Features of unconditional reflexes

In a special literature, in conversations of specialists - focus and trainers, the term "reflex" is often used, but at the same time there is no uniform understanding of the meaning of this term in the film environment. Now many are fond of Western training systems, new terms are introduced into use, but few people are completely understood in the old terminology. We will try to help systematize the ideas about reflexes to those who already have a lot of adequate, and get these ideas to those who are just starting to master the theory and training techniques.

Reflex is a response of the body to a stimulus

(If you did not read an article about stimuli, then you must first read it, and then go to this material). Unconditional reflexes are divided into simple (food, defensive, sex, visceral, tendon) and complex reflexes (instincts, emotions). Some researchers to B. R. Refine and indicative (approximately research) reflexes. The instinctive activity of animals (instincts) includes several stages of animal behavior, and the individual stages of its execution are consistently connected with each other by the type of chain reflex. Question about the mechanisms of closure B. R. Studied not enough. According to the teaching of I.P. Pavlova about the cortical representation B. R., Each unconditional irritation, along with the inclusion of subcortical structures, causes the excitation of nerve cells and in the cortex of large hemispheres of the brain. The studies of the cortical processes using electrophysiological methods showed that the unconditional stimulus comes to the bark of the brain in the form of a generalized stream of ascending excitation. Based on the position of I.P. Pavlova about the nervous center as a morphofunctional aggregate of nerve formations located in various departments of Ts.S., the concept of structural and functional architecture B. R. Central part of the arc B. r. It takes place not through any one part of the TsN., but is a multi-storey and multi-timer. Each branch passes through any important department of the nervous system: the spinal cord, the core brain, the middle brain, the bark of the brain. The highest branch, in the form of a cortical representation of one or another B. R., serves as a base for the formation of conditional reflexes. Evolutionary more primitive species of animals are characterized by simple B. r. And instincts, for example, in animals, in which the role of acquired, individually produced reactions is still relatively small and predominantly predominant, although complex forms of behavior are dominated, the dominance of tendral and labyrinth reflexes is observed. With the complication of the structural organization Ts.S. And the progressive development of the cerebral cortex a significant role acquire complex unconditional reflexes and, in particular, emotions. Study B. R. It is important for the clinic. So, in the context of pathology Ts.N.S. B. p., characteristic of early stages of onto- and phylogenesis (sucking, gracious, reflexes of Babinsky, Bekhterev, etc.), which can be considered as rudimentary functions, i.e. Functions that existed earlier, but depressed in the process of phylogenesis by the highest departments of the Ts.N.S. Under the defeat of the pyramidal paths, these functions are restored due to the separation between phylogenetically ancient and later developed divisions of the Ts.S.

Unconditional reflexes

Unconditional reflex - congenital response of the body to an irritant. Each unconditional reflex is manifested at a certain age and in response to certain stimuli. Puppy in the first hours after his birth can be able to find nipples of the mother and suck milk. These actions are provided by congenital unconditional reflexes. Later, the reaction to light and moving objects begins to manifest, the ability to chew and swallow solid food. At a later age, the puppy begins to actively examine the territory, play with one-axis, to exhibit an indicative reaction, an active-defensive reaction, the reaction of persecution and production. All these actions are based on congenital reflexes, various complexity and manifested in various situations.

In terms of complexity, unconditional reflexes are divided into:

· Simple unconditional reflexes

· Reflex acts

· Reactions of behavior

· Instincts

Simple unconditional reflexes - elementary congenital reactions to stimuli. For example, pulling out the limb from the hot object, the flashing of the century when the sorties is hit by the eye, etc. Simple unconditional reflexes to the corresponding stimulus are always manifested, the change and correction is not amenable.

Reflex acts - Defined by several simple unconditional reflexes of action, performed always equally and regardless of the consciousness of the dog. Basically, the reflex acts ensure the vital activity of the body, so always manifest themselves safely and cannot be corrected.

Some examples of reflex acts:

Breath;

Swallowing;

Jumping

Training and raising the dog, it should be remembered that the only way to prevent the manifestation of a reflex act is to change or remove the irritant, it is causing it. So, if you want, during the work of the skills of obedience, your pet has not sent natural need (and he still will do it, if there is a need, despite your ban, because this is a manifestation of a reflex act), then walk the dog before training. Thus, you eliminate the appropriate stimuli, causing a reflex act, unwanted for you.

Reactions of behavior - the desire of a dog to carry out certain actions based on the complex of reflex acts and simple unconditional reflexes.

