Ingredients: Leningrad, Pskov and Novgorod region, the city of federal significance St. Petersburg.
Area-196,5 thousand. km 2.
Population - 7 million855 thousand people.
The area is characterized by advantageous EGP, as it is located on the border between Eastern Europe and Russia; According to rivers, and the lakes of this wetland, the northern part of the "From Varyag in Greeks" took place. The emergence and flourishing of Mr. Veliky Novgorod and the foundation of the new capital - St. Petersburg are associated with a favorable transport and geographical position. There are ancient centers of the Russian Orthodox Church in the district.
Within 2 centuries, St. Petersburg was the official capital of the Russian Empire, which strengthened the development of the entire area. Currently, the North-West District is located between the East European states - Finland, Estonia, Latvia and the Central and Northern Economic Area of \u200b\u200bRussia. This situation between the territories and resource-raw material base of the Northern District has developed in the territories and resource-raw material base of the Northern District has large benefits. It is also important and its way out to the Baltic.
Natural conditions and resources
In the territory of the North-Western district, repeated impaired glaciation was enormous. On its low-lying plains, crossed marine-glacial relief was distinctly expressed with a variety of moraine hills, lake hollows and hollows of the flow of melted glacial waters. The area is very wettering, here about seven thousand lakes of various sizes. The largest - Ladoga, Onega, moon, Ilmen. The river network is thick, but the rivers are relatively short, young; Among them is distinguished by Neva - one of the most centuries rivers in the European part of the country.
The climate of the district is characterized by high humidity, varies from the marine moderate on the coast to moderately-con-tyntal. The soil is mostly podzolic, peat-marshs are also found everywhere. Natural vegetation (spruce-pine forests with the participation of birch and others) is strongly cut down (by 50%) and changed. In the northeast of the forest preserved better.
Refractory clays, quartz sands, combustible shale, phosphorites, limestone, salt springs, bauxites are significant from minerals.
Population
The population of the district is about 6% of the population of the Russian Federation, the average density is about 40 people. 1 km 2, but in the peripheral areas only about 2-4 people. 1 km 2. In the countryside of the Pskov and Novgorod regions - the most old population in all of Russia, therefore the average family size here is only 2.8-2.9 people (on average in Russia - 3.2 people).
Most of the population are Russian. Urbanization coefficient is 87%. In the Northern capital of Russia, about 5 million people live.
Farm
North-West is an industrial area with a powerful manufacturing complex that is mainly oriented on imported raw materials and fuel.
Specialization branches - engineering, non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical, easy.
Machine-building complex is characterized by the development of industries requiring qualified labor. Energy, electrical engineering, shipbuilding instrument making, machine-tool construction, tractor construction is also produced modern automation and turbines.
Basic Mechanical Engineering Centers - St. Petersburg (Generators and Turbines for HPP, GRES, NPP, Shipbuilding, Instrument Engineering, Radio Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Electronics), as well as Novgorod, Pskov, Great Luki, Old Russ, Vyborg, Kaliningrad.
In the north-western district, the first in Russia, the production of al! ") The Mine-Metallurgical Plants are also in the Volkhov (Aluminum Plant), Bauxito Gorski and Pikalevier (alumina plants) originated in Russian at the local Tikhvin Boxites.
The chemical industry is developed primarily in St. Petersburg, which has become a pioneer to release polymers, plastics, and is also a large pharmaceutical center.
In Kingisepp (Sovr. - Kureaare) produced mineral fertilizers from local phosphorites.
Light industry - historically highly highlands. Eliminated shoe, textile industry.
The agro-industrial complex area specializes in dairy farming, pig breeding, poultry farming, vegetable and potatoes. In the south and southwest, flax is grown, which serves as raw materials for plants and Pskov and Great Loons.
The fuel and energy complex of the area works mainly on imported fuel (oil, gas, coal). Electricity produces powerful thermal power plants in St. Petersburg and Kirishi.
HPES of small and medium power was built on numerous rivers of the district.
In the area there is one of the largest Leningrad NPPs in Russia (with a capacity of 4 million kW).
Transport. The transport assembly of the agglomeration of St. Petersburg is inferior to the size of cargo turnover and passenger turnover only Moscow. St. Petersburg is the largest foreign trade seaport Rossi. The Volga Baltic Channel provides the connection between the district with other regions of the country, and the White Sea Baltic Channel provides access to the White and Barents Sea.
