Kakhchev cultures are attributable Watermelon, melon and pumpkin, which, in contrast to vegetable plants, cultivate in field and special crop rotations. Agrotechnology is somewhat different from the methods of growing vegetable crops. "Bakhcha" translated from Turkic means the garden.

One of the main tasks of mudflow is the creation of zones of obtaining guaranteed crops on irrigated areas, the production of Bakhchyev in quantities that satisfy the needs of the population, a significant reduction in labor costs based on improving the technology of cultivation and complex mechanization.

Bakhchyev's fruits consume fresh and use for processing. They play a big role and as feed crops.

Apply them also in medicine. Fruit bakhchy culture are delicious, dietary food Product, distinguished high taste and nutritional qualities.

The nutritional value of fruits is primarily in high content of human and animal-digestible carbohydrates, mainly sugars (Table 1).

Continued

The high sweetness of the fruit of a cutle watermelon is due to large quantity Fructose (glucose little) with a significantly less sucrose content. At the best on the taste quality of watermelon varieties (dessert 83, Astrakhan, Southeast Rose, Volzhsky 7) The content of dry substances in the pulp of fruit reaches 13-14%, and sugars 10-12%, approaching these indicators to best grades Melon. Watermelons grown in Central Asia, less Saharistists (6-9%). In the fruits of the fodder watermelon there is a 3-5% dry matter (about 50% of polysaccharides) and 1-3% of sugars, which are mainly represented by fructose and glucose.

The fruits of melons are usually richer by sugars than the fruits of watermelon. Sakharoza prevails in them, monosacharov is significantly less (approximately the same amount of fructose and glucose). The secondary and late varieties are characterized by a higher sugar content than early. At the best Central Asian varieties of melons, their number reaches 15%. The ratio of sugars from various varieties is unequal. Therefore, the feeling of sweetness does not always correspond to the indicator of the total content of sugars.

In the fruits of pumpkin, carbohydrates are mainly represented by polysaccharides. The ratio of simple sugars is approximately the same as in melon, with relatively low content. However, there are dining ranges of pumpkins (Spanish 73, dining room Winter A-5) with a very high content of dry matter (up to 20%) and sugars (up to 10%), especially after autumn-winter storage. In the same feed grades of pumpkin (stand, mammoth) the amount of dry matter does not exceed 6%, and the sugars are even less. In the fruits of the zucchini and patisson of sugars are also small.

In addition to sugars, the fruits of a cutle watermelon (based on dry matter) contain up to 1.5% of fiber and hemicellulose, 1-2% of pectin substances ( wild species up to 14%), melons - respectively, 3-7 and 1-4.5%, pumpkins and zucchini - 5-23 and 3-14%. In the pumpkin there is a lot of starch (2-7% per raw substance), especially in immature fruits. Starch is also available in the fruits of late melons.

The fruits of the fodder watermelon contain many pectic substances (10-20% calculated on the dry matter), which determine very good burning.

The high nutritional and dietary value of fruits of mudflows is due to the high content of not only sugars, but also vitamins, especially ascorbic acid (vitamin C), and the pumpkins and individual varieties of melons are also carotene. In some varieties of melons (collective farmers 749/753, Bykovskaya 735), the amount of vitamin C in the fruits reaches 60 mg% (the average content of 30- 45 mg%), in a cutle watermelon - about 10 mg%, feed - 3-5 mg%, Pumpkins - about 15 mg%.

In the fruits of pumpkins, many carotene - an average of 4-7 mg% (in various grades 2-10 mg%), in the fruits of the zucchini - 1.5-6.5 mg.%. The varieties of pumpkins are highlighted from the global collection, in the fruits, which the carotene content sometimes reaches 40 mg%. Of the cultural forms, the large number of carotene has a grade pumpkin varieties - vitamin and carotene 102. Carotine in the fruits of watermelon a little (about 1mg%), in the fruits of melons with a white flesh, it is not or very small, with yellow and orange color meakty (for example, grade ICH-KZL) - significantly less than that of pumpkins.

In addition to ascorbic acid and carotene, the frends of module cultures contain vitamins Bi (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), RR (nicotinic acid), folic acid. and etc.

Belkov in the fruits of fruits is a bit, but they are very valuable for nutrition. In the pulp of watermelon fruit there are all indispensable amino acids. The amount of them in the crust is even higher than in the pulp.

The fruits are rich in the ash elements. Watermelon contains potassium - 0.22%, sodium - 0.016, calcium - 0.022, magnesium - 0.024, iron - 0.037, sulfur - 0.016%. Melon fruits are somewhat poorer the watermelon in the composition of the asonic elements, but exceed it by the amount of sodium (0.111%) and sulfur (0.029%) - 4-5 mg% copper and 1.62 mg% of cobalt accumulates in mature pumpkin fruits. Cobalt also contains watermelon and melon. There are potassium and phosphorus in pumpkin and zucchini in large quantities.

The fruits of mudflows also contain Organic acids - apple, amber, lemon, etc.

Sugar and other substances are unevenly distributed even within a single fetus. Watermelon and melon have the most suprantes and the central part of the fetus. The base of fruits is poorer sugar. Ascorbic acid is most in the central part of the fruit. The side of the fetus facing upwards to the Sun, usually more saccharous than the lower part of it, which comes into contact with the surface of the soil.