For example, the reaction of Apidence (desire to select and wear objects, play with them); an active-defensive reaction (the desire to exercise an aggressive response to a person); Obligation and search reaction (desire to search for objects by their smell) and many others. Please note that the reaction of behavior is not yet very behavior. For example, the dog has a strong congenital active-defensive reaction of behavior and at the same time the weak physically, small, as well as in the course of life he constantly received a negative result when trying to implement aggression per person. Will she behave aggressively and will it be dangerous in a specific situation? Most probably not. But the innate aggressive tendency of the animal must be taken into account, and this dog will be able to attack a weak enemy, for example, a child.

Thus, the reactions of behavior are the cause of many actions of the dog, but in the actual environment, their manifestation can be controlled. We led a negative example showing the unwanted dog behavior. But attempts to develop the necessary behavior in the absence of the necessary reactions will fail. For example, it is useless to prepare a search dog from the candidate who does not have an olfactory-search response. There will be no security guard from a dog with a passive defensive reaction (from a cowardly dog).

Instincts are congenital motivation that determines long-term behavior aimed at meeting certain needs.

Examples of instincts: sexual instinct; the instinct of self-preservation; Hunting instinct (often transformed into mining instinct) and others. Animal does not always perform actions dictated by instinct. The dog may under the influence of certain irritants to show behavior, in no way associated with the implementation of one or another instinct, but in general the animal will seek it to implement it. For example, if there is a flowing bitch near the training platform, the behavior of a male will be determined by sex instinct. Driving a male, applying certain stimuli, you can force a dog to work, but if your control will weaken, male will again strive to realize sexual motivation. Thus, unconditional reflexes are the main motivating force that determines the behavior of the animal. The lower the level of the organization of unconditional reflexes, the less they are manageable. Unconditional reflexes are the base of dog behavior, so careful animal selection in training, the definition of abilities to a particular service (work) is extremely important. It is believed that the success of the efficient use of a dog is determined by three factors:

Selection of a dog in training;

Training;

Competent application of a dog

Moreover, the importance of the first paragraph is estimated at 40%, the second and third - 30% each.

Animal behavior is based on simple and complex congenital reactions - the so-called unconditional reflexes. Unconditional reflex is a congenital reflex, passing by inheritance. An animal for manifestation of unconditional reflexes does not need learning, it is born with reflex mechanisms ready for their manifestation. For manifestation of unconditional reflex, it is necessary:

· First, causing it a stimulus,

· Secondly, the presence of a specific conductor apparatus, i.e., the finished nervous path (reflex arc), which ensures the passage of nervous irritation from the receptor to the appropriate working body (muscle or hardware).

If the dog pour into the mouth of a weak concentration hydrochloric acid (0.5%), it will try to throw away the acid from the mouth with energetic movements, and liquid saliva is spilled simultaneously, which protects the oral mucosa from acid damage. If you apply painful irritation to the finiteness of the dog, it will certainly take place, wait for the paw. These dog reactions on the irritant action of hydrochloric acid or on pain irritation will be shown with a strict pattern of any animal. They are certainly manifested with the action of the corresponding stimulus, so they were named I.P. Pavlov's unconditional reflexes. Unconditional reflexes are caused by both external stimuli and stimuli, coming from the body itself. All acts of activity of the newborn animal are unconditional reflexes, providing the first time the existence of the body. Breathing, sucking, urinations, calibration, etc. - all these are congenital unconditional reflex reactions; Moreover, the irritations, their causing, are mainly from the internal organs (the overcrowded bladder causes urinations, the presence of feces in the rectum causes swells, leading to cellulating and so on.). However, as the dog grow and ripening, a number of other, more complex unconditional reflexes appear. Such unconditional reflexes refers, for example, sex reflex. The presence of the bitch's mobbele to the state of flow (in the fluff) causes a certain-minded-reflector sexual reaction from the side of a male, which manifests itself, and the form of the sum is quite complex, but at the same time natural actions aimed at committing sexual intercourse. The dog does not study this reflex reaction, it naturally begins to manifest themselves in an animal during puberty, in response to a certain (albeit complex) stimulus (bitch and flow) and therefore should also be assigned to a group of unconditional reflexes. The whole difference between, for example, a gender reflex and paw pulling in with pain irritation lies only in the various complexity of these reflexes, they do not differ in principle from each other. Therefore, unconditional reflexes can be divided according to the principle of their complexity to simple and complex. However, it should be borne in mind that a number of simple unconditional reflex acts participate in the manifestation of complex unconditional reflex. For example, the food unconditional reflex reaction is even just a born puppy being carried out with the participation of a number of simpler unconditional reflexes - sucking acts, swallowing movements, the reflex activity of the salivary glands and the glands of the stomach. At the same time, one unconditional reflex act is an incentive for the manifestation of the following, i.e. The chain of reflexes would be performed, therefore they talk about the chain character of unconditional reflexes. Academician I.P. Pavlov drew attention to some of the main unconditional reflexes of animals, pointing at the same time that this issue was still very insufficient.

