And how they change their color in the fall. Moleculesresponsible for bright shades of yellow and orange, are no longer a mystery, and why the leaves acquire a red color while remains a mystery.

Responding to air temperature shift and fewer daylight, leaves cease to produce chlorophyll (which gives green), absorbing blue and partially red light emitted by the sun.

Since chlorophyl is sensitive to cold, some changes in the weatherSuch as early frosts, "turn off" its developing is faster than usual.

Why yellow and fall leaves

At this time, orange and yellow pigments called carotenoids (which can also be found in carrots) and xantofillashoot through the leaves that have no green left.

"Yellow color is present in the leaves all summer, but it is not visible until the green will not disappear," says Paul Shaberg (Paul Schaberg), physiologist of plants from the US Forest Service.

But scientists have little information about red color, which appears in some leaves in autumn.

It is known that the red color comes from anthocyanidswhich, unlike carotenoids, are produced only in autumn. Anthocyanids also give the color of strawberries, red apples and plums.

Trees produce anthocyanids when they feel shifted in the environment - frost, ultraviolet radiation, drought and / or fungus.

But the red leaves are also sign of illness Tree. If you notice that the leaves of the tree before the usual (at the end of August) became red, most likely the tree suffers from the fungus, or it was damaged by man somewhere.

Why does the tree spend its energy to work out new anthocyanids in a sheet when this sheet is about to fall?

Paul Shaberg believes that if the anthocyanids help the leaves remain on the tree longer, they can help the tree to absorb more useful substances before the leaves fall. A tree can use soaring resources to flourish next season.

Anthocyanines

The theme of the anthocyanin is a little more difficult for study, rather than the remaining components of the trees. Despite the fact that all trees contain chlorophyll, carotene and xantophylls, not all produce anthocyanins. Even those trees that have anthocyanins produce them only under certain conditions.

Before the tree get rid of their leaves, it tries to absorb as More nutrients Of these, [leaves], and at that moment an anthocianin is entered into the role.

Scientists have several answers to the question why some trees produce this substance, and the leaves change their color.

The most common theory It suggests that anthocyanins protect the leaves from the oversupply of sunlight, while allowing the wood to absorb useful substances stored in the leaves.

On the tree these pigments play the role of sunscreen, Blocking the dangerous radiation and the protection of the leaves from the overaffect of light. They also protect the cells from rapid freezing. Their favor can be compared with the benefit of antioxidants.

Large amount of sunlight, dry weather, frosty weather, low nutrient level and other stress factors increase sugar concentration in wood juice. This launches the mechanism for generating a large number of anthocyanins, in the last attempt to accumulate energy to survive the winter.

Scientists believe that the study of anthocyanids will help to understand the level of the disease Each tree. This, in turn, will give a more understandable picture of environmental issues.

As the character of the book and cartoon said Lorax: "The color of the trees will once be able to tell us that the tree feels at the moment."

Why leaves dry and fall

With the arrival of winter, part of the globe receives less sunlightAnd the air becomes colder. When such changes occur, trees are preparing for the winter.

Trees who discard their leaves, clog the places of fastening the leaves. It does not allow liquids with useful substances to reach the leaves, because of which the leaves change their color and fall.

Leaffall symbolizes not only the change of season, this process is also helps wood survive cold, dry winter air.

In winter, trees are lacking liquid to "Keep" leaves. If they did not clog the places where the leaves begin to grow, the trees would just died.

When spring brings warm air and water, trees start growing new leaves.

Why are coniferous trees do not reset the leaves?

In the spring and summer, the leaves of the trees of green color due to the large number of green substances contained in them chlorophyll. Chlorophyll performs a very important role. Using water and sun rays, it produces food for the whole tree. Occurs photosynthesis - The process of formation of sugar in the light in chloroplasts, which is then turning into starch.

In the spring and summer, in the period of active growth and development of plants, chlorophyll is contained in the leaves, painting them in a bright green color. In addition to green chlorophyll, in the leaves in smaller quantities there are other substances - yellow, orange and red, in addition, the walls of the cells forming a leaf, brown shade. But all these colors are drunk and therefore practically not visible.

With the onset of cold Channels, which transferred juices to the sheet and from the sheet, are gradually closed. This reduces the amount of water coming into the sheet, and the amount of chlorophyll decreases. Then begin to appeal to the unnoticed shades of various substances and streaks. The leaves are suddenly painted in amazing yellow-red, crimson, brown colors. The leaves who lost chlorophyll will no longer be able to become greens again. The season of golden autumn comes.

