Like all living things orchard needs food. Therefore, fertilizers for fruit trees come to the fore - they are also necessary, like timely watering, regular weeding, plowing and mulching. But before feeding the garden, of course, you need to have an idea of \u200b\u200bhow to fertilize fruit trees in spring and autumn, and in what proportions to apply fertilizing.
Fertilizers, along with other agricultural practices, have a great impact on the growth and productivity of orchards. By selecting nutrients in certain proportions, linking this with the methods of soil cultivation, it is possible to directly influence the size of the yield, the quality of the fruits, as well as frost resistance and drought resistance. With a continuous ratio of individual elements, negative results can be obtained. High efficiency when fertilizing fruit trees in spring and autumn can be achieved by knowing the basics of their use in the garden.
Features of fertilization for fruit trees
Before feeding fruit trees, first of all, it is necessary to take into account the characteristics of the soil of the site (natural supply of nutrients, mechanical composition, reaction of the environment, etc.), plant requirements for nutritional conditions, method of soil maintenance, age of plantings and other factors. Depending on these conditions, the types and rates of applied fertilizers will change.
Fruit plants are perennial crops, therefore, the effect of fertilizers applies to them not only in the year of application, but also in subsequent years.
Of great importance on the effectiveness of fertilization of fruit trees in spring and autumn are pre-planting soil filling and the use of fertilizers in previous years.
In the first years of life, fruit plants are especially demanding on phosphorus, since it stimulates root growth and provides an increase in the aboveground mass of the tree. Deep application of phosphorus-potassium fertilizers promotes the development of the root system, as if dragging it deeper and thereby increasing the drought resistance and winter hardiness of plants.
Due to the poor mobility of phosphorus-potassium dressings fruit trees and fixing them mainly in the application zone, it is especially important to fill the soil before planting the garden with increased doses of these fertilizers, designed for a significant period of their action.
In growing gardens, the introduction of phosphorus-potassium fertilizers into the zone of distribution of the bulk of the roots is difficult. The soil, especially near trees, is saturated with roots, which should not be damaged.
The introduction of nitrogen fertilizers for fruit trees due to their good solubility and mobility in the soil is not difficult.
As a rule, surface sieving is used, mechanized or manual, or applied in the form of an aqueous solution.
The main task when using nitrogen fertilizers is to reduce nitrogen losses, since its ammonia form is volatile, and its nitrate form is mobile, especially on light soil and during irrigation. In this regard, all nitrogen fertilizers applied in dry form must be immediately embedded in the soil.
On light soils and during irrigation, do not apply high doses of nitrogen fertilizers, but apply them fractionally and more often than on heavy soils and without irrigation.
Before feeding fruit trees, remember that in the spring, in the first half of the growing season, nutrients are consumed for flowering, shoot and fruit growth. At this time, plants need all three basic elements - nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. After the growth of shoots stops in the second half of summer, nutrients are consumed for the growth of fruits, the laying of flower buds, and are also deposited in the reserve. At this time, the need for nitrogen nutrition decreases. Excess nitrogen during this period can cause prolonged growth of plants and reduce their winter hardiness.
When deciding how to fertilize fruit trees, remember that the need for fertilizing plants strongly depends on their age. In fruiting trees, it is significantly higher than in young trees, which is caused by the high consumption of nutrients for the formation of the crop, as well as by the peculiarities of the development of the root system. If the roots of young trees grow rapidly with the coverage of new unused soil layers from year to year, then with age, the formation of numerous lateral branches in the already covered volume is observed and its more severe depletion occurs.
When choosing which fertilizers to feed fruit trees, do not forget that the use of fertilizing should be closely linked with soil fertility and the supply of nutrients. It is necessary to determine the presence of available forms of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the soil and only on this basis to decide the question of the timing of fertilization, their doses and ratios.
Most of the soils in the middle zone are of the chernozem type and are characterized by high natural fertility.
Such soils, with good cultivation and moistening, can annually replace significant amounts of necessary nutrients. However, these reserves will be quickly depleted if correct application fertilizers do not maintain soil fertility at a high level.
A video of feeding fruit trees will help you better understand how to fertilize your garden:
How to feed fruit trees in spring: nitrogen fertilizers
Nitrogen is one of the most necessary for plants elements. It is found in proteins, chlorophyll and many other organic substances. The bulk of nitrogen is concentrated in the organic matter of the soil, and primarily in humus.
