The role of commodity examination methods in ensuring the quality of furniture products.

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Federal Agency for Education

South Ural State University

Department of Commodity Science and Expertise of Consumer Goods

COURSE WORK

by discipline "Commodity Science, Expertise and Standardization"

on the topic " Features of examination of furniture products by example

Completed:

Skripova M.V.

Surname, first name

Group com - 470 (h)

Checked:

Ailova G.N.

INTRODUCTION

A significant increase in the production of furniture is accompanied by the introduction of a more advanced technology for its production, the use of a more advanced technology for its production, and the use of new materials. These factors, in turn, led to some change in its design: a significant amount of universal-prefabricated, built-in, transformable furniture is being produced, which is especially important for furnishing small rooms. V last years the furniture industry began to produce artistic furniture. Along with products that are simple in shape, furniture of increased comfort and aesthetics is being developed, with the use of improved front fittings and elements of artistic decoration. Along with the growth of furniture production, special attention is paid to its convenience, hygiene, decoration, decoration. In recent years, as a result of technical re-equipment in the furniture industry, the reconstruction of existing enterprises and the construction of new ones have been carried out. Special attention addresses the optimization of the assortment of furniture based on the real needs of the market, production of products different styles and options, which allows you to complete and update furniture every 4-5 years.

Since this group of products is in great demand, unfortunately, there are not many quality goods... Therefore, it is very important for the management and staff of the store to be able to recognize counterfeit goods. This will help increase sales and maintain a positive consumer experience with the business. retail.

The aim of the course work is the study of furniture products and the peculiarity of the examination on the example of the hotel group "Tables"

Object of study: dining tables, toilet tables and preschool children.

The subject of the study is the determination of methods for testing the quality of tables in accordance with GOST 30099-93.

1. Literary review

1.1. Furniture classification

Furniture- mobile or built-in products for residential and public spaces, landscape gardening and other areas of human residence.

To develop production plans by enterprises and departments, assortment and assortment plans by trade organizations, as well as for design practice, it is necessary to have a classification of furniture products and their optimal nomenclature.

Furniture nomenclature- the composition of products for furnishing premises for a specific purpose or a list functional types products that make up any set. It is determined by the layout of the premises, its purpose, the content of labor and household processes, the quantitative and professional composition of people in the premises,

Range furniture- the composition and ratio of individual types of products, either in the production of products, for example, by an enterprise, or in the sphere of distribution, or in the sphere of consumption. The assortment should be formed on the basis of studying the development of consumer requirements and demand by the method of modernizing old and creating new products.

The optimal nomenclature and the optimal assortment are the most favorable, the best possible under the given conditions, taking into account the influence of various factors.

Kit furniture- is a group of products related to each other by a common architectural and artistic task of furnishing premises, with a wide variability in composition and purpose. From the products of the same set, you can form various options for furniture sets.

Headset furniture- This is a group of products, interconnected by architectural, artistic and structural features, designed to furnish a certain functional area of the room.

Furniture is classified (GOST 20400) according to the following main features:

· Operational;

· Functional;

· Constructive and technological;

· By materials;

· By the nature of production.

According to the operational purpose, the following types of furniture are distinguished:

Household furniture- these are products intended for furnishing various premises, apartments, summer cottages, for outdoor use. The following types of household furniture are distinguished: for a common room (for rooms with combined functions, for example, a dining room, a bedroom), for a bedroom, a dining room, a living room, an office, a nursery (products, sizes, shapes and designs of which correspond to the age characteristics and growth characteristics of children) , for kitchens, hallways, bathrooms, as well as summer cottages.

Furniture for public spaces- products intended for furnishing the premises of enterprises and institutions, taking into account the nature of their activities and the specifics of functional processes. There are the following types of such furniture: medical (for hospitals, clinics and other medical institutions), laboratory (for laboratories, including educational and medical), for preschool institutions (kindergartens, nurseries), educational institutions (schools, colleges, technical schools and universities), trade enterprises, Catering(canteens, restaurants, cafes, snack bars, etc.) and consumer services, hotels and health resorts, theater and entertainment institutions, libraries and reading rooms, sports facilities, administrative premises, waiting rooms for transport institutions, communications enterprises.

Furniture for transport- these are products intended for the equipment of various means of transport.

By functional purpose, the following types of furniture are distinguished.

Storage furniture (cabinet), the main value of which is storage and placement various subjects... The following products of this furniture are distinguished:

1.cabinet - a product, mainly with doors, for storing items of various functional purposes, including:

· Wardrobes for clothes (dresses), linen, dishes, books;

· Kitchen cabinet - a product intended for storing kitchen and household items. It can be part of the working front of the kitchen or be a free-standing product;

· Kitchen table-cabinet - a product intended for cooking and serving, with containers for storing kitchen utensils and food products;

· Cabinet for sink - designed for installation of a sink;

· A wardrobe with a showcase (showcase) - a glazed piece of furniture intended for storing and displaying various items;

Partition cabinet - a product intended for dividing a room into separate zones;

· Wall cabinet;

· Multipurpose cabinet - a product with compartments for various functional purposes;

2. chest of drawers - a product with boxes for storing linen;

3. toilet cabinet - a product with a mirror and containers for storing toiletries;

4. curbstone-cabinet of low height for various purposes;

5. secretary - a product with a hinged door or sliding board, designed for writing;

6. sideboard cabinet - a product for storing dishes and table linen, the upper plane of which is used for serving work;

7. chest - a piece of cabinet furniture with a hinged or removable top cover, intended for storing various things;

8. shelf - a product without a front wall, with or without a back wall, designed to accommodate books or other items.

Sitting and lying furniture is designed to accommodate a person in sitting and lying positions. There are the following pieces of such furniture:

· Bed - a product intended for sleeping, with a mattress, with one or two backs;

· Single bed - designed for one person;

· Double bed - designed for two people;

· Sofa - a combined product with a backrest, intended for seating several people;

· Sofa bed - a sofa that can be transformed into a bed;

· Couch - a product with or without a head back and a headrest, intended for lying;

· Couch - a wide couch with or without a longitudinal back, designed for lying;

· Bench - a product with or without a backrest and armrests, with a seat height equal to or greater than its depth, intended for seating several people;

· Stool - a product without a back and armrests, with a hard seat (or with a flooring), designed to seat one person;

· A bench - a product without a back, with an upholstered seating surface, intended for one or more people;

· Chair - a product with or without a backrest, armrests, with a seat height that is functionally convenient in relation to the height of the table (dining, writing), intended for one person;

· Armchair - a comfortable piece of furniture with or without a backrest, armrests, designed to seat one person;

· Working chair (working chair) - a product with armrests, with a seat height equal to the height of the chair seat;

Leisure chair - a product with or without armrests, with a seat height less than the seat height of a chair;

· Armchair-bed - a product for rest, which in a transformed position can be used for lying;

· rocking chair;

· Chaise longue - a light armchair designed for reclining rest, transforms during use.

Furniture for work and eating - products intended for eating, performing various work and installing objects. Such furniture includes:

Table - a product with a working plane located at a functionally convenient height, designed for work, eating and installing various items;

· Dining table - a product intended for eating;

· Serving table - a product intended for serving food and cleaning dishes;

· Writing desk - a product intended for studies and writing;

· Coffee table (pre-sofa) - a low table designed to form a recreation area;

· Dressing table - a product with a mirror and containers for storing toiletries.

Other furniture. It includes:

Playpen for children - portable fence for toddlers;

· Hanger - a product intended for placing outerwear and hats.

According to the constructive and technological characteristics, the following types of furniture are distinguished:

· Dismountable furniture - products, the design of which allows their repeated assembly and disassembly;

· Universal-prefabricated furniture - products from standardized parts that allow the formation of furniture of various functional purposes and sizes;

Sectional furniture - products consisting of several furniture sections, installed one on top of the other or next to each other;

Furniture section - a structurally finished piece of furniture that can be used in full or be part of blocked products;

· Non-separable furniture - products, the connections of which are one-piece;

· Built-in furniture - products built into the premises of buildings;

· Transformable furniture - products, the design of which allows, by moving parts, to change their functional purpose and (or) dimensions;

· Curved furniture - products, the main parts of which are made by bending;

· Bent-glued furniture - products in the design of which parts made by bending with simultaneous gluing prevail;

· Wicker furniture - products in the design of which parts made by weaving prevail.

There is the following classification of types of furniture by materials:

· From wood and wood materials;

· From plastics - products in the design of which parts made of plastics prevail;

· Made of metal - products in the design of which parts made of metal prevail.

By the nature of production, furniture is divided into experimental, serial and mass production.

Experimental furniture are samples of new products under development that are used for functional assessment and testing.

Serial furniture- these are products manufactured in batches (series), while the repetition of the series may be foreseen in advance.

Massive furniture is produced in large quantities, continuously for a long time and without design changes. The release of mass furniture, as a rule, is carried out with a wide subject and technological specialization of enterprises.

1.2. Factors shaping the quality of furniture

The most important consumer properties of furniture products - functional, ergonomic, aesthetic, reliability, are components of the quality of furniture and the formation of these properties is decisively influenced by the materials from which furniture is made, its design, and production performance.

The functional properties of furniture include its ability to satisfy various needs: to serve for storage, for work, for leisure. The functional properties of furniture are mainly determined by two factors: the size and shape of both individual parts and the product as a whole.

