From what colpitis can be. Chronic vaginitis: causes, symptoms and treatments

In women, this disease is characterized by inflammation of the vaginal mucosa and is one of the most common female pathologies. According to statistics, every third woman in modern times suffers from various forms of colpitis, often without even knowing about it. Moreover, according to the testimony of some sources, there are practically no such ladies who have not suffered this disease at least once in their life.

Causative agents of the disease

The immediate causative agents of colpitis in women are bacteria, fungi and viruses.

• When bacteria are the cause of the inflammatory process, bacterial colpitis occurs. It can be caused by Proteus, Gardnerella, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus.
• Fungal colpitis, popularly known as thrush, provoke
• Various viruses, such as papilloma virus, cytomegalovirus or herpes, can also cause inflammation of the vagina.

Colpitis reasons

A variety of factors can influence the inflammation of the vaginal mucosa. In most cases, pathogens are the culprit. The natural microflora of the vagina in the body of a healthy woman successfully suppresses their vital activity. However, when there are disruptions in her work, she is not able to cope with the pathogenic flora. These factors include:

Symptoms

In order to fully understand what colpitis is in women, it is necessary to consider the features of the manifestation of this disease and its characteristic symptoms. So, you can suspect the presence of this ailment in the body if you observe such manifestations in yourself:

• Burning and itching of the genitals, worse during menses, after intercourse and during physical activity.
• Abundant vaginal discharge of various characteristics (milky, cheesy, purulent, frothy, bloody), which have an unpleasant odor.
• Swelling and redness of the external genitalia.
• Painful sensations during sex, aching pains localized in the lower abdomen.
• Increased body temperature.
• Frequent urination.

These symptoms of colpitis in women can have varying degrees of severity, which depends on the form of inflammation and the cause of its occurrence. So, in the acute form of the disease, the symptoms of inflammation are pronounced and cause serious discomfort to the patient, while in the chronic form they are rather weak.

Types of colpitis

• Atrophic colpitis... The disease is diagnosed when the cause of the development of the inflammatory process in the vagina was a decrease in the level of estrogen in the female body. In most cases, this ailment occurs in women after menopause, when, due to a decrease in the level of estrogen in the body, the vagina becomes almost defenseless against infections.
• Colpitis... It is an inflammation of the vaginal mucosa resulting from the defeat of yeast-like fungi. It is most often diagnosed along with lesions of the vulvar mucosa. This ailment is predominantly found in women of reproductive age. Pregnant women are especially at risk.
• Trichomonas colpitis... It is a widespread sexually transmitted disease. Often, Trichomonas colpitis in women is combined with inflammation of the urethra and cervix. Mostly the disease has a chronic course with from time to time arising periods of exacerbations.

How to relieve colpitis symptoms before a diagnosis is made?

It is highly discouraged to start treatment until the tests necessary for diagnostics are passed, as it can distort the results of laboratory tests.

The only drug that experts recommend taking to alleviate such manifestations of the disease as having an uncharacteristic odor or type of vaginal discharge, as well as severe itching of the genitals, is the drug Fluomizin. This tool - a broad-spectrum antiseptic - will help eliminate discomfort in a short time and at the same time, which is very important, will not affect the test results.

Diagnostics

Knowing what colpitis is in women, and having suspected the first signs of this disease, you must immediately visit a specialist. It is possible to reliably find out about the presence or absence of this ailment in the body only after a diagnostic examination.

In addition to being examined by a gynecologist, a woman needs to undergo bacterial diagnostics, which consists in taking smears from the vagina, cervical canal and urethra. Another method for diagnosing this disease is colposcopy, in which the vaginal mucosa is examined for the presence of lesions.

Colpitis in women: treatment

Colpitis treatment should be comprehensive and based on an individual approach to each of the patients. When diagnosed with colpitis, the signs and treatment of the disease depend on the physiological characteristics of the female body, and therefore the selection of funds is carried out only after passing all the necessary tests and thorough examination of the patient and, which is very important, her sexual partner.

To eliminate colpitis, as a rule, etiotropic agents and anti-inflammatory drugs are prescribed. Antibacterial drugs are powerless against colpitis, since many pathogens of the disease tolerate the effect of antibiotics quite persistently. In rare cases, antibiotic therapy can still be prescribed, but antibiotics will be used topically (in the form of solutions and emulsions) and for a short time.

The specialist must identify the diseases associated with colpitis and also prescribe a course of treatment for them. An important point in getting rid of this ailment is to abstain from sexual intercourse with a man for the entire period of treatment.

Treatment of colpitis with candles

Candles are an effective remedy to help get rid of colpitis. Often, in the treatment of the disease, antifungal and antimicrobial drug is used that has an anti-inflammatory effect. Candles "Vokadin", "Klion-D100", "Pimafutsin" have also proven themselves well.

When colpitis, accompanied by mycoplasmosis, chlamydia or ureaplasmosis, are shown, which must be combined with such tablets as "Fluconazole" or "Metronidazole". It is necessary to use suppositories for colpitis only as directed by a doctor.

Sanitation as a way to treat colpitis

In the acute form of the disease and purulent discharge from the vagina, douching with a decoction of chamomile, as well as a special composition made from a solution of manganese and rivanol, is indicated. It is important to pay attention to the fact that douching is prohibited for more than three days in a row, as otherwise it is possible to disrupt the normal microflora of the vagina.

To perform the sanitation, they also use pasteurized peach oil and rosehip oil, as well as streptomycin emulsion. It is necessary to mix all the fluids and treat the walls of the vagina with the resulting composition for one week. They have proven themselves excellently with chamomile infusion and chlorophyllipt.

Having considered what colpitis in women is, we came to the conclusion that this is an extremely unpleasant ailment, the treatment of which should not be postponed. Timely diagnosis and appropriate response measures will help to quickly and effectively eliminate colpitis and prevent it from developing into a chronic form.

Colpitis is a common disease that affects the exceptionally beautiful half of humanity. And it affects a rather intimate area, namely the vaginal area. As statistics show, colpitis (in gynecology also known as vaginitis) in one form or another was transferred by 60% of women. Thus, this disease can be considered the most common among gynecological diseases.

Description of the disease

What is this disease, and how does it arise? At first glance, everything is very simple. The internal cavity of the vagina is deep enough, moisturized and in no way separated from the environment. Thus, it is an ideal breeding ground for pathogens.

However, this does not normally happen. The mucous membrane of the vagina in healthy women usually does not become inflamed due to infection. How is this phenomenon explained? The point is that the vagina has microscopic protectors. These are bacteria belonging to the type of lactobacilli, or, more precisely, Dederlein sticks. They populate the vaginal mucosa by about 97%. They themselves are harmless enough and do not cause inflammatory processes.

Moreover, their interaction with the woman's body can be called beneficial for both parties. In the process of vital activity, Dederlein's sticks produce hydrogen ions, increasing the acidity of the mucous membrane. Most other bacteria are incapable of living in an acidic environment. Also, Dederlein sticks emit hydrogen peroxide and a number of other substances dangerous to other microorganisms. Thus, Dederlein sticks get rid of competitors and, at the same time, benefit the female body.

Another function of the beneficial microflora is the production of certain vitamins necessary for the vital activity of the vaginal mucosa. However, it cannot be said that other representatives of the microflora are absent in the vagina. In total, up to 40 types of microorganisms live in the vagina. True, their number is small.

But the number of Dederlein sticks is also subject to fluctuations. Under certain conditions, they may become less than usual, and they will not be able to fulfill their protective function. As a result, the vaginal mucosa will be inhabited by pathological microflora, which will serve as the beginning of the process of its inflammation - colpitis.

What bacteria most often cause colpitis? It:

• streptococci,
• staphylococci,
• Escherichia coli
• mycoplasma,
• gardnerella,
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

The occurrence of colpitis can sometimes be associated with a viral infection. In most cases of viral colpitis, the causative agent is the herpes virus, less often the mucous membrane is affected by cytomegalovirus or papilloma virus.

Colpitis reasons

A decrease in the number of useful microflora of the vagina is associated with violations of favorable conditions for its existence. These violations can be caused by various factors:

• deterioration of blood circulation in the pelvic area,
• changes in hormonal levels,
• lack of vitamins and minerals in a woman's body,
• penetration of aggressive microorganisms,
• allergic reactions,
• trauma to the surface of the vagina (during intercourse or incorrect insertion of gynecological instruments),
• violation of the blood supply to the tissues of the mucous membrane,
• massive bleeding (for example, after childbirth or abortion).

It is these factors that are decisive in the development of colpitis. In most cases, vaginal colpitis is not contagious. As a rule, it occurs due to a weakened immune system or hormonal disorders in a woman's body. As a result, the number of Dederlein's rods in the vagina decreases, and it is inhabited by pathogenic microflora, which was already present on its mucous membrane. It can be both bacteria and fungi of the genus Candida, which cause a special type of colpitis - thrush. This disease is so named due to the fact that the vaginal discharge observed with this disease resembles curdled milk.

