About the coolest carpentry and carpenters they say that they are able to build a house without a single nail. Japanese artisans, even lovers, just from such.
A few years ago, a young worker of the automotive industry, enthusiastically, came across a book with a description of traditional Japanese techniques to work with a tree. It was very fascinated by the descriptions of the compounds of parts without the use of nails, screws and glue. He wanted to learn how to do too. But there were no schemes for making fasteners in the book. Then the guy decided to draw them himself.
For modeling and animation of parts, he used the Fusion-360 free service. The resulting result of the Japanese translated into the gifs and laid out on Twitter account called The Joinery. . For almost a year, the young joinar visualized 85 different ways of connecting compounds.
A variety of fasteners really amazes. With their help, you can make it possible in principle anything - a stool, a sofa, a table and so on. The main thing is to have straight hands and good, preferably an electric tool.
But even if manual work does not inspire you at all, you will probably enjoy watching the gifs. What grace the details are connected with each other, hypnotizes.
Such timber, like bars, boards, or bars, mainly produce a specific size, but often during construction it may be necessary to material that has a large length, width or thickness. For this reason, to achieve the required size, several types of compounds with the use of wristband made by specialized equipment or manual method on the markup are used.
Connections in width
After bonding boards with a small width, they acquire a shield with the size required for production. For docking there are several methods:
1) Docking on a smooth fugu;
in such a docking method, every board or rake is referred to as a dealer, and the shaped seam is called as a fugue. The seifuge can be considered qualitative only when there are no clearances between the joints of the edges of the adjacent boards.
2) Basin on the rail;
On the edges of the defense, the grooves are selected and rails are inserted into them, bonding boards each other. The rack thickness indicator and the width rate itself can not exceed 1/3 of the thickness of the timber used
3) Fastening a quarter;
in joined melts, completely along the entire length, a quarter is selected. With this method, a quarter cannot exceed 50% of the thickness of the defense itself.
4) Dock type in groove and comb (rectangular and triangular);
This type of docking provides for the presence of a groove in one edge, and on the opposite ridge, the form of which can be both rectangular and triangular. At the same time, the latter is infrequent, due to the smaller level of the fortress. This kind of docking is fairly in demand and is often used in the manufacture of parquet. Lack of fastening - a smaller economy rate due to the use of a larger number of boards
5) Bonding type "Lastochkin Tail";
This type of docking is somewhat similar to the previous option, but only the ridge here has a shape of a trapezoid, similar to the tail of the swallows. Hence the name of the fastening method.
The connection of boards into the shields: a - on a smooth fugu, b - in a quarter, in - on the rail, g - in the groove and a rectangular comb, d - in the groove and triangular comb, e - in the "Lastochny Tail".
Also, in the production of wood panels, swords are often used, a comb with pasted in the end rail and tips in the groove. Rakes for inserts can have a rectangular shape or triangular. When applying the key, it is better to prefer a groove type "Lastochka Tail". All this is necessary for the manufacture of high-quality woody shields.
Shields: a - with knaps, 6 - with a tip in the groove and crest, in - with an inlet rail to the end, g - with an inlet triangular rail, d - with a pasted triangular rail.
Connection in length
The most popular docking methods in length are: close, type of groove and crest, bonding on the "US", the toothed type of adhesive fastening, on a quarter, and bonding on the rail. The docking type is most actively used, due to its extremely high level of fortress.
Connection of bars in length: a - ourselves, b - in the groove and crest, in - on the Us, G, D - on the gentle adhesive connection, e is a quarter, f - on the rail.
Also, the boards can be combined by the method of splicing when the segments of the timber docked each other in length. This is done by several methods. For example, in half a tree or borepapers of oblique type, an overhead castle of oblique type and direct, close, as well as a tensioning castle of both direct type and oblique. When splitting by half a tree, the required length is obliged to be 2-2.5 on the thickness of the bar. To increase the level of reliability applied brazen. For example, this option can be observed when building cottages from a bar.
