General Charles de Gaulle twice came to power in France. For the first time - in 1944, when there were difficult tasks in order to organize the post-war life of the state. In the second - in 1958, when the events in Algeria aggravated, the colony of France was at that time.
For several years in Algeria, there was a war in Algeria, which led to the concerns of the French "ultra" concerns that the government will refuse the African colony. On May 13, 1958, they captured the building of the colonial administration and sent a telegram to Paris to de Gaulle with a request to interrupt the silence and create a new government of national unity.
After returning the requests of the military, in two days the main symbol of resistance appealed to the French with the appeal:
"For the age of 12, how France tries to solve the problems that are unbearable for the parties regime, and goes to a catastrophe. Once in a difficult hour, the country trust me so that I led her to salvation. Today, when new tests are coming the country, let it know that I am ready to take on all the powers of the republic, "De Gaulle said.
Decisive actions followed these strong words. Fearing that the general can use the power of the military to him, the then French president Renee Koti offers de Gaulle to form a new government of the country. "De Gaulle could offer himself as the only alternative to the coup of the extreme right and establishing a fascist regime. And the Republic fell to his feet, "the authors of the book" Start the end write. France. May 1968, »Angelo Katratchi and Tom Nim.
The post of Prime Minister de Gaulle stayed long - from June 1958 to January 1959. In January 1959, he was elected president. In this position
he managed to achieve the main thing - holding a constitutional reform, which led to the national election of the president and the division of the functions of the President and Parliament. The reform was supported by almost 80% of the votes. And although de Gaulle himself was first elected president in the old system, with his arrival for this post, the birth of the fifth republic occurred.
Returning to the power on the wave of the situation in Algeria, de Gaulle at the same time did not try to maintain this African territory under French influence. However, the President general decided to offer a society several options for resolving the situation - from giving Algeria the status of the territory associated with France, until a complete breaking of relations and the creation of a government friendly in this country.
In Moscow without
In 1962, military conflict in Algeria ended, which was the beginning of the formation of an independent Algerian state. Despite the fact that Algerian independence had a lot of opponents who committed several attempts on de Gaulle, France was agreed with the new president. In 1965, the country again chooses de Gaulle his leader.
De Gaulle's second presidential term was noted by active steps in foreign policy confirming the independent nature of the French foreign policy, he brings France from the NATO military organization. The headquarters of the organization are transported from Paris to Brussels.
Everything happens in a hurry, one of the powerful organizations of the world receives many years of registration in the unpleasant building of the former hospital. NATO officers who were conducted for the correspondent of "Gazety.Ru" an excursion at the headquarters of the Alliance, the semi-winged admit that "still have a tooth in the French president."
If de Gaulle's action in Washington is condemned, then in the USSR to them, on the contrary, they belong to the undisguised delight, in every way welcoming the French fron. In 1966, French President rides in the USSR with the first official visit, but it was his second trip to the USSR. He first visited Moscow in 1944 as a leader, fighting with the Nazis in France.
Never feeding sympathies to the communist ideas, de Gaulle always treated Russia.
However, the policy implies it in Moscow. "De Gaulle needed a" counterweight "and therefore went to meet the USSR and its allies," noted in the book dedicated to the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, the then Soviet heavyweights politicians, Vadim Kirpichenko and.
Following the visit of the French president, several key documents were signed in the USSR. In addition, it was said about "discharge", and it was also emphasized that "USSR and France are responsible for the preservation and provision of both European and universal world."
About the present convergence of the USSR and France speech, of course, did not go - the political and economic approaches of the two countries were too different. However, de Gaulle saw in Russia not only a major world power, but also part of Europe. "All Europe - from the Atlantic to the Urals - will solve the fate of the world!" - declared de Gaulle in his historical speech of 1959 in Strasbourg.
In addition to the USSR, France de Gaulle lined up relations with Eastern European and developing countries and has been engaged in improving relations with FRG. The once hostile France Germany, who fought against this country during the war, became a major trading partner of Paris.
From revolution to revolution
However, despite the successes in the international arena, de Gaulle, by the end of his first presidential term, collided with the crisis within the country.
After the expiration of the first seven-year term, the general gathered again to be elected to the presidency of France. These elections, according to the amendments to the Constitution, were to be already nationwide. De Gaulle, as expected, won the elections, however, only in the second round, having wanted over his main criticism - the socialist.
The second round and popularity of Mitterman testified to the fall in the popularity of the resistance legend itself. It was caused by problems in the economy, arms race and criticism in many ways of the authoritarian style of the Government of the General.