Along with consumption in the fresh form, fruits of mudflows are used in food Industry For technical recycling. Wide distribution was produced by the manufacture of watermelon honey (nurse), various confectionery (candies, jam, mood, marmalalad, candy, jam, grazing, etc.). From the pulp of fruits, melon makes a melon honey (bekmes). In "Central Asia, the pulp pulp flesh is dried - in the sun, and in winter they are consumed directly or used to prepare compotes. Zucchini and patisson fruits are used in the canning industry for production. kabachkoy caviar and mashed potatoes, stuffing, canning in the form of circles (sathta), they also marinate and sued separately or with other types of vegetables (tomatoes, cucumbers). For salvas use non-standard and unripe fruits of watermelon.

The seeds of Bakhchykh cultures are of greater value. They have high oil. . Singing fat in the air-dry core of seeds of various varieties of watermelon and melon - 39-52%, and the pumpkin - 41-48%. In relation to the total mass of watermelon seeds contain 14-19% fat, melons - 19-35%, pumpkins - 23-41%.

The oil of mudflows, especially watermelon and pumpkins, is valuable for taste, rich in vitamins and is not inferior to the best food oils. Cakes obtained in the production of fat - good livestock feed. Bach cultures can give up to 90-100 kg of oil with 1 hectare. Fascinated pumpkin seeds, especially gone, serve as a delicacy.

Seeds are also rich in protein substances (globulin prevails in freshly collected seeds, there is also a bugness and albumin).

Bach cultures are of great importance for feed purposes. In the southern and southeastern regions of our country, they are the main juicy feed for animals. We use waste and non-standard fruits of cutle watermelon and melon, pumpkin fruits, zucchini and fodder watermelon. Pigs when feeding a pumpkin is quickly added in the mass, the cows are increasing the villas, the milk becomes more dense, sweet, fat content and you-cold oils increase.

The fruits of the Bakhchyevy feed the cattle mainly in the fresh form, and also use for silage, especially feed watermelon, pumpkin and zucchini. Silo from them is distinguished by high nutritional qualities, has a pleasant smell and taste and willingly eaten by all kinds of animals. Muffins are silicue together with straw, pokykin and other rude foods.

Bakhchy cultures are of greater value for therapeutic purposes.. The fruits of watermelon and the zucchini contain a lot of iron, and the fruits of melon - folic acid, which are important for blood formation. Therefore, they are very useful for anemia. The fruits of watermelon, pumpkins, zucchini, patisson are valuable in the treatment of diseases of the liver, stomach and kidney as a diuretic and means against constipation, useful in the treatment of heart disease and atherosclerosis (M. Marshak, 1959). Pumpkin flesh is used as an anti-inflammatory agent, and seeds - as an anthelmal agent.

Bach cultures have a large agrotechnical significance. They are an excellent predecessor of spring wheat and other grain crops.

The fruits of certain types of pumpkin are used for the manufacture of dishes and other household item products and in decorative purposes.

Bakhchy cultures (watermelons, pumpkins and melons) refer to the family of pumpkin and morphological features are very similar among themselves. They are grown to obtain juicy fruits With high taste. The fruits of Bakhchyev, especially watermelons and melons, contain a lot of sugar (6-13% or more), vitamins B and, Pz, C, PP, etc. in watermelons many iron and folic acid salts. In addition to use in a fresh form, they are a raw material for the processing industry: the manufacture of watermelon honey (maternity), jumped, pastes, for salting.

Melon is used mainly in the fresh form. By different recipes Cuts, jams, honey (becmosis), compotes, mousses, and dried and tickling fruit are made of melon.

Pumpkins with yellow and orange flesh Rich with salts of phosphorus and carotene, contain many phytoncides. Pumpkin fruits are used for cooking, salting, marinations, as well as the manufacture of citades, honey and other products. Pumpkin seed oil to taste resembles olive, it is widely used in food in the western regions of Ukraine.

Bacchic crops have a great healing value. They contain essential physiologically active substances that are involved in the important functions of the body, in the regulation of protein and fat exchange processes. The use of fruits of Bakhchyev improves the work of the heart, liver, stomach, kidneys, lungs, increases the overall vital tone organism. For example, folic acid, which is contained in the fruits of watermelon and melon, produces antisclerotic and hematopoietual action. The fruits of watermelons with an elevated content of pectin substances have high radioprotective properties that can derive radionuclides from the body, heavy metals and other toxic substances.

Feed pumpkins and watermelons have high feed qualities: 100 kg of forage watermelons correspond to 9.3, and feed pumpkins - 10.2 food, units. and contain 4.0 and 7.0 kg of digestible protein, respectively. Ripe Fruits Ferry Bakhchyeva can be kept in a fresh form. They are valuable milk grown food.

The fruits of mudflows are widely used for silacies together with corn stems, for the preparation of combined silo, improving the taste of coarse feed.

Bakhchy cultures have a large agrotechnical significance, since they contribute to the purification of fields from weeds and is a valuable predecessor for winter and spring crops.

Everything bacch plants Take place from sand and stony deserts of subtropical areas of the globe. The birthplace of watermelons is Calahari semi-desert (South Africa), pumpkins - South America, and melons are small and Central Asia. The first historical information and findings about Bakhchy cultures were recorded in egyptian tombs, that is, 4 thousand years ago (parts of plants and drawings). From Africa, watermelons penetrated through India and Iran to Central Asia and Transcaucasia. In the Northern Black Sea region, watermelon and melon penetrated the Volga region, as well as because of the Greek colonies. Pumpkin in Ukraine appeared in the XIX century. and spread as garden culture At the household sections.

The main area of \u200b\u200bcommodity badgery was the southeastern zone of Ukraine, especially the current territory of the Kherson region, where the soil-climatic conditions are most favorable for growing melting crops. Commodity mudflow is developing in Kherson, Nikolaev, Zaporizhia, Donetsk, Odessa regions and in Crimea.