When applying a slab type with cutting of the ends, the size should be 2.5-3 from the timing of the bar. Also fixed by copper.
Bonding using a oblique or direct type cover is used in those constructions where there is an effort on stretching. A straight type of the literal type lock is placed directly on the support itself, and oblique type lock can be placed in support.
If you have decided to apply a knob type with cutting of the ends, then the fastening is obliged to be 2.5-3 from the timing of the bar. In such situations, it is also possible to apply brazen.
When bonded by means of a tensioning castle of oblique or direct type, a high level of strength is achieved. But at the same time, such a dock is characterized by the complexity of manufacture, and the wedges when drying a tree weaken somewhat. For these reasons, a similar method of bonded will not be combined for structures that carry high loads.
The splicing closely implies the movement of both ends of the bar on the support and subsequent bond with the help of a bracket.
Splicing: A - hardwood, b - oblique bore, in - a straight overhead castle, g - oblique overhead lock, d - straight tension lock, e - oblique tension lock, french.
Breeding Breeding or Bruusyev can be observed when the walls of frame houses are erected, in the upper or lower part of the strapping. Key varieties of fastenings are: in drapery, corner pan, spiked type and in half.
The docking dragged is the direct cutting of either a bit of 50% of the thickness at the edges of the bars, as well as their subsequent fastening at right angles.
The docking is consumed by catching at the edges of the bars of inclined planes, as a result of which a dense brux connection is obtained. The magnitude of the inclination must be determined by a special formula.
The wrist through an angular frying pan is extremely similar to the word by the method of in drapery, but differs from it in the fact that with this type of fastening, one of the bars loses a bit in width.
The combination of bars at an angle: a - hardwood, b - in half, in - spike, g - angular.
Connection in height
Crusading bonding of bars is often observed in the construction of bridge structures. With this option, you can apply the docking in the trip, by a third and a quarter, and also the knife is just one of the bars.
The cruciform connection of Bruusyev: A - hardwood, b - in a third of the tree, in a quarter of a tree, g - with a scarce of one bar.
The method of extension of boards or bars in height is referred to as fastening materials in height, which is very actively used when erecting columns or mast.
Building is divided into the following types:
- Closely with a hidden type spike.
- Closely with a cross-type comb.
- Troubleshooting with bolted consolidation.
- Hold down to fasten on the clamps.
- By dragged with the fastening of the steel strip.
- Fear of oblique type with fixing on the clamps.
- Closely with overlays.
- Fastening through bolts.
The length of the junctions themselves, as a rule, is 2/3 of the thickness of the stuck bars or 2/3 from the diameter of the bircus.
Connection logs when building: A - on topty with a secret spike, used by a pass-cutting ridge, in - hardwood with the fastener bolts, g - hardwood with a strip steel fastening, d - hardwood with a fastening of clamps, e - oblique bore with a fastening of clamps, w - Addict with overlays and fastening bolts.
Spike connection
When bonding the bars through spikes on one of them is performed by the roaring of the direct spike, and the eye is made in the other or the nest. The knitting of the bars is actively used in the production of such joinery, like doors, windows or fraamuga. Each bond is based on glue. It is allowed to apply not only one spike, but also several. The greater the number of spikes it is planned to be done, that respectively, there will be more gluing.
This type of docking is divided into: an angular end type, angle median type and an angular box type.
With an angular terminal of the end-type, unlocked through spikes are used (no more than three), spikes with waste and non-separation type, as well as a plug-in wann. Docking angular median type is quite common on the doors. With the corner bonds of the median and end type, you can additionally use screws, nails or bolts.
Corner middle compounds on the spike: a - non-mediocre type UC-1, used pass-cutting Us-2, into a cross-cutting double must-3, Mr. M - Non-Grocery and Comb Comb, E - N-5, e - Non-cut on circular waders of US-6.
That's all key information on existing types of connections. It does not include connections with nails, screws or bolts. Purely tree and a little glance. 🙂
Wooden items are used in many products. And their connection is an important process, on which the strength of the entire structure depends.