In the Finnish bay, the construction of three new Russian ports is being done, which is due to the need to restore their positions. On the Baltic after the leisure and military bases in the sovereign states of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.
Northwest Federal District
Introduction 3.
1. Economic and geographical position of the district 4
2. Natural conditions and resources 5
3. Economy 8.
3.1 Fuel and Energy Complex 9
3.2 Transport Complex 10
3.3 Machine-building complex 11
3.4 Metallurgical complex 12
3.5 Chemical Industry 12
3.6 Agro-industrial complex 13
3.7 Fish industry 14
3.8 Industry of Building Materials 14
3.9 Light Industry 14
4. Population and labor resources 15
5. Foreign Economic Communications 17
6. Intraregional differences in the area 18
7. Environmental problems 23
Conclusion 24.
References 27.
Introduction
In the conditions of the formation of a market economy in Russia, there is a need to consider the sectoral structure and the placement of the most important industries of the economic complex of each federal district separately in order to analyze the economic and geographical state of Russia as a whole. In my work, I will conduct a comparative economic and geographical characteristics of two federal districts: North-West and Volga.
The Federal District is the economic area of \u200b\u200bthe highest link, which is a large geographically production complex, which combines the sectors of market specialization with industries that complement the territorial complex and infrastructure.
The North-West Federal District is administratively - territorial formation in the north of the European part of Russia. Educated by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 13, 2000.
The North-West Federal District includes 11 constituent entities of the Russian Federation: Republic of Karelia, the Republic of Komi, Arkhangelsk; Vologda, Kaliningrad, Leningrad, Murmansk, Novgorod, Pskov region, St. Petersburg, Nenets Autonomous Okrug. The North-West Federal District includes all the constituent entities of the Russian Federation relating to the North-West and Northern Economic Areas.
The district covers an area of \u200b\u200b1,687 thousand square meters. km, which is 9.9% of Russia. On the territory of the North-Western Federal District, 13,501 thousand people live (9.5% of the population of Russia). The basis of the population is the townspeople. The center of the Federal District is St. Petersburg. The largest cities of the North-Western Federal District are St. Petersburg, Kalinin Grad, Arkhangelsk, Murmansk, Cherepovets, Vologda, Petrozavodsk, Syktyvkar, Veliky Novgorod, Pskov, Severodvinsk, Ukhta, Great Luki. In total, 152 cities are located on the territory of the district.
Plenipotentiary representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the North-West Federal District - Ilya Iosifovich Klebanov.
1. Economic and geographical position of the district
The North-West District is located in the northern part of the non-sinnamic zone of the Russian Federation, north of 57`s. Sh., the southern border of the district takes almost 800 km north of the border of the United States. The brightest feature of the North-Western district is the discrepancy between the historical role of the district and the very modest territory of the district. This inconsistency is associated with the following features:
The location of the area on the severity, remoteness from the center of Russia. This situation prevented the area from the Tatar-Mongolian yoke.
The area is sharply nominated towards Europe. Here are Pskov and Novgorod-Great - the most noble cities, for a long time associated with European countries through trade in the bay (medieval Union of Baltov).
3. Primorsky and border position. The North-West District is inferior to most of the economic regions of the Russian Federation in terms of population and territory, so it is called the area of \u200b\u200bone city - St. Petersburg. It concentrates 59% of the population of the region and 68% of its urban population.
In the North-West region, in the ancient Slavic tribes, trade and crafts were developed, international trade, industry and qualified personnel were concentrated in St. Petersburg, and the outskirts of the district contributed to the development of the economy. All these reasons played a certain role in the formation of a modern image of the district.
The area is occupied by one of the leading places in terms of economic development, scale and diversity of industrial production, research and design and design products, the preparation of highly qualified specialists of the national economy, the pace of the formation of market relations, the scale of participation in world-economic relations between Russia.
The North-West District is located in the Russian Plain. Climate in the sea area, moderately continental. Air has a high humidity, turren-podzolic soil
2. Natural conditions and resources
Natural conditions are all elements of living and inanimate nature that affect the economic activity of man.
Natural resources are all elements of nature that are used in manufacturing as raw materials and energy.
Most of the North-West Federal District is located in the European North. The territory of the district is predominantly flat. It is distinguished by the variety of natural climatic conditions. The predominant part of the territory is located in the zone favorable to lives by people, industrial and economic activity.