Bach cultures contain sulfur, phosphorus, iron, magnesium, sodium, calcium, potassium. They are also present riboflavin, thiamine, carotene, Vitamin C. In most, these plants are distinguished by long stems, large leaves and large yellow flowers. However, there are bush-in-law crops (photos illustrate their features). Plants are characterized by high drought resistance. This is due to the presence of a powerful root system. To get high-quality bachche vegetable crops, It is necessary a lot of light and heat. During the ripening of fruits, the weather should be dry and hot. Such conditions are in the Lower Volga region, Central Asia, in the south of Moldova and Ukraine, in the North Caucasus. In the central strip of the Russian Federation, you can also plant mudflows. Types of these plants are distinguished by variety.

Specificity of plants

The main feature of the varieties consists in their sustainability to the environment. For example, the central strip is suitable for early and cold-resistant junk cultures (watermelons, pumpkin). When selecting seeds, attention should be paid to the duration of the growing season - the number of days from the beginning of growth to full maturation. Early varieties should have time to pass full cycle No more than 90 days.

Agrotechnika

The climatic features of the central strip of the country do not allow growing major fruits. In this regard, it is best to give preference to medium-sized varieties. According to taste, they are not at all inferior to southern major fruits. The high yield can be obtained from such varieties of watermelons as:

• "Spark".
• "Rose champagne."
• "Near Moscow Charleston".
• "Siberian lights."
• "Gift of the North."
• "Siberian Rose".
• "Krimstar", etc.

As for the varieties of melon, interest are:

• "Iroquois".
• "ThirtyDenevka".
• "Dubovka".
• "Dessert-5".
• "Cinderella".
• "Kharkiv Early."
• "Northern Cantalup".
• "Golden" and others.

Caring for cold-resistant and early grades is practically no different from the rules extending to the cultivation of cabbage, beets or carrots. All these plants are planted by directing seeds in open land In the middle or late May. Bakhchy cultures of the remaining varieties can develop in greenhouses or seedlings. In the latter case, the period of their stay in open soil. The averages include the popular Astrakhan varieties "Honey", "Pineapple", "Kolkhoznitsa".

Sowing seeds

In the open soil, as above was said, sown magpie cultures in the central strip. For harvest, 2 and 3-year-old seeds are used. As practice shows, they bloom before, due to which the process of ripening their fruits is accelerated. If fresh seeds are used, they must be dried at 30-35 degrees for 2-3 days. Landing is carried out by the nesting method. The distance between the wells depends on the variety of the plant. Short-high-hearted melting crops (melon, pumpkin and others) can be sown thick, long-line years - less often. Optimal distance A period of 1 m is considered. In each deepening before sowing, 1-1.5 kg of compost or humus should be made. Earth under watermelons is advised to fertilize potash and phosphoric mineral mixtures. Planting seeds is carried out on a depth of about 5 cm. The first watering of mesh cultures should be generous. At the same time, water should be taken warm. The first shoots appear about 8-10 days after sowing. Watering by mudflows in the process of growth should be abundant, but not frequent (about once a week).

Paging the tops

This process, according to many specialists, is of great importance for the development of plants. Due to the pinching, women's flowers on the shoots of the 2nd order are better developed. It is better to exercise it when 5-6 sheets appear on the shoots. Re-chasing of plants is carried out when the same leaves will develop on the shoots of the 2nd order.

Seedling

Bakhchy cultures lined with this way give good harvest. At the same time, the apeget period does not exceed 90 days. Seedlings should be grown in pots to prevent damage to the root system. For approximately 30 days, the seedlings will be ready to transplant in open ground. Before sowing in pots, seeds can be soaked so that they sprout slightly. This will reduce the time of shoots.

Seed care

It has a number of features. First of all, it is necessary to provide conditions in which the air temperature will be at least 20 degrees. In this case, good shoots will be obtained. On cloudy days and at night, the temperature is recommended to lower a little. This will warn the stretching of plants. It is also necessary to ensure that the shoots do not come into contact with leaves, and move the pots from time to time. Additional lighting It is not necessary for shoots, because the seeds seeds are evisted in the middle or late April. During this period, the natural flow of light is quite enough.

Fertilizer soil

When using feeding, caution should be taken, since the bulk cultures are poorly adapted to the synthesis of trace elements. They like a sponge absorb and accumulate nitrates and severe connections. In this regard, all fertilizers during the growing season must be in an easily-friendly form in the form of green, ash and humic concentrates. As for active organics with granular minerals, it should be made during autumn Pacoplash Earth. When using minerals or manure in natural form during the cultivation of watermelon, for example, the fruits will be oversaturated with nitrate compounds, the pulp will be tasteless, made by intolerable white streaks, with non-invalid seeds and a highly thickened crust.

Preparation for landing

On the finished seedlings there should be 3-5 leaves. Melon shoots have some features. On lateral shoots, women's flowers are formed earlier than on the main thing. In this regard, the tops of shoots ready for disembarking should be seen. Approximately a week before the day, which plans to move seedlings into an open ground, the daily temperature should be reduced to 15 degrees, and the night - to 12. It is also necessary to periodically air the plants. So seedlings hardened and faster adapts to the open soil.

Formation of bushes

On the main stem melon, women's flowers are absent. In this regard, the first parting should be carried out over the third sheet. It is not worth a hurry with the planting seedlings, otherwise you will have to equip a greenhouse or a greenhouse. Often in the central lane by the beginning of May, good weather is established. But by the middle of the month it worsens noticeably, even frosts can be. Under such conditions, seedlings will inevitably die. Experienced breeders recommend landing plants at the end of May. It should be pre-familiar with the weather forecast for the near future.