For the manufacture of furniture and other products made of wood use dozens of different connections. The choice of a method for connecting parts from the tree depends on what product should be in the end and what load should be transferred.
Types of compound
When connecting wooden parts, you need to remember an important point - always the thin part is attached to the thick, but not the opposite.
According to the mutual arrangement of elements, such methods of connecting parts from wood are distinguished:
- building - an increase in the part in height;
- splicing - lengthening the workpiece;
- rapidization is an increase in the element in width;
- binding - connection at an angle.
Methods for connecting wooden parts in the manufacture of furniture most often use the following:
- gluing;
- "dovetail";
- jack;
- groove;
- vansel;
- deaf on spikes;
- thin spike.
Consider the technology of some compounds in more detail.
Splicing in length
Such wooden parts has some nuances. In essence, it is the elongation of the elements in the horizontal direction. Splicing can be:
- Direct - sections of the ends are performed at right angles and combined with each other. Both bars (logs) are clogged with a bracket.
- Spit bondage - cuts are made at an angle, and the ends are fastened with a pin or nail.
- Facial bunch with a comb.
- Direct lining - cutting length of 1.5-2 times more than the thickness of the bar (logs).
- The oblique pad - the ends are cut at an angle and fixed with bolts.
- Overlay with oblique bore - at the ends of parts, ending ridges are performed, having a width and a length of one-third of the thickness of the bar.
Extension in height
It is clear from the name that the essence is to lengthen the bars or logs in the vertical direction. The axis of the elements are on one vertical direct. Types of building such:
- Building in bulk. For the perception of random loads on the sides, a sleeved pin is inserted.
- Building with one or two spikes. The width and height of one spike should be at least one third of the thickness of the bar. The depth of the nest is a little more spike height.
- Building in Polterev. The ends of both logs need to be cut on half of their thickness by 3-3.5 diameters in length.
- Tongue extension. In one bar, you need to cut the fork in which you need to insert the cut end of another workpiece accordingly. The connection itself needs to wrap the tin.
Width in width
Apply to increase the product in width. Using allocating methods, it is important to pay attention to the location of the annual rings of the tree. It is important to alternate the boards depending on their direction. Sharp options are:
- Iniquit - details need to be swallowed and teddy the carbon.
- The spool is the height and width of the ridge equals 1/3 of the thickness of the board.
- In the hacksaw - the edges should be squeezed under a sharp angle to the wide plane of the board.
- Comb with a height of 1/3 to half of the board.
- Quarter with a ledge equal to half the thickness of the board.
- In a slant with slats - in each board, select the grooves in which you need to insert a rail, having a width of twice the depth of the groove.
Bits
The mating is used when the need arises in the connection of the parts at an angle. Types of mating are:
- knitting in Poledev using a secret spike;
- knitting in halflap;
- single and double slit spikes;
- promotional paw.
in the end
The easiest way to split two parts. The connection of wooden parts at a right angle is performed using this method. The surfaces of the two parts carefully customize each other and tightly pressed. There is a connection of wooden parts with nails or screws. Their length should be such to go through the first part and deepen in the second somewhere on 1/3 length.
To fastening it is reliable, you must drive up at least two nails. It is necessary to position them on the sides of the axial line. The thickness of the nail should not cause wood cracking. Therefore, it is recommended to make holes in diameter 0.7 in advance of the thickness of the nail used.
To enhance the fixation, lubricate the surfaces that are connected, glue. For premises that will not be influenced by moisture, you can use carpentry, casein or megro glue. In the case of using the product in conditions of high humidity, it is better to use moisture-resistant glue, for example, epoxy.
T-shaped connection
To perform such a connection of wooden parts, you need to impose one workpiece to another and bore them with each other using bolts, screws or nails. It is possible to have wooden blanks both at a certain angle to each other and one line.
To not change the details, at least 4 nails are used. In case there are only two nails, they are ripped in diagonal. So that the fixation is more durable, nails must pass through both parts, and the protruding ends need to be hooked and deepen into the tree.
