Which are formed from the flowers of one inflorescence and are separated from other seedlings and the shoot itself. Compound fruits are distinguished as loose, when all fruits have separate stalks, for example, in mountain ash, grapes, viburnum, etc. A group of more compact seed fruits is also distinguished, in which single-seeded fruits are collected under a dry wrap, like in the Asteraceae family, or under a fleshy juicy tissue, like in figs. Some plants develop more specialized seedlings. So, in liquidambar and pandaus, the fruits themselves grow together directly, in mulberry juicy perianths surrounding the fruits have grown together, and in beets - dry perianths. The formation of very large seed buds occurs in pineapple, maklura, breadfruit due to the fact that the fruit grows together with the axis or other elements of the inflorescence.
Fertility is different amount fruits located close to each other and fused together. This is the definition of "infertility" in the narrow sense. A simpler explanation of the term "compound fruit" is a ripe inflorescence, if we consider the fruit as a ripe flower. However, it must be borne in mind that not every inflorescence is transformed into a seed. In the event that the flowering time is long, and the fruits fall off or open during the ripening process, then the seed is not formed. A striking example such a phenomenon is sandy sainfoin. This plant has ripe falling fruits near the base of the inflorescence, and flowers and buds are located at the top. The inflorescences of many cruciferous plants and some others develop according to the same principle. The formation of infertility occurs only before the onset of dissemination.
Biological significance infructility is very large, since all its fruits are compactly located and clearly separated from the vegetative part of the shoot. Compound fruit can be compared to flowers in the inflorescence. Indeed, due to the formation of inflorescences, the likelihood of successful pollination of flowers increases. So, effective dissemination is carried out in the presence of infertility. For example, fruit complex fruits of a rich, bright color create a contrast with the green leaves of trees, and therefore, birds eating the fruits can see them from a distance. In representatives of the umbrella family, as well as lilacs, dry seedlings more intensively prevent the destruction of fruits by the wind, since they create greater resistance to air flow than fruits individually.
Widely known herbaceous perennial Ordinary hops or climbing hops from the hemp family also form fruit-nuts, which ripen in August or September. Fruits develop from pineal complex female inflorescences. Hop fruits are of particular value in the human economy, since they are contained in a large number essential oil, hop resins, wax, gum, vitamins, glycosides, tannins. Hop fruits, which were collected at the beginning of their ripening period, are used in baking and brewing.
Compound fruits of alder from the birch family are formed from single-seeded flattened nuts, collected in a characteristic cone. By the end of the ripening period of the fruit, the thick scales of female flowers in the inflorescences become woody and form a cone-like cone conifers... Due to the fact that the stems of gray and black alder contain a large amount of tannin and other tannins, they are used in medicine as an astringent and enveloping agent for inflammatory bowel diseases.
FRUITS AND FERRY
Fetus usually formed in flowering plants as a result of fertilization from the ovary of the pistil. It consists of pericarp (pericarp) and seed ... Sometimes other parts of the flower take part in the formation of the fruit - the receptacle, the base of the stamens, petals, sepals. The function of the fruit is to protect seeds and spread them. Pericarp consists of three layers - outer ( exocarp ), middle ( mesocarp ) and internal ( endocarp ) (fig. 33). It can be dry or juicy. The fruit can contain one seed or many seeds (fig. 30, 31, 32, 33). The fruits can be simple and complex (prefabricated) (fig. 34) . If there is one pistil in a flower, then a simple fruit is formed, and if there are several pistils – made. Simple and prefabricated fruits are classified according to two criteria: the consistency of the pericarp (dry or juicy) and the number of seeds (one or many). There are four groups of fruits: boll-shaped (dry polyspermous), nutty (dry single-seeded), berry (juicy polyspermous), drupe (juicy single-seeded). Simple fruits can disintegrate by nests (fractional fruits) or false transverse partitions (jointed fruits).
Fertility, in contrast to the fruit, is formed as a result of accretion into a single whole of many fruits formed from individual flowers of one inflorescence (Fig. 35).