Accommodation in the open area

Before planting seedlings are recessing at a meter distance from each other. In one hole, you can place two plants with the condition that subsequently shoots will develop in different directions. Previously, the deepening should be made feeding (compost or humidia at least 2 kg). It is more expedient to do this 7-14 days before the seedlings landing. Before placing plants, the deepening is plenty warm water. Seedlings should be accurately removed from the pots and put in Kashitz in the holes. It is not recommended to plunge shoots, otherwise root system Start rot. The confused comes so that it is out of the surface of the Earth.

Care for sprouts

Usually, any special events do not need any special events. Watering is carried out as the soil drying. The water is needed so much so that it goes into the ground by no less than 50 cm. Watering is carried out carefully. During it, it is necessary to ensure that the satellite knee and the leaves of plants are not witched. If necessary, we have a musting and loosening of the Earth. So that the plants have not sent forces to the development of tops, and they spent them on the growth of fruits, the tops need to be regularly quenched. Above it was said that for the first time it was done during the cultivation of seedlings or after the appearance of 5-6 leaves. After the appearance of fruits, pinching should be repeated, leaving 2-3 sheets. Non-blocking shoulder should be completely cut. After processing, the tops are laid so that the plants do not interfere with each other. When the scope of the apple reaches the size of the apple, you need to remove the weakest.

Podkord

For getting high yield for summer period Complete fertilizers should be made several times. In addition to them, you can also feed the plants to bird litter or dung. Before the ripening of fruits should be stopped to make fertilizers and water culture. Otherwise, they will begin to crack and lose taste.

Pests of Bakhchykh culture

The most dangerous for plants are the wires, a web tick and a word. Some birds are predicted. Wireflides, false including, are the larvae of black-powder beetles and shortcuts. They damage young shoots, overcoal the underground stem part. Bahch wave - small greenish-black or yellow insects. They settle down by groups, damaging the screens, marking, flowers, the bottom of the leaves. Insects suck the juice from the plant, from which it dries and dies. The web tick is harmful to hot and dry summer. Insects settle on lower parts Leaves. The tick sweeps their surface with a thin cobweb. First, light points begin to appear on the leaves, then some parts of the plate are discolored, after which these parts of the plants are dying. Another one dangerous pest Tobacco trips are considered. This insect has a trunk that he pierces the skin of the sheet, as a rule, from below near the veins. TRIPS sucks juice from the plate. In this place, light shiny stripes and stains appear, which subsequently become dark brown. After sowing, damages are immediately caused by birds (ravens, crows and others). They choose the seeds in the fields, zerovy zovyazy, damage young plants. As a means of struggle use soil looser, spraying plants.

Diseases of Bakhchyev culture

The most dangerous is a fuzarious wilment, mildew, anthracnose. These diseases are particularly intensively proceeded in cloudy, wet weather, as well as when the bulk cultures are planted often in one place. Bacteriosis is also a threat. Fusarious wilt is typical for all mesh cultures. Young shoots become sluggish and oppressed, poorly grow and eventually dying. On an adult plant, 1-2 leaves are damaged, and then the disease amazes all other parts. On the context of the stem, you are visible to passing vessels, especially clearly they are visible at the root cerv. With high humidity, the base of the vacuum marks a pink or white flare - fungus. A plant is affected through the soil, infected seeds, the remains of the crop. Mushroom can be in the ground up to 15 years. The greatest danger of fungus is for plants in wet conditions at low temperatures. Fading cultures can occur from suffocation with a lack of air. As a rule, it is noted on compacted soil, especially in hot weather or after a cold rainy day. Puffy dew Very dangerous for pumpkins and melons. On the upper, and then the lower parts of the leaves appear spots with a white bloom. Over time, they merge and close the entire surface. Subsequently, the leaves become yellow, gradually uric. Puffy dew damages culture when sharp drops temperatures. For example, when the day is too hot, and at night - very cold. When pericorosis, the leaves are damaged in all phases of development, starting with the seedlings. On the plates, angular or round yellow-green spots appear on the plates. They quickly increase and cover the entire surface.

Bacchic crops are distinguished by high heat-breeding. Watermelon and melon - the plants of the sultry south. The birthplace of watermelon - Africa, melons - the middle and small asia. This has determined the main zones of their distribution: first of all the southern regions of Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Central Asia, Transcaucasia and Moldova.

Nutritional value and chemical composition.The fruits of watermelon and melon are used primarily in the fresh form and in the canning industry for the preparation of watermelon and melon honey (maternity and bekmes), various confectionery, candies, marmalade, jam, pastes and other products. In Central Asia, the flesh pulp flesh is dried and in this form eat or make a compote from it. Non-standard young watermelon fruits are suitable for salting. Many high-quality oil accumulates in the Bakhchyev seeds, which is used in the confectionery industry and for other purposes. In dry seeds of watermelon contains 14 ... 19% oil, in melon seeds - 19 ... 35%, in pumpkin seeds 23 ... 41%. Pumpkin and watermelon seeds are processed on the oil

the cake, obtained at the same time, is a valuable feed for livestock.

Bakhchyev's fruits, pumpkins, widely used as valuable juicy feed for animals.

Table 1.Chemical composition of mesh cultures

According to the occupied area, the first place belongs to the watermelon, the second - melon, and only 10% falls on the share of pumpkin. She does not apply to such sugarhonos like watermelon and melon differs more high yield - when growing intensive technology over 100 t / ha.