Nitrogen is available to plants mainly in the form of mineral compounds - ammonium and nitrates, which are formed during the decomposition of organic matter by special microorganisms. Nitrate nitrogen is more readily available due to the fact that most of the ammonium in the soil is absorbed and nitrified gradually. The nitrification process proceeds most actively with good air access, sufficient soil moisture and a temperature of + 15-20 °.
If the soil in the garden has been loosened since spring, sufficiently moistened and manure is periodically applied, then with the onset of warm weather, a sufficient amount of nitrates for plants accumulates in it. In the event that the activity of microorganisms is suppressed, plants may lack nitrogen even in humus-rich chernozems. Therefore, it is difficult to obtain high yields from natural nitrogen reserves alone.
An acute lack of nitrates is observed in the soil of the garden in early spring, when the need for nitrogen in fruit trees is high, and the nitrification process is weak.
Especially a lot of nitrogen is consumed by plants during the period of enhanced shoot growth and fruit formation. Nitrogen fertilization at this time is very important. Lack or excess of nitrogen in the soil disrupts the supply of phosphorus and potassium to fruit plants. Excess nitrates are more easily tolerated by plants than large amounts of ammonium, especially when there is a lack of carbohydrates.
When applying nitrogen fertilizers, it is necessary to take into account the condition of the plants: the strength of growth, the intensity of the color of the leaves, etc.
Visual signs of nitrogen deficiency are pale green leaves, weak shoot growth under conditions of sufficient moisture, premature leaf fall, crushing of fruits, etc.
What fertilizers to feed fruit trees: phosphorus fertilization
Phosphorus is the second main nutrient; it is found in the soil in the form of organic and mineral compounds. Plants feed on phosphorus of mineral compounds - on chernozems mainly calcium phosphates, most of which are inaccessible to plants. Mobilizing phosphorus from potential reserves is more difficult than nitrogen. Phosphorus fertilizing is necessary for plants during the entire growing season. Adequate supply of phosphorus contributes to the faster appearance of new leaves, better development of the root system, earlier and faster flowering. It influences the processes of formation of fruiting organs and the laying of flower buds for next year's harvest.
Phosphate fertilizers are those fertilizers that need to be applied under fruit trees regularly, since with a lack of phosphorus, the growth of shoots and roots is greatly reduced, flowering and ripening of fruits is delayed. Improving the phosphorus nutrition increases the sugar content of plants and increases their winter hardiness. With an insufficient supply of phosphorus, nitrogen fertilizers are used incompletely. In some cases, large doses of nitrogen with a lack of phosphorus negatively affect the growth and development of plants.
How to feed fruit trees in spring and autumn: potash fertilizers
Potassium takes part in the formation of carbohydrates, promotes the movement of nutrients in plants, increases their winter hardiness and drought resistance, resistance to pests and diseases.
Potassium in soil is in mineral form. Organic forms of this element have not been found. Its gross content is several times higher than that of nitrogen and phosphorus. Hence, the lack of potassium in the soil is less common. Plants feed on both water-soluble potassium salts and absorbed soil colloids-cations, and can also absorb potassium from minerals: mica, glauconite, biotite, etc. The main source of potassium is absorbed.
When applying potash fertilizers for fruit trees, it should also be borne in mind that the need for potassium in fruit plants higher than in phosphorus. If we take the removal of phosphorus as a unit, then adult apple trees take out 3 times more potassium and nitrogen. An imbalance between nutritional elements must not be allowed, as this leads to functional diseases.
The use of fertilizers for feeding garden trees
When applying fertilizers for garden trees it is necessary to take into account other soil properties: the nature of aeration, the mechanical composition, the reaction of the environment.
Chernozem soils, which have a neutral or slightly alkaline reaction, respond well to the use of acidic and physiologically acidic fertilizers (superphosphate, ammonium sulfate, etc.).
The effect of fertilization can be achieved while improving other life factors. The lack of one of the factors cannot be made up for by improving the other. For example, additional nutrition cannot replace a lack of moisture.
Therefore, when choosing how to feed fruit trees, it should be borne in mind that in a kind natural conditions with rich soils and arid climates, fertilization may be ineffective if not provided with sufficient favorable conditions humidification. When applying fertilizers, it is necessary to simultaneously improve the water regime of the soil in the garden.