Fruit classification
Leaflet Bob Pod Jointed Pod Boll
Figure: 30. Dry polyspermous boll-shaped fruits
Walnut Nut Hemicarp Kernel Lionfish Acorn
Figure: 31. Dry single-seeded walnut fruits
Berry Apple Pumpkin Orange
Figure: 32. Juicy polyspermous berry fruits
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Juicy drupe Dry drupe
Figure: 33. Juicy single-seeded drupe fruits
Figure: 34. Composite (complex) fruits:
1 - prefabricated leaflet; 2 - prefabricated nut, 3 - strawberry (fraga);
4 - prefabricated drupe.
Call "href \u003d" / text / category / koll / "rel \u003d" bookmark "\u003e a collection of fruits with dry pericarp, pay attention to the number of seeds, distribution devices. Sketch and mark:
The task 2. Simple fruits with juicy pericarp
2.1. View the collection of berry fruits. Sketch and mark:
Berry fruits (juicy polyspermous ):
1 - berry (bacca); 2 - apple (malum); 3 - pumpkin (peponida); 4 - orange (aurantium).
2.2. Consider a juicy single-seeded fruit - a drupe. Find the seed, the pericarp, which consists of a filmy exocarp , juicy mesocarp and woody endocarp ... Sketch its section and make the notation:
Drupe fruit (succulent single-seeded) - drupa :
1 - exocarp; 2 - mesocarp; 3 - endocarp; 4 - seed.
Task 3. Prefabricated fruits
Consider a collection of prefabricated fruits. Sketch and mark: 1 - combined leaflet (multifolliculus); 2 - prefabricated nut (multinucula); 3 - prefabricated drupe (multidrupa).
The task 4. Fertility
View the collection of seed fruits. Sketch them and make symbols : 1 - compound fruit - beet ball (Beta vulgaris);
2 - fig fruit (Ficus carica); 3 - mulberry (Morus alba); 4 - pineapple fruit (Ananas sativus).
Questions for self-control
1. From which part of the flower is the fruit formed?
2. What is the pericarp?
3. How are simple fruits different from complex ones, or composite ones?
4. What are the characteristics that underlie the classification of fruits?
5. Give examples of fruits with dry pericarp.
6. Give examples of fruits with a juicy pericarp.
7. Give examples of single-seeded and multi-seeded fruits.
8. What is stem fruit?
After fertilization, a seed is formed from the seed buds, and the flower turns into a fruit. Integuments turn into seed skin. Nucellus is consumed by most plants during embryo formation as nutrient... It can sometimes be converted into a nutrient.
The flower turns into a fruit. The wall of the ovary is modified and forms pericarp ... The pericarp surrounds the seed. If the pericarp is formed only by the walls of the ovary, such a fruit is called real (at cherry, plum, etc.). In many plant species, the fruit is also formed with the help of other parts of the flower (the bases of the stamens, receptacles, sepals, petals). Such fruits are called false (for example, near an apple tree).
The fruit consists of pericarp or pericarp (from the Greek. peri - near, around, karpos - fruit) and seeds. In the pericarp they distinguish: the skin, or the outer thin part - exocarp ; medium, which can be either juicy or dry - mesocarp ; inner leathery, filmy, sometimes lignified, - endocarp (called a bone). The most typical structure is drupe-type fruits.
During maturation, sugars, vitamins, fats and other substances accumulate in the pericarp.
Pericarp functions: protects the seed from unfavorable factors habitat, promotes seed dispersal.
Fruits are distinguished by the nature of education: real, false, prefab (difficult) , formed from several pistils of one flower (in blackberries, raspberries, etc.). Several fruits, which were formed from a separate flower each, can grow together and form infertility (at mulberry, pineapple).
According to the state of the pericarp, fruits are distinguished dry having a dry, lignified pericarp, and juicy having a fleshy, juicy pericarp.
Juicy fruits
Drupe - a fruit in which all three layers of the pericarp stand out well. Endocarp hard, lignified (bone). Mesocarp - juicy (plum, cherry, sweet cherry), fibrous (coconut) or almost dry (almond).
An Apple Is a multi-seeded fruit formed by an overgrown juicy receptacle (apple, pear, mountain ash, quince).