Opponents de Gaulle note that he actively used the strength of state television to legitimize his power, however, it did not exclude the sharp criticism of his rule, which proceeded from the pages of printed media.
The political crisis led to a real revolutionary situation - Students of the University of Paris and Sorbonne raised the bouquet to the real revolutionary situation. He headed his left-radical activists, which would later join the trade unions. Tens of thousands of people overlap the streets and join the fight with the police and gendarmes. Events will become the most massive unrest in Europe and get the name "May 1968".
Many slogans of that time - for example, "prohibited to prohibit", after decades, opponents of the president will repeat.
De Gaulle, despite the persons of the part of the ministers to start negotiations with the protesters, was tuned enough and did not want to go to the negotiations, but the situation looked threatening. "Turning policies to theater, de Gaulle today opposed the movement that turned the theater into politics," the biographer of President Julian Jackson writes.
The combat general first seems confused, but he refers to the nation and requires broad powers, as the country, he said, is "on the verge of civil war."
At the same time, without experiencing sympathy for their opponents, the president still says to them: "I understand you."
After the conversion, de Gaulle flies from the country to Baden-Baden, the truth is not to be in a resort, and French troops quartered in Germany are located nearby. Soon, the president returns to France, and its next step - the dissolution of the National Assembly and the announcement of early elections, where the majority of votes receive the Halft Party "Association in support of the Republic". However, the victory is Parrida.
As the leading researcher at the Institute of Europe, Conservatism de Gaulle began to slow down the development of France. "His time went out, the reform of the Senate failed, and attempts to take something led to the crisis," says the expert "Gazeta.Ru". We are talking about the reform of the Upper Chamber of Parliament, which he planned to turn into an organ representing the interests of trade unions and business. However, this reform failed. De Gaulle said that if the reform does not take place, he will leave his post. As a military and man, the general holds the word and leaves the government.
After the resignation of De Gaulle lived for a short time and died from the aorta gap on November 9, 1970. The head of government, and after - President of France Georges Pompidu will say: "De Gaulle died, France widowel." The coffin of the Military General Policies and the World State Dector was accomplished by thousands of people. After years, Charles de Gaulle remains one of the most revered French politicians - many still consider him the strongest president of the fifth republic.
Gaulle Charles de - State Worker of France, President of the Fifth Republic (1959-1969) years.
Born in the aristocratic family. In 1912 he graduated from Saint-Siro Military School. The participant of the 1st World War was injured three times. In 1916-1918, he was in German captivity. In 1919-1921, an officer of the French Military Mission in Poland.
In 1922-1924 he studied at the Higher Military School in Paris. In 1925-1931, he served in the headquarters of the Vice-Chairman of the Higher Military Council of France Marshal A.F. Pocket, in the Rhine Region and Lebanon.
In 1932-1936, the secretary of the Supreme Council of National Defense. In 1937-1939, the commander of the tank regiment.
At the beginning of the 2nd World War, he commanded the Tank Corps of the 5th French Army (1939), in May 1940 he headed the 4th Armored Division and received the title of a brigadier general. 5.6.1940 appointed Deputy Military Minister. After coming to power of the government A.F. Peten (16.6.1940) flew to the UK and 18.6.1940 turned on the radio to the French with a call to continue the struggle against Nazi Germany. While in emigration, he headed the "Free France" movement, which entered the anti-Hitler coalition.
In June 1943, after landing on the Anglo-American troops in North Africa, he created the French Committee of National Liberation in Algeria (FCNO; He headed him until November 1943, together with General A.O. Zhiro, then alone).
Since June 1944, after renaming FCNO to the Provisional Government of the French Republic, the head of government. He led by the head of the Cabinet restored democratic freedoms in France, nationalized a number of industries and conducted socio-economic reforms.
In December 1944, he visited the USSR official visit and signed an agreement on the Union and mutual assistance between the USSR and the French Republic.
In January 1946, due to disagreements, the post of head of government left for the main domestic political issues with representatives of the left parties. In 1947, he founded the party to unite the French people (RPF), the main goal of which was the abolition of the Constitution of 1946, who submitted real power in the country to the National Assembly, and not to the president, as Goller wanted. The RPF performed under the slogans of the establishment of the state with a strong presidential authority, carrying out independent policies in the international arena and creating conditions for the "Association of Labor and Capital".
Without sowing with the help of RPF to come to power, Golle in 1953 dissolved it and temporarily departed from active political activities. 1.6.1958 in the conditions of an acute political crisis caused by a military insurgency in Algeria, the National Assembly approved Golly as head of government. Under his leadership, the 1958 Constitution was developed, which narrowed the powers of the parliament and significantly expanded the rights of the president. In October 1958, the supporters of Golly united in the party of the Union for the New Republic (UNR), which declared herself "fully devotee" his "ideas and individuals".