Connection in dragged
To perform such a connection of two wooden parts, certain skills are required and the availability of experience. It is performed as follows. In both billets, samples are performed in a depth, which corresponds to half of their thickness. The sample width must be equal to the width of the part.
The method of connecting wooden parts in dragged can be performed at different angles. In this case, it is important to ensure that the angle is the same on both wooden blanks, and the width corresponded to the width of the part. Due to this, the details are tightly pressed one to the other, and their edges are located in the same plane.
In addition, this connection can be complete or partial. In the case of a partial connection, the end of one billet is cut under a certain angle, and at the end of the other make the appropriate sample. Such compounds include corner in Us tried. The essence lies in the trimming of both spikes at an angle of 45 oh, as a result of which the seam between them is diagonally. When using this method, you need to be particularly neat, and the angular cuts are made by a special tool - stub.
Cleat
Such wooden parts are used to fasten the plating boards or with flooring. The face of one board has a spike, and the edge is different - the groove. Accordingly, the fastening occurs when the spike is included in the groove. Such a connection looks very careful, because there are no cracks between the boards.
The execution of spikes and grooves requires some experience. And besides, it will take a special machine for the manufacture. Therefore, it is easier to acquire ready-made details.
Connection "nest-spike"
The most frequently used method of connecting wooden parts. Such articulation is durable, rigid and looks as accurate as possible. To perform such a connection, you need to have some skills and experience, as well as be attentive. Incorrectly performed by the "nest-spike" fragile and looks ugly.
The essence is the next. At the end of one billet, the groove is drilled or displaced, and at the end of another - spike. Better when elements have the same width. If the thickness is different, then the spikes are done in a thin part, and the groove, respectively, in thick.
Shipping sequence:
- Using the flight, to read two parallel risks on the side of one blank. The distance must be in the width of the future spike. It should be marked with two sides for it.
- The most optimal tool for performing spikes is a hacksaw having a narrow canvas and a small teeth, or a baking saw. In the process of the tool, the tool should be held along the inner edge of the laying line. For convenience, it is better to hold the part in the vice. Best spike make a little more required size. Then, if necessary, you can remove unnecessary. But if the spike turns out to be shorter, then the whole process will need to repeat again.
- Using a chisel or a chisel, the second part make a nest (groove). Naturally, the sizes of the groove must match the sizes of the spike. It is best before proceeding to discounted, throughout the perimeter of the groove to drill holes. The edges are neatly processed by the chisel.
If the connection of wooden parts is correct, then the surfaces of the edges of the spikes adjacent tightly to the walls of the socket. This gives good grip when gluing. To landing spikes was more tight, their dimensions should be 0.2-0.3 mm more sizes of the socket. If this magnitude is exceeded, the instrument can occur, when tolerance, less fastened will lose its strength during operation.
In addition, such a compound involves even gluing and fastening screws, nails or wooden brazers. To simplify work before screwing the screws, drill holes. Screwing heads are hidden in tarta (made with the help of sinking). The guide hole should be 2/3 of the diameter of the screw and be less than 6 mm (approximately) its length.
Gluing
Bonding wooden parts are carried out as follows:
- The glued surfaces are cleaned with a rag without a pile, and roughness is cleaned with small emery.
- Using a cardboard wand, carbon black glue with a smooth thin layer on all necessary surfaces.
- Lubricated surface glue must be lost by each other. This will provide even contact and durable gluing.
- Details need to be filled with each other so that the hold on the joints was reliable. Make sure the angles will allow the measurement of diagonals. They should be equal. If this is not the case, the position of the elements must be corrected.
- The compound is strengthened by drilling the guide holes in which finishing nails are driven or screws are screwed. Screwing heads must be recessed, for this hole need to crowind. Nails deepen using a bandwicker.
- Holes with nails are embarrassed by a putty for wood. The holes, bottled under the screws, are closed with wooden hardwood plugs, lubricated with glue. When the glue or putty is dried, the surface is cleaned with emery so that it is smooth, and then be covered with varnish.