The climatic conditions of the North-West Federal District are not sufficiently favorable. Washing it in the territory of the Northern Istiver Atlantic Oceans, they influence the formation of a climate, which differs in the north-west of the district with a relatively warm winter and cool summer and harsh winter and a relatively short warm summer in the north. A small amount of precipitation falls out, but because of small evaporation, they contribute to the formation of a large number of swamps, rivers and lakes. Climatic conditions ensuring the development of agricultural production are limited to the southern territories of the district. They are mostly suitable for breeding animal husbandry. Only the Kaliningrad region is characterized by a more moderate climate.
The North-West Federal District is a lake region. Numerous lakes are located mainly in the western part; The largest of them are Ladoga, Onega, Ilmen. On the territory of the district flows full river. Plain rivers have shipping importance. Among them - Pechora, Northern Dvina, Onega. Neva et al. In hydropower terms, switches, worshi, Narva and Vuoksa have the greatest meaning.
The development of the economy of the North-West District stimulates the presence of significant reserves of mineral and commodity, fuel-energy and water resources, which can not only provide the needs of the country's economic complex, but also exported to many states of the world. There are almost 72% of reserves and almost 100% of the production of apatite in the district, about 77% of titanium reserves, 43% - bauxite, 15% - mineral waters, 18% diamonds and nickel. The district accounts for much of the balance sheets of copper, tin, cobalt.
Fuel resources are represented by the reserves of coal, oil, natural gas, combustible slate, peat.
About 40% of the most important fuel resources of the country's western regions are concentrated here. The total promising areas for oil and gas production are about 600 thousand km 2, and the total coal reserves - 214mld t. In the north-east of the district, one of the largest coal basins of Russia is located - Pechora - with large reserves of high-quality and energy coal. Of particular importance is the Timan-Pechora oil and gas province, where more than 70 oil and gas deposits are open. Currently, considerable attention is paid to the development of oil and gas in the shelf zone of the Barents and Kara Seas - the Shtokman gas-condensate and subrazesome oil fields. The reserves of combustible shale are estimated by more than 60 billion. T. Lamaning in the Leningrad region and in the basins of the Rivers of the Sysol, Ukhta, Sea, etc.
Great reserves of peat, which are located in the Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Pskov, Novgorod, Leningrad regions and the Republic of Komi. The potential hydropower resources of the district are estimated at 11,318 thousand kW, and the potential generation of electric power industry is 89.8 billion kW. h.
The district is rude by non-ferrous metals. The industrial reserves of aluminum-producing raw materials are greater value. In the Leningrad region there is a Tikhvin Boxite deposit with a high percentage of alumina (up to 55%). In the Arkhangelsk region, the North-One Boxitov deposit is allocated, bauxite reserves of the city of Plesetsk.
The ores of non-ferrous metals are also presented with copper-nickel ores of Monchegorsk and Pechenegs.
The deposits of iron ores are placed on the Kola Peninsula, in the Murmansk region (Olenegorskoye and Kovdorskoye deposits). With a low iron content in ore (28 - 32%), they are easily enriched and provide high quality melted metal. In the Republic of Karelia, there is a Kostomuksh deposit, whose ore contains 58% of iron.
Great in the district of the reserves of mining chemical raw materials - apatite ores (over 10 billion tons), phosphorites. In the Murmansk region there is the largest Khibinsky deposit of apatites in the country. In the Leningrad region, in the Kingisepa region, phosphorites and with a low percentage of the main component (5 - 7%) are locked.
With the limits of the Arkhangelsk region, industrial stocks of diamonds are explored. The Kaliningrad region has huge amber reserves (90% of world stocks). The district is rich in a variety of building raw materials (limestone, clay, glass sands, marble, granite). Their main reserves are located in the Murmansk, Leningrad regions and the Republic of Karelia.
In the North-West Federal District, 40% of forest and 38% of water resources of the European part of Russia are concentrated. According to the reserves of forest resources, the district ranks first in the European part of Russia. The percentage of woodiness reaches 75%. Most coniferous breeds are predominant - spruce, pine. In the southern part of the district - coniferous-wide breeds. Only the Nenets Autonomous District remains awesome, where Tundra dominates.
The forests are very rich in the fur beast (Lescent, black - brown fox, sable, ermine, etc.).
The seas that wash the territory of the district, rich in valuable rocks of fish (crength, salmon, herring, pikes, etc.).
The presence in the district of significant mineral resources and fuel reserves, as well as water and forest resources, is an important factor in its economic development in the context of the formation of a market economy.