With the arrival of autumn, the duration of the daylight is reduced. Consequently, the photosynthesis process also has no sufficient time for development. The process of photosynthesis is important to harvest trees. So it turns out that the nutrients of the tree gets less and less that the slowdown in all processes entails.

Chlorophyll begins to collapse, green in the leaves becomes more and less. Now there comes a series of other color pigments: yellow xantophyll, orange carotene and red Anthocian. Thanks to these pigments, the leaves acquire such a bright color.

Probably, everyone noticed that not all trees were "dressing up" in the fall equally. In the color of some predominance of crimson tones, in some - yellow, and in some - brown. For example, maple leaves and Osin are painted into the crimson tones. Leaves, oaks and birches are cast gold.

Interestingly, alder leaves, lilacs do not have time to change the color, they are still more green. Why? Yes, because in the leaves of these trees there are no painting pigments except chlorophyll.

All life processes in the trees slow down with the arrival of autumn, the life of the leaves will fade. And this process is eternal, as life itself, and is also natural and irreversible. That is, those leaves that have already lost their green pigment chlorophyll can no longer be able to restore their strength.

The process of coloring leaves can be divided into three stages:

1. Start changing the color of the leaves. Show some leaves;
2. Change coloring crown trees. The tops begin to flies and differ markedly from the rest of the crown;
3. Complete change in the color of the leaves. Almost all Krone changed its color.

Fitting leaves is the dropping of all harmful substances. The leaves accumulate a large amount of nutrients. However, in addition to the useful substances in the leaves, harmful substances are accumulated - metabolites, extra mineral salts, which are only harmful to the health of the tree. Autumn - it's time when the tree begins to get rid of harmful existing in the leaves, and beneficial leaves for wintering.

In addition, scientists have proven that in winter, when, the leaves on the crown does not remain, the tree has little chance to suffer from drought. The reason is that the leaves take quite a lot of moisture, and with its lack of roots can not cope.

When are the brightest colors of the leaves?

The brightest, juicy colors of the leaves are in the fall, when it is long worth cold dry and sunny weather (at temperatures from 0 to 7 degrees Celsius increases the formation of anthocyanin). The beautiful coloring of the leaves falls in places like Vermont. But, for example, in the UK, where the climate is rainy and the weather almost all the time cloudy, autumn leaves most often dull yellow or brown. The fall passes, winter comes. Together with the leaves of the plant losing and colorful coloring.

Leaves are attached to branches by special cuttings. With the onset of winter cold, the relationship between cells from which the cuttings are consisting of. After that, the leaves remain associated with a branch only with thin bridges, for which water and nutrients enter the leaves. A light blow of the wind or a drop of rain can break this ephemeral connection, and the leaves will fall to the ground, adding another color touch to a multi-colored thick carpet from fallen leaves. Plants are inhabited by winter, like chipmunks and proteins, but accumulate it not in the ground, but in branches, barrels and roots.

The leaves in which water ceases to act, dry out, fall out of the trees and the wind climbed a long twice in the air, until they are going to forest paths, losing them with a crispy path. Yellow or red coloring of the leaves can persist a few weeks after they opted. But over time, the corresponding pigments are destroyed. The only thing that remains is a tanne (yes, it is he who paints tea).

Why do leaves change the color in the fall? Experiment

In order to find an answer to the question why in the fall leaves on the trees change the color and yellow, children will need to collect a little leaves.

After that, together, you must interrupt them in colors in the prepared containers. After that, the leaves are flooded with alcohol and grinding. After grinding and mixing alcohol will help the color even better manifest.

Tip: The time of complete color absorption will depend on how many leaves and alcohol were used. After 12 hours, the liquid can not yet absorb, but the effect is already obvious. As the liquid is absorbed into the filter, the colors from the leaves are diverged.

Expression of the experiment why leaves change color

In winter, the days are becoming shorter, which reduces the amount of sunlight for leaves. Due to the lack of the sun, the plants go to the stage of rest and feed on glucose, which was accumulated over the summer. As soon as the "winter mode" is turned on, chlorophyll green leaves leaves. And as a bright green shade disappears, we begin to see yellow and orange colors. A small number of these pigments was in the leaves all the time. For example, maple leaves are brightly red, as they have an excess glucose.

Why yellow leaves on trees in summer?