Required tools and devices
Tools for execution are distinguished by a large variety. Choose them depending on the type of work. Since in carpentry, the processed elements are larger than in carpentry, respectively, and the tool must be suitable.
To connect wooden parts, use the following:
- ax;
- plancock, straight and curves of Strugs, Medveda, Shirbel - more thorough treatment of surfaces;
- chisel - dumping holes and nests;
- the chisel - for the cleaning of the wrist;
- borants with different tips - for through holes;
- different saws - for sawing along and across;
- hammer, hammer, sledgehammer, kiyanka;
- square, Circle, Level and other auxiliary tools;
- nails, metal brackets, bolts with nuts, screws and other products for fastening.
Conclusion
In fact, the ways of connecting wooden details of furniture or other structures there is much more. The article describes the most popular methods and technologies of execution. It is important to remember that the connection of wooden parts under painting or a lacquer coating should be carefully prepared, and all attachments must be durable and conscientious.
Beginner home masters will be useful to learn about the methods of connecting wooden parts. This topic we dedicate a brief program, which will describe the main types of carpentry and rallying using glue, nails, self-tapping screws, or without them without them.
The rules for selecting a compound depending on the type of load
The simplest end connections, they are used if necessary to increase the item. Best of all, such compounds are transferred to the load of compression, however, when cutting the locks of a special form, you can achieve good resistance to twisting, stretching and bending. Standard version of the end connection - with trimming half the thickness of both parts. The slice can be direct or oblique, if necessary, to prevent bending, stretching or twisting at the end of each cut, a spike or a stupid angle is cut, or a cut-down stepped, forming a kind of "lock".
1 - straight pad in drague; 2 - oblique pad; 3 - straight lining with a stepped joint; 4 - pad in the hardwood with a slash; 5 - oblique overhead castle; 6 - Connecting in drapery with oblique spike
Corner and side connections are used to connect direct parts into a farm or frame. Usually this part is supported, so the main loads fall on shift and compression. If the design is experiencing a static stipulated load, a rectangular spike is cut on one of the parts, and on the other - the groove or eye of the corresponding dimensions. If it is possible to use the design, spike and grooves are cut in the form of a trapezoid.
Corner compounds: 1 - with open through spike; 2 - with a deaf closed spike; 3 - with a cross-cut spike
Overhead crosses and T-shaped connections are used, as a rule, for additional links between the responsible parts of the structure. The main load in them is on compression, offset and gap. The first two types of load are eliminated by a hub in a parastra or less with the subsequent combination of parts. Shore shoulders take the main load on themselves, it remains only to fix the connection with screws or overhead brackets. In some cases, it is used to strengthen communication with a wedge chunk or cut off.
1 - Cross connection with a lining by trimmed; 2 - Cross connection with landing into one nest; 3 - T-shaped connection with a secret oblique spike; 4 - T-shaped connection with a straight step lining
Separate connection type - boxes. They are designed to connect boards at right angles. Usually, a teeth are cut onto the box on each board, the width of which is equal to the distance between them. On different teeth on the teeth are cut with a displacement, so when connecting an angle of boards looks like one. The teeth may also have a wedge-shaped form that prevents the rupture of the angle in one direction, or is fastened additionally with glue or nails.
Boxing angular compounds: 1 - with straight through spikes; 2 - with oblique through spikes
How to make a spike connection
For the manufacture of a thorough compound, it is necessary to circle both parts of the layout line on all grains at a distance from the end equal to the connection width. On the two opposite sides and end, the lines marked the body of the spike, the markup on both parts is fully identical.
The spikes are cut from the sides with a knife for transverse cut and rock wood with a chisel. The width of the spike is made by 2-3 mm more for subsequent accurate treatment with a knife or bit. The groove is cut out with a shovel for a longitudinal cut and rock by a chisel, also leaving a small scope for processing. Next follows the fit, in the process of which parts are combined and achieved the most dense adjacent.