From all of the above, we can conclude: there cannot be unified system fertilizing the garden. The fertilization recommendations below should be considered as indicative. They must be adapted to the specific conditions of a particular garden, depending on the properties of the soil, the age of the plantings, the conditions of moisture supply, etc. The best system fertilizer that justifies itself with a high yield, good growth and the condition of the trees.
In addition to the basic nutrients - nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium - fruit plants need microelements for normal development. Often in the middle lane, their value for fertilization orchard comes out on top in comparison with the main batteries.
The lack of microelements causes profound physiological disorders of the nutritional process and leads to the appearance of functional diseases and a sharp decrease in plant productivity.
Fertilizing fruit trees in the garden in spring and autumn with organic fertilizers
Practical advice on the use of fertilizers. Organic fertilizers are of particular importance in the fertilization system fruit crops... They enrich the soil with readily available nutrients, improve its physical properties (water and air modes), as well as the supply of plants with carbon dioxide. They contain in their composition all the nutrients necessary for fruit plants (macro- and microelements): nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, boron, molybdenum, manganese, iron, zinc, copper, etc.
Organic fertilizers are extremely important for the garden because they revitalize microbiological activity in the soil.
Manure application, in particular, is the most important factor in mobilizing the natural supply of nutrients. With the systematic application of manure clay soils become more moisture and air permeable, sandy - acquire cohesion and better retain moisture. Biotic substances contained in manure (vitamins, auxins, etc.) activate life processes in plants, as a result of which more favorable conditions are created for the effective use of mineral fertilizers.
The best quality is horse and cow manure. In terms of the content of nutrients, pig manure is close to horse and cow manure, differing from them in a large amount of nitrogenous compounds and sodium chloride. However, it is significantly inferior to them in physical properties, representing a semi-liquid mass, inconvenient for use. Therefore, it is best to apply pig manure after composting with straw, sawdust, leaves and other material. It is recommended to introduce it for feeding fruit trees in autumn at the rate of 5 - 6 kg per 1 m2. In this case, harmful chloride salts are washed out into the depths of the soil. Given the exceptional value of manure for the garden, it is necessary to periodically apply it from 4 to 8 kg per 1 m2 once every 3 years.
What else can you feed fruit trees in spring and autumn from organic fertilizers? Poultry manure is a complete, fast-acting fertilizer in which nutrients are in a form readily available to plants. In order to reduce nitrogen losses, which in 1.5-2 months can reach 30% of its total content, raw manure should be stored in a dry place mixed with peat crumbs, humus - 25-50% or with powdered superphosphate - 6 -10% of the weight of the litter.
Litter in dry and crushed form or in the form of a solution is used for all crops and on all soils, mainly when feeding plants. When applied dry, it is important to grind it thoroughly and spread it evenly over the entire area. In case of uneven application, plant burnout is possible. To feed fruit trees in liquid form, bird droppings are mixed with water in a ratio of 1:15 (15 parts of water for 1 part of fertilizer). The solution should be used immediately after preparation. It is introduced into the grooves made along the periphery of the crown, one bucket per 2 - 3 linear meters. m.
Sometimes, before introduction, bird droppings are insisted with water so that it ferments. This technique is impractical, since when applied, the fertilizer loses more than half of the nitrogen.
As a rule, there is not enough manure for fertilizing fruit and berry crops. Its disadvantage can be largely compensated for by the introduction of various composts.
The compost compost is also a valuable organic fertilizer. Any waste containing at least a little organic matter can be used as compostable material: spoiled feed, weeds (no seeds), tops, sawdust, dry leaves, forest floor, pond silt, yard waste, kitchen waste, etc. More valuable composts are obtained by mixing peat, good fertile land, as well as slurry, bird droppings, pig manure, superphosphate to the waste. Before fertilizing fruit trees in spring and autumn, the compost must mature. All materials for future feeding are put in a certain place on a compacted area, in the so-called compost heaps up to 2 m wide, 1.5-1.7 m high.For better moisture absorption, a layer of peat 20-25 cm thick is placed in the base of the heap, or humus earth, or leaves. Waste, as it accumulates, is laid in a compost heap in layers and moistened, if necessary, with slurry, a solution of chicken manure or clean water... Add 1.5-2% of the total mass of superphosphate. You can add 3-4% ash.
The edges of the heap are made slightly higher so that the liquid does not drain, but is absorbed. After watering, a layer of peat or earth is poured on top of the heap. Care compost heap consists in shoveling it 2-3 times during the summer and moisturizing when dry.