· First, animals have a food unconditional reflex, aimed at providing the body of food,

· Secondly, sexually unconditional reflex aimed at reproducing offspring, and parental (or maternal) reflex aimed at preserving offspring,

· Third, defensive reflexes associated with the protection of the body.

Moreover, defensive reflexes are two birth

· Active (aggressively) defensive reflex underlying angry, and

· Passively defensive reflex undergoing cowardice.

These two reflex are diametrically opposed to the form of their manifestation; One is aimed at the attack, the other, on the contrary, to running away from the irritant causing it.

Sometimes dogs actively and passively defensive reflexes are manifested simultaneously: the dog barks, rushes, but at the same time it pressing the tail, and with the slightest active action on the side of the stimulus (for example, a person) runs away.

Finally, animals have a reflex associated with the constant familiarization of the animal with everything new, the so-called indicative reflex, providing an awareness of the animal about all changes occurring around it, and underlying the constant "intelligence" in its environment. In addition to these basic complex unconditional reflexes, there are a number of simple unconditional reflexes associated with breathing, urinary, calibration and other functional departures of the body. Finally, each type of animals has a number of their own inherent in him, complex unconditional reflex acts of behavior (for example, complex beaver reflexes associated with dams, houses, and so on; unconditional bird reflexes associated with the construction of nests, spring and Autumn flights, etc.). Dogs also have a number of special unconditional reflex acts of behavior. For example, the basis of hunting behavior lies a complex unconditional reflex associated with wild ancestors of a dog with food unconditional reflex, which turned out to have hunting dogs so modified and specialized, which acts as an independent unconditional reflex. And in different breeds of dogs, this reflex has a different expression. In the inferior dogs, the stimulus is basically the smell of birds, and completely certain birds; Chicken (Ceremonic, Tetherov), Kulikov (Bekas, Waldshnepe, Humpel), Cowlehkovy (Coruser, Bolden Chicken, etc.). Hound dogs - a view or smell of a hare, fox, wolf, etc. And the form of certainly reflex acts of behavior in these dogs itself is completely different. A shatter dog, finding a bird, makes a rack over it; Hounding a dog, hitting the trail, drives the beast on him. The service dogs often meet a pronounced hunting reflex, aimed at the persecution of the beast. The question of the possibility of changing unconditional reflexes under the influence of the environment is extremely important. The indicative experience in this direction was done in the laboratory of Academician I.P. Pavlova.

Two litters of puppies were divided into two groups and are raised in sharply different conditions. However, the group was brought up at freedom, another - in conditions of isolation from the outside world (indoors). When the puppies rose, it turned out that they differ sharply from each other by behavior. Those who were brought in freedom did not have a passive-defensive reaction, the same that lived in insulation conditions possessed it in a sharply pronounced form. Academician I. P. Pavlov explains this by the fact that all puppies at a certain age of their development show the reflex primary natural caution on all new irritants for them. As you get acquainted with the environment, they have gradual inhibition of this reflex and switching it into an indicative reaction. The same puppies, which during their development were not able to get acquainted with all the diversity of the outside world, do not bother this puppy passive-defensive reflex and remain for all life cowardly. The manifestation of an active-defensive reaction was studied on dogs raised in nurseries, i.e. In terms of partial isolation, and in lovers, where puppies have the opportunity to come into contact more with the diversity of the outside world. The large material collected on this issue showed that dogs raised in nurseries have a less pronounced active-defensive reaction than dogs raising from individuals. Extracting puppies in nurseries, which are limited to the access of unauthorized persons, have less opportunities to develop an actively defensive reaction than puppies raised by lovers. Hence the difference in an active defensive reaction, which is observed in dogs, both of these groups, brought up in different conditions. The above examples confirm the enormous dependence of the formation of passive and active-defensive reactions on the conditions of the puppy's education, as well as the changeability of the complex unconditional reflex behavior under the influence of the external conditions in which the dog lives and is brought up. These examples indicate the need for a careful attitude to the conditions of raising puppies. Isolated or partially isolated conditions for the education of puppies contribute to the formation of a dog with a passive-defensive reaction, which is unsuitable for some types of dogs. The creation of the right conditions for the upbringing of puppies, which would provide them with a permanent acquaintance with all the diversity of the outside world and allowed a puppy to show their active-defensive reaction (the first manifestations of which are already one and a half or two months), helps growing a dog with a developed actively-defensive reaction and The lack of passive defensive. However, it is necessary to bear in mind that individual dogs raised in the same conditions are observed a difference in manifestation of defensive reactions, which depends on congenital individual characteristics peculiar to parents. Therefore, improving the conditions for the education of puppies, it is necessary to pay special attention to the selection of parents. Of course, it is impossible to use as manufacturers to obtain official animal dogs with a passive-defensive reaction. We looked at the role of individual experience of a dog in the formation of complex unconditional reflex defensive behavior. However, the formation and other unconditional reflexes in response to certain stimuli is in close dependence on the individual experience of the dog. Take for example food unconditional reflex. Each should seem obvious that the food reaction of a dog on meat is an unconditional reflex. However, the experiments carried out by one of the students of Academician I. P. Pavlov showed that it was not. It turned out that dogs brought up on the diet, devoid of meat, at the same time for the first time the piece of meat did not react to it as an edible substance. However, it was worth such a dog once twice a piece of meat in his mouth, as she swallowed him and after that he had already reacted into it, as a foodstuff. Thus, the manifestation of the edible reflex even on such a seemingly natural, irritant, like meat, requires, although very short, but still individual experience.