Basic nutrients needed for wood development:

• Magnesium;
• Potassium;
• Phosphorus;

Magnesium may not be enough on the sandy and sandy soils. Often, its imbalance is manifested in wet weather, with frequent irrigation - magnesium is quickly washed away.

Potassium lacks the leaves if in addition to the yellowness, the red rim on the sheet plate is noticeable. Potassium shortage is accompanied by simultaneous flaw in phosphorus.

Phosphoric starvation is manifested in the appearance of a bronze shade and the leaves dry out, covering the entire surface of the sheet.

Fingering soil mixture with the missing ingredients will solve the problem.

Overwaying soil

Close ground of groundwater and soil moistening due to frequent irrigation will affect the stagnation of water, the decay of oxygen. Fruit trees in the garden will start not only shirt, but also to sleep, fade, it is possible that the root system will rot. The problem will help solve soil drainage, increasing landing, care normalization.

Chlorosis of fruit trees

With the development of chlorosis, the leaves of fruit trees become dull, pale, yellowing, as if there are no sun in the garden.

Chlorosis may appear for many reasons:

• Excess lime levels in the soil;
• Excessive amount of fresh manure;
• Lack of iron salts (chlorophyll is not formed);
• Moving roots;
• Oxygen starvation (due to the conjunction);

If chlorosis did not have time to embrace the entire crown of the tree, then it is necessary to restore the gap in the care, which caused chlorosis, and also to be filtered with a solution of iron mood (2%).

Pests and diseases of fruit trees

When aphids appears or ticks, the leaves are not only yellow in the summer in the trees in the garden - deformed shoots appear. Similar symptoms can manifest themselves in the development of fungal diseases. In order for garden trees to be healthy, it is necessary to propagate the spraying solutions before the start of flowering and after it is completed.

Damage to the crust of garden trees in summer

In summer, garden trees are beginning to turn yellow, if earlier their bark or root system was mechanically damaged. It could happen when transplanting, soil looser, cropping or processing. Because of the violation of the vital activity of the tissues of the tree, the overall wilt occurs. Determine the problem in this case is difficult. Restore the fruit tree in the garden will help either feeding or the use of biological preparations for overlapping wounds.

Unlike animals that they get the necessary substances and energy from food eaten, ordinary plants consume three separate threads of matter / energy, namely:

• Mineral substances and water - come through the root system;
• Carbon dioxide required for biomass synthesis - comes from the ambient air through the leaves;
• Energy is absorbed by the leaves from the flow of sunlight falling on them.

The assimilation of light energy is possible only due to its interaction with painted substances (vegetable pigments) in the process of photosynthesis. The main photosenthetic pigments of plants are chlorophylls - it is they who give the plants a green color. For photosynthesis of different groups of substances (carbohydrates, proteins), chlorophyll absorbs the blue and red components of the solar spectrum, ignoring the green as "unnecessary" (the real process is even more complicated and interesting - which is noticeable of photographs of live plants in the near infrared spectrum).

The remaining groups of pigments (yellow xantophylls, orange carotes, as well as red, purple and blue anthocyans) are present in a plants sheet in small quantities. You can see them in thetaic (grown without light and therefore do not have chlorophyll) plants or their parts - for example, in germinating in the dark of the shoots of potatoes. The chromophore groups of chlorophyll molecules are responsible for the absorption of parts of the light spectrum of the light spectrum: a slight chemical / physical impact may easily destroy them - this process is well noticeable when cooking, when the greens are scarked, fry or thrown into the cooking soup.

What happens to foliage in the fall?

Having prepared for the winter rest period, the plant is "pumping out" from biomass of leaves all potentially useful substances and stops the synthesis of chlorophylls. The residual amount of their number in the sheet becomes so little that no longer can disguise the presence of other, more stable coloring pigments and its own color of the cell walls (it is diverse, but it typically has a brown shade). Therefore, the fading sheet acquires the color shade that the dyes remaining in the leaf record in the leaf plate, and in proportion to their number / concentration - and precisely because of this, the autumn forest is painted in such a variety of and bright colors.

How does the plant "find out" about the occurrence of autumn?

In a living plant, a multitude of "internal hours" - processes tied to the impact of external factors (cyclic fluctuations of temperature, light, and so on). With regard to the sheet, the most important factor here is relative (as a share of the total cycle) and the absolute (in hours) duration of the daylight day - this is exactly how the process of preparing the plant for the winter period is launched. In addition to changing biochemical processes, in leaf falling trees, at the base of the sheet, the growth of the cork layer cells is initiated, which gradually interrupts the connection between the sheet and the tree - and the sheet is popped.