Ease of use depends on functional dimensions that enable the product to be used in accordance with its intended purpose. So, the sizes of the compartments for storing clothes are determined depending on the maximum sizes of clothes hung on the hangers, taking into account the allowances for their free placement.

Hygienic properties:

1. The sanitary-chemical properties of furniture are becoming extremely important due to the fact that polymer materials are increasingly used for the manufacture of furniture, which can release free monomers into the surrounding space, including toxic ones. Therefore, the use of polymer materials in the manufacture of furniture is possible only with the permission of the health authorities. At the same time, maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) of harmful chemical substances released from polymeric materials.

2. Physical and hygienic properties. Furniture contamination depends on its design and the properties of the facing materials. Contamination is low if the surface of the product is smooth, without protruding parts. Therefore, panel board furniture has higher hygienic properties than frame furniture. From this point of view, it is impractical to manufacture furniture with a protruding skirting board.

The reliability of furniture is characterized by durability, preservation and maintainability.

In furniture production, a large number of various materials are used, different in technological purpose and nature. By technological purpose, materials are distinguished for construction, finishing, adhesive, front and fixing accessories.

In the general list of all materials used in the furniture industry, one of the first places is occupied by wood materials and their semi-finished products (lumber, wood-based materials, plywood, etc.). The main raw material for their production is wood.

Wood is classified as coniferous and deciduous. TO conifers include pine, larch, cedar, yew, spruce, fir; to deciduous ring-vascular - oak, ash, elm, elm, Amur velvet; to deciduous scattered vascular - birch, beech, maple, walnut, hornbeam, willow, poplar.

For the manufacture of furniture, exotic woods are also used, which are imported from foreign countries with a tropical climate. These are mahogany (varieties - mahogany, macare, amaranth, moving), lemon, polysander, macassar, black, pink, satin, etc. To the main physical properties wood includes color, luster, texture, bulk density, hardness, strength.

Construction materials for the manufacture of furniture frames. Lumber is planks and bars made by sawing roundwood along the grain. Lumber, corresponding in size and quality to future furniture parts, but having allowances for drying, planing and trimming, are called rough furniture blanks (ChMZ).

Chipboards are used for all types of furniture, with the exception of chairs and armchairs. Chipboard is obtained by hot flat pressing of wood particles.

Medium-density fibreboards for front furniture parts are manufactured in two grades TSN-30 and TSN-40. The basis of these boards is made up of crushed fibers of non-valuable species of wood, processed under high pressure and high temperature a mixture of phenol-formaldehyde resin and paraffin.

Fiberboard (Fibreboard) is obtained from fibers of non-valuable species of wood, paper or other waste by pressing and heat treatment. In the production of furniture, solid fiberboard with a thickness of 2.5 - 12 mm is used with a finished and unfinished front surface.

Plywood is made by gluing an odd number of 3 to 13 sheets of peeled veneer with a perpendicular arrangement of fibers in adjacent sheets. Plywood is used to make cases for boxes, back walls of cabinet furniture, internal partitions.

Joiner's boards are produced in the form of slatted panels assembled from non-glued (HP) or glued (CP) laths of wood to each other, as well as laths from boards glued into a block (BR). The board is pasted over with sliced veneer on one or both sides. They are used in the manufacture of side walls, doors in cabinet furniture, table covers.

Furniture panels are frames filled with wood chips or paper-honeycomb filler. Frames on both sides are faced with plywood or sliced veneer with a sublayer. Various panels are used for the manufacture of doors, inner walls, covers and other parts in cabinet furniture. Design feature furniture boards allows you to make from them the front furniture parts of the profile pattern.

Finishing and facing materials. To give a beautiful appearance to furniture, improve its hygienic properties, extend the service life and protect furniture from environmental influences wooden crafts apply protective and decorative coatings.

The choice of finishing and facing materials for protective and decorative coatings depends on the purpose and value of the furniture, its operating conditions, as well as the color, texture, porosity and hardness of the wooden substrate. The finish can be transparent or opaque. Transparent finishes are used for furniture made from woods with beautiful textures and colors that need to be preserved and emphasized. An opaque finish covers an inexpressive texture of wood or the surface of a wood-based panel material. Also, opaque finishes are used to obtain coatings with high protective properties.

Materials for preparing the surface of wood or wood-based material for finishing. Mastics, primers and putties are used to level the surface to be finished, to give it a uniform density, hardness and to increase adhesion with subsequent coatings.

Porous fillers are used for transparent furniture finishing to prevent sagging of the varnish film and varnish absorption into the wood.

Bleaching agents are used to remove tar, stains from the surface, lighten and even out the color of wood. Dyes and stains change or enhance the natural color of the wood.

Materials for transparent finishing. Furniture varnishes are liquid solutions of film-forming substances in organic solvents, which, depending on the type of the main film-forming material, are divided into nitrocellulose (NC), polyester (PE), polyurethane (UR), polyacrylic (AK), melamine (ML), etc. ...

Furniture veneered with natural veneer does not differ in appearance quality from solid wood furniture, but at the same time its cost is much lower.

Decorative films (synthetic veneers) are divided into two groups. The first group includes films based on paper impregnated with thermosetting polymers (urea, melamine formaldehyde and polyester resins). The second - films based on thermoplastic polymers (polyvinyl chloride and its modifications).

Laminate is a multi-layer material with a thickness of 0.4 to 1.2 mm for facing flat work surfaces, edges of plate parts and molded furniture. Enamels create smooth, glossy and matte finishes on furniture surfaces. Enamels are oil, nitrocellulose, polyester, melamine.

Facing the surfaces of individual parts, elements and assemblies.

The main types of surface cladding with various materials are veneering and front finishing with varnishes, enamels, textured paper, synthetic veneer, decorative plywood, etc.

Veneering - pasting of parts made of non-valuable wood species with sliced veneer of oak, ash, beech, walnut, mahogany and other species. This saves valuable wood species, improves the appearance and properties of the finished product. Veneered furniture is more beautiful, better quality and cheaper than solid wood furniture.

The veneer is selected according to the type of wood, color and texture. Carefully align its edges and glue it with gummed paper into sheets, the dimensions of which correspond to the finished parts with an allowance of 10-15mm. Sets of veneer come in height, in a Christmas tree, a half-eel, a crossfuge, an envelope, a checker with a frieze; they must not have deviations visible to the naked eye.

Veneering takes place in one or two layers. With two-layer veneering, the bottom veneer layer is placed perpendicular to the base fibers. At the same time, warping is eliminated and irregularities in the base are less noticeable. The prepared parts are placed in multi-storey presses heated or unheated and pressed.

Connection of individual parts and elements. After veneering and appropriate processing, individual parts are assembled into units - more complex spatial and structural elements. Parts are connected using carpentry connections, as well as screws, bolts, ties, or both. All connections of furniture parts are divided into detachable and one-piece. The most common are spike joints. Various metal braces and ties are also used.

Detachable connections distinguish between rigid and articulated. Rigid connections are on ties and dowels, and articulated ones - on removable and stationary hinges.

One-piece joints - glue and nail - are often used in furniture production. Connections are glued and spiked. Spike joints are divided into angular (end, middle and box), along the length and along the edges.

Corner connections there are through, blind, flat, semi-secret. Assembled assemblies are subjected to additional processing and front finishing to give them accurate dimensions, shape and elimination of defects.

Front finishing. It is necessary to improve the appearance of furniture and protect it from mechanical damage. The coatings applied to the surface of the furniture must protect the wood from various influences, give the furniture a beautiful appearance and meet the requirements for them, which are differentiated depending on the type, purpose and operating conditions of the furniture.

Coating properties depend on quality paints and varnishes and surface preparation for finishing.

Furniture assembly. Furniture items are assembled from separate parts and assemblies, which are connected with the help of thorn ties, glue, screws, thorns, metal ties, etc. First, a frame is assembled, on which movable and then fixed parts are installed.

The frame is assembled from supporting units and parts, which are attached with glue and using joinery joints.

In the last turn, decorative parts are installed (layouts, cornices, etc.), which should cover the joints. Sometimes they perform erasure, trimming of corners, sagging, grinding. Disassembled furniture is sold as a set of parts from which the product is assembled on site.

The quality of the furniture depends on the correct assembly. The fittings are attached during the assembly process.

1.3. Factors preserving the quality of furniture products

Requirements for packaging, labeling, transportation conditions (in case of reloading) and storage of furniture are determined by the relevant regulatory and technical documents. In sales contracts, these requirements must also be specified in detail or a link to the relevant regulatory document must be provided.

Furniture packaging depends on the type of furniture (cabinet or upholstered furniture), the method of delivery to the retail network (assembled or disassembled), the type of transport and the distance of transportation.

All detachable complete fittings of products must be packed in a box or bag, placed in one of the boxes or attached to one of the elements of the product.

When transporting assembled furniture, it is not allowed to pack one product into another, with the exception of certain cases by agreement of the parties, provided that the safety of the products is ensured (in this way, for example, chairs can be transported).

When transporting products, doors and boxes must be secured against opening or pulling out. Products should be wrapped in waterproof packaging paper, corrugated cardboard or other materials ensuring their safety, and packed in rigid containers.

When shipping furniture in heavy containers, vehicles, it must be packed with gaskets and secured so that it is safe during transportation, loading and unloading. When transporting furniture by road or in universal containers, it is allowed not to pack it as agreed with the consumer, provided that the furniture is protected from damage, pollution, precipitation and maximum use of the container's carrying capacity (capacity).