During menstruation, the number of beneficial bacteria may also decrease. However, these fluctuations are temporary and after the end of menstruation, the number of bacteria should return to normal.

Factors favoring the development of colpitis:

• improper diet;
• insufficient observance by a woman of the rules of personal hygiene;
• taking certain medications, in particular antibiotics;
• excessively frequent rinsing of the vaginal cavity;
• the use of intrauterine devices and spermicidal gels;
• other gynecological diseases (for example, fibroids, endometritis);
• lack of vitamin A, which has a beneficial effect on the condition of the mucous membranes;
• diseases of the thyroid and pancreas, adrenal glands;
• decreased immunity, which makes the body more vulnerable to various pathogenic microorganisms;
• long-term treatment with hormonal anti-inflammatory drugs;
• diseases of the hematopoietic system.

If everything is more or less clear with the woman's insufficient adherence to the rules of hygiene, then what about the reverse situation, when the factor contributing to the onset of the disease is excessive concern for hygiene? Yes, that happens too. The fact is that frequent rinsing can also cause a decrease in the amount of beneficial microflora in the vagina. This suggests that it is necessary to observe the measure in everything.

Taking antibacterial drugs, for example, during treatment for respiratory problems, can also cause vaginitis (colpitis). This is explained by the fact that many antibiotics affect not only the pathogenic microflora, but also the microorganisms that live on the vaginal mucosa. As a result, the number of Dederlein sticks is reduced. Subsequently, their number may not recover, and pathogenic microorganisms will take their place.

Colpitis in childhood

Girls who have not reached the age of puberty may also have this disease. The reason is that the child's body is more susceptible to the influence of various infections - measles, diphtheria, scarlet fever. The causative agents of these diseases can reach the genitals and cause their inflammation. In addition, until the age of puberty, the vagina contains an insufficient amount of beneficial microflora. You should also take into account the fact that the mucous membrane of the vagina in childhood is quite thin. Often in girls, inflammation of the vagina is combined with inflammation of the vulva. This disease is called vulvovaginitis.

Allergic colpitis

This type of colpitis occurs due to exposure to the vaginal mucosa of a certain allergen. It can be a component of an ointment, suppositories, or a condom material. In this case, the allergen triggers certain biochemical reactions in the tissues, which lead to edema and inflammation of the vaginal mucosa.

Infectious colpitis

The following types of sexually transmitted diseases can be accompanied by vaginitis:

• ureaplasmosis,
• gonorrhea,
• genital herpes,
• chlamydia.

Colpitis caused by sexually transmitted pathogens are called specific. If vaginitis is caused by microorganisms already present on the vaginal mucosa, then it is called nonspecific.

Colpitis

This disease is also called thrush. It is caused by pathogenic fungi of the genus Candida, therefore, another name for it is candidiasis. It should be borne in mind that these fungi live not only on the mucous membrane of the vagina, but also in the rectum and in the oral cavity. Hence, they can be transferred from there to the vagina after oral and anal sex. Especially often, the cause of candidiasis is a course of antibiotic therapy. The fact is that fungi are not sensitive to most antibiotics, therefore, when using antibiotics, the number of various bacteria on the vaginal mucosa, including Dederlein's sticks, decreases. As a result, fungi begin to multiply freely without encountering any competition.

Trichomonas vaginitis

Although vaginitis is not usually contagious, there are a few exceptions. First of all, this refers to Trichomonas colpitis, which is caused by special protozoa - Trichomonas. As a rule, the causative agents are vaginal Trichomonas, but they can also be Trichomonas of other types.

In this case, along with inflammation of the vaginal mucosa, inflammation of the cervix and urethra can be observed.

Vaginitis with chlamydia

Also, in some cases, inflammation of the vagina can be caused by chlamydia, which is almost always sexually transmitted. In this type of disease, the infection can spread to other female reproductive organs and urinary organs, to affect the urethra, bladder or endometrium.

Symptoms

The main signs of the disease are abnormal vaginal discharge, itching, or burning. Severe vaginitis pain is rare. Unpleasant sensations in the genital area can increase during menstruation, urination, physical activity, during intercourse. With atrophic colpitis, a sensation of dryness may join the sensations of itching and burning.

Discharge can be of various types - purulent, frothy, bloody, exude an unpleasant odor. With trichomonas vaginitis, greenish frothy discharge with a fetid odor is observed. The discharge looks like a whitish mass, resembling curdled milk, has a predominantly sour smell, or it may not have any smell at all. With the atrophic form of colpitis, grayish discharge with an unpleasant odor is observed.

Abnormal discharge can occur at different times - from several days to several years (with chronic colpitis). Also, in some cases, there may be redness and swelling of the genitals, hyperemia of the walls of the vagina, and their soreness on examination.

Fever with vaginitis is uncommon. As a rule, this is a sign of purulent processes in the vagina. At the same time, the temperature rarely exceeds subfebrile values. Also, for many types of colpitis, frequent urination is characteristic.

Vaginitis during pregnancy

During pregnancy, there is a global change in the hormonal background in a woman. This is reflected in the condition of the vagina. As a result, the risk of colpitis increases many times over. Meanwhile, the treatment of colpitis in women during this period is difficult - largely due to the fact that not all drugs can be used during pregnancy. This is especially true for the first trimester.

However, the treatment of colpitis during pregnancy is necessary, since the disease can spread and affect the uterus. In addition, pathogens can enter the amniotic fluid, cause infection of the embryo and lead to early termination of pregnancy.

Diagnostics

Various methods can be used to diagnose colpitis. But the main one is the vaginal smear. On its basis, a bacteriological analysis is carried out, which makes it possible to identify the pathogen and a cytological study, which makes it possible to determine the nature of tissue damage (usually carried out with an atrophic variant of the disease).

In addition, a gynecological examination using special mirrors can be used. In the event that the inflammation is so strong that it causes pain in the patient, then preliminary anesthesia may be performed. If the usual gynecological examination is not enough, a colposcopy is performed - an examination of the vagina with the help of special optical devices - colposcopes.

General and biochemical blood tests and a blood test for hormones are also necessary.

Some diseases of the female genital organs, such as ovarian cysts, can cause changes in hormonal balance. Therefore, ultrasound is often prescribed for vaginitis (for examining the ovarian cavity and uterus). Other types of tests include determining the level of acidity (pH) of the vagina, rectal examination.

To determine the treatment strategy, the gynecologist needs to establish whether a woman suffers from any concomitant diseases, to determine the boundaries of the spread of inflammation, the nature of structural changes in the mucous membrane.

Treatment

How to treat and how to treat the disease? The main methods of therapy are medication. These include antibacterial and antifungal medications designed to kill bacteria and fungi that cause disease. Both tablets and topical preparations can be used. They can be used in various dosage forms, but the most commonly used are vaginal suppositories (suppositories), douching solutions. Tampons soaked in a medicinal solution can also be used.

To wash the vagina, solutions, a weak solution of potassium permanganate, decoctions of medicinal herbs with anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity - chamomile, calendula are used.

Now on sale you can find a variety of treating colpitis. The most popular suppositories used for vaginitis are Terzhinan, Vokadin, Pimafucin, Klion-D, Metronidazole, Genferon, Nitazol.

Diet in the treatment of colpitis is an auxiliary method. Foods that can increase the alkaline reaction of the vaginal mucosa should be excluded from the diet. Spicy foods and alcohol have similar effects.

Also, anti-inflammatory drugs are often prescribed to relieve swelling and inflammation. At the time of therapy, it is advisable to abandon sexual intercourse.

After successfully completing a course of antibiotic treatment, measures are needed to restore the normal microflora of the vagina. For this purpose, prebiotic preparations are used. To check the effectiveness of treatment during the course of therapy, periodic smear analysis may be performed. In women, smears are taken on the 3rd day after the end of menstruation, in girls and women over 55 - after the completion of treatment.

Atrophic colpitis - what is it and how to treat

This variant of colpitis occurs mainly in old age after the onset of menopause. At this time, the level of hormones in the woman's body decreases, as a result of which there is a decrease in the number of lactobacilli on the vaginal mucosa. However, it cannot be said that this is an exclusively age-related type of the disease. Often, atrophic colpitis is observed in middle-aged women and even in young women. In this case, the reason may be taking certain hormonal drugs, or surgery to remove the uterus or ovaries.

Treatment is done with pills and suppositories containing estrogens. The suppositories usually contain estriol, and the tablets contain estradiol. Also, the composition of the suppositories may include lactobacilli, intended to restore the normal microflora of the vagina.

Complications

Vaginitis is dangerous not by itself, but by the consequences to which it can lead. If the disease is not cured in time, then pathogenic microorganisms can move to other parts of the reproductive system of the female body - the uterus, tubes and appendages. Therefore, it is necessary to have information about the symptoms of the disease and the methods of its treatment in women.