Botanical description.Watermelon, Melon and Pumpkin belong to the Pumpkin Family (Cuicurbitaceae), which combines more than 100 genera and about 400 species. The fruit is berry (tykvin), reaches a mass of 20 ... 40 kg and more. The fruits differ in shape, coloring and drawing of the crust, coloring and structure of the pulp, the shape of seeds and other features. Different kinds Pumpkin families differ in anatomical structure, but general structure The fetus is maintained for all melting crops. The fetus consists of a bark, pulp, placenta (seed yarns or seats of the Zazezi, which are departed by the seams) and seeds. The placenta at the pumpkin dry, melon - dry 1 or wet, the watermelon grow and grow together with the walls of the fetus. The bark consists of several layers. Top, bordering external environment- Single-layer, covered epidermis. The appointment of it is to protect the fetus from drying, evaporation, other adverse external influences, limiting transpiration. Under the layer of epidermis there is a chlorophyllon parenchyma from 8 ... 10 cells. The painting of fruits, as well as the drawing of each variety of its own.

In the Research Institute of Crop (VIR) among the diversity of his varieties of T. B. Fursa allocated ten ecological and geographical groups: Russian, Maja and Indian, West - European, Transcaucasian, Central Asian, Afghan, Indian, East Asian, Far Eastern, American. The basis of the discharge of groups is based on the anatomy-physiological signs of plants and, above all, the degree of xero or mesomorphicity of the appearance, manifested in the morphology and the anatomical structure of the sheet plate, in various sucking power and water-holding ability of the sheet of these groups.

Russian Ecological and Geographical Groupunites the varieties of the watermelon of the table, common in the Lower Volga region, in the North Caucasus, in the southern regions of Ukraine, as well as the early grades grown in northern regions Of Ukraine, B. Western Siberia.. General form Plants are featured by a xeromorphic organization, which is manifested in the morphology and the anatomy of the sheet, its relatively high sucking force. This type was formed in a hot dry climate during intensive breeding on sugar content and improving taste. Local varieties of the Russian group are valuable raw material For selection due to high ecological plasticity and adaptability to unfavorable environmental conditions. In the sex type of the variety of this group are predominantly Andromonoykistami - on one plant they have male and oboy flowers. Such varieties are only minorly reset when sharing with others, which matters to establish the norms of spatial isolation. Among the watermelons of the Russian group there are varieties with a non-Russian sheet: a solidistic 215, anniversary 72, etc. This feature can be used as a signal, to obtain heterose-free watermelon hybrids with free resellers of the source forms. Most of the varieties of watermelon treated at the present time in Russia belongs to the Russian ecological and geographical group.

Multi-major ecological and geographic group,the unifying watermelons grown in Turkey has similarities with Russian, for which it was the original one. Low-minded watermelons penetrated, probably in the South Russian Steppes through the Greek colonies on the Black Sea, found here favorable conditions And they gave rise to a more cultural type, ecologically close to the initial. Coromorphism of the organization manifests itself in low-immigissary varieties than the Russians. Among them, there are many drought-resistant forms that are promising for use in selection. There are almost no selection varieties in the group, the motley and weakly alturized populations prevail, but there are separate samples with a high sugar content in the fruit.

Western European Ecological and Geographical Groupunites watermelon varieties cultivated in Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, Yugoslavia, Greece, Italy. In a significant part of its part, it was probably based on the Russian assortment, but in general is characterized by a more mesomorphic type of plants, respectively, soil-climatic conditions of the region. Heterogeneous in composition and breeding significance.

Far Eastern Ecological and Geographical Group represented by varietieswatermelon, cultivated in Primorsky and partly Khabarovsk Territories Far East. In the conditions of a moderately humid climate of Primorye, a kind of environmental type was formed. Far Eastern watermelons are the most early among the entire world assortment - the period from shoots to ripening is 60-70 days. Characterized by a weakly developed vegetative mass, very small fruits with a low-laying tasteless pulp containing many seeds. General appearance of plants mesomorphic; Semi-sequist sexual type. There are samples with lemon yellow painting pulp. The varieties are usually represented by the film populations, among which can be seated with sugar shapes. Far Eastern watermelons are of interest to selection due to their exceptional boom.

Transcaucasian Ecological and Geographical Grouprepresented by varieties of Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia. It occupies an intermediate position between the varieties of Russian and Central Asian ecologographic-ki groups. Armenian watermelons is closer to Russian and low-moniary, and Azerbaijani and Georgian varieties are to Central Asian. The appearance of plants is distinguished by well-pronounced mesomorphism. Leaves, as a rule, weakly- or well-solid, fruit are large, thick-core. Local populations predominate in the assortment, the sugar content is usually low.

Central Asian Ecological and Geographical Groupunites the varieties of Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, southern Kazakhstan and Western China. Very polymorphica both morphological and economic valuable signs. Local varieties prevailed presented by the motley populations. General Varieties - mesophilic, sexual - monoquistaanderomonoykists, occurring equally. For varieties of this group, large fruits are characterized with thick crust and rude pulp, many of them are valuable with their high fierce.

Afghan ecological and geographical groupit combines watermelons of Iran and Afghanistan, in many respects similar to the Central Asian. Iranian varieties are more diverse than Afghan, in form, painting of the fetus, pulp, sugar content, but in general make up one ecological type; It can be defined as coarse, low. Fruits in varieties of this group are usually large, often irregular shape, thick-starving, with a coarse, fibrous, pale pulp having a low sugar content. Varieties are mainly inhomogeneous populations, among which there are forms that are valuable for selection. Heterogeneity manifests itself in sexual type (along with Andromonoykists prevailing in this group, monoixists meet), as well as in the appearance of plants, xeromorphic in some varieties and mesomorphic - from others. Among the varieties of this group there are unusual forms for watermelon with yellow and orange coloring fetus.

Indian ecological and geographical grouprepresented by varieties of North-West India and Pakis-

tana. Proceed large varieties, Have a thick bark, the flesh is pale-painted.