Thus, the examples showed that the manifestation of complex unconditional reflexes is depending on the previous life.

Let us dwell on the concept of instinct.

Under instinct, the complex actions of the animal, leading without prior training to the best adaptation of it to certain conditions of the medium. Duckling, first met with water, swims completely as well as an adult duck; The Church of the Street, who flew out for the first time from the nest, has perfect flight receptions; Young migratory birds with the onset of autumn fly to the south - all these are examples of so-called instinctive actions that provide an adaptation of an animal to certain and permanent conditions of his life. Academician I. P. Pavlov, comparing instincts with complex unconditional reflexes, indicated that there was no difference between them. He wrote: "As reflexes and instincts - the natural reactions of the organism on certain agents, and therefore there is no need to designate them with different words. He has the advantage of the word reflex, because from the very beginning there is a strictly scientific meaning. " Can these congenital, unconditional reflex acts of animal behavior fully ensure its existence. This question has to answer negatively. Despite the fact that unconditional reflexes are able to provide a normal existence in the newly born animal, they are completely insufficient for the normal existence of the younger or adult animal. This is clearly proved by experience with the removal of a hemispheres of the brain, that is, that organ, which is associated with the possibility of acquiring individual experience. The dog with remote hemispheres of the brain eats and drinks, if you bring food and water to her mouth, shows a defensive reaction with painful irritation makes urinations and calibration. But at the same time, such a dog is a deep disabled person, a completely incapable of independent existence and to adapt to life conditions, because such a device is achieved only with the help of individually acquired reflexes, the emergence of which is associated with the crust of the cortex of large hemispheres of the brain. Unconditional reflexes are thus the base, the foundation on which all the behavior of the animal is built. But they are still insufficient to accommodate the highest vertebral animal animal to the conditions of existence. The latter is achieved with the help of so-called conditional reflexes, which are formed during the life of the animal based on its unconditional reflexes.

Topic 22. Characteristics and properties of conditional reflexes

One of the main elementary acts of the highest nervous activity is the conditional reflex.

The idea of \u200b\u200bthe conditional reflex activity is inextricably linked with the name Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, who at the beginning of the last century opened and studied the mechanisms for the formation of conditional reflex. Today in any textbook of physiology published in any country of the world, such reflexes are called classic or Pavlovski. Studying the digestive system of dogs, Pavlov found that the animals begin to allocate saliva long before receiving food at one form only dressed in a white gown servant, which usually brings it. By continuing experiments, Pavlov discovered that the sound of a call or a flash of light preceding the appearance of food, can also cause salivation in dogs. Thus, the development of the conditional reflex occurs when the stimulus, causing a certain reaction in natural conditions (for example, food), is combined several times with some other, previously neutral incentive (for example, a call). After that, the neutral stimulus begins to cause the same reaction. I. P. Pavlov showed that while in the underlying departments of the central nervous system - subcortical nuclei, brain trunk, spinal brain - reflex reactions are carried out on a born, hereditaryly fixed nervous ways, in the crust of large hemispheres, nervous bonds are produced and created in the process Individual life of animals and man, as a result of a combination of countless, acting on the body of irritation.

The discovery of this fact made it possible to divide the entire set of reflex reactions occurring in the body into two main groups: on unconditional and conditional reflexes.

Differences of conditional and unconditional reflexes:

Unconditional reflexes	Conditional reflexes
These are congenital, hereditarily transmitted organism reactions	These are reactions purchased by the body in the process of individual development based on "life experience"
are species, i.e., inherent in all representatives of this species	are individual: some representatives of the same species can be, and others are missing
relatively constant, as a rule, persist in every life	are not permanent and depending on certain conditions they can work out, fix it or disappear
are carried out in response to adequate irritations attached to one specific recipe field	Can form for a wide variety of irritation attached to various recipe fields.
Circle mainly at the level of the spinal cord and the stem of the brain	Close at the level of the crust. After removing the bark of large hemispheres developed conditional reflexes disappear
They are carried out through a phylogenetically fixed, an anatomically pronounced reflex arc.	are carried out through functional temporary communication

It should be noted, however, that the person and monkeys have a high degree of corticalization of functions, many complex unconditional reflexes are carried out with the binding bark of large hemispheres. This is proved by the fact that its defeats in primates lead to pathological disorders of unconditional reflexes and the disappearance of some of them.