The mildest complications are menstrual irregularities and amenorrhea. But often there are diseases such as inflammation of the cervix, endometritis, inflammation and blockage of the fallopian tubes and appendages. And this, in turn, threatens a woman with infertility or the occurrence of such phenomena as an ectopic pregnancy.

But even if this does not happen, then acute colpitis can become chronic. Chronic colpitis is much more difficult to cure, especially for the Trichomonas form of the disease.

Vaginitis can also cause another type of complications - the appearance of fistulas - cavities in the vagina leading to the rectal cavity, as well as abscesses of the vaginal tissues. These complications are usually treated with surgery.

Prevention

Vaginitis is a very common gynecological condition. But does this mean that it cannot be avoided?

Of course, this is not the case. It is quite possible to avoid the disease, you just need to follow simple rules of personal hygiene. You should also regularly visit a gynecologist, since vaginitis noticed on time is easier to cure than neglected.

You should also avoid promiscuous sexual intercourse, unconventional sex (anal or oral sex and subsequent vaginal sex can cause infection of the vagina with pathogens). It is recommended to use condoms for sexual intercourse.

Often, the cause of the disease is the improper use of toilet paper by women after the act of defecation. It is necessary to wipe the anus in the direction from the vagina to the back, and not vice versa, since otherwise potentially dangerous microflora may enter the vagina.

It goes without saying that the rules of personal hygiene are observed. The basic rule is to regularly rinse the vaginal cavity with warm boiled water.

You should also ensure that the woman's diet is balanced, and all vitamins necessary for health are present in the food. First of all, this refers to vitamin A, which has a beneficial effect on various mucous membranes of the body, including the vaginal mucosa.

Vitamin A is found in large quantities in the following foods:

• legumes
• tomatoes
• spinach
• carrot
• melons and gourds
• fruits

Do not get carried away with self-medication with antibiotics during acute respiratory diseases or other infections, regardless of their location - the gastrointestinal tract, urinary system, skin, etc. Infectious diseases in themselves contribute to a decrease in immunity, and antibiotics used during their treatment can destroy another protective barrier of the vagina - the beneficial microflora. It must be remembered that a course of antibiotic treatment should be prescribed by a doctor, taking into account all possible risks and contraindications.

- This is an inflammation of the vaginal mucosa with possible seizure of the vulva, which has an infectious or non-infectious nature. In medicine, you can find a term that means the same disease and is synonymous.

Pathology is widespread in gynecological practice. This diagnosis is made at least once by 60% of women of childbearing age (from 18 to 45 years). But the disease does not bypass girls either, although they often suffer from vulvovaginitis.

The peak incidence among children occurs at the age of 6 years, and the cause is illiterate intimate hygiene. Colpitis also affects women who have entered the postmenopausal period, which is most often associated with the natural aging processes of the body.

The disease can be of both specific and non-specific origin, which is due to etiological reasons. Specific colpitis provoke gonococci, Trichomonas, candida and viruses. A non-specific inflammatory process is caused by E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, streptococcus and staphylococcus.

Can colpitis pass by itself?

Considering colpitis a frivolous disease, many women believe that the disease can go away on its own. Cases of cure, of course, do occur, but this happens extremely rarely and only on condition that the disease is nonspecific, and the body's immune defenses are not weakened.

Most often, the following situation is observed: a woman who has not applied any treatment, after a few days, discovers that the symptoms that bother her have disappeared. But this does not mean that the inflammatory process has been neutralized, it just turned into a sluggish form. Under the influence of certain provoking factors, colpitis reactivates after some time. Therefore, you should not count on the fact that the disease will go away on its own. If signs of a disease are found, it is necessary to go to an appointment with a doctor, find out the cause of colpitis and start treatment.

Could there be a temperature with colpitis?

The widespread belief that any infectious disease should be accompanied in relation to colpitis is wrong. But this does not mean that the disease is safe and unable to harm the female body.

High temperature in the inflammatory process in the vagina is most often absent, even if the disease is in the acute stage. Rarely, the values ​​on the thermometer can rise, but only to subfebrile values, that is, in the range from 37 to 38 ° C.

Colpitis symptoms in women

Among the symptoms of inflammation of the vaginal mucosa, the following are most common:

Allocations, the nature of which will depend on the etiology of the disease and the severity of the pathological process. In any case, their volume will increase compared to the period when the woman was absolutely healthy. Leucorrhoea can be frothy, watery, cheesy, sometimes purulent. With atrophic colpitis, bloody clots are observed in them;

Unpleasant odor - mostly mild, but sour;

Puffiness in the external genital area, their redness and irritation;

Itching and burning sensation, which begins to increase during prolonged walking, as well as during night rest and in the afternoon;

Insomnia, increased irritability, neuroses caused by a complex of symptoms of the disease that constantly disturb a woman;

Recurrent pain localized in the small pelvis. They can increase during the act of defecation or in the process of intimacy;

Frequent urge to urinate, in rare cases, urinary incontinence is observed;

An increase in body temperature to subfebrile values.

The acute phase of the disease is accompanied by an increase in symptoms, which, depending on the cause of colpitis, will differ slightly. When the inflammatory process becomes chronic, the symptoms become mild. But the most stable symptom that gives a woman anxiety is, which does not stop even against the background of abundant discharge.

Causes of colpitis in women

Various reasons can cause the development of the inflammatory process at different ages:

In childhood, the disease develops mainly against the background of opportunistic microflora from the gastrointestinal tract entering the vagina. Even pinworms become provocateurs;

In the reproductive age, women often have specific colpitis of an infectious nature. Trichomonas type of the disease, which is sexually transmitted, predominates. Somewhat less common is candidal colpitis, the cause of which is mainly hormonal failure when carrying a child;

In women after menopause, nonspecific colpitis is most often observed, which is caused by staphylococci and streptococci. However, candidal, and atrophic, and other types of colpitis can be diagnosed. But they usually develop in the presence of additional risk factors.

So, at any age, the causes of the development of the disease are either their own conditionally pathogenic microflora, or infectious microorganisms belonging to the group of fungi, viruses or bacteria.

The types of colpitis are distinguished depending on what caused the inflammation of the mucous membrane. Each type of disease has certain clinical manifestations and differences, which require specific treatment.

The most common are the following types:

Colpitis. Inflammation is caused by the multiplication of fungi, which, as a result of provoking factors, exhibit pathological activity. Among the most striking clinical symptoms are cheesy discharge and itching. Infection can occur both sexually and as a result of a weakened immune system. It is treated with antimycotic drugs in combination with local therapy;

Atrophic colpitis. This inflammation is caused by a decrease in the production of estrogen in the body. A woman experiences a burning sensation and dryness in the genital area, pain during intimacy. Treatment is based on hormone replacement therapy.

Risk factors for developing colpitis

If certain microorganisms become the causes of the development of the disease, then there are risk factors that can help them either penetrate the vaginal mucosa, or begin to actively multiply.

These triggers include:

Insufficient or improper intimate hygiene;

Lack of a regular partner, refusal to use barrier contraception, that is, from condoms;

Endocrine system pathologies:,;

Genital trauma of mechanical, chemical and thermal origin. These can be ruptures during delivery, prolonged use of an intrauterine device, rough intercourse, etc.;

Wearing low-quality underwear made from low-grade synthetic materials;

Children's diseases, the causative agents of which by the hemolytic route get to the genitals of the girl. Among these are scarlet fever and measles;

Hormonal changes in a woman's body. Among them are pregnancy, breastfeeding, menopause;

Taking certain medications, most often antibiotics. However, both hormone-containing drugs and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can cause inflammation;

Undergoing radiation or chemotherapy for;

Hypoestrogenism, that is, insufficient production of estrogen in a woman's body;

Lack of vitamins, strict diets;

Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, as well as diseases of an allergic nature;

The lack of timely medical treatment for any type of colpitis threatens with serious complications for women's health.

Among the possible adverse consequences, the following are especially dangerous:

The acute form of the disease can transform into a chronic sluggish disease. A chronic inflammatory process in the vagina is not only difficult to medicate, but also reduces the quality of life of a woman with frequent relapses;

The spread of pathogenesis to the upper parts of the genitourinary system. Among the diseases of this sphere, colpitis can cause and;

Education, (inflammation of the inner layer of the uterus), (inflammation of the cervical canal), salpingo-oophoritis (inflammation of the fallopian tubes and ovaries);

All specific colpitis, not diagnosed and untreated in time, can eventually lead to or serious difficulties in conceiving and bearing a child. Often, chronic colpitis are the causes of ectopic pregnancy;

The formation of synechia in girls, which is expressed in the fusion of both the small and large labia with each other;

The appearance on the vaginal walls of bleeding erosive areas, which become the gateway for various infections;

The risk of developing complications of an infectious nature after gynecological examinations and surgery.

The faster the diagnosis and treatment is carried out, the lower the risk of complications.