3. Economy
Modern industry is characterized by a high level of specialization. Specialization sectors define the federal district economic profile. Since the basis of market specialization is the territorial separation of social labor, therefore, the definition of industry specializations should be based on the identification of the participation of the district in the public division of labor.
To quantify the level of specialization of the federal district, I will use such an indicator as the coefficient of shower production.
Having considered the industry of the economic complex of federal districts, I will make calculations in the section "Appendix" on the basis of which I will conclude about the specialization of the area in the relevant industry.
The economic potential of the territory of the North-West Federal District is one of the largest among other districts located in the European part of Russia. His leading branch of economy - industry, whose share in the All-Russian industrial production is 12.7%.
The concentration in the north of the current natural resources determines the specifics of the economic complex that is emerging here, based on the development of fuel and energy, mining, timbering, fish processing complexes, on the production of paper, cellulose, cardboard, business wood, along with a specialized complex working for the main mining and infrastructure Engineering industries. Examination \u003e\u003e Economy
Regional economy of subjects of the Russian Federation: North-West Federal district Performed a female student 2 courses ... Far East and Extreme North. Great value of maritime transport ... modes of transport. In land regions North and equal to the territories ...
Development and placement of industries North - Western federal district
Abstract \u003e\u003e GeographyAnd infrastructure. 1.Cost North – Western Federal District. North-West federal district consists of North-Western and the northern economic regions. Structure North-Western Economic Area ...
Economic development federal district in the 90s North-West federal district
Examination \u003e\u003e EconomyO. Information North-Western federal district 4 2. Sectoral Economic Structure North-Western 7 federal district 7 2.1. Comparative characteristics of changes in production volumes federal district by...
Characteristics of sectors of specialization North-Western federal district, problems of their development
Abstract \u003e\u003e GeographyDetermine the economic profile federal district. Economic potential of the territory North-Western federal district - One of ... in Petrozavodsk (Karelia). Mechanical engineering North – Western federal district Differs great need for labor ...
North-West Russia is the smallest in the territory (212 thousand km 2 ) District of Russia. It includes the North-West Economic District (Leningrad, Pskov and Novgorod Region, the city of federal significance St. Petersburg) and.
Economics and geographical position
The profitability of the situation is determinedseaside location district off the coast and its Finnish bay. The advantages of the economic and geographic location and the presence of waterways determined the long-standing settlement of the territory.
Natural resource potential
a) covering extensive spaces about 800 km from the west to the east and 600 km from the north to South, the North-West is distinguished by a variety of nature. Without the area there are smooth stripes of coasts, only slightly rising above sea level, and lowlands, where flat and weakly wavy areas alternate with low hills and hills, reaching 300 m. In the North-West of Russia, it was influenced by a quaternary glaciation, which formed sea-glacier Forms of relief with hills, ridges and grinding plains. Glacial deposits are rich in boulders. Paleozoic sediments, with which the minerals of the North-West of Russia are connected, are associated with minerals, slates, phosphorites, quartz sands, limestones and bauxites.
b) North-West is located within the moderately continental, moving towards the sea. The abundance of precipitation leads to excess moisters and.
c) North-West of Russia is a lake edge rich in water resources. Here is 7 thousand lakes. Among them are the largest:, Ilmen and others. River network thick. Large rivers and lakes are used for shipping, local fisheries developed.
d) North-West - Forest Edge. The forests occupy about half of the entire territory, and in the north-east of the district reaches 70% in the south and south-west are strongly cut down.
e) for the entire territory of the North-West are characterized by podzolic and peat-marsh. All of them require fertilizer.
Population
About 9 million people live within the North-West, which is more than 6% of the country's population.
North-West is a district of predominantly urban population (his share is the highest in Russia - 86%). The Russians live in the region, in the east of the district lives the few people of the Finnish group - Weps.
Farm
Currently, one of the leading industries of the North-West is a diversifiedmechanical engineering which is concentrated in the major cities of the district -, Vyborg, Novgorod, Pskov and. At the enterprises of this industry, vessels, radio and television equipment, devices, video recorders, equipment for the fish processing industry, turbines, generators, compressors, clocks, electric flows are produced.
Thanks to the advantageous economic and geographical position in the area of \u200b\u200bthe North-West of Russia, there has been a powerful complex of industries on far-excreted raw materials, fuel and semi-finished products, includingchemical I. . In the north and west of the district are developedforest industry . From the area is closely connectedcolored (Volkhov, Boksitogorsk) andferrous metallurgy represented by the ancient factories (Tikhvin, St. Petersburg, Novgorod).