It should also be emphasized that not all unconditional reflexes appear immediately by the time of birth. Many unconditional reflexes, for example, associated with locomotion, sexual act, arise in a person and animal after a long time after birth, but they necessarily appear under the condition of normal development of the nervous system.

Conditional reflexes are produced on the basis of unconditional reflexes. The essence of the conditionally reflex activity of the body is reduced to the transformation of an indifferent stimulus into a signal, meaningful, thanks to a multiple reinforcement of irritation of an unconditional stimulus. Thanks to the reinforcement of the conditional incentive, the previously indifferent stimulus is associated in the life of the body with a biologically important event and thereby signals the onset of this event. At the same time, any inheritant organ can act as an effector link of the reflex arc of the conventional reflex. There is no body in the human body and animals, whose work could not change under the influence of conditional reflex. Any function of the body as a whole or individual physiological systems can be modified (enhanced or suppressed) as a result of the formation of the corresponding conditional reflex.

General rules for the formation of conditional reflexes are reduced to the following.

1) The indifferent stimulus should appear a little earlier. If you include a call or light bulb after feeding, then the reflex does not work out. If the indifferent stimulus is used for half an hour before feeding, and not a few seconds before it, then nothing will happen.

2) Indifferent stimulus should be weaker unconditional. Powerful spotlight instead of a light bulb or fire siren instead of a call can only scare the animal, while the light bulb or call initially cause an update reflex ("What is?"), Which usually disappears soon due to the addictive response. After that, the stimulus becomes indifferent or indifferent. The strength of an unconditional stimulus can be determined, we will apply, with a feeling of hunger and therefore, with a rapid stomach, digestive conditional reflexes are formed poorly.

3) it is necessary so that other stimuli do not interfere with developing conditional reflexes. It is not by chance that by order of Pavlov at his institute for experiments, special "Silence Towers" were built, since external stimuli (will appear, the noise or coming of a permanent person) are able to prevent the manifestation of already developed reflexes and brake the formation of new ones.

To generate a conditional reflex it is also necessary to normal physiological state of cortical and subcortical structures.forming the central representation of the corresponding conditional and unconditional incentives, the absence of significant pathological processes in the body.

Under these conditions, it is possible to develop a conditional reflex to any stimulus. Conditional reflexes can be developed not only with positive, but also under negative types of reinforcements, will come, with pain. So, if you include the call shortly before pain irritation of the paw of a dog with electric shock, it will soon begin bending this paw when the call is only included, which becomes a conditional stimulus. People also form similar conditionally reflex connections. In this way, in particular, certain emotional reactions can be produced, especially fear. The child until he has not grown enough to understand why the doctor and sisters craw to his needles and generally tormented against his will, often begins to cry at the sight of a man in a white coat. He learned to associate cold tools, unpleasant odors, subcutaneous injections with a white bathrobe, and he had a conditional reflex - fear - on the first neutral stimulus (white robe).

The physiological mechanism underlying the conditional reflex. In the zone of the cortical representation of the conditional incentive and the cortical (or subcortical) representation of the unconditional stimulus formed two focus of excitation. The focus of excitation caused by the unconditional incentive of the external or inner medium of the body, as a stronger (dominant) attracts the excitation from the focus of weaker excitation caused by the conditioned stimulus. After several repeated presentations of conditional and unconditional stimuli between these two zones, the steady path of movement of the excitation movement: from a focus caused by a conditional stimulus to a hearth caused by an unconditional stimulus. As a result, an isolated presentation of only conditional incentive now leads to a reaction caused by an earlier unconditional stimulus.

As the main cell elements of the central mechanism for the formation of conditional reflex, insert and associative neurons of the large brain cortex are inserted.

I. P. Pavlov initially assumed that the conditional reflex is formed at the level of the bark - subcortical education (temporary connection is closed between cortical neurons in the representation zone of the indifferent conditional incentive and subcortical nerve cells that constitute the central representation of the unconditional irritability). In later works by I. P. Pavlov, the formation of a convention and reflex communications explained the formation of communication at the level of the cortical zones of representation of conditional and unconditional incentives. These neurophysiology data indicate the possibility of different levels of closure, the formation of a convention and reflex communication (the bark - the bark, the bark - subcortical formations, subcortical formations - subcortical formations) with the dominant role in this process of cortical structures. Obviously, the physiological mechanism for the formation of a conditional reflex is a complex dynamic organization of cortical and subcortical structures.