Have a feed value.

East Asian Group (Japan, China, Korea) - Compassion of fine-shaped with fine bark with yellow or orange color. Features for greenhouses.

American group- large-scale varieties with a cylindrical or oval form of fruit are equalized to anthracnose and fusarious fading (source of resistance in selection).

In each ecological and geographical group, certain morphological types of varieties are highlighted, which are based on the form and painting of the fetus, that is, distinctive test signs.

All variety of watermelon varieties for these features is laid in 32 zerototype:

1. Spherical, white, without pattern or with mesh elements.

2. Character, golden yellow, without pattern or with obscure stripes.

3. Spherical, orange-yellow, without pattern, segmented.

4. Character, light green or salad, without pattern segmented.

5. Character, light green, with a grid or mesh stripes.

6. Cylindrical, light green or white, with a grid or mesh stripes.

7. Spherical, light green, with narrow mesh (nitchables) strips.

8. Oval, less often spherical, gray-green, with a grid or mesh stripes.

9. Spherical, light or gray-green, with dark green strokes in fruit (marble pattern).

10. Character or oval, gray-green, with dark green mesh stripes.

11. Single, whiten or light green, with whitish pricked stripes ..

12. Spherical, whiten, or light green, with narrow dark or black and green hipged stripes.

13. Oval or cylindrical, whiten, with narrow dark or black and green hipged stripes.

14. Spherical, whiten or light green, with wide stripes.

15. The same, but with fully closed processes (mosaic pattern).

16. Cylindrical, light green, with wide green hipged stripes.

17. Spherical, light green, with green blurred stripes.
18. Spherical, light green, with dura and dark green blurred stripes (sortstene drawing).

19. Spherical, light green, with wide dark green blurred stripes, almost closing the background.

20. Cylindrical, light green, with green wide blurred stripes.

21. Character or oval (pear-shaped), green with mesh stripes grid.

22. Cylindrical, green, with grid or mesh stripes.

23. Character, green, with an unclear pattern.

24. Cylindrical or oval, green, with an unclear pattern.

25. Character, green, with black and green narrow thickened stripes.

26. Character, green, with dark or black and green wide hipged stripes.

27. Cylindrical or oval, green with wide dark green hipged stripes.

28. Spherical, green, with dim-green blurred stripes.

29. Spherical, green, with dark green blurred stripes.

30. Character, dark green, with black and green hipged stripes.

31. Character, black and green, with hidden pattern or without pattern.

32. Cylindrical or oval, black and green, with a hidden pattern or without a picture.

Table 2. Inheritance of the main approbation signs of watermelon in a hybrid

The most promising version of the hybrid seed pressure of the watermelon is the use of lines with gene men's sterility and marker signs for non-nutritional plants.

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Bakhchev cultures include single or perennial plants of the pumpkin family (CUCURBITACEAE), having long stretched or lying stems with antennae: watermelon, melon, pumpkin, zucchini, patisson, etc. Watermelons and melons are most popular for understandable reasons. juicy fruits distinguished by high taste quality. Watermelon and melon eat in the food, mostly, fresh as dessert. However, from the fruits of these melting crops, jam, jam, a molasses, watermelon honey (Nardek, Bekmes) are boiled, prepare the candies, herbal and salts, they are still quite widely used in the canning and confectionery industry. From the seeds of many plants of the pumpkin family receive valuable vegetable oil.

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As part of this article, we will consider seasonal business For the cultivation of watermelons. The high popularity of Watermelon is obliged to its valuable dietary, taste and nutritional properties. The watermelon contains a large amount of sucrose and fructose, which give him sweetness, and the pulp and peel of the watermelon contain various useful amino acids, macro- and microelements, including antioxidants, fiber, calcium, iron, magnesium, potassium, sulfur, folic acid and sodium.

General information about watermelons

In our country, watermelons on an industrial scale are grown in the Volga region and in some areas of the southern regions, as well as in the Crimea. Watermelons are thermal-loving plants that are well cultivated in a steppe climate with a long hot dry summer, so in these regions they are fluent in the outdoors, acquiring excellent taste. In the middle black earth regions of Russia, as well as in the more northern regions, watermelons are grown, as a rule, not in the fields (in the open ground), where they simply do not have time to ripen for the season, but in greenhouses (under the film). Watermelon has a powerful root system, which provides a plant with sufficient moisture and nutrients for ripening large juicy fruits. The main root of watermelon plants can penetrate into the soil to a depth of up to two meters, and side roots Forming a large number of the roots of the second and third orders, reaching the depth of 3-4 meters.

At first, the vegetative mass of plants develops quite slowly, since this period is intensively growing the root system. But after 20-30 days after the appearance of plant shoots, they begin to actively grow, forming side shoots. Their increase can reach two meters for one day. The timing of flowering watermelon depends on its constituency. As a rule, flowers can be observed after a month and a half after the appearance of germs, and flowering continues until the end of the vegetation of the plant.

Flowers in watermelon, as a rule, separately, that is, on the same plant can form both men's and women's flowers. The most common varieties, nevertheless, are more often formated, that is, hermaphroditic, and male flowers, and some species - women's, male and rigging. You can distinguish female and male flowers in size: the first, as a rule, is larger, have a wide five-pointed still on a short column. Own flower flowers look like female. They differ only in that the stamens are formed immediately and the pestle. Flowers are revealed in the morning at dawn and flow there after 15-16 hours. Female and routine flowers are revealed before male and, if fertilization has not happened, remain uncovered during the next day. The men's flowers are flowing in a few hours.