Why autumn leaves yellow and fall

The country season ends with the last fallen leaves from trees and shrubs. Many people have bare plants cause despondency and longing to fly. But autumn is beautiful! No wonder so many poetic strings is devoted to this time of year. Why are the leaves of some plants blush, and others are yellow? And why leave the leaves?

The leaf fall is the brightest sign of autumn. These plants adapt to the unfavorable conditions of the season. Seasonal variability of plants begins with northern latitudes and is gradually moving south. The leafflower is repeated every year and always leads us to delight with its bright colors - from yellow and orange to pink and purple. Leaves are flying even from evergreen plants in subtropics and tropics. Only there they fall not all at once, but gradually throughout the year, and it is not so noticeable.

In the fall, it becomes colder, and the water in the plant comes from the roots to the leaves in the slow motion. But this is not the main reason for the leaf fall. The onset of unfavorable conditions is a signal for the transition of plants into a new cycle of life, which is laid in the genetic code. This indicates us that the autumn dropping leaves is not a direct consequence of adverse conditions. It, together with the winter period, the rest is included in the most cycle of plant development. There is also a way to make sure that the leaf fall is the physiological process. Why is the sheet separated from the branch? It turns out that with the onset of colds at the base of the stuff, where the sheet is attached to the "sheet pad" to the branch, a cork layer is formed. The cells of this layer have smooth walls and are easily separated from each other. It is worth blowing the wind a little stronger, and the sheet is separated from the cork layer.

The green color of the leaves is due to the large number of chlorophyll pigment contained in them. This pigment "feeds" plants, since it is with its help on the light plant from carbon dioxide and water synthesizes organic substances and primarily the main sugar - glucose, and from it all other nutrients. The composition of chlorophyll includes iron, and when it is destruction, oxides are formed that have brown-yellow colors. The destruction of chlorophyll intensively occurs in the light, that is, in sunny weather. That is why in a cloudy rainy autumn leaves retain their green coloring longer. At the autumn of sunny days, the leaves acquire golden-red.

However, along with chlorophyll, green leaves contain other pigments - yellow xanthofill and orange carotene (it determines the color of carrot roots). In the summer, these pigments are invisible, as they are disassembled by a large number of chlorophyll. In the fall, as the livelihoods at the leaf, chlorophyll gradually collapses. Here, they are manifested in the sheet of yellow and red shades of xanthophyll and carotene.

In addition to the golden, autumn trees do the buggy shades. This color determines the pigment called Anthocian. In contrast to chlorophyll, anthocian is not connected inside the cell with plastic formations (grains), but dissolved in cellular juice. With a decrease in temperature, as well as in bright light, the amount of anthocian in cellular juice increases. In addition, the stop or delay of nutrient synthesis in the foliage also stimulate the synthesis of anthocyanins.

The fallen leaves can still save the form and color, and then they begin to dying and acquire brown is not very pleasant for the eye color. Part of the leaves remains in place under the trees and shrubs, and part of the wind takes out the site. The gardener from aesthetic considerations often occurs temptation to clear the soil from fallen leaves. Do I need? After all, the leaves contain the same chemical compounds that were taken by plants from the soil. True, they acquired a somewhat different chemical composition and entered the organic substance formed by the plant. Once on the surface of the soil, the leaves become "mining" of a great set of different living organisms. Among them, the most important role in the disposal of leaves belongs to the rainworms. Products of their livelihoods (excrement of worms are called caprolines) contain the entire set of power elements for plants almost in the finished form. So the leaves, hitting the biological cycle of substances, returned the soil, what was once received in the plant.

And now decide for yourself - to remove the foliage from under the trees or not? There are two ways to preserve the beneficial properties of false foliage. The first is to leave in place until spring, followed by perplex. In this case, the leaves will insulate the upper layer of the soil. The second path will be somewhat more complicated, and last longer. Collect the leaves to the compost pit and in a year or two to return under the trees in the rim.

V. A. Rossis , Professor Agau

Our indoor pets need constant care and attention. With their lack of plants begin to suffer and submit disturbing signs. One of these signs is the yellowed leaves of your roommates. Consider why yellow leaves on the room colors and what to do in this case.

In case of illness or improper care, our pets react primarily by the fact that yellow edges or all leaf plate whole. Consider the main causes of such phenomena.