Biological importance of conditional reflexesit is that they enable much better and more accurately adapt to the conditions of existence and survive under these conditions. As a result of the formation of conditional reflexes, the body reacts not only directly to unconditional irritation, but also on the possibility of their action on it; Reactions appear for some time to unconditional irritation. These very organism turns out to be pre-prepared to the actions that he needs to be implemented in this situation. Conditional reflexes contribute to finding food, early avoidance avoidance, eliminating the harmful effects, etc. The adaptive importance of conditional reflexes is also manifested in the fact that the preceding conditional irritation of unconditional increases the unconditional reflex and accelerates its development.

Orthodox followers of Pavlov after his death tried hardly any forms of mental activity to fit under the theory of conditional reflexes. For example, if a conditional salivary reflex is formed on a call, you can apply a call as a reinforcement after, for example, the inclusion of the bulb and it will achieve that one only turn on the light bulb will also cause salivation. This type of reflexes, where the previously educated temporary connection is used as a reinforcement, the name of conditional reflexes of the second order.It is easy to submit education according to the same principle of the reflexes of the third, fourth, etc. Order. A person can form, for example, a reflex of 12 order and more. However, of all this kind of evidence, it still does not come out that the creation of the theory of relativity or the JoconDa is only a result of conditionally intractive activity. The conditional reflexes of the second and more complex order are harder and differ in less strength. The conditional reflexes of the second and higher order include conditional reflexes produced by a verbal signal (the word represents the signal to which the conditional reflex has previously been formed when it is reinforced by an unconditional stimulus).

Braking of conditional reflexes. Unlike unconditional, conditional reflexes are easily braked.

Depending on the nature of the physiological mechanism underlying the brake effect on the conditionally reflex activity of the body, distinguish unconditional (external and proceitable) and conditional (internal) braking Conditional reflexes.

External braking The conventional reflex occurs under the influence of foreign stimuli, causing a new reflex reaction. This braking is called external because it develops due to processes occurring in the bark sites that are not involved in the implementation of this conventional reflex. External braking occurs when the corresponding signal is first present. So, before the beginning of the conditional food reflex, a foreign sound suddenly occurs or an extraneous smell appears, or the lighting changes dramatically, the conditional reflex decreases or even completely disappears. It is explained by the fact that any new stimulus causes an indicative reflex that inhibits the conditional reaction.

Foreign braking The conventional reflex is evolving either with an overly high strength of the stimulus, or with a low functional state of the central nervous system, at the level of which ordinary threshold stimuli acquire the nature of excessive, strong. Excellent braking has a security value.

The biological meaning of unconditional external braking of conditional reflexes is reduced to ensuring the reaction to the most important for the body at the moment time, incentive, with simultaneous oppression, suppressing the reaction to a secondary stimulus, which in this case acts a conditional incentive.

Conditional braking The conditional reflex requires special work out. Since the development of the brake effect is associated with the neurophysiological mechanism for the formation of conditional reflex, such braking refers to the category of internal braking, and the manifestation of this type of braking is associated with certain conditions (for example, the re-use of the conditional stimulus without reinforcement), such braking is both conditional.

The biological meaning of the internal braking of conditional reflexes is that the changed conditions of the external environment (the cessation of the reinforcement of the conditional incentive is unconditional) requires an appropriate adaptive adaptive change in conventional reflex behavior. The conditional reflex is depressing, suppressed, because it ceases to be a signal foreshadowing the emergence of an unconditional incentive.

There are four types of inner braking: extinction, differentiation, conditional brake, delay.

If the conditional stimulus is imposed without reinforcement, then after some time after the isolated application of the conditioned stimulus, the reaction is fastened to it. Such braking of conditional reflex is called failure(fading). Failure of conditional reflex - This is temporary braking, oppression of the reflex reaction. It does not mean the destruction, the disappearance of this reflex reaction. After some time, a new presentation of the conditional stimulus without reinforcement of it unconditional first leads to a manifestation of a convention and reflex reaction.

If the dog has a food salvo-excretory conditional reflex to strike a metronome with a frequency of 60 times per minute, then the animal will first respond to the separation of saliva to the metronome of any frequency. If you give the animal of two irritable - metronomes of a frequency of 60 and 100 times per minute and the first of them, as before, to support food, and the second is not, then gradually the selection of saliva to the frequency of 100 shots will stop and will remain only 60. This type of internal ( conditional) braking called differential braking (Differentiation). Differentiation braking underlies many forms of learning related to the production of thin skills.