The moisture content of the wood from which the packaging for furniture packaging is made should not exceed 22%. Wooden containers must be strong, without distortions. The arrangement of the intermediate rails must protect the products from damage during transportation and reloading. By agreement of the parties, individual pieces of furniture can be packed in rigid cardboard boxes using shock-absorbing pads to ensure the safety of furniture during transportation and reloading.

Mirrors and glasses must be packed in separate blank boxes, the mass of which must not exceed 80 kg (gross).

Collapsible furniture is packed in disassembled form in a complex bag with paper spacers between the parts. Furniture parts must be packed in such a way that they cannot be displaced and damaged.

When the furniture is shipped disassembled, the supplier places] into the vehicle the fasteners and other materials necessary for the assembly of the product. Furniture items supplied disassembled must be accompanied by an assembly instruction.

When packing one piece of furniture into several packages, the pieces are marked with one number. The packaged products must be transported and stored in the position indicated by the warning signs.

The number of spare fittings, glasses, mirrors, metal 1 and plastic layouts is determined in the contract (agreement).

A sample of the upholstery material must be attached to the container in which the upholstered furniture is packed. All supplied furniture must have a passport (indicating the composition of the set, materials of construction, facing, finishing, assembly diagram). The set, furniture set must be accompanied by instructions for use and maintenance of it. Furniture care instructions can be combined with assembly instructions.

Markings on assembled products or on one of the parts of an unassembled product must be located on surfaces that are not visible during operation. It is not allowed to mark the surface of boxes, adjustable shelves, etc. parts and components that can be replaced. Each item must be clearly marked with a permanent ink mark or a permanently adhered paper label made by typography. The following characteristics must be indicated on the label:

1. name of the supplier country;

2. name of the manufacturer, its location (postal address) and trademark;

3. name and type of product;

4. product number or series;

6. date of issue (month and year);

7.designation state standard the requirements of which the product or kit meets;

8. bar code (if any);

9. designation of the national mark of conformity for certified products.

The national mark of conformity for certified products is affixed at the following places:

Marking of each product (on the label);

Shipping documentation;

Assembly instructions;

One of the packaging units for a set of furniture supplied unassembled.

All data must be in the language of the recipient country (in Russian). Hand-stamping or labeling is not allowed.

Upholstered furniture items to which paper labels cannot be glued must have labels made of other materials (fabric).

All products that make up the headset or set, and elements of collapsible structures must have an appropriate marking or number that unites the headset or set.

The marking of children's tables and chairs must indicate: in the numerator - the number, in the denominator - the average height of the children. In addition, the visible surfaces of tables and chairs will be color-coded in the form of a circle or a strip of the following colors, depending on the height groups:

o 00 - black;

o 0 - white;

o 1 - orange;

o 2 - purple;

o 3 - yellow.

The method of applying color marking must ensure its safety during the life of the furniture.

Each package must also be affixed with indelible paint in the language of the recipient country: the name of the furniture, article number, serial number of the place, station of destination, consignee. A clear warning stamp must be applied to the container with an indelible paint, or a paper label, made by typographic method, with the words “Top, do not turn over” and the manipulation sign “Protect from moisture” must be firmly glued. In addition, the container in which products with glass or mirrors are packed, as well as separately glass and mirrors, must be marked with a manipulation sign “Fragile. Carefully".

Transportation of furniture is carried out by all types of transport: in covered vehicles, as well as in containers in accordance with the rules for the carriage of goods in force for each type of transport. Furniture may be transported within the same settlement by open road transport, provided it is protected from damage, pollution and precipitation.

Storage of furniture items should be carried out in a room at a temperature not lower than +2 ° С, relative air humidity from 45 to 70%. In this case, furniture should be protected from dirt and mechanical damage.

The warranty periods of operation are established by the standards of general technical conditions, depending on the purpose:

Furniture for work and eating, as well as cabinet furniture:

Nursery and public premises - 18 months,

Household - 24 months;

Sitting and lying furniture:

Nursery and public premises - 12 months,

Household - 18 months.

2. Practical part

2.1. Expertise of furniture products

Qualitative examination - an assessment of the quality characteristics of a product by experts to establish compliance with the requirements of regulatory documents.

Depending on the purpose, the quality examination is divided into five types: acceptance examination for quality, examination for completeness, examination of new products, food tasting and examination under contracts.

Acceptance control of finished products Based on the results of this control, a decision is made on its suitability for delivery and use. Acceptance inspection may be non-destructive (visual) or destructive. During acceptance control, the quality of products is assessed by the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the main properties in accordance with the purpose and regulatory documentation. Destructive control of product quality may impair its suitability for intended use. This type of control is used to assess the strength properties of furniture by performing mechanical tests. To test and evaluate the strength (technical) properties of furniture, special base laboratories have been created, which test not only furniture samples, but also parts, assembly units. The parent organization and base laboratories are guided in their activities by the current legislation, state and industry standards, guidelines and instructions of the State Standard.

Prototypes (pilot batches) of newly developed furniture items are subjected to acceptance tests before being put into production. Then control tests of the installation series (the first industrial batch) are carried out.

Furniture items of serial and mass production must undergo type and periodic tests once every 3 years, as established by OST 13-27. The tests are timed to coincide with the terms of certification of products by quality categories.

Type tests are carried out if changes are made to the design of a product or to its manufacturing technology that affect its strength. Assessment of the technical level and quality of furniture products during certification is carried out in order to assign the product to the appropriate quality category, while product testing and comparison of test indicators with normative ones are an indispensable condition for product certification.

It should be borne in mind that the following factors must be taken into account when testing:

1.the test conditions and operating conditions should be comparable;

2. when testing elements and products as a whole, the destruction should be of the same nature as during operation;

3. The duration and complexity of the tests should be minimal.

2.1. Features of the examination of tables

In accordance with GOST 30099-93 Tables. Test methods, dining tables, toilet tables and children's tables are subjected to the following series of tests:

· Strength under static load;

Durability under action shock load;

· Rigidity;

· Durability under the influence of horizontal load;

· Durability under the action of a vertical load.

Test sequence Appendix A

Sampling and preparation of samples

For testing new and modernized products, one sample is taken, manufactured in accordance with the technical documentation.

The number and order and procedure for the selection of serial samples - according to GOST 16371.

Static load test

The essence of the method consists in the effect of a vertical static load on the table top (sliding or folding elements) at the points of the most probable damage or deflection.

The test device is a 100x100 mm gasket with a hard smooth surface with an error of ± 5 mm.

The table is placed on a flat floor.

A vertical load P is applied to the table top through the spacer piece, equal to:

· For children's tables 50 daN;

· for dining tables 100 daN.

Loading is performed 10 times at any point of the table top, where damage or maximum deflection is most likely (Figure 1).

Figure 1 Table Top Heating

After each loading, the load is maintained (60 ± 5) s.

If there are several such points, loading is performed in each of them, but not more than in three.

Tables with lifting covers are tested in the extreme upper position.

After the last loading, the maximum deflection α of the cover is measured under load and visible defects are recorded: breakages, loosening of joints, malfunctions individual elements etc.

Deflection at a table with a lifting lid is not detected.

The loading of additional working surfaces of dining tables in sliding or folding elements is repeated by applying a load P equal to 35 daN.

Figure 2 Loading of additional working surfaces

If there is a danger of overturning, load the working main surface with a ballast weight.

After the last loading, the maximum deflection of the retractable or folding element is measured (Figure 2) and visible defects are recorded.

Tables are considered to have passed the strength test under static load if the deflection value of each sample corresponds to that established by GOST 16371 without visible defects.

Impact strength

The test method consists in the effect of an impact load on the table top, on sliding and folding elements at the points of most probable damage.

A device that ensures the free fall of a load from a given height. Impact body with a bearing surface diameter (2ОО ± 1) mm, with spiral compressed springs, freely moving relative to the impact surface in a direction perpendicular to the plane of the impact surface (Figure 3).

Figure 3 Impact body

The table is placed on a flat floor. The impact body is freely lowered onto the table top from a height f as close as possible to one of the support points of the cover, and then in the center of the side with the greatest distances between the supports.

Height f is set depending on the purpose of the table and is:

· For children's tables - 80 mm;

· For dining tables - 140 mm.

The test is repeated for pull-out and hinged-out elements.
After loading, the product is inspected and visible defects are recorded: breakdowns, loosening of joints, malfunctions in the operation of individual elements, etc.

Tables are considered to have passed the impact strength test if no defects are found in each specimen.

Rigidity

The test method is to measure the deformation under a horizontal load on the table top.

Device providing:

· Application of a horizontal load with a cyclone frequency of 5 - 25 min;

· Load measurement error ± 5%;

· Deformation measurement error ± 0.5 mm.

Stops with a height of no more than 12 mm, unless the table design requires the use of higher stops. Moreover, they should have the smallest height that prevents the product from sliding.

Place the table in a non-extended state in the test device and fix the legs with the help of stops. 1, 2 (base plate, support) as shown in figure 4.

Figure 4 Stiffness test

Folding tables (pedestals) are installed with raised half-covers. A ballast weight is placed on the surface of the table top, which prevents it from overturning. The total weight of the cargo should not exceed 100 kg.