Even a novice flower dealer understands that the yellowing of foliage is an alarming sign

Wrong home care

The most common causes of yellow spots on the bedroom flowers are mistakes in home care.

Excess watering plants

For most colors, a moderate watering will be sufficient. Before purchasing one or another copy, first of all, it is necessary to familiarize yourself with the conditions for its content and the rules of care.

Excessive moisturizing leads to soil fever and booting the root system. As a result, the leaves and shoots are yellowing, the plant may perish if timely not take measures to treat.

Disadvantaged watering

Often the reason for the yellowing of the leaves of the room representatives of the flora becomes the bare earth com. In this case, the plant does not receive a sufficient amount of nutrients and moisture. The tips of the leaves and branches begin to dry and fall, the roots die.

Draft

Almost all indoor flowers, especially tropical, do not tolerate drafts. They need to be held away from any sources of flower drafts - open windows, air conditioners, fans, etc.

Favorite Split Systems We can damage the immunity of colors

Temperature differences

Yellowing shoots ravendice can react to a sharp change of temperatures. During the acclimatization period, our green friends usually sick.

Lack of light

From insufficient solar lighting, the leaves begin on the side, which flowers will turn to the shadow.

Burns from the Sun.

When exposed to direct sunlight, yellow spots usually arise on leaves.

Failure to comply with the regime of subcord

With a lack or excess of nutrients in the soil, leaves in plants start shirt along the central vein, mostly on the top of the flower.

Diseases and pests

Often, parts of the plants are yellow under the influence of diseases or pests.

1. Fungal diseases. As a result of the infection with phytoofluorosis or anthracnosis, leafy plates can be brightened.
2. Infectious diseases. In this case, yellow stains appear on the foliage.
3. Defeat by pests. Among such insects, tripses, a web tick, aphid, whitefly. The web tick sucks juices from leaves and shoots, as a result of which they turn yellow and subsequently fall.

Causes of the appearance on household colors

The first sign of the lesion of the flower is the appearance of white dots on the foliage. In the future, you can see the web in the interstils and on the leaves.

If the web tick started on one instance, then it can easily move to neighboring flowers. So, you need to get rid of it urgently.

First, you need to get acquainted with the rules of care for each room flower. Since plants are individual, then care for various species will be significantly different.

If the cause of the yellowing of the leaves is the violation of the irrigation mode, it is necessary to adjust it according to the needs of your green friend. In the case when the flower is flooded, you need to remove it from the pot.

Inspect the roots removal damaged and drunk. Pere out the flower in a dry disinfected soil. Follow the watering schedule.

When the leaves are yellow from the lack or excess of sunlight, it is enough to rearrange the pot with a plant to another window sill or deep into the room.

With a shortcoming or excess fertilizer in the soil, it is necessary to fill the balance: either to make the required substances with feeders, or to transplant the flower. If the substrate is an excessive amount of fertilizer, you need to clean the root system from the Earth and transplant the plant in the fresh soil.

Transfer to the new soil is one of the key measures when delivering from pest

When yellowing leaves from drafts and temperature dropsYou need to monitor the temperature regime of the content of your favorites. When conducting, it is recommended to carry plants into the next room.

Fighting pests

At the first signs of lesion by pests, isolate it so as not to infect nearby flowers.

First of all, you need to remove all the affected leaves and plants. They are no longer able to save them, but the others can be fixed in this way.

does not tolerate a wet environment, so it is necessary to spray with warm water as often as possible or arrange a shower. Also, an effective way can be called rubbing the leaves with soap solution.

At the end of processing, the leaves are thoroughly flushed. After that, wrap the pot with a flower with a transparent package and put on a sunny place. Two or three days, the plant can be opened.

If there is a launched pest flower lesion case, in no way do not do without the use of insecticides. Acaricides use acaricides to get rid of the pawkin tick.

When processing plants with chemicals, be sure to apply individual means of protection - mask and gloves.

For a person, a less dangerous can be considered phytodeterm, tweet, actor. But they neutralize only adult individuals, without harming the eggs. Therefore, after 7-10 days, it is recommended to re-process the flower in order to destroy the offspring.

Due to the popularity of insecticides, we brought out.

In order to help your favorite plants, you need to carefully monitor their condition. At the first signs of illness or discomfort, decide on the causes that cause them.

Pushing out possible causes, it is necessary in a short time to provide the required help in colorSo that they are further pleased with lush flowering and healthy view.