Treatment of the disease should be carried out by a professional. Independent therapy of colpitis with improvised means is unacceptable. Before choosing this or that remedy, the doctor will conduct certain diagnostic measures and studies that will determine the cause of the inflammation. In accordance with the results obtained, a treatment regimen will be developed. In addition, the form and type of the disease, the patient's age and the state of her health will have an impact on the choice of therapy.

The disease requires an integrated approach, and first of all it is etiotropic treatment. That is, the effect should be exerted on the direct causative agent of inflammation of the vaginal mucosa. In the arsenal of the doctor there are antibacterial, hormonal, antimycotic and antiviral agents. Sometimes a combination therapy is required, which involves a combination of several types of drugs.

Most often used for the treatment of colpitis:

Ketoconazole cream. The course of treatment is up to 5 days;

Nystatin in the form of vaginal suppositories. You will need to be treated for at least two weeks;

Diflucan in tablet form. It is taken once;

Metronidazole in the form of tablets or vaginal suppositories, it is necessary to be treated for at least 10 days;

Ampicillin in the form of tablets, the course is a week;

Cephalexin capsules, you need to take one week.

Local treatment consists of the use of various disinfectants and antiseptics. A woman is prescribed vaginal suppositories, for example, Betadine or Iodoxide, as well as douching and washing with boric acid solutions, potassium permanganate, soda. Such treatment must be carried out for at least 14 days.

In addition to local and etiological treatment, therapy of concomitant diseases is necessary. If the provoking factor is not eliminated, then the disease will recur again and again. So, it may be necessary to correct the hormonal background in senile colpitis, diabetes mellitus therapy, weight loss, and elimination of the pathology of the endocrine glands. Ovestin, Estrokad are used as hormone replacement agents. In the presence of diabetes mellitus, constant monitoring of blood glucose levels is necessary, in obesity - control of body weight. If the inflammatory process in childhood is caused by scarlet fever or measles, then antibiotic therapy of the infection is necessary.

In the case when doctors manage to eliminate the provoking factor, then the prognosis for a complete recovery from colpitis is favorable.

In addition, until the moment of recovery, you need to adhere to certain recommendations, including:

Refusal to have sex at the time of therapy. Confirmation of elimination of inflammation should be laboratory, since the disappearance of symptoms is not an indicator of recovery;

If necessary, a therapeutic course must be completed not only for a woman, but also for a man. Since a specific form of the disease can be asymptomatic in the sex partner, there is a high risk of re-infection after the resumption of sexual activity;

Carrying out hygiene procedures at least twice a day using antiseptic agents;

If a girl has undergone an inflammatory process, then parents need to carefully monitor her hygiene. It is necessary to wash the child after each act of defecation and urination. Laundry should be washed with quality detergents and must be ironed. It is important to ensure that the child does not suffer from itching and does not scratch intimate parts. These activities will avoid re-infection;

A diet should be followed during therapy. It boils down to eliminating salty and spicy foods. It is important to include fermented milk drinks in the diet;

Some drugs involve a complete cessation of alcohol, for example, Metronidazole. But even if there are no such contraindications, you should still exclude alcoholic beverages during treatment.

After completing the full course of therapy, a woman needs to restore the normal microflora of the vagina by reproducing the natural biocenosis in the mucous membrane.

For this purpose, a variety of drugs are used, in particular:

• Bifidumbacterin;

  Lactobacterin.

The treatment of colpitis in pregnant women deserves special attention. After all, it is they who turn out to be the most vulnerable category of patients, since not only their natural immunity is impaired, but also serious hormonal changes take place. Therefore, even nonspecific colpitis during this period threatens to be complicated by a bacterial infection. The tactics of treatment in this case can also be determined only by a doctor, but the selection of therapeutic agents is complicated by the position of the woman.

Nevertheless, it is impossible not to treat the disease, since the inflammatory process has a negative effect not only on the patient herself, but also poses a threat to the child in the womb. He is at risk of infection during delivery.

Most often, a pregnant woman is recommended to undergo antibiotic therapy, maintain immunity with the help of immunomodulators and attend physiotherapy procedures. Of antibiotics, gynecologists prefer Vagotil, Pimafucin, Terzhinan. However, they should be prescribed with extreme caution and under special control. In addition, the priority remains local treatment, which is the safest for the unborn child.

Prevention of colpitis is no less important, since it helps to eliminate risk factors for the development of the inflammatory process and is often interspersed with therapeutic effects.

Therefore, it is important to take the following preventive measures:

Visit your local gynecologist regularly, at least once a year. Modern doctors recommend coming for preventive examinations every six months. This will make it possible to timely identify pathological processes in the genitals and immediately begin treatment. If the signs of the disease began to appear during pregnancy, then you should not wait for the next date of a visit to the doctor, it is better to immediately go to the antenatal clinic and report your problem;

It is necessary to carefully monitor intimate hygiene, which boils down to washing with high-quality hypoallergenic disinfectants. Particular attention should be paid to the possibility of introducing intestinal microflora into the vagina. This is often due to improper use of toilet paper. It is important that the wiping motion is from front to back. In addition, you need to monitor the regular change of underwear. It itself should be made of natural fabrics, since synthetics create a humid and warm environment favorable for the growth of bacteria;

Any medications should only be prescribed by a doctor. This is especially true for the use of antibacterial agents, which are often taken uncontrollably;

It is necessary to go to the doctor when the first signs of colpitis appear. This is due to the fact that in the early stages of the development of the inflammatory process, it is eliminated much easier and faster. Such a measure will not allow the disease to become chronic and cause the development of serious complications for women's health;

Do not forget about strengthening the body's defenses. Maintaining normal immunity will make it possible not only to prevent the development of the disease, but also to get rid of it faster. To do this, you need to give up bad habits, adhere to proper nutrition, do not forget about regular walks and physical education.

The last measure in relation to getting rid of the disease is to undergo physical therapy. It can significantly improve the condition in the chronic form of colpitis. Among all methods, electrophoresis with zinc, ultraviolet irradiation using a short wave and a half-bath with an oxidizing agent - potassium permanganate are especially popular.

Using a decoction of chamomile is the easiest way to deal with colpitis. Symptoms such as a feeling of dryness, swelling and burning are relieved with the help of baths after two or three procedures. This is due to the pronounced anti-inflammatory properties of medicinal chamomile flowers, which can be purchased at any pharmacy. Chamomile essential oil, except ...

Coming from the external environment and through sexual intercourse. But also the vaginal mucosa is very vulnerable and prone to various inflammatory processes, including the danger of inflammation of the uterus, tubes and ovaries, which can lead to infertility and many other unpleasant consequences.

Itching, burning in the vaginal area, discharge of an unusual color and smell, soreness during sexual intercourse - these are vaginitis or colpitis. This disease occurs very often and is familiar to almost every woman. It develops not only with unprotected and promiscuous sex life. Vaginitis can develop with hypothermia, stress, overwork, hormonal changes, taking antibiotics, wearing uncomfortable underwear, and even with allergies. And not only adults who are sexually active women are susceptible to the development of vaginitis, such a disease is often found in babies under 10 years old, and even in infants and newborns.

The manifestations of vaginitis bring significant discomfort, and any inflammation of the vagina can lead to serious complications, therefore, it is not just necessary to treat vaginitis, but it is necessary and at the same time timely, comprehensively and correctly. To do this, you need to contact a gynecologist.

Conditionally pathogenic microorganisms of the vaginal mucosa:

• bacteria gardnerella (Gardnerella vaginalis);
• staphylococci;
• enterococci;
• E. coli (Escherichia coli);
• mushrooms of the genus Candida;
• proteus and some others.

Causes of nonspecific vaginitis:

• violation of personal hygiene of the external genital organs;
• promiscuous sex and change of permanent partner;
• taking antibacterial agents;
• douching the vagina with antiseptics;
• trauma to the vaginal mucosa (as a result of chemical or physical effects);
• the effect on the vagina of 9-nonoxynol, which is contained in contraceptive drugs used externally (in condoms, suppositories, vaginal tablets);
• hormonal disorders, including as a result of stress, pregnancy, overwork;
• viruses (human papillomavirus, genital herpes, cytomegalovirus, influenza, HIV infection and others);
• allergy (food, contact allergy to personal hygiene products (soap, gels, pads, contraceptives), to underwear (especially narrow and synthetic)) and other reasons.

Bacterial vaginitis (vaginosis)

Bacterial vaginosis is vaginal dysbiosis, which is associated with a decrease in the number of "beneficial" lactobacilli and the growth of opportunistic bacteria (mostly gardnerella bacteria).

Colpitis or thrush

This is a fungal infection of the vaginal mucosa. Fungi of the genus Candida are found in the vagina of all women, therefore thrush, like bacterial vaginitis, is a manifestation of vaginal dysbiosis. Thrush can be transmitted both sexually and as a result of decreased immunity or taking antibiotics.