The ballast weight is positioned so that its resultant passes along the center of the table top. The error in determining the center of the table top is 5 mm. Exactly A table covers (figure) apply a horizontal load R, equal to:

For children's tables:

Groups 0. 00, 1 - 10 daH;

Groups 2.3 - 15 daH;

· For dining tables - 30 daN.

The loading is performed 10 times. After the first and last loading, the deformation is measured l at the point A under the action of a load that can withstand for at least 10 s.

Repeat the test at point V. Rearrange the stops to the legs 2, 3 and repeat the test at points WITH and D .

For folding tables (pedestals), point test WITH and D do not conduct.

Tables are considered to have passed the stiffness test if the deformation value of each sample corresponds to the established GOST R 50432 without visible defects.

Horizontal load endurance test

The test method is to measure the deformation after repeated horizontal cyclic loading on the table top.

The table is placed in the test device and all legs (supports) are fixed using stops, as shown in Figure 4.

Apply a horizontal load R, equal to 15 daN, sequentially in points a , b , c and d(figure) up to the normative number of cycles established by GOST 16371. Cycle duration (a- b - c - d ) - not less than 2 s.

(a- b - c - d ).

Deformation l measured after the first and last loading under load R,

It is allowed to carry out the test in two stages. The table is prepared for testing. Apply a horizontal load R, equal to 15 daN, alternately at points a and b(figure) to the standard number of cycles.

After reaching the standard number of cycles, the deformation is measured at each of the points ( a and b ). Repeat the test for points ( c and d ).

Durability is assessed by the highest deformation of the table after reaching the standard number of loading cycles.

Tables are considered to have passed the durability test under the action of a horizontal load, if in each sample, upon reaching the standard number of loading cycles, the deformation does not exceed the established GOST 16371 and no damage is found in the structural elements and joints.

Vertical Load Endurance Test

The test method is to measure the deformation after repeated vertical cyclic loading on the table top.

The table is placed on a flat floor. A ballast weight is placed on the surface of the table top, which prevents it from overturning. The total weight of the cargo should not exceed 100 kg.

The ballast weight is positioned so that its resultant passes along the center of the table top.

The error in determining the center of the lid is 5 mm.

A vertical load is applied to the table top (half-cover) through the spacer piece R, equal to 15 daN, at the point of greatest possible deflection (Figure 5).

Figure 5 Durability test

The center of the load spacer must be at least 50 mm from the edge of the table top.

If a table with a maximum ballast weight of 100 kg overturns during the test , the vertical load must be reduced to 10 daN to avoid overturning.

After reaching the standard number of loading cycles, the deformation is measured l under load R, which is maintained for at least 10 s.

Tables are considered to have passed the test for durability under the action of a vertical load, if in each sample, upon reaching the standard number of loading cycles, the deformation value does not exceed the established GOST 16371 and no damage is found in structural elements and joints.

Assessment of examination results

The tables are considered to have passed the test if the results of strength, stiffness and durability of each selected sample comply with the standards established by GOST 16371.

The test results are documented in a protocol (Appendix B).

Conclusion

Before the furniture goes for sale in stores, it goes through complex stages, from production and assessment of its safety to quality examination. The examination is carried out at the enterprise where the furniture was manufactured, as well as in laboratories. The purpose of the examination of furniture is to study its quality and safety for the consumer.

Speaking about the examination of furniture, it should be noted that furniture must be produced in accordance with state standards (GOST), or in accordance with technical specifications (TU). These documents spell out the necessary requirements for the furniture itself and its individual parts. Thus, in laboratories, furniture is checked for compliance with indicators regulatory documents with the indicators obtained during the examination of furniture. After the completion of the examination, the experts draw up a document (conclusion) on whether the examined furniture meets or not meets the standard indicators. If the furniture under study complies with these indicators prescribed in the corresponding GOST for the corresponding furniture, then the manufacturer has the right to receive a certificate confirming the quality of the product.

Literature

1. Agbash V.A. and other commodity research of non-food products. - M .: Economics, 1988.

2. Alekseev N.S. Merchandising of household goods. Vol. 1. - M .: Economics, 1984.

3. GOST 20400-93. Furniture production products. Terms and Definitions. - M .: Publishing house of standards, 1994.

4. GOST 2140-81. Defects of wood. Classification, terms and definitions. Measurement methods. - M .: Publishing house of standards, 1982.

5. GOST 19917-93. Furniture for sitting and lying. General technical conditions. - M .: Publishing house of standards, 1994.

6.GOST 16371-93. Furniture. General technical conditions. - M .: Publishing house of standards, 1994.

7. Shepelev A.F., Pechenezhskaya I.A., Turov A.S. Commodity research and examination of wood and furniture products. M.-Rostov-n. Don: Publishing Center "Mart", 2004.

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Federal Agency for Education

South Ural State University

Department of Commodity Science and Expertise of Consumer Goods

COURSE WORK

by discipline "Commodity Science, Expertise and Standardization"

on the topic " Features of examination of furniture products by example

Completed:

Skripova M.V.

Surname, first name

Group room - 470 (h)

Checked:

Ailova G.N.

Surname, first name

Chelyabinsk 2010

INTRODUCTION 3

1.Literary review 4

1.1 Furniture classification 4

1.2. Factors shaping the quality of furniture 10

1.3 Factors preserving the quality of furniture products 16

2. Practical part 21

2.1. Examination of furniture products 21

2.1. Peculiarities of table examination 22

Conclusion 30

Literature 31

INTRODUCTION

A significant increase in the production of furniture is accompanied by the introduction of a more advanced technology for its production, the use of a more advanced technology for its production, and the use of new materials. These factors, in turn, led to some change in its design: a significant amount of universal-prefabricated, built-in, transformable furniture is being produced, which is especially important for furnishing small rooms. In recent years, the furniture industry has started producing art furniture. Along with products that are simple in shape, furniture of increased comfort and aesthetics is being developed, with the use of improved front fittings and elements of artistic decoration. Along with the growth of furniture production, special attention is paid to its convenience, hygiene, decoration, decoration. In recent years, as a result of technical re-equipment in the furniture industry, the reconstruction of existing enterprises and the construction of new ones have been carried out. Particular attention is paid to the optimization of the assortment of furniture based on the real needs of the market, the release of products of various styles and options, which allows us to complete and renew furniture every 4-5 years.

Since this group of products is in great demand, unfortunately, a lot of poor quality products have appeared. Therefore, it is very important for the management and staff of the store to be able to recognize counterfeit goods. This will help increase sales and maintain a positive consumer experience for the retailer.

The aim of the course work is the study of furniture products and the peculiarity of the examination on the example of the hotel group "Tables"

Object of study: dining tables, toilet tables and preschool children.

The subject of the study is the determination of methods for testing the quality of tables in accordance with GOST 30099-93.

Literature review
1. Furniture classification

Furniture- mobile or built-in products for the equipment of residential and public premises, garden and park and other areas of human occupation.

Furniture nomenclature- the composition of products for furnishing premises for a specific purpose or a list of functional types of products that make up any set. It is determined by the layout of the premises, its purpose, the content of labor and household processes, the quantitative and professional composition of people in the premises,

Assortment of furniture- the composition and ratio of individual types of products, either in the production of products, for example, by an enterprise, or in the sphere of distribution, or in the sphere of consumption. The assortment should be formed on the basis of studying the development of consumer requirements and demand by the method of modernizing old and creating new products.

The optimal nomenclature and the optimal assortment are the most favorable, the best possible under the given conditions, taking into account the influence of various factors.

Furniture set- is a group of products related to each other by a common architectural and artistic task of furnishing premises, with a wide variability in composition and purpose. From the products of the same set, you can form various options for furniture sets.

Suite of furniture- This is a group of products, interconnected by architectural, artistic and structural features, designed to furnish a certain functional area of the room.

Furniture is classified (GOST 20400) according to the following main features:

operational;

functional;

constructive and technological;

by materials;

by the nature of production.

According to the operational purpose, the following types of furniture are distinguished:

Furniture for public spaces- products intended for furnishing the premises of enterprises and institutions, taking into account the nature of their activities and the specifics of functional processes. There are the following types of such furniture: medical (for hospitals, clinics and other medical institutions), laboratory (for laboratories, including educational and medical), for preschool institutions (kindergartens, nurseries), educational institutions (schools, colleges, technical schools and universities), trade enterprises, public catering (canteens, restaurants, cafes, snack bars, etc.) and consumer services, hotels and health resorts, theater and entertainment institutions, libraries and reading rooms, sports facilities, administrative premises, waiting rooms of transport institutions, enterprises communication.

Furniture for transport- these are products intended for the equipment of various means of transport.

By functional purpose, the following types of furniture are distinguished.

Storage furniture (cabinet), the main value of which is the storage and placement of various items. The following products of this furniture are distinguished:

wardrobe - a product, mainly with doors, for storing items of various functional purposes, including:

wardrobes for clothes (dresses), linen, dishes, books;

kitchen cabinet - a product intended for storing kitchen and household items. It can be part of the working front of the kitchen or be a free-standing product;

kitchen table-cabinet - a product intended for cooking and serving, with containers for storing kitchen utensils and food products;

sink cabinet - designed to install a sink;

a wardrobe with a showcase (showcase) - a glazed piece of furniture intended for storing and displaying various items;

partition cabinet - a product designed to divide a room into separate zones;

wall cabinet;

multipurpose cabinet - a product with compartments for various functional purposes;

chest of drawers - a product with boxes for storing linen;

toilet cabinet - a product with a mirror and containers for storing toiletries;

dresser-cabinet of low height for various purposes;

secretary - a product with a hinged door or sliding board designed for writing work;

sideboard cabinet - a product for storing dishes and table linen, the upper plane of which is used for serving work;

chest - a piece of cabinet furniture with a hinged or removable top cover, designed to store various things;

shelf - a product without a front wall, with or without a back wall, designed to accommodate books or other items.