Berry - It is a multi-seeded fruit that has juicy mesocarp and endocarp (grapes, gooseberries, currants, etc.). Exocarp is leathery.
Pumpkin Is a juicy fruit that has juicy mesocarp and endocarp. Exocarp colored, hard (pumpkin, melon, cucumber, etc.).
Dry fruits
Distinguish between opening and non-opening. Opening predominantly polyspermous fruits , non-opening - have one seed.
Opening dry fruits:
Bean - is opened from top to bottom along the top and bottom seams. The seeds are attached to the halves of the pericarp (beans, peas, soybeans).
Pod - dry fruit, which is opened from the base to the top along two seams. Consists of two accrete carpels. The seeds are contained inside the fruit on a membrane membrane (radish, cabbage, mustard). The length exceeds the width by 1.5–2 times.
Pod - shorter and wider than the pod (mushroom, kalachiki, etc.) - the length is equal to the width.
Box - the opening fetus. Can be opened different ways: in poppy - teeth at the top; henbane, plantain - with a lid; in dope, St. John's wort, tobacco, milkweed, violets, etc. - numerous longitudinal slits.
Non-opening dry fruits:
Weevil Is a non-opening single-seeded fruit. The thin pericarp adheres very tightly to the seed skin, grows together with it (cereals).
Leaflet - a multi-seeded fruit, formed by one carpel, which opens on one side along the seam (peony).
Multileaf (in magnolia) has many carpels.
Nut - has a hard lignified pericarp. The seed lies inside freely (hazel, beech).
Achene - non-opening fruit, formed by two carpels. Contains one seed. The pericarp is leathery, does not adhere to the seed, does not grow together with it (sunflower, calendula).
Lionfish Is a dry, non-opening fruit. A thin border in the form of a wing (elm, hornbeam, ash, birch) is formed along the edges of the pericarp.
Nut - dry non-opening single-seeded fruit. The pericarp is leathery or lignified. If it consists of many nuts, then it is called multi-nets ... In a fleshy receptacle, nuts are found in strawberries, wild strawberries.
This classification is artificial, as it is based only on the morphological characteristics of the fruit.
Compound fruit is a set of fruits that are formed from the flowers of one inflorescence and are separated from other fruit and the shoot itself. Compound fruits are distinguished as loose, when all fruits have separate stalks, for example, in mountain ash, grapes, viburnum, etc. A group of more compact seed fruits is also distinguished, in which single-seeded fruits are collected under a dry wrap, like in the Asteraceae family, or under a fleshy juicy tissue, like in figs. Some plants develop more specialized seedlings. So, in liquidambar and pandaus, the fruits themselves grow together directly, in mulberry juicy perianths surrounding the fruits have grown together, and in beets - dry perianths. The formation of very large seed buds occurs in pineapple, maklura, breadfruit due to the fact that the fruit grows together with the axis or other elements of the inflorescence.
Compound fruit is a different number of fruits located close to each other and fused together. This is the definition of "infertility" in the narrow sense. A simpler explanation of the term "compound fruit" is a ripe inflorescence, if we consider the fruit as a ripe flower. However, it must be borne in mind that not every inflorescence is transformed into a seed. In the event that the flowering time is long, and the fruits fall off or open during the ripening process, then the seed is not formed. A striking example of such a phenomenon is sandy sainfoin. This plant has ripe falling fruits near the base of the inflorescence, and flowers and buds are located at the top. The inflorescences of many cruciferous plants and some others develop according to the same principle. The formation of infertility occurs only before the onset of dissemination.
The biological significance of the compound fruit is very high, since all its fruits are compactly located and clearly separated from the vegetative part of the shoot. Compound fruit can be compared to flowers in the inflorescence. Indeed, due to the formation of inflorescences, the likelihood of successful pollination of flowers increases. So, effective dissemination is carried out in the presence of infertility. For example, fruit complex fruits of a rich, bright color create a contrast with the green leaves of trees, and therefore, birds eating the fruits can see them from a distance. In representatives of the umbrella family, as well as lilacs, dry seedlings more intensively prevent the destruction of fruits by the wind, since they create greater resistance to air flow than fruits individually.
