grows, they stretch in length, crack and gum is released from them - a sticky yellowish thick mass. On fruits, the spots are initially small red, then acquire a reddish-brown color, slightly depressed. On the ovary, the affected tissue stops growing and dries up to the bone. Especially dangerous is autumn kidney damage during the period of leaf fall. The diseased kidneys die, turn black and become shiny, like varnished. Death can reach 80%. Mycelium overwinter in affected shoots or conidia - in gum-boring wounds.

Coccomycosis became the dominant disease that threatened cherry cultivation. The causative agent hibernates in affected branches and fallen leaves. It affects leaves, non-lignified growths, cuttings of fruits, in late varieties and green fruits. On the leaves, rounded or irregularly shaped reddish-brown spots appear over time, often covering the entire surface of the leaf. On the underside, in wet weather, pink-white pads are clearly visible - conidial sporulation of the fungus. The leaves turn yellow prematurely and by the end of July, up to 90% of the crown of the tree can crumble. Fruit cuttings turn brown and are also covered with a white-pink bloom. Impressed brown spots form on the fruit.

The development of the disease is facilitated wet weather and weakening of trees.

Disease control. In autumn, after leaf fall or in spring, before cracking the buds, sprinkle fallen leaves with urea (400 g per 10 l of water) against hibernating forms of pathogens. If such treatment was not used, then at the very beginning of the growing season, carry out an early-spring eradication spraying of trees with 3% Bordeaux liquid. With a strong spread of spotting on varieties of medium and late ripening of sweet cherry, treatments are recommended - before flowering, after it and after 10-12 days with 1% Bordeaux liquid or copper oxychloride (40 g per 10 l of water) or abiga-peak (40-50 g 10 liters of water).

If there is cold rainy weather during the flowering period, then spraying with copper oxychloride or abiga-peak is necessary against a monilial burn. These preparations do not have an adverse effect on the pollination process; bees are isolated for a day. And do not forget immediately after flowering and 2-3 weeks after it, systematically cut and burn all branches and inflorescences with signs of moniliosis.

On cherries, preventive measures are very important: removal and destruction of diseased shoots, branches, mummified fruits, supplemented by agrotechnical measures: repeated digging of the soil to the depth of a shovel bayonet with the incorporation of fallen affected foliage, etc.

Harvest

For immediate consumption, cherries are harvested at full maturity, for canning 3-4 days earlier, when the fruit pulp is slightly harder (canned), and for transportation - 5-7 days before full ripeness.

The fruits are removed with whole stalks or cut with scissors, leaving 2/3 of the length of the stalk (counting from the fruit). The fruits are removed carefully so that the bouquet branches do not break off along with the stalk.

For long distances, cherries are transported in specially equipped vehicles at a temperature of 0–0.5 ° C, which allows maintaining the quality of the fruit for up to two weeks. When harvesting cherries, small plastic boxes are used. The use of a convenient container makes it possible to reduce labor costs, reduce damage to fruits, they are better ventilated and last longer.

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