Sitting and lying furniture is designed to accommodate a person in sitting and lying positions. There are the following pieces of such furniture:

bed - a product intended for sleeping, with a mattress, with one or two backs;

single bed - designed for one person;

double bed - designed for two people;

a sofa is a combined product with a backrest intended for seating several people;

sofa bed - a sofa that converts into a bed;

couch - a product with or without a head back and a head rest, intended for lying;

couch - a wide couch with or without a longitudinal back, designed for lying;

bench - a product with or without a backrest and armrests, with a seat height equal to or greater than its depth, intended for seating several people;

stool - a product without a back and armrests, with a hard seat (or with flooring), designed to seat one person;

bench - a product without a back, with an upholstered seating surface, intended for one or more people;

chair - a product with or without a backrest, armrests, with a seat height that is functionally convenient in relation to the height of the table (dining, writing), intended for one person;

armchair - a comfortable piece of furniture with or without a backrest, armrests, designed to seat one person;

working chair (working chair) - a product with armrests, with a seat height equal to the height of the chair seat;

lounge chair - a product with or without armrests, with a seat height that is less than the seat height of a chair;

armchair-bed - a product for rest, which in a transformed position can be used for lying;

rocking chair;

chaise longue - a light armchair designed for reclining rest, transforms during use.

Furniture for work and eating - products intended for eating, performing various work and installing objects. Such furniture includes:

table - a product with a working plane located at a functionally convenient height, designed for work, eating and installing various items;

dining table - a product intended for eating;

serving table - a product intended for serving food and cleaning dishes;

writing desk - a product intended for classes and writing;

coffee table (pre-sofa) - a low table designed to form a recreation area;

dressing table - a product with a mirror and containers for storing toiletries.

Other furniture. It includes:

playpen for children - portable fence for toddlers;

hanger - a product intended for placing outerwear and hats.

According to the constructive and technological characteristics, the following types of furniture are distinguished:

dismountable furniture - products, the design of which allows their repeated assembly and disassembly;

universal-prefabricated furniture - products from standardized parts that allow the formation of furniture of various functional purposes and sizes;

sectional furniture - products consisting of several furniture sections installed one on top of the other or next to each other;

furniture section - a structurally finished piece of furniture that can be used in full or be an integral part of blocked products;

non-separable furniture - products, the connections of which are one-piece;

built-in furniture - products built into the premises of buildings;

transformable furniture - products, the design of which allows, by moving parts, to change their functional purpose and (or) dimensions;

curved furniture - products, the main parts of which are made by bending;

bent-glued furniture - products in the design of which parts made by bending with simultaneous gluing prevail;

wicker furniture - products in the design of which parts made by weaving prevail.

There is the following classification of types of furniture by materials:

from wood and wood-based materials;

from plastics - products in the design of which parts made of plastics prevail;

from metal - products in the design of which parts made of metal prevail.

By the nature of production, furniture is divided into experimental, serial and mass production.

Experimental furniture are samples of new products under development that are used for functional assessment and testing.

Serial furniture- these are products manufactured in batches (series), while the repetition of the series may be foreseen in advance.

Factors shaping the quality of furniture

Hygienic properties:

The sanitary-chemical properties of furniture are becoming extremely important due to the fact that polymer materials are increasingly used for the manufacture of furniture, which can release free monomers, including toxic ones, into the surrounding space. Therefore, the use of polymer materials in the manufacture of furniture is possible only with the permission of the health authorities. At the same time, maximum permissible concentrations (MPCs) of harmful chemicals emitted from polymeric materials have been established.

Physical and hygienic properties. Furniture contamination depends on its design and the properties of the facing materials. Contamination is low if the surface of the product is smooth, without protruding parts. Therefore, panel board furniture has higher hygienic properties than frame furniture. From this point of view, it is impractical to manufacture furniture with a protruding skirting board.

The reliability of furniture is characterized by durability, preservation and maintainability.

Wood is classified as coniferous and deciduous. Conifers include pine, larch, cedar, yew, spruce, fir; to deciduous ring-vascular - oak, ash, elm, elm, Amur velvet; to deciduous scattered vascular - birch, beech, maple, walnut, hornbeam, willow, poplar.

For the manufacture of furniture, exotic woods are also used, which are imported from foreign countries with a tropical climate. These are mahogany (varieties - mahogany, macare, amaranth, moving), lemon, polysander, macassar, black, pink, satin, etc. The main physical properties of wood include color, gloss, texture, bulk density, hardness, strength.

Chipboards are used for all types of furniture, with the exception of chairs and armchairs. Chipboard is obtained by hot flat pressing of wood particles.

Medium-density fibreboards for front furniture parts are manufactured in two grades TSN-30 and TSN-40. The basis of these boards is made up of crushed fibers of non-valuable species of wood, treated at high pressure and high temperature with a mixture of phenol-formaldehyde resin and paraffin.

Plywood is made by gluing an odd number of 3 to 13 sheets of peeled veneer with a perpendicular arrangement of fibers in adjacent sheets. Boxes, back walls of cabinet furniture, and internal partitions are made of plywood.

Furniture panels are frames filled with wood chips or paper-honeycomb filler. Frames on both sides are faced with plywood or sliced veneer with a sublayer. Various panels are used for the manufacture of doors, inner walls, covers and other parts in cabinet furniture. The design feature of the furniture boards allows us to make the front furniture parts of the profile pattern from them.

Finishing and facing materials. To give the furniture a beautiful appearance, improve its hygienic properties, extend the service life and protect against environmental influences, protective and decorative coatings are applied to furniture wooden products.

The choice of finishing and facing materials for protective and decorative coatings depends on the purpose and value of the furniture, its operating conditions, as well as the color, texture, porosity and hardness of the wooden substrate. The finish can be transparent or opaque. Transparent finishes are used for furniture made from woods with beautiful textures and colors that need to be preserved and emphasized. An opaque finish covers an inexpressive texture of wood or the surface of a wood-based panel material. Also, the opaque finish is used to obtain coatings with high protective properties.

Porous fillers are used for transparent furniture finishing to prevent sagging of the varnish film and varnish absorption into the wood.

Bleaching agents are used to remove tar, stains from the surface, lighten and even out the color of wood. Dyes and stains change or enhance the natural color of the wood.

Furniture veneered with natural veneer does not differ in appearance quality from solid wood furniture, but at the same time its cost is much lower.

Facing the surfaces of individual parts, elements and assemblies.

The main types of surface cladding with various materials are veneering and front finishing with varnishes, enamels, textured paper, synthetic veneer, decorative plywood, etc.

Detachable connections distinguish between rigid and articulated. Rigid connections are on ties and dowels, and articulated ones - on removable and stationary hinges.

Corner joints are through, blind, flat, semi-hidden. Assembled assemblies are subjected to additional processing and front finishing to give them accurate dimensions, shape and eliminate defects.

The properties of the coating depend on the quality of paints and varnishes and the preparation of the surface for finishing.

The frame is assembled from supporting units and parts, which are attached with glue and using joinery joints.

The quality of the furniture depends on the correct assembly. The fittings are attached during the assembly process.

Factors preserving the quality of furniture products

All detachable complete fittings of products must be packed in a box or bag, placed in one of the boxes or attached to one of the elements of the product.

Mirrors and glasses must be packed in separate blank boxes, the mass of which must not exceed 80 kg (gross).

Collapsible furniture is packed in disassembled form in a complex bag with paper spacers between the parts. Furniture parts must be packed in such a way that they cannot be displaced and damaged.

When packing one piece of furniture into several packages, the pieces are marked with one number. The packaged products must be transported and stored in the position indicated by the warning signs.

The number of spare fittings, glasses, mirrors, metal 1 and plastic layouts is determined in the contract (agreement).

supplier country name;

name of the manufacturer, its location (postal address) and trademark;

product name and type;

product number or series;

product index (if any);

release date (month and year);

designation of the state standard, the requirements of which the product or kit meets;

bar code (if any);

designation of the national conformity mark for certified products.

The national mark of conformity for certified products is affixed at the following places:

marking of each product (on the label);

shipping documentation;

assembly instructions;

one of the packaging units of a furniture set supplied unassembled.

All data must be in the language of the recipient country (in Russian). Hand-stamping or labeling is not allowed.

Upholstered furniture items to which paper labels cannot be glued must have labels made of other materials (fabric).

All products that make up the headset or set, and elements of collapsible structures must have an appropriate marking or number that unites the headset or set.

00 - black;

0 - white;

1 - orange;

2 - purple;

3 - yellow.

The method of applying color marking must ensure its safety during the life of the furniture.

The warranty periods of operation are established by the standards of general technical conditions, depending on the purpose:

furniture for work and eating, as well as cabinet furniture:

nursery and public premises - 18 months,

household - 24 months;

sitting and lying furniture:

nursery and for public premises - 12 months,

household - 18 months.