If the conditional stimulus on which the conditioned reflex is formed is applied in combination with some other stimulus and their combination is not supported by an unconditional stimulus, there is a braking of the conditional reflex caused by this incentive. This type of conditional braking is called conditional brake.

Foreign braking It comes when reinforcement of the conditional signal is unconditional irritant is carried out with a large delay (2-3 minutes) with respect to the presentation of the conditional stimulus.

Such familiar actions as breathing, swallowing, sneezing, blinking - occur without control by consciousness, are congenital mechanisms, help to survive a person or an animal and ensure the preservation of the species - all this is unconditional reflexes.

What is the unconditional reflex?

I.P. Pavlov, a physiologist's scientist, dedicated life to the study of the highest nervous activity. In order to understand what is the unconditional human reflexes, it is important to consider the value of the reflex in general. Any body having a nervous system carries out reflex activity. Reflex is a complex response of the body on internal and external stimuli, carried out in the form of a reflex response.

Unconditional reflexes are congenital stereotypic reactions in the genetic level, in response to changes in the internal homeostasis or environmental conditions. For the emergence of unconditional reflexes of special conditions, these are automatic reactions that may fail only with severe diseases. Examples of unconditional reflexes:

• hurrying the limb on contact with hot;
• knee reflex;
• sucking, grabbing in newborns;
• swallowing;
• saliva;
• sneezing;
• blinking.

What is the role of unconditional reflexes in a person's life?

The evolution of man for centuries was accompanied by a change in the genetic apparatus, the selection of signs that are necessary for survival in the surrounding nature. It became highly organized matter. What significance are unconditional reflexes - the answers can be found in the works of the physiologists Sechenov, I.P. Pavlova, P.V. Simonova. Scientists allocated several important functions:

• maintaining homeostasis (self-regulation of the internal environment) in the optimal balance;
• device and adaptation of the body (mechanisms of thermoregulation, respiration, digestion);
• preservation of species;
• reproduction.

Signs of unconditional reflexes

The main sign of unconditional reflexes is a congenital. Nature took care of all the functions in this world in this world were reliably recorded on the DNA nucleotide chain. Other characteristic signs:

• preliminary learning and consciousness control is not required;
• are species;
• strictly specific - arise when contact with a specific stimulus;
• constant reflex arcs in the lower sections of the CNS;
• most of the unconditional reflections remain throughout life;
• the combination of unconditional reflexes helps the body in the early stages of development to adapt to the environment;
• are the basic basis for the occurrence of conditional reflexes.

Types of unconditional reflexes

Unconditional reflexes have different types of classification, I.P. Pavlov first distributed them to: simple, complex and most difficult. In the distribution of unconditional reflexes on the factor occupied by each creature of certain space-time regions P.V. Simonov divided the types of unconditional reflexes on grade 3:

1. Role-based unconditional reflexes - manifest themselves in cooperation with other intravidal representatives. These are reflexes: sexual, territorial behavior, parental (maternal, paternal), phenomenon.
2. Unconditional Vital Reflexes - All basic needs of the body, deprivation or dissatisfaction with which leads to death. Provide individual safety: drinking, food, sleep and wakefulness, indicative, defensive.
3. Unconditional self-development reflexes - Turn on when led by a new, unfamiliar earlier (knowledge, space):

• reflex overcoming or resistance (freedom);
• game;
• imitative.

Types of braking of unconditional reflexes

Excitation and braking are important congenital functions of higher nervous activity that ensure the agreed activity of the body and without which this activity would be chaotic. Brake unconditional reflexes in the evolution process turned into a complex response of the nervous system - braking. I.P. Pavlov allocated 3 types of braking:

1. Unconditional braking (external) - Reaction "What is?" Allows you to evaluate, dangerous or not atmosphere. In the future, with a frequent manifestation of an external irritant of non-hazard, braking does not occur.
2. Conditional (interior) braking - Conditional braking functions ensure the extinction of reflexes that have lost their value help distinguish with reinforcement signals from useless, form a delayed reaction to an irritant.
3. Exchangeable (protective) braking - Safety unconditional mechanism provided by nature, triggered with excessive fatigue, excitation, severe injuries (fainting, coma).

Chapter 5. Basics of teaching about higher nervous activity

5.1. Certificate of unconditional and conditional reflexes

The hypothesis of the reflex nature of the brain activity was first expressed by I. M. Sechenov in his famous work "brain reflexes" (1862). According to this theory: "All acts of conscious and unconscious life in the way of origin are the essence of reflexes, mental activity - The essence of reflex or reflective activity. " The provisions of the reflex theory, formulated by I. M. Sechenov, were further developed by I. P. Pavlov, N. E. Vvedensky, A. A. Ukhtomsky, V. M. Bekhterev, P. K. Anokhin.