12/21/1958, Goller was elected president, 19.12.1965 re-elected to a new one, a 7-year term. In this post, overcoming the resistance of ultracolonialists and parts of the military, he achieved the provision of independence to Algeria (see the Evian agreements of 1962), conducted a course on enhancing the role of France in solving European and global problems.
During the reign of Golly, France became a nuclear power (January 1960); In 1966, without achieving equality with the United States and Great Britain in NATO, came out of the military organization of this union. In 1964, France's leadership condemned US aggression against Vietnam, and in 1967 Israel's aggression against Arab states. As a supporter of European integration, Golle understood the United Europe as "Europe Fatherland", in which each country should preserve political independence and national identity. Goller advocated the rapprochement of France with Germany, in 1963 he signed a Franco-German cooperation agreement. Twice (in 1963, 1967), he hosted a veto to the UK entry into the UES, not wanting to admit a strong competitor to this organization, closely connected with the United States and able to qualify for leadership in Western Europe. One of the first goals put forward the idea of \u200b\u200bthe discharge of international tension. During the reign of Golly, the cooperation of France from the USSR received significant development. In 1964, France acknowledged the People's Republic of China and established diplomatic relations with it.
In May 1968, France swept student unrest, grew into a universal strike (see the general strike of 1968 in France), which testified to the deep crisis of French society. Gaul volunteered the powers of the President of the Republic voluntarily and moved away from political activities after the referendum 28.4.1969 did not receive support for the majority of the population of the draft reforms of the Senate and the change in the administrative-territorial device of France. For the last one and a half years of life, Golle devoted to the writing of memoirs.
Illustrations:
Archive BDE.
Works:
La Discorde Chez L'Ennemi. R., 1924;
Professional army. M., 1935;
La France et Son Armée. R., 1938;
Discours et Messages. R., 1970. Vol. 1-5;
Lettres, Notes et carnets. R., 1980-1997. Vol. 1-13.
Childhood. Carier start
House in Lille, where de Gaulle was born
Poland, military training sessions, family
Monument de Gavel in Warsaw
De Gaulle is exempt from captivity only after the truce November 11, 1918. From to 1921, de Gaulle is located in Poland, where the tactic theory in the former School of the Imperial Guard in Rembertov near Warsaw, and in July-August 1920, a short time fighting at the front of the Soviet-Polish war 1919-1921 in the RSFSR troops in This conflict commands, ironically, just Tucachevsky). By rejecting the proposal of a constant position in the troops of Polish and returning to the Motherland, he marries Yvonna Wandru on April 6. On December 28, the next year his son Philip is born, named after the Chef - subsequently the infamous traitor and the Antagonist de Gaulle Marshal Philippe Peten. Captain de Gaulle teaches in Saint-Sir school, then admitted to the Higher Military School. May 15, Elizabeth's daughter is born. In 1928, Anna's younger daughter was born, suffering from Down syndrome (the girl died in; Subsequently, de Gaulle was a trustee of the Children's Foundation with Down Syndrome).
Military theorist.
It was this moment that became a turning point in the biographies of De Gaulle. In the "Memoirs of Hope" he writes: "On June 18, 1940, responding to the call of his homeland, devoid of any other help to save his soul and honor, de Gaulle, one, not known for anyone, was to take responsibility for France " On this day, the BBC transmits de Gaulle's radio simulation that calls for the creation of resistance. Soon the leaflets were spread, in which the general addressed "to all French" (a tous les français) with a statement:
"France lost the battle, but she did not lose the war! Nothing is lost because this war is world. The day will come when France returns freedom and greatness ... That's why I appeal to all Frenchmen to unite me around me in the name, self-sacrifice and hope. "
The general accused the office of the loop in betrayal and stated that "with the full consciousness of the debt speaks on behalf of France." There were other appeals to de Gaulle.
So de Gaulle stood at the head of "free (later -" battle ") France" - an organization designed to resist invaders and the collaborationist regime of Vichy.
At first, he had to face considerable difficulties. "I ... at first I did not imagine anything ... in France - anyone who could vouch for me, and I did not use any fame in the country. Abroad - no confidence and justification of my activity. " The formation of the organization of "Free France" was rather protracted. Who knows how the fate of De Gaulle would have arisen if he had not enlisted the support of Prime Minister UK Winston Churchill. The desire to create an alternative to the government of Vichy led Churchill to the recognition of de Gaulle "the head of all free French" (June 28) and to help on the "promotion" of de Gaulle in international terms. Nevertheless, in his memoirs about World War II, Churchill gives a very high assessment of de Gaulle and considers his cooperation with him forced - the alternative was simply not.