2. Practical part

2.1. Expertise of furniture products

Qualitative examination - an assessment of the quality characteristics of a product by experts to establish compliance with the requirements of regulatory documents.

It should be borne in mind that the following factors must be taken into account when testing:

test conditions and operating conditions should be comparable;

when testing elements and products as a whole, the destruction should be of the same nature as during operation;

the duration and complexity of the tests should be minimal.

2.1. Features of the examination of tables

In accordance with GOST 30099-93 Tables. Test methods, dining tables, toilet tables and children's tables are subjected to the following series of tests:

strength under static load;

impact strength;

rigidity;

durability under horizontal load;

durability under vertical load.

Test sequence Appendix A

Sampling and preparation of samples

For testing new and modernized products, one sample is taken, manufactured in accordance with the technical documentation.

The number and order and procedure for the selection of serial samples - according to GOST 16371.

Static load test

The essence of the method consists in the effect of a vertical static load on the table top (sliding or folding elements) at the points of the most probable damage or deflection.

The test device is a 100x100 mm gasket with a hard smooth surface with an error of ± 5 mm.

The table is placed on a flat floor.

A vertical load P is applied to the table top through the spacer piece, equal to:

for children's tables 50 daN;

for dining tables 100 daN.

Loading is performed 10 times at any point of the table top, where damage or maximum deflection is most likely (Figure 1).

Figure 1 Table Top Heating

After each loading, the load is maintained (60 ± 5) s.

If there are several such points, loading is performed in each of them, but not more than in three.

Tables with lifting covers are tested in the extreme upper position.

After the last loading, the maximum deflection α of the cover under load is measured and visible defects are recorded: breakages, loosening of joints, malfunctions in the operation of individual elements, etc.

Deflection at a table with a lifting lid is not detected.

The loading of additional working surfaces of dining tables in sliding or folding elements is repeated by applying a load P equal to 35 daN.

Figure 2 Loading of additional working surfaces

If there is a danger of overturning, load the working main surface with a ballast weight.

After the last loading, the maximum deflection of the retractable or folding element is measured (Figure 2) and visible defects are recorded.

Tables are considered to have passed the strength test under static load if the deflection value of each sample corresponds to that established by GOST 16371 without visible defects.

Impact strength

The test method consists in the effect of an impact load on the table top, on sliding and folding elements at the points of most probable damage.

Figure 3 Impact body

Height f is set depending on the purpose of the table and is:

for children's tables - 80 mm;

for dining tables - 140 mm.

Tables are considered to have passed the impact strength test if no defects are found in each specimen.

Rigidity

The test method is to measure the deformation under a horizontal load on the cover. table.

Device providing:

application of a horizontal load with a cyclone frequency of 5 - 25 min;

load measurement error ± 5%;

deformation measurement error ± 0.5 mm.

Stops with a height of no more than 12 mm, unless the table design requires the use of higher stops. Moreover, they should have the smallest height that prevents the product from sliding.

Place the table in a non-extended state in the test device and fix the legs with the help of stops. 1, 2 (base plate, support) as shown in figure 4.

Figure 4 Stiffness test

for children's tables:

groups 0. 00, 1 - 10 daH;

groups 2,3 - 15 daH;

for dining tables - 30 daN.

The loading is performed 10 times. After the first and last loading, the deformation is measured l at the point A under the action of a load that is maintained for at least 10 s.

Repeat the test at point V. Rearrange the stops to the legs 2, 3 and repeat the test at points WITH and D.

For folding tables (pedestals), point test WITH and D do not conduct.

Tables are considered to have passed the stiffness test if the deformation value of each sample corresponds to the established GOST R 50432 without visible defects.

Horizontal load endurance test

The test method is to measure the deformation after repeated horizontal cyclic loading on the table top.

The table is placed in the test device and all legs (supports) are fixed using stops, as shown in Figure 4.

Apply a horizontal load R, equal to 15 daN, sequentially in points a, b, c and d (figure) up to the normative number of cycles established by GOST 16371. Cycle duration (a-b- c- d) - not less than 2 s.

(a-b- c- d).

Deformation l measured after the first and last loading under load R,

After reaching the standard number of cycles, the deformation is measured at each of the points (aandb) . Repeat the test for points (candd).

Durability is assessed by the highest deformation of the table after reaching the standard number of loading cycles.

Vertical Load Endurance Test

The test method is to measure the deformation after repeated vertical cyclic loading on the table top.

The table is placed on a flat floor. A ballast weight is placed on the surface of the table top, which prevents it from overturning. The total weight of the cargo should not exceed 100 kg.

The ballast weight is positioned so that its resultant passes along the center of the table top.

The error in determining the center of the lid is 5 mm.

A vertical load is applied to the table top (half-cover) through the spacer piece R, equal to 15 daN, at the point of greatest possible deflection (Figure 5).

Figure 5 Durability test

The center of the load spacer must be at least 50 mm from the edge of the table top.

If a table with a maximum ballast weight of 100 kg overturns during the test , need to reduce vertical load up to 10 daN to avoid overturning.

After reaching the standard number of loading cycles, the deformation is measured l under load R, which is maintained for at least 10 s.

Assessment of examination results

The tables are considered to have passed the test if the results of strength, stiffness and durability of each selected sample comply with the standards established by GOST 16371.

The test results are documented in a protocol (Appendix B).

Conclusion

Speaking about the examination of furniture, it should be noted that furniture must be produced in accordance with state standards (GOST), or in accordance with technical specifications (TU). These documents spell out the necessary requirements for the furniture itself and its individual parts. Thus, in laboratories, furniture is checked for compliance with the indicators of regulatory documentation with indicators obtained during the examination of furniture. After the completion of the examination, the experts draw up a document (conclusion) on whether the examined furniture meets or not meets the standard indicators. If the furniture under study complies with these indicators prescribed in the corresponding GOST for the corresponding furniture, then the manufacturer has the right to receive a certificate confirming the quality of the product.

Literature

1. Agbash V.A. and other commodity research of non-food products. - M .: Economics, 1988.

2. Alekseev N.S. Merchandising of household goods. Vol. 1. - M .: Economics, 1984.

3. GOST 20400-93. Furniture production products. Terms and Definitions. - M .: Publishing house of standards, 1994.

4. GOST 2140-81. Defects of wood. Classification, terms and definitions. Measurement methods. - M .: Publishing house of standards, 1982.

5. GOST 19917-93. Furniture for sitting and lying. General technical conditions. - M .: Publishing house of standards, 1994.

6.GOST 16371-93. Furniture. General technical conditions. - M .: Publishing house of standards, 1994.

7. Shepelev A.F., Pechenezhskaya I.A., Turov A.S. Commodity research and examination of wood and furniture products. M.-Rostov-n. Don: Publishing Center "Mart", 2004.

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Therefore, those Customers who seek help from NP "Federation of Forensic Experts" can be sure of a successful solution to their problems. In the event that they were actually sold those products that do not meet the accepted quality standards or do not meet their own documentation. It is also important here that our examination of furniture products is completely independent, which means correct consideration of any problem, which is carried out with full consideration of the interests of our direct Customer.

There is a practice when the manufacturer or the seller himself initiates the examination, inviting his own experts or employees of an institution for this. As is the case with insurance companies, such "independent" experts rarely decide in favor of the affected buyer. Such an examination of furniture products, carried out on the initiative of a seller or an intermediary, as a rule, simply protects the interests of the latter, and its performers care little about finding out the actual facts that take place in relation to a particular product.

For this reason, only contacting a professional independent expert organization can help you resolve such conflict situations. Of course, you should be careful about the choice of furniture products, and know what standards and quality features should be inherent in this or that product. But if you have already made inattention and mistakes when choosing furniture, you just have to contact us for advice and help, the department of commodity expertise of NP "Federation of Forensic Experts".

Here you can get advice on how to proceed in this case, and if necessary, you will be provided with such a certified service as an accurate and independent examination of furniture products.

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Introduction

1. Theoretical part

1.1 Classification and assortment of furniture products

1.2 Quality indicators and expertise of furniture products

2. Experimental part

3. The economic part

3.1.2 Calculation of laboratory costs

3.2.5 Overhead

3.2.6 Other expenses

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

In recent years, the furniture market in Russia has expanded significantly. Despite the annual increase in furniture production, improvement of its quality and renewal of the range, a significant part of the furniture is imported to Russia from foreign countries - Italy, Spain, Germany, Finland, Romania, Yugoslavia, France, Indonesia, etc. Today, the supply of furniture on the market is distinguished by a rich variety of architectural and artistic solutions of the form, originality of design, comfort, wide unification of individual parts and assemblies. A promising direction in the development of the furniture industry is associated with the development and implementation of new non-toxic construction, finishing and facing materials.

The competitiveness of domestic furniture products is achieved primarily due to the variety of assortment and quality of furniture products. In this regard, the chosen topic of this work becomes relevant - an analysis of the range and an examination of the quality of furniture products.

The purpose of the work is to analyze the assortment and conduct an examination of furniture products.

To achieve this goal, the following tasks have been set in the work:

Consider the classification and range of furniture products;

Consider the quality indicators and the essence of the examination of furniture products.

Calculate the costs for laboratory analysis to determine the formaldehyde content in furniture.

1. Theoretical part

1.1 Classification and assortment of furniture products

The assortment of furniture is classified by no materials, purpose, method of production, functional use, design, completeness, etc.