Agro-industrial complex The area specializes in liner and milk-meat, and in the suburbs - on the production of vegetables, potatoes and poultry farming.
St. Petersburg - the second after Moscow industrial, transport hub, the center of science and culture, the large sea port of Russia on.
The North-West Federal District is an administrative education placed in the northern and northwestern parts of European Russia. District occupies a territory of 1677.9 thousand km. The population of the region is 13.74 million people. The North-West Federal District has external borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Belarus, its internal borders coexist with the territories of Central, Volga, Ural Federal Districts. In addition, the district has its own access to the Barents, Baltic, White and Kara Seas.
The North-West Federal District consists of 11 constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The North-Western Federal District includes the Republic of Karelia and Komi, Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Kaliningrad, Leningrad, Murmansk, Novgorod, Pskov Region, the city of federal significance St. Petersburg, Nenets Autonomous District. The main city of the region is located in the north-west of the Russian Federation, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, at the mouth of the Neva. The population of St. Petersburg is more than 5 million people.
As mentioned above, 83% of residents live in cities and urban settlements, 49.97% of the population lives in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Region. The remaining regions are poorly inhabited. Average population density in the district? 8.6 people per 1 square meter. kilometer. Most of the population? Russian, Komi, Ukrainians, Belarusians. Among other nations, people from Central Asia and the Caucasus are currently dominated. The total population of the district in 2013 decreased by 16603 people, at the same time, the natural population growth is observed in St. Petersburg, the Republic of Komi, the Nenets Autonomous Okrug and the Murmansk region. The most significant natural settlement of the population in the Leningrad, Pskov and Novgorod regions. Migration balance for the district? positive. In 2013, 592097 people moved to the region, 492638 left. The increase was 99459. Most people move in St. Petersburg, Kaliningrad and Leningrad regions. The greatest negative balance of migration in the Republic of Komi, Arkhangelsk and Murmansk regions.
The largest cities of the district: St. Petersburg (city of federal, administrative center of the federal district, cultural capital of Russia), Kaliningrad (administrative center of the Kaliningrad region), Arkhangelsk (administrative center of the Arkhangelsk region), Cherepovets (major industrial center in the Vologda region), Vologda ( Administrative Center, Vologda Oblast), Murmansk (Administrative Center of the Murmansk Region The world's largest city located behind the North Polar Circle), Petrozavodsk (Administrative Center of the Republic of Karelia), Syktyvkar (Capital and the largest city of the Komi Republic), Veliky Novgorod (Administrative Center of the Novgorod Region One of the oldest and most famous cities of Russia), Pskov (Administrative Center of the Pskov region, one of the oldest cities of Russia) ,. Severodvinsk (city in the Arkhangelsk region, the center of the atomic shipbuilding), Ukhta (city in the Komi Republic, the center of oil production), the Great Luki ( City in the Pskov region Multidisciplinary trade and prom Broken and cultural and educational center), Gatchina (the largest settlement of the Leningrad region industrial, scientific, cultural and educational center), Vyborg (large economic, industrial and cultural center of the Leningrad region, port in the Baltic, hostess of road and railways).
The structure of the employed population by industry increases the share of working in trade, public catering, domestic services while reducing the number of employment in industry, agriculture, construction.
Table 1
Characteristics of the North-West Federal District in the population density.
|
Territory, thousandkm2. |
Population, thousand people. |
Including the population, thousand people. |
The proportion of the population,% |
Population density, person / km2 |
|||
|
Urban |
Rural |
Urban |
Rural |
||||
|
Republic of Karelia |
|||||||
|
Komi Republic |
|||||||
|
Arkhangelsk region |
|||||||
|
Nenets Autonomous Okrug |
|||||||
|
Arkhangelsk region without a nonsense autonomous district |
|||||||
|
Vologodskaya Oblast |
|||||||
|
Kaliningrad region |
|||||||
|
Leningrad region |
|||||||
|
Murmansk region |
|||||||
|
Novgorod region |
|||||||
|
Pskov region |
|||||||
|
saint Petersburg |
The fuel resources of the region are deposits of oil, natural gas, coal, combustible shale and peat. The promising areas for the extraction of hydrocarbon raw materials reaches about 600 thousand k.km, and the balance reserves of oil are estimated at 1.3 billion tons, suburban gas - 1.1 trill. Kub.m.