Difficult to decompose wastes (sawdust, shavings, etc.) are placed in separate heaps for a longer period of overheating. The compost for feeding garden trees is considered ready to use when it turns into a homogeneous crumbly mass. Compost can be laid in trenches 1.5 m wide, 0.7-1 m deep. This method is more convenient because the material dries out less. Prefabricated composts are close in quality to manure.
Fertilizing fruit trees with mineral fertilizers
To fully meet the needs of fruit plants for easily digestible nutrients, in addition to organic, mineral fertilizers are used. Unlike organic ones, they contain more nutrients and are less complex in their chemical composition.
Mineral fertilizers for fruit trees are divided into simple and complex. Simple fertilizers contain only one nutritional element, the complex contains two or three main elements.
Simple mineral fertilizers for podkomka fruit trees fertilizers are divided, depending on what nutrient they contain, into nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.
Nitrogen fertilizers.
Ammonium nitrate is a fast-acting fertilizer recommended for early spring application and top dressing at a concentration of 20 g per bucket of water.
Carbamide is not absorbed by plants immediately, so it is advisable to use it as the main fertilizer in spring, and on heavy soils - in autumn. When irrigated, carbamide is used for fertilizing. Valuable fertilizer for foliar dressing at a concentration of 0.3-0.4% (30-40 g per bucket of water).
Phosphate fertilizers.
The best of these in local conditions is superphosphate - simple and double. This feeding of fruit trees in spring and autumn has a long-lasting effect, therefore it is used as the main fertilizer. On calcareous soils, it is recommended to use it in a mixture with humus, peat, compost. The mixture is prepared 1-2 months before application.
Potash fertilizers.
Potassium sulfate is the best of them, as it does not contain harmful impurities. Potassium chloride contains an admixture of chlorine, in large quantities harmful to fruit. Under berries, especially strawberries, it can only be introduced in advance.
Potassium salt. Should not be used under chlorine sensitive berry crops. Everything potash fertilizers for fruit trees are used as the main application in the fall, only potassium sulfate can also be applied in spring.
How to feed fruit trees in spring and autumn: complex fertilizers
Complex fertilizers for fruit trees include potassium nitrate, ammophos, diammophos, nitroammophos, nitrophoska, nitroammofoska, etc. All dormouse are highly soluble in water and are valuable food for fruit crops. They are used as the main fertilizer and top dressing.
Ash tree species - valuable local fertilizer, contains all nutrients except nitrogen. It is used as a potassium-phosphorus and microfertilizer on soils with an acidic or neutral reaction of 50-80 g / m2.
Fertilizers for fruit trees, applied in spring, before planting the garden, improve plant growth, accelerate fruiting and increase yields in the first years. They can be brought in for digging, deep plowing or in planting holes.
In industrial gardens, application can be continuous or strip (along the lines of future rows of trees). For plantation, 500-700 kg / ha of superphosphate of simple and potassium fertilizers are applied. Semi-rotted manure 60-80 t / ha is applied for ordinary plowing. In the absence of manure, the doses of mineral fertilizers are doubled.
Rotted manure and phosphorus-potassium fertilizers are introduced into the planting pits.
Superphosphate is best applied as an organo-mineral mixture. For one bucket of manure, take 300 g of simple superphosphate or 150 g of double. The superphosphate is mixed with wet organic matter two weeks before application.
2-3 buckets of such a mixture are introduced under the apple tree, which is 15-25 kg of manure, 450-900 g of superphosphate. Potash fertilizers are applied at 200-300 g. For stone fruit, the fertilization dose is reduced by 2 times. It is not recommended to introduce unripe manure and mineral nitrogen fertilizers into the pit, as they impair the survival rate of young plants.
With a good pre-planting soil filling in the first 4-5 years or more, trees usually do not need phosphorus-potassium fertilizers. Manure in the 1st year after planting, as a rule, is applied in the form of mulch in the spring and is sealed during digging. In the future, it is recommended to apply organic fertilizers in the 4-5th year before the garden begins to bear fruit. Nitrogen fertilization should be started from the 2-3rd year after planting, when the plants take root and get stronger. When introduced in the year of planting, they can cause burns of young roots and impair the survival of plants. In a young garden on fertile soil, the need for nitrogen in fruit plants usually arises in the early spring period, when the process of natural microbiological formation of nitrates is suppressed.