Depending on the duration of the growing season (that is, from the moment of the appearance of germs before the onset of the biological maturity of the plant), the watermelon varieties and hybrids are divided into several basic types: ultravenniya (up to 70 days), early (71-80 days), the secondary flight (81-90 days ), medium-stage (91-100 days) and late (over 100 days). Keep in mind that ultravenia and early varieties Watermelons, as a rule, less sugar and more watery than medium and late. However, for industrial cultivation, these varieties are read more preferred.

The fruits of watermelon can vary greatly in shape, painting and size. In most cases, they have an oval-round shape with an average diameter of 20-25 cm and a medium weighing 3-6 kg. The surface of the watermelon cortex is usually smooth, but there are also segmented fruits, and the thickness of the cortex depends on the variety, the method of cultivation and quality of the soil. In most fruits, the thickness of the bark is from one to one and a half centimeters. In some varieties, the thickness of the bark does not exceed the half acetimeter, and in thick-core watermelons it can reach 4 cm. All watermelons from the average thickness of the feed of 1-1.5 cm are most popular. Although thick-core watermelons are more convenient in transportation and stored longer, but buyers, but buyers As a rule, they do not want to overpay for the "extra" weight of the inedible crust of the fetus. Fine-core watermelons have very short time Storage and require careful transportation.

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The watermelon flesh is usually red, but some grades can have an orange, yellow or even pearl shade. However, experienced entrepreneurs make a bet predominantly on traditional, not exotic varieties. Seeds also differ in shape, painting and size. They can be large, medium or minor mass from 30 to 150 grams / 1000 pcs. Black, yellow, white, reddish brown or even greenish color. The germination of seeds is usually preserved for 4-5 years.

Of all the species of these Bakhchykh cultures, a watermelon was the greatest distribution (Citrulus Lanatus). It is a herbaceous annolete plant With the fruits of a spherical, oval, cylindrical or flattened shape with a crust of various shades from white and yellow to dark green with a pattern in the form of strips or stains. His flesh, as a rule, is pink, red or crimson, but there are also varieties with the flesh of white or yellow color. Stems in this culture are thin, creeping or curly, very flexible. In length, they can reach four meters. Seeds at the watermelon of ordinary flat, often bordered, with a slam. This plant blooms throughout all summer months, the fruits usually ripen usually not before August-September.

Growing watermelons in open soil

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To begin with, you will need to choose suitable varieties For the cultivation of watermelons on Bakhche. Come to this issue with great attention. Do not pay attention to bright pictures on sites and assignment of sellers. To begin with, read the recommendations on cultivation or consult with an experienced agronomist. When choosing, pay attention to the fact of how many days will be required to this variety on maturation.

The best varieties of Bakhchye watermelons are Astrakhan, or Bykovsky (White), Monastic (green with white stripes and with red or gray seeds), Kamyshinsky (the same color), Krimson Sweet (rare) and a number of others. Seeds are usually sold in five pieces for 35-45 rubles per pack. At the same time, some suppliers are established by the minimum purchase batch - from 500-700 rubles.

Bahch cultures are planted only when, finally, hot weather is installed. As a rule, it is the mid-end of May (in southern regions) or the beginning of June. Watermelon refers to thermal-loving plants, it does not withstand freezing and poorly transfers a decrease in temperature to 5-10 ° C. For normal plant development, the temperature should be from 20-25 ° C and higher (optimal - 30 ° C). Great importance Has and air humidity (it should be ideally 60%) and soil. On the one hand, thanks to the powerful root system, watermelons survives even in arid regions. However, if you want to get large, juicy and delicious fruits, then you need to maintain soil moisture at a certain level.

As mentioned above, watermelon seeds retain the germination for 4-5 years. At the same time, two-year seeds are considered the most suitable for sowing, as plants grown from fresh seeds (from the previous harvest) are not particularly prolific. As a last resort, you can land and annually seeds, but in this case it is recommended to warm them up to 60 ° C for a couple of hours. To obtain homogeneous shoots, the seeds of mesh cultures pre-germinate. To do this, they are wrapped in gauze, lowered in warm water For four hours, and then laid out on a wet burlap, wrapped into the fabric and withstand in it for two days. After that, they can be planted into the ground.

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If you want to plant watermelons before the usual period (in the second half of May), you can grow them with a seaside using peat cups, as the bulk cultures are poorly transferred to the transplant. For early landing Watermelon seeds need to be preloaded to increase their cold resistance. For this, they first soak, and then for 1-2 days hardened at a temperature of from 0 to 20 ° C.

Watermelon prefers mechanically light or sampling soils that quickly warm up in the sun. It is best if perennial herbs, winter wheat, corn on silage, green feed or leguminous crops were grown to the Bakhchyev on the field. Specialists recommend returning watermelon crops to the previous place of cultivation of the same or other cultures of the family of pumpkin not earlier than in 5-8 years. However, this rule is often not respected.

Experienced people advise to lay out the watermelon seeds in the soil not vertically, but horizontally on the side. Thus, the leafs will be easier to break through the thick sheath of the seed. The open soil of watermelons is planted with rows or nests. Take into account the fact that one plant should have a sufficiently large space. This requirement is due, firstly, the length of the woven, and secondly, the size of the fruit, for the ripening of which plants need a very large amount of nutrients. Seeding seeds of watermelon manually in shallow holes depth 4-6 cm. In one hole lay 2-3 seeds, then it is poured with water and falls asleep ground.