A promising area of \u200b\u200bhydrocarbon raw materials is the Timan-Pechora Oil and Gas Province. More than 70 petroleum and gas fields are open here. Large prospects for hydrocarbon production have a field on the shelf of the Barents, Pechora and Kara Seas, including the Shtokman gas condensate deposit and a subjacious oil field. It is carried out in small amounts of oil and gas production in the Kaliningrad region. Deployed coal reserves in the district are estimated at 240 billion tons. The coals of the Pechora high-quality Pechora basin, about half of stocks fall on valuable coking coals, the depth of which is 170-600 m. The reservoir power is from 0.7 to 1 m. The main part of the reserves and all the extraction falls on the instin, Vargashorskoye and Usinskoye deposit. However, complex minogeneous conditions for their occurrence and location in the northern zone determine the high cost of mining.
The reserves of combustible shale, which occur in the Leningrad region and in the Komi Republic (Venture and Timan-Pechora deposits) are assessed by more than 60 billion tons. The inventory reserves are also significant and used as fuel, as well as in agriculture.
The district has significant reserves of ores for the production of black, non-ferrous and noble metals. Balance reserves of iron ores (3.4 billion tons) make up about 5% of the stocks of the Russian Federation. The most important iron ore deposits are Olenegorskoye and Kovdorskoe (reserves of each more than 0.5 billion tons) located on the Kola Peninsula. With a low content of iron in the ores of these deposits (28-32%), they are easily enriching and ensure high quality of the metal weighted. In Western Karelia, there is a large Kostomuksh iron ore deposit (stocks of over 1 billion tons). After enriching ores on the mining and processing plant, concentrates (pellets) of iron salary 60-65 are obtained and even up to 70%. Iron ore lies with a naked depth and its development is carried out in an open way.
In the district there are deposits of aluminize-containing raw materials, represented by the Tikhvin Boxitite deposit with a high (up to 55%) content of alumina, North-Onega, Middle-Timan, South Timan, North Ural Boxitoy, Nethelinka of Khibiny deposits and Kyanites of the Murmansk region. High-quality boxites are revealed on average Timman in the Komi Republic, which constitute the basis of the raw material base of alumina and non-metallurgical production. In total, 13 fields with common reserves of 400 million tons were revealed within the bauxiloidal province of the Komi. In terms of quality, they exceed Boxits of Tikhvin and Northwest deposits, but inferior to the Boxits of the Northwood Banxiton region. The alumina content in them is 40-70%. Boxitics and in the Arkhangelsk region (Ilsinskoye deposit) of the alumina in 50-59% were revealed. The largest reserves of kyanite (raw materials for the production of siliconaluminous alloys, valuable refractories) are concentrated in the Kayiva array. The silica content in the Khibiny nephelines ranges from 12.8 to 14%.
Raw materials for the production of rare metals are focused mainly in the Kola region. This is a tantalum, niobium, lithium, cesium, zirconium, strontium. Titanium-containing raw material has been identified in the Murmansk region, the Komi Republic.
At the Polar Urals, a chromitonous area with forecast resources up to 120 thousand tons is located within the borders of the Komi Republic Due to the absence of the raw database of chromium in Russia, Polarnoural chromite deposits are of exceptional importance in ensuring the needs of the economy in this important raw material. Rudes of non-ferrous metals are also represented by copper-nickel fields of Monchegorsk and Pechengi, manganese and barite ores of the Komi Republic.
The phosphate raw materials are available in the unique and quality of apatitonefeline ores of the Khibiny field (the content of more than 40% of apatite and about 40% of nefeline) and in the apatite-magnetite ores of the Kovdorskoye deposit. The total reserves of apatite ores make up 10 billion tons. Non-metallic raw materials are represented by large reserves of high-quality mica (muscovit, vermiculitis, flogopit), field spat, high carbon shungitis.
The district is explored by the limestone deposits, dolomites, brick-tiled and clay clay clay, granite-sand materials and sands, facing and building stones and other building materials.
On the territory of the Arkhangelsk region are explored and prepared for open development to a depth of 460 m large diamond deposits. The deposits are distinguished by complex hydrogeological conditions of production. The mineral base of the North-Western Federal District is characterized by a high degree of study, the compact placement of the most important types of mineral raw materials, the complex nature of the content of the useful substances creates the possibility of organizing multi-sectoral industries.