I. P. Pavlov The entire totality of reflexes occurring in the body divided into two groups: unconditional and conditional Reflexes.

Unconditional reflexes are congenital, hereditaryly fixed, the same in all animals of this species. They are relatively constant for compliance and are carried out with the participation of all CNS departments. Unconditional reflexes arise in response to irritation of certain receptors and serve to maintain the normal life of the body and its interconnection with the environment.

Unconditional reflexes can be simple and complex. Simple reflexes They are expressed in a single reflex act, for example, pulling out hands with painful irritation. Complex reflexes There are a number of consecutive reactions, where the end of one reaction is the cause of the other. Such complex reflex acts are instincts that provide human behavior and animals under changing environmental conditions.

Conditioned reflex This is a response of the body for any impact, with the participation of a borighted brain. Conditional reflexes are individual reactions acquired during life. They are formed with the obligatory participation of the cortex of the brain. Conditional reflexes are produced by combining irritation of any receptors with any definitely reflex activity. Conditional reflexes occur and fixed when reinforced or disappear if the reinforcement is missing and the need for them disappears. The mechanism for the formation of the conditional reflex is that in the cortex of the brain, the temporal connection between neurons excited by unconditional and conventional signals is formed.

Conditional reflexes expand the relationship between the body with the external environment and provide a suitable adaptation to changing conditions. In the conditional reflex, I. P. Pavlov saw the highest form of reflex activity: the reaction is not on the immediate stimulus, but to a signal preceding this irritation. Thus, the conditional reflex can be considered as an advance adaptive reaction that is formed by living conditions. In natural conditions, unconditional reflexes, with whom the child is born, in the process of life, "turn" with a variety of conditional reflexes and actually cease to exist in its pure form.

Reflex - The organism's response is not external or internal irritation, carried out and controlled by the central nervous system. The development of ideas about human behavior, which was always a mystery, was achieved in the works of Russian scientists I. P. Pavlova and I. M. Sechenov.

Reflexes of unconditional and conditional.

Unconditional reflexes - These are congenital reflexes that are inherited by the offspring of parents and persist throughout the human life. The arcs of unconditional reflexes pass through the spinal cord or brain stem. Big large hemispheres are not involved in their education. Unconditional reflexes provide only to the changes in the environment with which many generations of this species often met.

K belong:

Food (salivation, sucking, swallowing);
Defensive (cough, sneezing, blinking, pulling out the hands from the hot object);
Approximate (eye misement, turns);
Sex (reflexes associated with reproduction and care for the offspring).
The value of unconditional reflexes is that due to it, the integrity of the body is preserved, maintaining constancy and reproduction occurs. Already the newborn baby has the simplest unconditional reflexes.
The most important of them is the reflex sucking. A stimulus of sucking reflex - touching a child's lips of any object (mother's chest, nipples, toys, fingers). Reflex sucking is a food unconditional reflex. In addition, the newborn has already some protective unconditional reflexes: a flashing that occurs if the body approaches the eye or touches the cornea, the narrowing of the pupil under the action of severe light on the eyes.

Especially pronounced unconditional reflexes In various animals. Not only separate reflexes, but also more complex forms of behavior that were called instincts may be congenital.

Conditional reflexes- These are reflexes that are easily acquired by the body during life and are formed on the basis of unconditional reflex under the action of a conditional stimulus (light, knock, time, etc.). I. P. Pavlov studied the formation of conditional reflexes on dogs and developed the methodology for their receipt. To generate a conditional reflex, an irritant is needed - a signal that launches the conditional reflex, repeated repetition of the stimulus allows you to develop a conditional reflex. When forming conditional reflexes there is a temporary connection between centers and centers of unconditional reflex. Now this unconditional reflex is carried out not under the action of completely new external signals. These irritations from the surrounding world, to which we were indifferent, can now purchase vital importance. A lot of conditional reflexes are produced during life, which make up the basis of our life experience. But this vital will make sense only for this individual and is not inherited by her descendants.

In an independent category conditional reflexes Motor conventional reflexes produced during our lives are highlighted, i.e. skills or automated actions. The meaning of these conventional reflexes is to master new motor skills, developing new forms of movements. For their own lives, a person takes on many special engine skills associated with his profession. Skills are the basis of our behavior. Consciousness, thinking, attention is exempted from performing those operations that were automated and became skills of everyday life. The most successful way of mastering skills is systematic exercises, correction in time of observed errors, knowledge of the ultimate goal of each exercise.

If not to reinforce some time the conditional irritant is unconditional, then there is a braking of the conditional stimulus. But does not disappear at all. When repeating experience, the reflex is very quickly restored. Braking is observed and when exposed to another irritant of greater strength.