By the type of material, furniture is divided into wood, plastic, metal and combined.

Wooden furniture is furniture, the design of which is dominated by details made of wood and / or wood-based materials. Wooden furniture forms the basis of household furniture.

Plastic furniture is furniture that is dominated by plastic parts. The range of plastic furniture includes country furniture and bathroom furniture, Basic polymeric materials for the manufacture of such furniture are impact-resistant polystyrene, polymethyl methacrylate (plexiglass), polyvinyl chloride, fiberglass, etc. The assortment of plastic furniture includes tables, chairs, stools, armchair frames, drawers, hanging shelves, sink cabinets, etc.

Metal furniture is furniture, the design of which is dominated by metal parts. In addition to metals and their alloys (for example, carbon structural steels of various grades, aluminum alloys), wood, plastic, and fabrics are also used. Combining materials to create metal furniture different types and purpose of sufficiently high strength. Furniture made of metals includes a wide range of beds, which can be folding, folding (or folding), for adults and children. Furniture with metal frames include chairs, armchairs, sofas, tables for audio and video equipment, coffee tables.

By designation, furniture is divided into household and public premises.

Until 1990, wood-based panel materials served in the USSR as the main structural material for the production of cabinet furniture, decoration of interiors of buildings, decoration of electric train carriages, along with wood, plywood and board covered with natural veneer, wood-chipboard lined with decorative paper was used. and impregnated with resin. Since 1990, a decline in production began in Russia, including in the furniture industry. By 1997, the decline in production reached 50% of the 1989 level, however, the crisis affected the production of facing slabs to a much lesser extent, and by 1998 the needs of the construction, furniture and transport subsectors were in a relatively equilibrium state with the supply of laminated and laminated slabs. Their output in 1998 amounted to 20 million m2. Significant growth in furniture production, driven by the positive economic effect of rising oil prices, as Russia's main export product, led to a significant gap between demand and consumption of veneered panels, which probably peaked in 2000. This was also facilitated by the tariff policy of the Russian customs, which led to a sharp reduction in the supply of wood-based panel materials from abroad. All this contributed to the growth of the production of wood-based materials, primarily laminated, and the attraction of significant investments in this sector of the economy.

Chipboards are made from fine chips and special glue that contains phenol. Therefore, to ensure safety in chipboard products, open plate ends are not allowed. They must be painted, pasted over or sealed.

According to the level of formaldehyde emission, GOST regulates the division of chipboard into classes: E1, E2, E3. The manufacturer is obliged to indicate from which chipboard the furniture is made. If such information is not available, it is better to refrain from buying. The safest and most environmentally friendly class is E1.

Furniture made of high-quality chipboard is highly durable, and, as a rule, manufacturers give a guarantee for it up to five years. But subject to the rules of operation, according to experts, it can last more than ten years.

Melamine and laminate are most often used as decorative coatings for facing chipboard. Melamine, which has a paper base, is very elastic, it happens different colors and textures, but in terms of its performance characteristics it is inferior to laminate. The latter has high hardness, strength, resistance to food and chemicals.

Popular facing material is also veneer. It is obtained from whole trunks, peeled from the bark and subjected to hot drying. Each trunk is sawn into thin plates, which are glued from the seamy side, then parts are cut out of them. In fact, veneer is very thin layer solid wood, preserving all the qualities of wood. Another important point is the veneer varnishing technology. The durability and wear resistance of furniture depends on it.

Veneer is used in the production of executive offices and virtually all residential furniture for discerning buyers. For the manufacture of operational office furniture, it is not very suitable, as it is expensive.

1.2 Quality indicators and expertise of furniture products

The produced furniture, according to the parameters, must comply with the approved sample, standard and the requirements specified in the regulatory documentation. Right choice the shapes and designs of furniture, the correspondence of its functional and overall dimensions to the dimensions of the room and the human body allow for the direct use of furniture for its functional purpose. Stability, strength, durability, ensuring rapid transformation during operation, the possibility of high-quality assembly and repair, ease and availability of cleaning also largely depend on the originality of the design and the appropriateness of the size of the furniture.

In accordance with the decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 16, 97 No. 720, the manufacturer is obliged to independently establish the service life of durable goods, which include furniture items and inform the consumer (buyer) about it. Furniture should not have a negative impact on human life, namely, to allocate in environment harmful toxic substances. Therefore, all synthetic materials and materials made from secondary raw materials used for the manufacture of furniture must be approved for use by the national sanitary and epidemiological authorities of Russia.

The quality of finished furniture is largely determined by the properties and quality of the used furniture materials, which must be certified by law.

The main purpose of the examination is determined by the Law of the Russian Federation "On Protection of Consumer Rights" No. 212-FZ of December 17, 1999, article 18, clause 5. The expert examines the deficiencies in the quality of the furniture and the reasons for their occurrence. The examination of the quality of furniture is carried out on the basis of the applicant's request or a court ruling. After examining the application or court case, the expert appoints the time for the examination. Depending on the nature of the defects set forth in the application, the expert makes (if necessary) a selection of the relevant regulatory documents that provide a full examination.

The quality of the furniture is checked by the organoleptic method, using the simplest measuring instrument. If necessary, a laboratory method for determining quality can be applied.

During operation particle boards formaldehyde is released, polluting the airspace of residential and auxiliary premises. The release occurs both due to the free formaldehyde remaining in the board during its production, and due to the partial hydrolysis of the urea resin used as a binder. Known methods for determining the amount of formaldehyde emitted by the stove are based on its extraction organic solvent with subsequent transfer to an aqueous solution (perforating method). In an aqueous solution, formaldehyde is usually determined by the iodometric method. However, to carry out the extraction of formaldehyde, special laboratory equipment is required.

2. Experimental part

The main regulatory documents for the quantitative determination of the formaldehyde content in wood-based panels of the E1 class is GOST 27678 "Chipboards and plywood. Perforating method for determining the formaldehyde content" iodometric titration (the so-called iodometric method).

The practice of using this method by VNIIDREV revealed its high systematic error, which is due to the fact that at elevated temperatures toluene extracts from wood particles (shavings, fibers) not only formaldehyde, but also other volatile substances oxidized by iodine in an alkaline medium. The margin of error is from 3 to 6 mg / 100 g of asb. Dry board, which at the rate for E1 and E2 classes, respectively, 10 and 30 mg / 100 g leads to an unjustified decrease in the yield of E1 class wood boards.

To eliminate the disadvantages of the described method, VNIIDREV in 1998 prepared amendment No. 2 of GOST 27678, which was put into effect in 1999 and regulates the photocolorimetric method for determining the formaldehyde content in wood-based panels and plywood. The photocolorimetric method complies with the European standard EN 120 "Wood-based panels. Determination of formaldehyde content. Extraction method called perforating method". The photocolorimetric method is based on the quantitative interaction of formaldehyde with acetylacetone in an ammonium acetate medium and is recommended for determining the formaldehyde content in wood materials in the range from 1 to 20 mg / 100 g abs. Dry plate. With this method, methyl, ethyl and other alcohols, hydrogen sulfide, acetone, ammonia, phenol, carbamide and caprolactam in the stoves do not interfere with the more accurate (in comparison with the iodometric method) determination of formaldehyde.

The method consists in extracting formaldehyde from samples of chipboard and plywood with boiling toluene in a perforator, absorbing it in distilled water and subsequent photocolorimetric determination of the formaldehyde content by the method with acetylacetone.

Sampling and sample preparation

Chipboard, fibreboards and plywood for testing is selected one day or more after manufacture.

Test pieces are cut from an area of board or plywood not closer than 300 mm from the edge.

It is allowed to store and transport packed samples and parts of board or plywood for cutting samples. The edges of the samples must not be burnt.

Equipment and reagents

Extraction apparatus, perforator.

Spectrophotometer or electrophotocolorimeter with a wavelength of 412 nm (a wavelength of 400-440 nm is allowed) and glass cuvettes with a working layer width of 20 mm.

Drying oven maintaining temperature (1052) C.

Water thermostat for test tubes, maintaining the temperature (402) C.

Electric heater for heating a round-bottom flask.

Laboratory clock.

Laboratory balance with a weighing error of no more than 0.01 g.

Volumetric flask with a volume of 2 dm3.

Photocolorimetric tubes.

Acetylacetone.

Ammonium acetate.

Distilled water.

Testing

Determination of moisture

The moisture content of the slabs at the time of testing is determined by drying them to constant weight in an oven at a temperature of (1052) C,

Determination of formaldehyde content

Distilled water, 600 ml of toluene and (105 ± 5) g samples of wood board or plywood, weighed with an error of not more than 0.1 g, are placed in an extraction device (perforator).

Extraction is carried out for 2 hours, starting from the moment the first bubbles pass through the filter.

Two samples are placed in photocolorimetric tubes, and then solutions of acetylacetone and ammonium acetate are added. The obtained samples are mixed and heated in a thermostat at a temperature of (402) C for 30 minutes.

After cooling the samples to room temperature, their optical density is determined. For the value of optical density in a series of solutions, the average value of two measurements is taken, the difference between which should not exceed 5%. Otherwise, the results should be considered questionable, and the operations must be repeated.

A zero sample (C0) is prepared and analyzed simultaneously with the working samples.

It is allowed to use correction values, which are determined by performing the specified test and using reagents from the same lot and in the same quantities as during the test, but without the test samples.