Specific vaginitis

Sexually transmitted diseases contribute to the development of specific vaginitis:

• trichomoniasis;
• gonorrhea;
• chlamydia;
• syphilis;
• ureaplasma;
• mycoplasma;

Specific vaginitis can cause the growth of opportunistic microflora (gardnerella, candida, staphylococci). But treatment should be directed specifically at specific inflammation, and the flora of the vagina will recover after the elimination of provoking factors. Also, with such colpitis, it is important to treat all sexual partners in order to avoid secondary infection and the massive spread of these infections.

Specific vaginitis often occurs chronically, requires specialized treatment, and often leads to complications, including infertility.

Atrophic colpitis

Atrophic colpitis is an inflammation of the vagina associated with a lack of female sex hormones, namely estrogens.

Causes of atrophic colpitis:

• menopause (menopause);
• removal of the ovaries;
• taking medications that inhibit the production of estrogens (for example, testosterone).

Atrophic colpitis develops in more than half of women 3-4 years after menopause. It proceeds chronically for several years, sometimes up to 10-15 years after menopause. The main manifestation of atrophic colpitis is dryness, discomfort in the vaginal area, a burning sensation.

In addition to discomfort, atrophic colpitis predisposes to the growth of opportunistic bacteria, facilitates infection with sexually transmitted diseases and aggravates their course.

Vaginitis (colpitis) - photo

Candidal vaginitis

Trichomonas colpitis

Chlamydial colpitis

Which doctor should i go to for vaginitis?

If you suspect any type of vaginitis, women should contact to a gynecologist (sign up) to an antenatal clinic or to a private clinic. Since vaginitis is diagnosed and treated on an outpatient basis, it makes no sense to go to the gynecological departments of city and district hospitals if you suspect vaginitis.

Diagnostics

The diagnosis of vaginitis is based on the patient's complaints and symptoms, the results gynecological examination (sign up) produced by the doctor himself, and the results of laboratory tests. It should be understood that the actual diagnosis of vaginitis, that is, inflammation of the tissues of the vagina, is made on the basis of the examination data and the characteristic clinical symptoms described by the woman. And further analyzes and examinations are prescribed by a doctor in order to determine the type of vaginitis, identify the microbe-causative agent of the inflammatory process and, accordingly, select the optimal therapy that would allow to cure the disease. Consider what tests and examinations a doctor can prescribe to diagnose a type of vaginitis and identify the causative agent of inflammation.

What tests can a doctor prescribe for vaginitis?

So, first of all, with vaginitis, the doctor prescribes vaginal smear for microflora (sign up), since this study allows you to obtain objective data indicating an inflammatory process in the vagina, and tentatively determine the causative agent of inflammation. In other words, a smear on the microflora can be called "sighting", since it gives an approximate idea of ​​which microbe became the causative agent of inflammation.

After a smear on the flora, the doctor simultaneously prescribes bacteriological culture (sign up) discharge of the vagina, blood test for syphilis (sign up) and analysis by method PCR (sign up)(or ELISA) vaginal discharge for genital infections (sign up)(trichomoniasis, gonorrhea (sign up), chlamydia (sign up), ureaplasmosis (sign up), mycoplasmosis (sign up)). Both bacteriological culture and analysis for syphilis and genital infections must be submitted, since they allow the detection of various microbes that can provoke vaginitis. And since vaginitis can be caused by a microbial association, that is, not only by one microorganism, but by several at the same time, it is necessary to identify them all so that the doctor can prescribe medications that have a detrimental effect on all microbes that are sources of inflammation. According to the instructions, bacteriological culture and tests for genital infections must be taken, because even if, for example, Trichomonas or gonococci are found in a smear on the microflora, then this may be erroneous, and one cannot be guided by the result of a smear alone.

After identifying the causative agent of vaginitis, the doctor may prescribe colposcopy (sign up) for a more detailed assessment of the degree of pathological changes and the state of the tissues of the vagina. Mandatory for vaginitis, colposcopy is performed on young nulliparous girls.

In principle, this is where the examination for colpitis ends, since its goals have been achieved. However, to assess the state of the reproductive system against the background of an inflammatory process in the vagina, the doctor may also prescribe Ultrasound of the pelvic organs (sign up).

Basic principles of vaginitis treatment

• Vaginitis must be treated comprehensively with drugs for external use and oral administration;
• with specific vaginitis, only antibacterial drugs are used that are effective against the corresponding infections, according to the results of laboratory tests; they cannot be cured without taking antibiotics;
• any course of treatment of vaginitis must be completed to the end, since incomplete cure leads to the development of a chronic process and the development of resistance (resistance) of infections to antibacterial drugs;
• it is important to follow all the rules of intimate hygiene, to wear natural, not tight underwear;
• during treatment, it is advisable to exclude sexual intercourse, especially not protected by a condom;
• the course of treatment must be received simultaneously by both the woman and her sexual partner, this will prevent the development of repeated cases of vaginitis, including its chronic course;
• during treatment, it is necessary to refrain from drinking alcohol, it will be useful to adhere to proper nutrition, with the exception of fatty, fried, smoked, spicy foods, limit the use of salt and sugar;
• the diet should include a large amount of non-acidic vegetables and fruits, fermented milk products;
• it is also recommended to avoid hypothermia;
• in the complex, vitamin preparations are prescribed, if necessary, drugs that increase the body's defenses (immunostimulants, immunomodulators, antiviral agents, lactobacilli for the intestine, etc.) and drugs that correct hormonal disorders.

Medicines for external use for vaginitis

External use of drugs in the treatment of vaginitis is very effective, due to the effect of drugs directly in the inflammation focus. Thanks to this, it is easier to act on bacteria, restore normal microflora and the state of the vaginal mucosa. Another important positive effect of local treatment is a significant reduction in the risk of side effects of drugs, especially in comparison with antibacterial drugs for oral administration.

At the moment, in the pharmacy network there are a large number of dosage forms for use in the vagina, the effectiveness, frequency of administration, and the duration of the therapeutic effect depend on them.

Dosage forms of drugs used inside the vagina, and their features:

1. Vaginal suppositories or suppositories. It is the most commonly used dosage form in gynecology. Vaginal suppositories usually have the form of a cone with a rounded end, this shape ensures easy penetration of the suppository deep into the vagina. Any suppositories, in addition to the main active ingredient, contain glycerin, gelatin and some other additives. These additives form the shape, contribute to the gradual dissolution of the suppository in the warm environment of the vagina and the penetration of the drug into the mucous membrane. The positive effect of suppositories is a quick action and relief of vaginitis symptoms. Vaginal suppositories are usually not recommended for use during menstruation, as the drug is washed off with menstrual blood. Also, suppositories flow out of the vagina, which reduces the time of action of the drug on the vaginal mucosa. The use of suppositories can cause discomfort in the vagina (itching, burning), these symptoms usually disappear within 10-15 minutes.

2. Vaginal tablets represent a solid dosage form, it is a compressed powder of the active substance and additives. A feature of using this form of drugs is the need to wet the tablet immediately before administration. Vaginal tablets dissolve more slowly in the vagina.

3. Vaginal capsules- This is a solid form of vaginal preparations, it is a gelatin capsule (case), inside which there is a concentrated active ingredient. When it gets into the moist and warm environment of the vagina, gelatin dissolves and a concentrated drug is released. This form is conveniently administered, allows the components of the drug to "linger in the right place", but the effect does not come as quickly as when using vaginal suppositories, so capsules are not used to immediately relieve symptoms.

4. Douching products Is a liquid dosage form that is more often used for washing and irrigating the vaginal mucosa. The effect of the administered drugs is short-term, therefore, it is not used as monotherapy (treatment with one drug). Douching is usually done before other vaginal medications are used, but never after.

5. Tampons- gauze bags impregnated with a medicinal substance and stitched with a thread, which are inserted into the vagina. This achieves the effect of drug applications. Tampons are effective in chronic forms of vaginitis that are combined with pathologies of the cervix (erosion, dysplasia, and so on).

6. Cream and gel in applicators- a very effective dosage form of drugs, which allows for a more long-term effect on the inflammation focus. But the only drawback is the complexity of production, as a result - the high cost of drugs. Many vaginal creams and gels have a positive healing effect after one application. Usually, each dose of the drug is in special tubes - applicators, with the help of which the cream is evenly distributed on the vaginal mucosa.

7. Hygiene products for washing(soap, gel, lotion for intimate hygiene) are usually used in the complex therapy of vaginitis, but to a greater extent these agents are used to prevent vaginitis and are used daily during hygiene procedures. Many intimate hygiene products contain lactobacilli and lactic acid, which allows you to balance the normal microflora of the vagina and increase the body's resistance to various infections of the genitourinary system. Also, intimate gels may contain herbal ingredients, such as chamomile and calendula.