The total area of \u200b\u200bthe county forests, possible for operation, is 55 million Gectar with a total margin of wood 9082.1 million cubic meters. The largest reserves are the Komi Republic (3022 million bubbles), Arkhangelsk region. (2270 million bubbies), Vologda region. (1126 million bubbies) and the Republic of Karelia (965 million bubbles). The most valuable coniferous rocks (spruce, pine) grows mainly in the northern, deciduous - in the southern regions - Kaliningrad, Pskov, Vologda, Leningrad regions.
The North-West Federal District has significant water resources. The use of fresh water here significantly exceeds the absolute indicators of the use of this resource in the Central, Volga, Ural, Siberian and Far Eastern Federal Districts. Large rivers and lakes are used for shipping, fisheries, ensure the development of water-reservoirs. On the rivers Svir, Vuoks, Cola, Sheksna are built hydroelectric power plants.
Northwest Russia
The purpose of the lesson:
Introduce students with TPK of North-Western Russia,
Improving the ability to analyze economic cards.
Explain the new concept of "Free Economic Zones".
Equipment:IK - North-West Russia I-8Ch-13, Map of the North-Western Economic Area (physical, social economy), Atlases.
DURING THE CLASSES
I. An organizational moment.
II. Announcement of evaluations for testing work.
Work on errors.
III study of a new material
FGP, EGP. The composition of North-West Russia.
North-Western Russia is the smallest area of \u200b\u200bthe Russian Federation (212 thousand km2).
Administrative and territorial units of North-West Russia:
Leningrad
Pskovskaya,
Novgorod region,
St. Petersburg - the city of federal significance,
Kaliningrad region - Anclave.
Modern integration links with the central (Moscow) area make it possible to consider it part of the interdistrict complex - Central Russia.
The population of the district (8.9 million people) is 6.2% of the inhabitants of Russia.
Profitable EGP on the Baltic Sea and Waterways (The path "from the Varyag in the Greeks") determined the early settlement of the district, the formation of Novgorod Russia, and in 1703 and the foundation of the new capital of St. Petersburg.
EGP benefits - district of one city (What was the previously north-west) - aged after the creation of the canals on the site of the wolf, and later - the railway systems.
Currently EGP - the largest in the Baltic States of Russian ports: St. Petersburg and Kaliningrad. Northwest, in addition to the border with Finland, has now new sections of the state border with Estonia and Latvia.
Natural resource base:
The territory of the district with the sea glacial terrain is rich in natural resources.
Shale-phosphorites
Building materials - peat.
The area is provided with water resources (multi-water rivers, 7 thousand lakes, including Ladoga and Onega).
The population of North-West Russia:
86% urban population
65% of the population of the area lives in St. Petersburg - mostly the Russians living in cities.
In the northwestern district, mainly the urban population (its share is the highest in Russia, 86%). In St. Petersburg, there are 65% of the city's urban population. Among the cities there are many ancients: Great Novgorod, Pskov, Great Luki, Old Russ.
5. Economy.
♦ specialization - multi-seated engineeringassociated with the defense complex. In the cities of Chernyakhovsk, Gusev, s-
Products: Limit Courts,
Optical and electronic equipment,
Turbines, generators,
Equipment for nuclear power plants.
Colored metallurgy and alcoholic plants of ferrous metallurgy are closely related to mechanical engineering.
Developed chemicalg. C-p.
Forest PSBS B.gvardeysk, Neman, Soviet, Kaliningrad.
easy -g. C-p.
food Industry inKaliningrad, C-P .
The TEK uses oil and gas from the European North, the Volga region, Western Siberia. Electricity is produced on low-power TPP, HPP, NPP (Finnish Bay).
The agro-industrial complex specializes in milk-meat animal husbandry, flax and suburban agriculture (vegetables and poultry farming)
Free economic zones it is independent territorial-geographical enclaves, partly separated from the rest of the country.They are provided with benefits (customs, tax) to attract activities of foreign firms and means for organizing highly efficient production with the latest technologies. There are several thousands of them in the world.
6. Messages of students about St. Petersburg,. Kaliningrad ..
IV consolidation.
1. Remember and specify which new ports are offered to create on Finnish bay. Why did the question arose about their creation?
2. How much is the area of \u200b\u200bthe North-Western nodal area?
3. The population of the district?
4. "Urbanization" What is? And how much is in the area?
V Homework:page 20-257, task on page 257 "Attention! Problem!"