Control over the colonies. Development of resistance
In militarion, the main task was to convey on the side of the French patriots of the "French Empire" - extensive colonial possessions in Africa, Indochite and Oceania. After an unsuccessful attempt to capture Dakar de Gaulle, the Council of the Defense Council of the Empire, the Manifesto on the creation of which began with the words: "We, General de Gaulle (Nous Général de Gaulle), head of free French, decree", etc. The advice includes anti-fascist tuned military governors of French (usually African) colonies: Generals Katra, Eboch, Colonel Leclerc. From that moment on, de Gaulle emphasizes the national and historical roots of their movement. He establishes the Order of the Liberation, the main sign of which the Larring cross with two crossbars becomes - ancient, ascending to the era of feudalism, a symbol of the French nation. Decree on the creation of the Order Reminds the charters of the orders of the Royal France.
The great success of the "Free France" was to establish shortly after June 22, 1941 of direct connections from the USSR (without hesitation, the Soviet leadership decided to transfer Bogomolov - his ambassador with Vichy mode - to London). For 1941-1942 The network of partisan organizations in the occupied France has grown. From October 1941, after the first mass executions of the hostages, the Germans, de Gaulle calls all the French to the total strike and the mass shares of disobedience.
Conflict with allies
Meanwhile, the actions of the "Monarch" caused irritation in the West. In the office of Roosevelt, they discovered openly about the "so-called free French", "sowing poisonous propaganda" and interfering with war management. On November 7, 1942, American troops are planted in Algeria and Morocco and go to negotiations with local French commander who supported Vichy. De Gaulle tried to convince the leaders of England and the United States that cooperation with Vichistami in Algeria would lead to the loss of moral support of allies in France. "The United States," de Gaulle spoke, are elementary feelings and complex politics in great affairs. " The contradiction between patriotic ideals de Gaulle and Roosevelt indifference in choosing supporters ("All those who help solve my problems are suitable, as he openly declared) has become one of the most important obstacles in conducting coordinated actions in North Africa.
At the head of state
"The first in France", the president did not want to rest on the laurels. He poses a question:
"I will be able to make it so that it is possible to solve the vital problem of decolonization, to start the economic and social transformation of our country in the era of science and technology, to restore the independence of our policy and our defense, turn France in the advice of the association of all European Europe, to return to France. Her halo And the influence in the world, especially in the "Third World" countries, which she used for many centuries? There is no doubt: here is the goal that I can and should achieve. "
Decolonization. From the French Empire to the Frankofon Community of Nations
At the first place de Gaulle puts the problem of decolonization. Indeed, he came to power on the wave of Algerian crisis; Now he must confirm his role as a national leader, finding a way out of it. In an attempt to implement this task, the President came out for a desperate opposition not only by Algerian commander, but also the right lobby in the government. Only on September 16, 1959, the head of state offers three options for the decision of the Algerian issue: a break with France, "Integration" with France (fully equate Algeria to the metropolis and extend to the population of its right and obligations) and "Association" (Algerian on national composition Government, based on the help of France and with a close economic and foreign policy union with the metropolis). The general clearly preferred the latest option, in which he met the support of the National Assembly. However, this even more consolidated the ultra-right, which were fed and not replaced by the military authorities of Algeria.
A special scandal broke out in Quebec (Francophone Province of Canada). President of France, completing the speech exclaimed with a huge coherence of the people: "Long live Quebec!", And then added the most famous words: "Long live free Quebec!" (Fr. Vive Le Québec Libre!). De Gaulle and his official advisers subsequently proposed a number of versions that allowed the accusation of separatism, among them - the fact that Quebec's freedom had freedom and Canada as a whole from foreign military blocks (that is, NATO again). According to another version, based on the whole context of the speech de Gaulle, he meant the Quebec comrades on the resistance, fought for freedom of the world from Nazism. One way or another, the supporters of Quebec independence were referred to this incident.