When the T-shaped spike connection, a central spike or groove is cut on one of the parts, and on the other they hollow out the eye or two lateral trimming, depending on the type of first part. For the manufacture of eyelets, a chisel is used, turning the inclined part of the blade inside the hole. If the eyelet is not solid, thorns make an 8-10 mm of depth and cuts off its end in the form of an expanded wedge. So when scoring a spike itself, it will break itself, and the item will be firmly planted.
To connect wide parts, you can use a box connection, cutting several spikes and grooves. The easiest way to bore a spike connection is to drill it through across the spikes and score a wooden wannt (window corner compound) into the hole.
How to combine boards on glue
A very popular method of connecting boards and bars - longitudinal and transverse gluing. When connecting the boards with a wide side of the end can be smooth, although in most cases a puzzle profile is used. It is very important to fit the parts to lay the glue layer as thin, only so you can achieve maximum strength. Sometimes a small amount of cotton fiber is applied to the end, lubricated with glue, it boosts the quality of the hitch.
The boards can be connected to the profile, but for this it will be necessary to perform a wedge-shaped gear cutting of both ends with a displacement to the floor of the tooth for different parts. At home, such an operation can be performed using a manual milling mill.
Casein glue or PVA high concentrations are used to glue parts, for giving the adhesive flour. The surfaces are covered with glue and kept in the air for 3-5 minutes, after which they are placed under the yoke or squeezed by clamps. Such a connection is stronger than the tree itself and never breaks through the junction.
How to allocate elements of supporting structures
For supporting structures, two types of connections are used - extension and articulation. The easiest way to combat two parts is to perform an incision with a hacksaw on half of the thickness at the same distance from the ends, and then lean the top of the wood. After mapping two parts, the compound is usually bonded by two overhead strips, born on the side of the cut. Bonding is also possible, but only with a dense fit of the details.
Crabapped in Poltera's ends can be reduced almost at any angle, this is the main method of connecting roofing farms. For fastening parts, an additional tightening relationship is necessary: \u200b\u200bthe timber is applied to the connected part of the side at a distance of 30-50 cm from the angle and hand over half of the thickness in contact places, and then fasten the design of nails.
Often, vertical and inclined designs need a support, for example, when connecting a challenge system with overlapping beams. In this case, the cloud of landing sockets on the horizontal beam, in which the rack will be inserted. It is very important to observe the angle of inclination and make a chamber for no more than a third of the thickness of the bar.
Compounds with special ties
Almost all joinery compounds are performed with additional strengthening connections. In the simplest example, the role of such nails or self-tapping screws.
When building parts build up, the node can be strengthened by a through bolted compound, clamps, brackets and chophals, or it is simply wrapped with a cold-rolled wire. Fingerby vertical supports are enough to bore in two overhead planks - wooden or metal.
Corner compounds most often fasten with brackets, overhead plates or corners. In cases where it is necessary to maintain a small mobility of the connection, one end-to-end bolt is used, which either displays the place of the parts of the parts, or tightens them in the longitudinal direction with the minimum indentation from the lining.
The place of attachment of a special connection must be removed from the edge of at least 10 diameters of the fastening element and not have vices. It is important to remember that often communications do not provide the overall strength of the compound, but only compensate for the unaccounted load.
The charter system is the most complex and one of the most responsible elements of the house, the comfort and time of operation of the structure largely depends on the correct construction of its construction. The calculation and design of the rafter system should be made only by experienced builders or engineers with special training.
Design the wooden rafter system is much more complicated than any metal structures. Why? In nature there are no two boards with absolutely identical indicators of strength, this parameter affects a lot of factors.
Metal has the same properties that depend only on the steel brand. Calculations will be accurate, the minimum error. With the tree everything is much more complicated. In order to minimize the risks of the system destruction, you need to give a large stock by strength. Most solutions are accepted directly by builders in place after evaluating the condition of lumber and taking into account the design features. Practical experience is very important.
Prices for various types of building boards
Building boards
Why do you need to splicing rafters
There are several reasons why the splitting of rafters is required.