Rules for the use of vaginal drugs

• Treatment of vaginitis should be prescribed by a gynecologist, and not by the woman herself on the recommendation of the Internet or a pharmacist.
• Each drug has its own characteristics of administration, indications and contraindications, everything is described in detail in the instructions.
• Before introducing medications into the vagina, you need to wash yourself (or, if the doctor has prescribed, douching) and wash your hands thoroughly so as not to additionally introduce an infection.
• Vaginal preparations are inserted into the vagina using fingers or a special applicator, which may be provided by the manufacturer.
• Various medications are injected into the vagina while lying on your back with your legs raised and apart (like on a gynecological chair), while a candle or pill is pushed into the vagina as deep as possible. After such a procedure, you need to lie down for at least 15-20 minutes, and if the drug is recommended once a day, then it is better to enter it before bedtime.
• After using many vaginal suppositories, you cannot wash off with soap or gel for intimate hygiene, severe itching or a decrease in the effectiveness of the injected drug may occur.
• When using vaginal preparations, it is necessary to use panty liners, it will be hygienic and convenient, since many preparations leak after use.

Antiseptics for douching

• Chlorhexidine 0.05% solution;
• Tsiteal - dilute the concentrated solution with water 1:10;
• Hydrogen peroxide - 10-15 ml of a 3% aqueous solution of peroxide is diluted in 1 liter of warm water;
• Furacilin - 1 tablet per 100.0 ml of warm water;
• Vagotil - 10-15 ml per 1 liter of water;
• Protargol 1% aqueous solution;
• Soda solution -1 teaspoon of baking soda in 250.0 ml of water.

Antiseptics in the form of vaginal douching are recommended for all types of vaginitis, including thrush and specific colpitis. However, this type of external treatment used only at the beginning of therapy for 2-4 days, and only as directed by a gynecologist. Long-term douching completely destroys the microflora of the vagina, prevents the restoration of its mucous membrane, as a result, postpones the healing process. Also it is not recommended to use douching more than 2-3 times a day.

In trichomoniasis, the classic prescription is metronidazole preparations, which are administered simultaneously intravaginally and orally (through the mouth or by injection).

Before starting treatment, it is necessary to carry out laboratory diagnostics of vaginitis and determine the diagnosis. Bacteriological culture will help not only determine the composition of the microflora, but also antibiotics that will be effective for the treatment of vaginitis.

Specific colpitis requires the ingestion of appropriate antibacterial drugs, for this there is a set of antibiotics permitted during pregnancy and lactation. And although their reception is recommended only in severe cases, specific vaginitis is treated without fail at any stage of pregnancy, only in the condition of a gynecological department or a maternity hospital.

Nonspecific vaginitis in pregnant women is treated to a greater extent with local vaginal agents. For this purpose, combined drugs are more often used.
vulvovaginitis, cytomegalovirus and other herpetic infections in acute and chronic course, influenza, HIV infection;

diseases requiring long-term intake of hormones and other cytostatics.

Girls, as well as adult women, should be periodically examined by a gynecologist. There is no need to be afraid of this, when examining the labia and vagina, the child completely excludes infection with any bacteria and damage to the hymen. If necessary, the doctor will take the necessary tests that will help establish the state of the vaginal microflora.

All inflammatory processes in this area must be treated without fail, because the inflammation can become chronic and lead to complications, such as fusion of the labia minora and labia majora, the development of cicatricial changes on the vaginal mucosa, damage to the gonads.

In the treatment of girls, local procedures are also preferred. Conventional intravaginal drugs (suppositories and others) are not prescribed to girls because of the risk of mechanical injury to the hymen. But there are special dosage forms of vaginal suppositories and pills for virgins. They are smaller and their shape is perfect for girls.

Methods for external treatment of vaginitis in girls:

Usually, a girl's vulvovaginitis goes away after proper hygienic care and several bath procedures, lotions and applications. In more severe cases, oral antibiotics are prescribed. It is also very important to sanitize chronic foci of infections and increase immunity. To do this, you need to contact the appropriate specialists who will prescribe the necessary course of treatment, immunostimulants (Viferon, Laferobion, Immunoflazid and others) and multivitamins (Vitrum, Multitabs, Revit and others).

Before use, you must consult a specialist.

Colpitis (aka vaginitis) belongs to the category of inflammatory diseases that affect the vaginal mucosa. Separate acute, chronic colpitis in women, the symptoms and treatment of which can vary in a significant range. This is explained by the fact that, by etiology, the disease has a single infectious nature, but many pathogenic bacteria (but not viruses) can cause colpitis.

Vaginitis is referred to as infectious and inflammatory pathologies of the mucous membranes of the pelvic organs (especially the genitals). Representatives of both sexes suffer from similar infections, but vaginitis, for obvious reasons, affects only the female sex.

The main manifestation of colpitis is nonspecific - there is hyperemia and swelling of the vaginal walls. The inflammation is accompanied by a whitish, pasty discharge, sometimes with pus. The disease occurs against the background of a weakening of the body's immune system, when even a small percentage of pathogenic microorganisms can lead to physiological disorders.

You should immediately warn against self-diagnosis. If you suddenly began to disturb the discharge from the vaginal opening, itching, pain, it is not recommended to immediately take drugs against colpitis. Better to let your assumption be confirmed by the gynecologist.

Inflammation of the vaginal mucosa is triggered by the following bacteria:

• various streptococci, staphylococci;
• chlamydia (Chlamydia Trachomatis);
• bacteria of the mycoplasma class;
• vaginal Trichomonas (Trichomonas vaginalis);
• bacteria of the Pasteurellaceae family (Haemophilus influenzae, Pfeiffer's bacillus);
• opportunistic bacteria of the genus Proteus;
• some fungal infections (mainly the genus Candida) and other pathogenic, opportunistic representatives of microflora.

Increasingly, there are cases when colpitis in women is caused by the paired effects of chlamydia and mycoplasma.

More than half of all cases of diagnosing this disease occur in young, middle-aged women (20-45 years old), that is, in the reproductive category. However, there are cases of affection of elderly women (over 50 years old), adolescents (13-17 years old), girls under 10 years old.

The reasons for the vulnerability to the disease at different ages are different. If in 20-45 year old women a number of factors can lead to infectious inflammation, then in children and the elderly the onset of the disease is associated with a weakening of the main line of defense against colpitis - the acidic environment of the vagina, which is created by Doderlein sticks that produce lactic acid.

Lactic acid has powerful antibacterial properties, which inhibits the reproduction of pathogenic, opportunistic microflora on the walls of the vagina.

Vaginitis in little girls

If in older women the line of defense may weaken due to age-related atrophic changes, then colpitis in young girls happens due to the general vulnerability of childhood.

The mucous membrane inside the vagina and the entire vulva as a whole in the pre-puberty period are highly sensitive to negative environmental factors. The layer of mucous cells is thin and the production of antimicrobial mucus may be insufficient.

Among the most common causes of colpitis in children are:

• systematic non-observance of personal hygiene and, as a concomitant factor, helminthic invasions of the lower intestines (especially pinworms);
• the transmission of pathogenic bacteria that cause genitourinary infections even during childbirth from the mother (in this case, a sluggish chronic form is almost always determined in the anamnesis);
• for children, visiting swimming pools, baths, saunas is potentially more dangerous than for adults, since the infection threshold (the maximum permissible number of bacterial units entering the body) is lower for them, therefore, all sanitary standards must be observed;
• regular, frequent ailments - as a rule, these are acute respiratory infections, influenza, sore throats, bronchitis, may indicate initially weak immunity, but can lead to a weakening of the immune defense due to its constant tension with the viruses of acute respiratory infections, ARVI;
• regular, severe stress experienced by a child can reduce immune defenses.

However, not only a child can get a disease of the vaginal mucosa if the listed factors are present. It's just that in children it is these reasons that most often lead to illness.

Caution during pregnancy

Colpitis during pregnancy can happen with the same probability as outside of this condition. On the contrary, during the period of gestation, the risk of this disease increases due to the inevitable hormonal disruption in the woman's body and the likely weakening of the immune system.

Gynecologists-obstetricians advise women to be more careful during this period and consult a doctor at the first signs of the disease.

There are two reasons:

• increased risk of an inflammatory process due to possible damage to the fetus, for example, intrauterine infection;
• increased vulnerability of the mother's body and a number of additional contraindications when some effective drugs are extremely undesirable for use during such a period.

During pregnancy, an emphysematous type of colpitis may occur. Expressed in moderate inflammation of the vaginal mucous membrane, but most importantly - in the formation of transparent bubbles on it (filled with gas or transparent liquid), it is believed that this is a physiological reaction to pregnancy, should take place by itself by the end of the second week after childbirth.

The yeast (candidiasis) form of the disease often occurs due to hormonal disruption, which is a normal reaction of the mother's body to the appearance of a foreign tissue of the fetus inside.

In the same way, the immune system is strained, for which the fetus is a foreign element. And the body always reacts to a foreign body in the same way - with inflammation.