France and Europe. Special relationship with Germany and USSR
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Mosadek, Mohammed (1951) · Elizabeth II (1952) · Adenauer, Conrad (1953) · Dulles, John Foster (1954) · Harlow Curtis (1955) · Hungarian fighter for freedom (1956) · Nikita Khrushchev (1957) · Charles de Gaulle (1958) · Eisenhuer, Dwight David (1959) · US scientists: Linus Pauling, Isidor Aizek, Edward Teller, Joshua Lederberg, Donald Arthur Gronzer, Willlard Libby, Robert Woodward, Charles Stark Draper, William Shockley, Emilio Segre, John Enders, Charles Townhouse, George Bidl, James Wang Allen and Edward Purcell (1960) · John Kennedy (1961) · Pope John XXIII (1962) · Martin Luther King (1963) · Lindon Johnson (1964) · William Westmorland (1965) · Generation 25-year-old and younger. "Baby Boomers". (1966) · Lindon Johnson (1967) ·
Life, True Patriot, Frenchman Charles de Gaulle.
Charles de Gaulle himself explained his feelings like this: the love of France him and his sister instilled their father with his mother, and from childhood, children did not even imagine how it could be different.
Biography of Charles de Gaulle
De Gaulle was born in the fall of 1890 in the city of Lille, in the house of her grandmother. His childhood spent in Paris, along with his parents and sister.
Charles de Gaulle received a military profession, studied in a military school. He was a participant in the First World War, and even was captive.
To the Second World War, he was already the general of the Armed Forces of France. During World War II, Charles was against any compromises with the profasci government.
It is at this time that his path of successful politician begins. He spent several times in London with Winston Churchill, discussing the possibilities of French resistance with him. Churchill called General de Gaulle's honor of France.
With his successful example and performances, he raised the Spirit of the French and called for them to continue resistance to the fascists, despite the official policy of France.
It becomes the organizer of the movement free France, to which the French colonies be joined, many of which are doing.
Such as Chad, Congo, Gabon, Cameroon. Starting from the time of World War II, de Gaulle is trying to limit the intervention of the United States and England to France's policies.
At that time, the purpose of the Anglo-American policy was to exclude France from the leading countries of Europe, to fully submit it to their influence.
And could it allow de Gaulle, brought up on the principles of nationalism. Therefore, I had to be a military person to become a politician and defend the freedom of the French people.
The contribution that was made by Charles de Gaulle in the history of France, his successes on the political arena cannot be overestimated.
He was with her in the most difficult years of the country, organized resistance during the Second World War, for ten years, from 1959 to 1969, was the president of the fifth French Republic.
He was one of the authors of the France Constitution, which is used and for the real days. Nicolas Sarkozy, the sixth president of the fifth French Republic, in one of his speeches he spoke about De Gall, as the Savior of France, who returned independence and that is no less important, its prestige in the world community!
By the way, it was during the times of de Gaulle in France a question about creating their own nuclear weapons.
The first tests of nuclear weapons were carried out in 1960 in the Sahara desert. Tests were discontinued by President Mitteran.
In the time of de Gaulle, France comes out of NATO. De Gaulle already in those days understood that the dollar is just a paper with a very small cost and tried to translate dollars into gold and thus reduce the influence of the United States to France. Partially it was possible at that time.
He collected paper US dollars, located in France, on the plane dismaying to Washington and there exchanged them on gold than the American top management discouraged and made in the end, later, refuse them from binding the dollar to gold.
Day November 22 unites the presidents of France and the United States. Charles de Gavel is a birthday, John Kennedy has a day of tragic death
At the same time, Soviet-French cooperation is actively developing. De Gaulle in the USSR saw his ally in the fight against the Anglo-American Alliance, and his dislike for communism moves into the past, to successfully promote his national interests.
De Gaulle stands for a single Europe, it is in such Europe that he sees the opportunity to confront NATO, it is for this that he openly advocates in support of Germany.
However, leading an active successful foreign policy, the situation was heavy inside the country: a huge unemployment, the standard of living of the population is low.
All this led to dissatisfaction among the French with a rigid policy de Gaulle. And in 1969 he leaves his post. And in 1970, General de Gaulle dies.
In honor of the world famous de Gaulle, the Chief French Airport - Paris Airport - Charles de Gaulle or how else is called Ruissi - Charles de Gaulle and the pride of France - the first atomic aircraft carrier and the only active, at the moment, the aircraft carrier of the Navy France " Charles de Gaulle. "
And also in honor of him, a rose from the family of tea-hybrid roses, rose of lilac varieties "Charles de Gaulle".
Another little-known fact from the life of General de Gaulle is that he was a trustee of the Medical Fund in France, who helped families in which there are children with Down syndrome.
This is such an interesting, versatile developed person, known for the whole world of politician, a public figure, a true patriot of his country.
His personal success was from the goal, from the dream of the success of his country, countries with independent thinking. De Gaulle from a simple military became a successful respected politician, a thinker, a businesspiana.
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