Shoots appear, as a rule, for the tenth - eleventh sowing days. A week later, the first leaflet blooms, and the main escape begins to form a minimum in two weeks, and even later, depending on the variety. Care for basic cultures Standard - weeding and loosening of the soil, removal of weed plants and regular watering. For the whole season, it is necessary to pour and loosen the Bakhchu at least four times, but water from 3-4 to 9-12 times per season, depending on the weather and state of the plants. When the central leaves of plants begin to wither, this is a sure sign that they lack moisture. Watering watermelons need warm water (15 ° C temperature) under the very root. Watering should be relatively abundant so that the moisture penetrates deep into the entire arable layer. Water consumption ranges from 50 to 100 cubes per hectare. With not very dry weather, the next, more abundant irrigation is produced after the formation of ovary and when the fruits achieve weight 3-5 kg. In this case, water consumption can be 150 cubes per hectare. It is extremely important to develop its schedule and irrigation regulations, depending on the region and weather conditions, and strictly adhere to them. The disadvantage or excess of moisture can reduce the resulting harvest more than half. With excessive iris, the risk of developing various fungal plant disease is great, and excess moisture during the ripening of fruits can be negatively affected by their quality: watermelons will be unsweetened and watery.

At the beginning of the growth of frozen cultures, it is recommended to fertilize the infusion of the Korovnyak (reworked by dung). After harvesting, potassium and phosphoric fertilizers (half dose of phosphorus and nitrogen and half dose of potassium are introduced under the Perekopku Bakhchi. In some manuals, you can meet recommendations on the additional fertilizer of Bakhchi in spring period nitrogen fertilizers. However, they need to be extremely careful. Overly large doses of nitrogen fertilizers reduce the taste qualities of fruits, which, although grow large, but do not have a characteristic sweet taste. Moreover, the increased content of nitrates can harm human health.

For proper care (with regular removal of weeds), suitable climates, favorable weather conditions, fertile soil and watering from hectares of sowing areas When growing on the ground, you can collect 20-40 tons of crop, and when growing on the film - 40-70 tons. As we have already mentioned above, the ripening process in early fruits is engaged in 60-85 days, among the secondary and late-lies - on average 100 days. It is possible to determine the maturity of the fetus appearance - elasticity and brilliance of the bark, its color, brightness of the pattern. If you hit the palm on the mature fruit, the sound will be deaf. When squeezing such a watermelon, the crash of the pulp inside is heard. In non-fit weather, ripe watermelons can remain on Bakhs for up to a month. However, with a strong heat, they are tightly burned under the scorching rays of the sun in less than a week, so take care of the storage room for the storage of ripe fruit and the timely harvest assembly.

Growing watermelons in greenhouses

If you want to get an early and / or more abundant harvest, if you plan to grow watermelon growing in the regions, the climate of which is bad for basic crops, then you can not do without greenhouses. For greenhouse growing, the following varieties of watermelons are suitable: "F1 Gift by the North", "Cinderella", "Ultraranny", "F1 near Moscow Charleston", "Spark", "Pannyonia F1", "F1 pink champagne", "Sibiryak", "F1 Krimstar" "

Seedlings for greenhouses are recommended to be heated in the second half of April. A special mixture is prepared for distortion of seedlings, which includes three parts by humus with one part of the Earth, on a tablespoon of potash and nitrogen fertilizers, three tablespoons of phosphoric fertilizer. Also, if you do not use mineral fertilizers, you can add a glass wood ash and one teaspoon of potassium sulfate per bucket of soil mixture.

As when sowing seeds into open ground, when landing for seedlings they are laid on a small depth - up to 2-3 cm. Before the seed seeds with seeds should be maintained at a temperature of 22-25 ° C. When the first germs appear, the temperature can be lowered at night a maximum of 15-17 ° C.

In general, care for watermelon seedlings is the same as behind the cucumbers. It is necessary to ensure that the long-lasting light day is to be off - from 12 to 14 hours, otherwise, with a shortage of light, they will begin to stretch too quickly, giving long, but weak shoots. You can provide the necessary lighting with special lamps that are used for greenhouse crops. A week after seedlings, seedlings are recommended to shade with a black film from 18 to 8 hours (from the evening and until the morning). For the tenth day after the appearance of shoots, the plants are feeding with mineral fertilizers (10-15 grams of potassium chloride, ammonia sulfur, 20-25 grams of superphosphate for 10 liters of water).

Do not forget to prepare the soil in the greenhouse under the seedlings landing. It is planted only in the "warm" beds. To prepare such a week before landing from the soil, a layer of earth is removed with a thickness of 15-20 cm. In this trench, a hay with a humus is laid, which falls on nitrogen fertilizers and is abundant moistened hot waterAnd then closes with soil and black film. After the soil warms at least up to 10-12 ° C, it will be possible to plant seedlings to a depth of 10 cm. In the southern regions, this happens in the first-second Decade of April, in the central to the second - the third decade of April, in the forest-steppe - In the third decade of April - the first decade of May. With the appearance and as we grow, they are tested to the trellis, and the fruits themselves are recommended due to the high weight. For rapid growth of plants, the plenty pieces, leaving three sheets above the fetus and removing weak shoots.

Greenhouse needs to be regularly ventilated, avoiding the appearance of drafts. It is desirable that insects fall into the greenhouse that pollinating women's flowers. However, it can be done on your own. To do this, carefully monitor the appearance of male flowers that are very quickly flowing. With manual pollination, they are broken, gently remove the petals and apply anthers to the straight of female flowers several times. Experts advise it to be done in the morning at air temperature of about 20 ° C, but only provided that in the night before this, the air temperature did not decrease below 12 ° C.

Do not forget after harvesting leave a sufficient number of seeds on the following crops. Watermelons who grow from these seeds is better to oppose various diseases and grow faster.

Ripe watermelons sell wholesale companies, private implementers, directly to end customers and through fruit-friendly bases. With small volumes, it is more profitable to sell watermelons on their own, since wholesale prices differ from retailers at times.

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