As a result, the body's sensitivity to any infection, including sexual infection, increases. Therefore, Trichomonas or gonorrheal colpitis during pregnancy is easier to catch.

Complications and consequences for the child and mother may be as follows:

• infection of the fetus with an infectious form of the disease;
• complications during childbirth, since the mucous membrane may already be traumatized by erosion and inflammation;
• premature birth and prematurity of the fetus due to the produced inflammation;
• weakening of the child's immune system, not only due to the risk of infection, but also due to the weakening of the mother's immune system;
• extremely severe course of the disease can lead to miscarriage.

The threat of miscarriage with the same colpitis is maximally high in the first trimester of the week until the 13th. It is during this period that the most rapid embryonic development occurs, ending in the formation of the fetus. In the second and third trimesters, colpitis is no longer so dangerous for a child, but it can still cause problems.

Views

It is already clear that the etiology of vaginitis is complex. This means that the disease in medical practice will have varieties, with the specification of a specific etiology. However, there are also several classifications.

According to the most general of them, all colpitis are divided into:

• chronic (it is sluggish, sometimes generally asymptomatic for years, but exacerbations may occur);
• acute (manifests itself sharply, with pronounced symptoms);
• , it is age-related (it runs from asymptomatic to acute, stands out in that it is more difficult to treat due to specific causes of occurrence, in 99% of all cases it occurs in older women).

Forms

Of course, there are many more forms of the disease. Acute and chronic forms include colpitis of different etiology:

1. Candidal colpitis (caused by a fungus of the genus Candida), better known as "thrush".
   - A very common form that occurs when few normal opportunistic bacteria remain in the microflora (for example, after a course of antibiotics).
   - But there are many opportunistic fungi that are not sensitive to antibiotics (Candida is in the mouth, in the large intestine, which implies the risk of infection through oral / anal intercourse, or self-infection).
   - It is treated easily and quickly, in some cases it passes without treatment as a result of the normalization of immunity and microflora.
2. - the causative agent of Trichomonas vaginalis.
   - A common form, transmitted in 95% of cases during unprotected sex and in 5% through household items.
   - Timely treatment completely eliminates the infection.
   - Ignoring the disease increases the risk of becoming chronic, which is very difficult to completely eliminate.
3. Gonorrheal colpitis is caused by gonococci.
   - The acute form, in the absence or inadequacy of treatment, is also capable of turning into a chronic one, which with a 20% probability will lead to complications (penetration of gonococci into other tissues and organs, therefore, the appearance of new foci of inflammation).
4. Chlamydial / mycoplasma colpitis.
   - Has the characteristic feature of an asymptomatic course.
5. Nonspecific colpitis or unspecified.
   - Associated with pathological reproduction of opportunistic microflora, but does not have a specific pathogen.

If colpitis is provoked by a genitourinary infection, then it is considered specific, and if the key cause is different, then nonspecific.

The classification according to the location of the infection is also applied:

1. If the inflammation begins with the clitoris, the labia only after passes into the vagina, then vulvovaginitis occurs.
2. But it happens that the inflammatory process begins in the overlying sections (uterus, ovaries), and then goes down below. The inflammation can pass from the urinary tract.

Colpitis is also isolated during and after pregnancy, but in this case it is not a separate species. Since the cause is not pregnancy itself, but a possible weakening of the immune system and hormonal disruption during it.

Causes of occurrence

There are many causative agents of colpitis, however, in most situations, additional factors are required to facilitate the task of pathogenic, opportunistic microorganisms.

Vaginitis can occur under the following antecedent conditions:

• infection with various causative agents of sexually transmitted diseases (chlamydia, Trichomonas, gonococcus);
• inflammatory reactions of any etiology in nearby tissues and organs (in the uterus, ovaries, rectum, urinary tract);
• endocrine disorders of any etiology - when the hormonal background of the body changes (autoimmune diseases, metabolic disorders, taking hormonal drugs, pregnancy);
• long-term or systematic use of antibiotics (drugs whose names end in "zinc" or "tsilin");
• traumatization of the vaginal mucosa of any kind - mechanical, thermal, chemical (occurs with poor-quality abortion, douching);
• the breakdown of the immune system by numerous factors: frequent infectious diseases, taking immunosuppressants, poor nutrition, regular stress, increased physical activity, lack of sleep;
• mechanical injury to the pelvic area (which can lead to changes in the anatomy of the vagina, ruptures of its walls);
• age-related anatomical changes (decreased muscle tone of the walls);
• non-observance of the rules of personal hygiene;
• individual allergic reactions (if using tampons, condoms, dildos, ointments and lubricants containing appropriate irritant chemicals).

The emergence of the cause of vaginitis often occurs unnoticed by the patient.

Is colpitis transmitted from woman to man?

Those who are poorly versed in medicine are confused that colpitis is kind of like a purely female problem. Yes, but what causes vaginitis can be dangerous for the male body.

We are talking about the causative agents of sexually transmitted diseases.

1. If the disease is caused by purely internal factors (hormones, age, weak immunity), then there is no danger for the sexual partner.
2. When the man himself has normal immunity and microflora of the mucous membranes, then contact with large generations of Candida and opportunistic bacteria is not scary.
3. If it is a consequence of the action of a sexually transmitted disease (gonorrhea, chlamydia), then there is a danger.

With unprotected sex. Therefore, in answering the question posed, first it is important to classify the disease, to find out its root cause.

Symptoms of the disease

With the disease, several symptoms occur. The problem is that some of these can be confused with symptoms of other pelvic diseases.

The main manifestations that are observed in most patients:

• vaginal discharge;
• itching, burning, feeling of hyperemia in the vulva;
• redness, swelling of the vulva, as well as hyperemia and swelling of the vaginal mucosa (clearly visible both with colposcopy and with a simple examination using mirrors);
• pulling pains in the lower abdomen, feeling of bloating;
• discomfort when urinating.

Much depends on the immune responses in the woman's body. Often, low-grade fever, a constant feeling of fatigue is added to the listed symptoms. It depends on the immune status when the first signs of the disease appear.

A specific type of disease adds specificity to the symptomatic picture:

1. Gonorrheal vaginitis.
   - Gives profuse purulent discharge from whitish to yellowish-greenish color.
   - Severe swelling, soreness of the mucous membrane.
   - Feeling of "tickling" during and after urination.
   - With the transition to the chronic phase, the amount of discharge decreases.
2. Vaginitis caused by Trichomonas.
   - Due to the dissolution of the proteins of the mucous membrane by bacteria, it gives a frothy discharge, similar to saliva, with an unpleasant odor.
   - The chronic form is extremely unpleasant in that Trichomonas have receptor mechanisms of disguise as epithelial cells, the immunity "does not see" them.
3. Candidal vaginitis.
   - Very recognizable thanks to the abundant cheesy discharge.
4. Nonspecific form of the disease.
   - It is characterized by the fact that the pain syndrome almost never occurs, and the discharge is liquid, transparent, odorless.
5. Atrophic vaginitis.
   - Accompanied by a feeling of dryness in the vagina, the release of blood and lymph during any mechanical action (for example, during intercourse), often severe burning pain caused by damage to the atrophied vaginal mucosa.

Diagnostic methods

Four lines can be distinguished:

• simple inspection with mirrors;
• biochemical, cytological studies of biomaterials;
• ultrasound procedure.

The first line of diagnostic research is a simple examination using mirrors. An experienced gynecologist (and a venereologist) can immediately make a preliminary diagnosis for swelling, mucosal secretions. This diagnosis is confirmed in 90% of all cases.

Then comes colposcopy, which allows you to more accurately study the disease. Colposcopy for suspected colpitis is usually carried out in an extended version, that is, with monitoring of the cervical mucosa and various biochemical tests, fences.

A PCR smear is definitely done and cytology is examined. Bacteriological inoculation is carried out in order to determine the bacterial composition of pathogenic microflora. Highlight the type of bacteria that are responsible for the inflammatory process. Microscopy of epithelial samples will allow the assessment of tissue-cell morphology. Colpitis is accompanied by an increased content of leukocytes and a low content of lactobacilli.

Sometimes blood tests (general, biochemical) are prescribed to assess possible changes in the body.

An ultrasound of the pelvic organs and the abdominal cavity is performed if there are suspicions of complications or another disease. Moreover, an ultrasound scan can be prescribed through the cavity of the vagina or rectum to obtain the most detailed picture.

It is impossible not to mention such an important study as an antibioticogram. It is prescribed for patients with a chronic form of the disease when bacteriological resistance to antibiotics is found (for example, gonococci can be covered with a hard capsule that protects against antibiotics). An antibioticogram allows you to determine which drug a given bacterium is most sensitive to.

There is no strict treatment regimen. It is selected individually. In principle, it is quite possible to cure colpitis 100%. The main thing is to start a course of therapy in a timely manner and use the services of a good specialist. Self-medication is not recommended. It is up to the doctor to decide how to treat.