Processing of results

X = 2 (Cx - C0) (100 + W) / M

where: Cx - average formaldehyde content in two samples, μg;

M is the mass of the analyzed plate or plywood sample, g.

Round off the result to 0.1 mg per 100 g of board.

In this work, the examination of furniture is carried out for samples of products manufactured by IP Golubev (the trade name of the enterprise is the Finist store). Products - computer desk. An examination for the content of formaldehyde is carried out at the request of the applicant.

The analysis results are shown in table. 1.

Table 1

Standard sample



	Cx cp = 13.96	Cx cf = 18

X = 2 (Cx - C0) (100 + W) / M

X = 2 (15.98 - 9) (100 + 65) / 98 = 23.5 mg / 100 g asb dry

3. The economic part

3.1 Calculating the cost of fixed assets

Determination of formaldehyde content in furniture is determined by photocolorimetric method. The work identifies the costs of the analysis.

The economic part of this project includes the following:

calculation of the cost of fixed assets;

calculation of the cost of an analysis to determine the content of formaldehyde by the photocolorimetric method;

3.1.1 Calculation of the cost of measuring instruments and laboratory equipment

To analyze furniture for the determination of formaldehyde in it, the following laboratory equipment is used:

table 2

Calculation of the cost of fixed measuring instruments and laboratory equipment

3.1.2 Calculation of laboratory costs

The laboratory involved in the analysis is 14 sq. m

The calculation of the cost of the laboratory is determined by the formula: The cost of the building in (rubles) the product of the cost of the area of 1 sq. m for the occupied area (sq. m).

For our calculation, the cost of the laboratory will be:

9000 * 14sq. m = 126,000 rubles.

The total cost of fixed assets is the sum of the cost of the equipment and the operated laboratory is 292,870 rubles /

3.2 Calculation of the cost of an analysis to determine the content of formaldehyde in furniture

Analyzing furniture for formaldehyde content assumes the following calculations:

raw materials and reagents;

fuel and energy;

laboratory assistant salary;

deductions for social needs;

depreciation of fixed assets;

overheads;

other expenses;

glassware;

3.2.1 Calculation of costs for raw materials and reagents

The costs of reagents are determined based on the norms of costs and their cost, the cost of laboratory glassware for analysis. Time;

For accrual wages laboratory assistant:

* preparation for the experience;

* the experience itself;

* paperwork;

Equipment operating time (required for calculating depreciation and determining energy costs).

Table 3

Calculation of costs for raw materials and reagents

Calculation of costs for laboratory glassware

Table 4

Laboratory glassware costs

Analysis costs:

264 (days) * 8 hours = 2112 hours

6 hours - cooking time 3

180.72-2112 hours

X- 6 hours

X = 9.03 rubles

The costs attributable to the analysis are 9.03 rubles.

3.2.2 Fuel and energy costs

The calculation of fuel and energy costs is calculated based on the power consumption of the equipment involved, the operating time of the equipment, the price of 1 kW / h of energy.

Table 5

Calculating fuel and energy costs

equipment identification	Power consumption	Equipment operation time, h	Price, kW / h, rub	Cost, rub.
Photoelectric colorimeter
Electric tile
Analytical balance
Extraction apparatus
Thermostat
Drying cabinet

3.2.3 Calculation of the cost of salary of a laboratory assistant

The cost of the salary of a laboratory assistant is determined based on the hourly tariff rate laboratory assistant, time of analysis, territorial coefficient, additional payment for harmfulness.

Table 7

Calculation of costs for the salary of a laboratory assistant

Social contributions needs = 26%

Deductions for Pension Fund = 20%

Social insurance contributions - З / 2%

Health insurance deductions = 2.8%

In our case: for social needs = 480 rubles. * 0.26 = 124.8 rubles.

to the pension fund = 480 * 0.20 = 96 rubles.

for social insurance = 480 * 0.032 = 15.36 rubles.

for medical insurance = 480 * 0.028 = 13.44 rubles.

3.2.4 Depreciation of property, plant and equipment

Depreciation is the gradual transfer of the value of property, plant and equipment to products.

This transfer takes place in such a way that during the period of operation of fixed assets, they are reimbursed. Reimbursement of fixed assets by including part of their value in the cost of production (cost), or for the work performed is called depreciation. It is carried out with the aim of accumulating Money, for subsequent full or partial reproduction of fixed assets.

In the conditions of market relations, the amount of depreciation deductions has a significant impact on the economy of the enterprise.

The calculation of depreciation is made by the direct account method based on the average annual cost of separate: "types of fixed assets and established depreciation rates. They are calculated for each type of fixed assets, for each of their own. This is determined by the differences in the level of participation of each of them in production.

The amortization differences are produced within normative term service of fixed assets.

Depreciation deductions are made on the basis of depreciation rates and the book value of fixed assets for individual groups.

Established depreciation rate: 1. for a building - 3.2% 2. for equipment - 12.6%

Table 8

Depreciation calculation of fixed assets

Annual depreciation deductions are equal to the product of the building value and the depreciation rate

Year. amortization. deductions = 126000 * 3.2 / 100% = 4032

Year. amortization. equipment deductions = 151510 * 12.6 / 100% = 19,090.26 rubles

Depreciation per month:

Buildings = 4032/12 = 336 rubles

Equipment = 19090.26 / 12 = 1590.85 rubles

Hourly depreciation: 22 days * 8 hours = 176 hours of work per month.

For a building = 336/176 = 1.9 rubles. * 8 = 15.2 rubles

For equipment = 1590.85 / 176 = 9.03 rubles. * 8 = 72.24 rubles

3.2.5 Overhead

Overhead costs are expenses associated with the function of managing the laboratory, maintaining and maintaining technical means of communication, paying for consulting services, training, paying taxes, etc.

In the project, the overhead costs are assumed to be 250% of the laboratory assistant's salary.

3.2.6 Other expenses

Other expenses are accepted at the rate of 10% of the amount of the above listed expenses.

Table 8

Determination of the cost of an analysis for the determination of formaldehyde in furniture by the photocolorimetric method

Naming of expenditures	Amount, rub.	Cost structure,%
Raw materials and supplies
Fuel and energy
Wage
Social contributions needs
Depreciation of basic funds
Overheads
other expenses
TOTAL COSTS:
Profit 25%
Analysis cost

Conclusions: The cost of determining formaldehyde in furniture (including VAT) is 3136.44 rubles, including the cost of conducting it - 2658.0 rubles, the profit is 631.6 rubles or 25%.

Conclusion

Today, in conditions of intense competition, not only well-being, but also the very existence of any enterprise depends on the quality of products. Therefore, it is important for an enterprise to ensure the required level of consumer properties of its products, and, first of all, its environmental friendliness.

The analysis has shown that in order to control the quality of furniture products, it is necessary to control the content of such an indicator as formaldehyde. An expert examination using the example of furniture products of FE "Golubev" (Novosibirsk) found that the products meet the requirements of the state standard.

The calculation of the cost of the examination showed that the cost of determining formaldehyde in furniture (including VAT) is 3136.44 rubles, including the cost of conducting it - 2658.0 rubles, the profit is 631.6 rubles or 25%.

Bibliography

1.GOST 16483.0-89 (ST SEV 6470-88) Wood. General requirements for physical and mechanical tests from 19.7.1989 N 16483.0-89. - M .: Publishing house of standards, 1989

2. GOST 27678-88 Chipboards and plywood. Perforating method for determining the content of formaldehyde from 16.10.1998 N 373. official publication, IUS N 1, 1999

3. Dashkov L.P., Pambukhchiyants V.K. Commerce and technology of trade. - M .: "Marketing", 1999. - 448 p.

4. Kruglyakov G.N., Kruglyakova G.V. Commodity research of non-food products. Rostov - on - Don: Publishing Center "Mart", 2001. - 325 p.

5. Tarasov A.N. Fundamentals of commodity science. - M .: Marketing, 1999. - 305 p.

6. Teplov V.I. and other Commercial commodity science. - M., 2001. - 256 p.

7. Merchandising of non-food products / Ed. Svitsko V. - Minsk .: Higher school - 1999. - 456 p.

8. Savelyeva M.Yu. Economics of organizations (enterprises): Educational-methodical complex. - Novosibirsk: NGAE iU, 2004. - 200s

9. Alekseev N.S., Gantsov Sh.K. and other Theoretical foundations of commodity research of non-food products. Moscow: Economics, 1988.

10. Vytovtov A.A. Physical and chemical properties and quality control methods for consumer goods. Tutorial... SPb, SPbTEI, 1997.

11. Zaitsev V.G., Eshchenko V.F. Merchandising of household goods. Moscow: Economics, 1978.

12. Krasovsky P.A., Kovalev A.I., Strizhov S.G. Product and its expertise. Moscow: Center for Economics and Marketing, 1998.

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The role of commodity examination methods in ensuring the quality of furniture products.

INTRODUCTION

1. Literary review

1.1. Furniture classification

1.2. Factors shaping the quality of furniture

1.3. Factors preserving the quality of furniture products

2. Practical part

2.1. Expertise of furniture products

2.1. Features of the examination of tables

Conclusion

Literature

INTRODUCTION

Literature review

Furniture classification

Factors shaping the quality of furniture

Factors preserving the quality of furniture products

2. Practical part

2.1. Expertise of furniture products

2.1. Features of the examination of tables

Conclusion

Literature

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