- The length of the roof exceeds the standard lifetime length. Standard boards length does not exceed six meters. If the slope has large sizes, then the boards will have to lengthen.
- During construction, there are many good boards long 3-4 m. In order to reduce the estimate cost of the building and reduce the amount of unproductive waste, it is possible to use these pieces for the manufacture of rafters, pre-captivating them.
Important. It must be remembered that the strength of the fascinated rafters is always lower than the whole. It is necessary to try that the splicing place is located as close as possible to the vertical stops.
Methods of splicing
There are several ways to splicing, unambiguously there is no better or worse. The masters make decisions taking into account their skills and a particular place for the placement of the joint.
Table. Methods of splicing rafters.
| Method of splicing | Brief description of technology |
|---|---|
| It is used on boards with a thickness of at least 35 mm. A rather complicated method requires practical experience of carpentry. By strength, the compound is the weakest of all existing. Advantage - Saving lumber. Almost at construction site is used very rarely. |
| The length of the rafting legs increases with the help of the lining. The pad can be wooden or metal. If the length of two sections of the boards are insufficient by the parameters of the soling system, then this method allows them to increase them. The jack connection has the highest bending strength indicators, is widely used during the construction of various structures. |
| Vangest. Two boards are fixed with the overlap. The easiest method, in strength, occupies the average position. The disadvantage - the total length of two boards must be greater than the project length of the rafter foot. |
In this article we will look at the two most simple and reliable methods of splicing: online and brand. Spit harbor touch does not make sense, it is almost not used because of the large number of flaws.
Requirements for construction standards and rules to splicing rafters
The inept splicing of rafters in length can not only dramatically reduce their resistance to bending loads, but also to cause complete destruction of the design. The consequences of this situation are very sad. Construction rules provide specific patterns during the choice of fasteners, places of its installation and the length of the lining. The data are taken into account long-term practical experience.
Fingerled rafters will be much stronger if it is not nails for their compound, but metal studs. The instruction will help make an independent compound calculation. The advantage of the method is universality, with it, it is possible to solve problems not only with the elongation of rafters, but also with increasing the other elements of the roof. Specialized companies performed draft calculations and collected data into a table, but it onlys the minimum permissible parameters.
- Diameter and Street Length. In any cases, the diameter of the studs should be ≥ 8 mm. Thinner do not have sufficient strength, it is not recommended to use them. Why? In metallic compounds, the diameter of the studs is calculated on the effort of stretching. During tightening, metal surfaces are so strongly pressed among themselves, which is held by the friction force. In wooden structures, the hairpin works on bending. Separate boards can not be filled with great strength, the washers fall into the board. In addition, during the change in the indicators of the relative humidity of the board, the thickness changes, due to this decreases the force of tightening. Studs running on bending must have a large size. The concrete diameter of the hairpin must be determined by the formula d sh \u003d 0.25 × swhere S is the thickness of the board. For example, for a board with a thickness of 40 mm, the diameter of the hairpin must be 10 mm. Although it is all pretty relative, you need to keep in mind specific loads, and they depend on many factors.
- The length of the allen boot. This parameter should always be four times the width of the boards. If the width of the rafted is 30 cm, then the flax length cannot be less than 1.2 m. We have already mentioned that a specific decision is made by a master taking into account the condition of lumber, the angle of inclination of the rafted, the distance between them, the weight of roofing materials and the climatic zone of the building. All these parameters have a big impact on the stability of the rafting system.
- Distance between the holes for the studs. The fastener is recommended to be fixed on the removal of at least seven diameters of spills, the distance from the edge of the board should be at least three diameters. These are minimal indicators, in practice it is recommended to increase them. But it all depends on the width of the board. It is impossible due to an increase in the distance from the edge too much to reduce the distance between the rows of studs.
- Number of tightening studs. There are rather complicated formulas, but in practice they do not use them. The wizards set two rows of spills with the distance between them, the holes are located in a checker order.