1. When colpitis is of an infectious nature (and this is most often the case), the backbone of treatment consists of antimicrobial therapy.
   - Antimicrobial vaginal suppositories (Geksikon, Gynoflor, Lomeksin) and tablets, disinfectant tampons (for example, soaked in sea buckthorn oil).
   - With a pronounced microbial attack, general and local antibiotics are prescribed (Levofloxacin, Metronidazole).
2. Treating an atrophic form is more difficult than bacterial vaginitis. After all, it's a matter of age-related changes in the body.
   - Here, therapeutic measures are aimed at restoring the nutrition of the mucous membrane, its vascularization.
   - In case of hormonal disorders, first (or in parallel) it is necessary to deal with the treatment of the endocrine system.
3. To restore the normal amount of lactobacilli, prebiotics, probiotics can be prescribed.
   - The duration of treatment should be determined by the doctor individually.
   - Treatment control is carried out using smears on the 5th day of menstruation in women of reproductive age, or immediately in menopausal women and children.

In case of infectious colpitis, all sexual partners of the patient should undergo antimicrobial therapy.

It is possible to have sex during the treatment period, but it is highly recommended to use contraception to avoid possible cross-contamination.

Simple methods should not be neglected. For example, the introduction through a special enema (douching) of sage or chamomile decoctions. You can wash with these broths, or even better - do sitz baths (30 minutes is enough). Sitting baths can be done using a weak solution of potassium permanganate.

By the way, many do not trust douching. For the uninitiated, this is the injection of various healing solutions and fluids into the vaginal cavity by inserting a short, thick catheter attached to a small medical enema.

Sometimes a syringe for 20 "cubes" is used for douching instead of a rubber bulb. Mistrust stems from fears of causing more harm by douching. However, the method itself is quite safe.

It is enough to follow a number of simple measures:

• use only moderately warm water for the solution, do not inject liquid under excessive pressure (here it would be nice to replace the "pear" or syringe with an Esmarch mug for a softer irrigation of the vaginal walls);
• do not carry out the procedure too often, over a long period, be careful.

Thanks to douching directly on the walls of the vagina and the cervix, you can apply agents that have antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anesthetic, nourishing effects. This is especially important for the treatment of infections that can lead to erosion. It is best when the procedures are performed in a hospital setting.

Physiotherapy

This treatment is prescribed for up to 5 days. The course of therapy is prescribed depending on the type of colpitis and the severity of its course. Although the method cannot be considered the main remedy, it is important as an adjunctive therapy. Plus it is absolutely safe, which is also important for pregnant patients.

Physiotherapy promotes:

1. Suppression of bacterial and fungal activity (relative to pathogenic forms).
2. Reducing inflammation.
3. Activation of local immune responses.

Types of physiotherapy:

• short-wave UV radiation has bactericidal properties;
• UHF - high-frequency electromagnetic field leads to the launch of anti-inflammatory processes;
• ultraphonophoresis - ultrasonic treatment improves the penetration of pharmaceuticals into tissues, enhances blood supply and lymph flow;
• laser irradiation is used to accelerate regenerative processes;
• SMV - long-wave electromagnetic irradiation improves tissue trophism, secretory functions in the endocrine system.

These important adjunctive treatments should not be neglected.

Pharmacology

In another way, it is called etiotropic therapy, that is, aimed at eliminating the causes of the disease.

Drugs for the treatment of colpitis are prescribed by the attending gynecologist, venereologist. As a rule, the basis of etiotropic treatment is a tandem: vaginal suppositories and tablets (usually antibiotics or antimicrobial agents).

There are a huge number of vaginal suppositories:

• Betadine;
• Terzhinan;
• Polygynax;
• Vaginorm.

In the treatment of the atrophic form of the disease, hormonal drugs are of considerable importance:

• Femoston;
• Angelique.

The choice of the treating medication often has to be carried out already during therapy, relying on the results of analyzes and the patient's self-observation. However, caution should be exercised with medications. First of all, we must not forget about the "Contraindications" column.

Drugs during pregnancy

The body of an intrauterine child is very sensitive and is not suitable for testing pharmacological preparations on it.

The most vulnerable period is the first trimester, when tissue bookmarks are formed in the embryo.

Therefore, most of all contraindications are in the first 13-14 weeks of pregnancy. Although there are drugs that are contraindicated throughout the entire 9 months and even during breastfeeding.

Examples of such medications (taken by mouth in pill form):

• Nolitsin;
• Dalatsin;
• Clindacin and other antimicrobial agents.

The most offensive thing is that the most harmful drugs for a pregnant woman against colpitis are just the most effective. However, in severe cases, with severe exacerbations, any drug can be prescribed under the strict supervision of a doctor.

1. For the treatment of candidal colpitis in pregnant women, the famous antimicrobial and antiprotozoal drug is used - Metronidazole.
   - But in the first trimester it is contraindicated to take it, only in the second and third - with caution.
2. Betadine - popular suppositories for colpitis during pregnancy can be put, on the contrary, only up to 3 months, and at a later date it is no longer recommended.
   - Also applies to Geksikon vaginal suppositories.
   - Betadine contains the active ingredient - iodine compounds, and Geksikon - chlorhexidine.
   - Both of these substances have powerful disinfecting properties.
3. But other suppositories, for example, Terzhinan or Vagotil, are approved for use at any stage.
4. Among the systemic drugs (taken orally and absorbed into the bloodstream through the gastrointestinal tract), Nystatin and Pimafucin are considered the safest, but they are much inferior in effectiveness to many other drugs.

Folk remedies

It is difficult to completely cure colpitis at home, when decoctions, infusions are used. It is better to use traditional medicine as an adjunct to the main treatment regimen. Do not forget to notify your doctor about this.

1. Chamomile herb is a wonderful remedy that is suitable for colpitis for douching, for ingestion (as a drink).
2. An infusion of celandine herb is very good (2 tablespoons of herbs per liter of boiling water, leave for 3 hours in a thermos).
3. With an atrophic form, an infusion of licorice root will help.

But it is better to use a mixture of herbs. Throughout the day, chamomile decoction can be done up to 3 times and take 100 ml of the decoction inside up to 5 times.

Laundry soap is a wonderful folk remedy, which is also preventive at the same time. Washing with simple laundry soap at least a couple of times a week creates a good protective barrier.

Folk remedies are of particular importance for those who suffer from a chronic form of the disease.

Complications

Complications occur in cases where there has been insufficient or incorrect treatment. Or its complete absence.

The consequences can be pretty sad:

• the transition of infection and inflammation to the upper sections, for example, the fallopian tubes (salpingitis develops when the pathogenic microflora is opened to the fallopian tubes);
• salpingitis, in turn, can lead to blockage of the fallopian tubes, and this can lead to such unpleasant, tragic things as ectopic pregnancy and infertility;
• inflammation can spread to the ovaries, and this is fraught with neoplasms in the tissues of these organs;
• erosive processes of the vaginal mucosa and prolonged inflammation of the walls can lead to their fusion.

Severe, prolonged pain in the lower abdomen may indicate an increase in the focus of infection.

Restoring microflora through diet

The processes that occur during the activation of vaginitis destroy precisely the first natural line of defense of the body - the beneficial microflora (the same Doderlein sticks). Normal (useful) microflora with vaginitis leaves with vaginal discharge, is suppressed by pathogenic microflora, is poorly synthesized again.

The vaginal microflora is normal, if immunity, nutrition and the processes of assimilation of food are normal.

Therefore, it is necessary to add active biological additives to quality nutrition:

• Bifiform;
• Eubikor (contributes to a significant increase in immunity);
• Enterol;
• Bificol;
• Bifilong;
• Polybacterin.

The growth of beneficial microorganisms can increase with the exclusion of some products from the diet - the active inclusion of others.

Exclude (during treatment):

• alcohol;
• spicy;
• smoked;
• excessively greasy.

Consume actively:

• all fermented milk products;
• legumes, liver, spinach, wholemeal flour - all these are foods rich in vitamin B;
• increase the consumption of foods rich in vitamin C (rose hips, citrus fruits);
• boiled meat, fish, eggs (protein sources);
• fresh vegetables, fruits as the main source of fiber;
• honey is a storehouse of vitamins (but do not forget that honey is a potential allergen).

Prevention

You can generally reduce the risk of disease to a minimum, if you do not forget about simple preventive measures:

1. Carefully monitor personal hygiene, especially intimate hygiene (labia, clitoris), in this case, one of the best assistants is laundry soap, for example, from the Saratov Fat Plant.
2. To eat well.
3. Do not get carried away by casual sexual intercourse, and if such, it is imperative to use a condom.
4. Use supportive therapy with forced long-term antibiotic use.

Conclusion

In general, colpitis will not become a serious problem with a responsible approach to it. With a timely and adequate therapeutic course, complete recovery occurs in about a month.