A well-known herbaceous perennial plant, common or climbing hop from the hemp family also forms fruit-nuts, which ripen in August or September. Fruits develop from pineal complex female inflorescences. Hop fruits are of particular value in the human economy, as they contain a large amount of essential oil, hop resins, wax, gum, vitamins, glycosides, tannins. Hop fruits, which were collected at the beginning of their ripening period, are used in baking and brewing.
Compound fruits of alder from the birch family are formed from single-seeded flattened nuts collected in a characteristic cone. By the end of the ripening period of the fruit, the thick scales of female flowers in the inflorescences become woody and form a cone, similar to the conifer cone. Due to the fact that the stems of gray and black alder contain a large amount of tannin and other tannins, they are used in medicine as an astringent and enveloping agent for inflammatory bowel diseases.
This is a collection of mature fruits (dry or juicy) of one inflorescence, clearly separated from the vegetative part of the shoot. They can be less specialized if the fruits formed from individual flowers sit on separate stalks (bunches of grapes, mountain ash, bird cherry bunches, etc.), and more specialized from dry free single-seeded fruits surrounded by a wrapper (Compositae) or a juicy container (figs ). When the perianths grow together, a juicy compound fruit is formed in mulberries or dry capsules in beets. Large fruit stems in pineapple are formed as a result of fusion of fruits with a juicy axis and with other elements of the inflorescence. The pineapple at the top of the inflorescence always has a shoot with bunches of green leaves.
The biological significance of seedlings: seedlings of juicy, brightly colored fruits contrast well with green leaves of trees, shrubs and are clearly visible to birds.
Morphogenetic classification of fruits
Morphogenetic classification of fruits takes into account their evolutionary development. Modern morphogenetic classifications are based mainly on the type of gynoecium. According to this classification, apocarpous and cenocarpous fruits are distinguished.
Apocarpous fruits
The most evolutionarily primitive among the apocarpous fruits are many-leaved.
In the evolutionary transformations of apocarpous fruits, there are tendencies: from polycarp to monocarp; from multi-seededness to single-seededness; from sutural opening (along the abdominal suture) to dorsal (along the midrib) or to opening with two valves from fruits that open during ripening to non-opening ones.
Apocarpous monochromatic plants are characteristic of plum, cherry, and peach. Bean is considered to be derived from the leaflet.
Cenocarp fruits
Cenocarpous fruits develop from flowers, the gynoecium of which consists of several accrete carpels.
Syncarpous fruits
The upper box is for henbane, tulip, flax, dope, plantain, and the lower box for iris, willow tea.
A special type of fruit, pomegranate, has been formed from the lower syncarpous capsule. The pericarp is dry, opens with irregular cracks, the seed coat is fleshy.
When succulenting separate parts pericarp from syncarpous capsule emerged juicy fruits: berry (top for tomato, bottom for blueberry, lingonberry, cranberry), apple (bottom fruit for apple, pear, mountain ash), orange (top for lemon, orange).
From syncarpous gynoecium, the formation of fractional fruits, coenobia is possible.
Paracarp fruits
The most primitive fruit is the capsule. The upper one is in willow, violet, poppy, the lower one is in plants of the orchid family.
The elongated capsule of the binomial paracarpous gynoecium is a pod. From the multi-seeded pod that opens up, fruits were formed, breaking up into single-seeded segments (wild radish).
The caryopsis (the fruit of cereals) is considered to be derived from the paracarpous capsules; hemp (hemp, nettle, sunflower, dandelion); berry (calla, currant, gooseberry). Close to paracarp berries, pumpkin fruit (watermelon, melon, cucumber).
Lysicarp fruits
The initial fruit in this group is the capsule. In some cloves, at the base of the lysicarpous capsule, radial septa are preserved, corresponding to the number of carpels.
The reduction in the number of ovules led to the emergence of one-seeded lysicarp fruits (gooseberries, divala), which sometimes retain the ability to open.
Buckwheat fruits - achenes - develop from the upper lysicarpous two-three-membered gynoecium. Fruits are single-seeded, dry. The pericarp is leathery, and the seed coat is thin, reduced.