In this regard, it is necessary to apply nitrogen fertilizers containing nitrogen in nitrate form (ammonium nitrate at a dose of 15-20 g / m2 - 150-200 kg / ha). The best time for this is after the bulk of the snow melts on the thawed-frozen soil, when it is freezing in the morning and fertilizers can be sieved. Easily soluble nitrogen fertilizers with moisture residues penetrate into the zone of root placement by the beginning of their growth. If it was not possible to introduce them on thawed-frozen soil, then they are introduced before the first spring loosening.
How to fertilize mature fruit trees in spring and autumn
In the early years, the effect of fertilizers on tree growth is usually weak; as they approach fruiting, their effect increases more and more. With the entry of the garden into fruiting, the fertilization system for adult trees consists of autumn (main) application, spring and top dressing. The main thing is the main thing when organic fertilizer and mineral phosphorus-potassium fertilizers are applied. These fertilizers are not washed out of the soil, therefore they are applied periodically once every 2-3 years for plowing or digging in the amount of: 30-45 g / m2 superphosphate and 20-25 g / m2 potassium sulfate or chloride per 1 year. The autumn application of chlorine-containing potash fertilizers promotes chlorine leaching.
Phosphorus and potash fertilizers that are inactive in the soil should be applied as deeply as possible, in the zone of occurrence of the bulk of the roots, which contributes to the development of a powerful root system.
In home gardens, deep insertion is carried out into furrows, ring grooves, etc. In the best way in this case, there will be focal. The foci should be in the form of holes made along the periphery of the crown to a depth of 25-35 cm. One hole is placed for each half meter.
Combined application of mineral fertilizers with organic fertilizers is effective. The rate of application of mineral fertilizers is reduced by half. Adding superphosphate mixed with organic fertilizers promotes better absorption of phosphorus.
In industrial gardens, organic and phosphorus-potassium fertilizers are applied for plowing to a depth of 25-30 cm.Machines for deep fertilization are also used: a vineyard mounted plow-ripper PRVN-2.5 and a garden-vineyard fertilizer - PSV-2.
For fruiting fruit trees great importance has top dressing. In non-irrigated gardens, they are usually limited to the early spring application of ammonium nitrate, since in the absence of watering, fertilizing is ineffective.
The rate of application of this top dressing for fruit trees in spring is 15 - 20 g per 1 m during the period when the garden enters fruiting and 20-25 g per 1 m2 at full fruiting.
In irrigated orchards, there is a risk of leaching of mobile nitrogen into the deep layers, especially on light soils, while fruit-bearing orchards especially require nitrogen fertilization. Therefore, in a fruiting irrigated garden, in addition to the early spring application of nitrogen fertilizers, one or two additional fertilizing is given during the growing season. The first feeding is carried out with nitrogen fertilizer (ammonium nitrate) after physiological shedding of the ovary at a dose of 10 g / m2.
Fertilizing fruit trees in spring and autumn: feeding in a lean year
In a lean year, they are limited only to the main fertilizer and the spring application of nitrogen, since in this case, the consumption of nutrients is only used to increase the vegetative mass and the laying of flower buds for the next year's harvest. It is necessary to restrain the budding so as not to overload the tree with the harvest in a year. This is facilitated by low doses of fertilizers. When feeding, mineral fertilizers can be applied in liquid and dry form. In the first case, the fertilizer should be dissolved in water - 20-30 g per 10 l, in the second - subsequent watering is required.
Top dressing with local liquid organic fertilizers - slurry, poultry droppings - gives good results.
Top dressing is best timed to coincide with the rains. If the weather is dry, then it is necessary to water the furrows before feeding. Top dressing can be done simultaneously with watering.
When applying top dressing, it is necessary, however, to remember that this method of fertilizing is auxiliary and cannot replace the main fertilizer.
Before fertilizing fruit trees with nitrogen fertilizers, especially in young orchards, carefully study the information on the doses and timing of their application. An excess of nitrogen in the soil should not be allowed, as it delays vegetative growth, worsens the ripening of shoots and reduces the winter hardiness of plants. A constant excess of nitrogen, especially with a lack of other elements, leads to the fact that fruit plants can develop a state of so-called "fattening", that is, violent growth in the absence of fruiting. It is not immediately possible to induce fruiting of the "fattening" trees. First of all, it is necessary to weaken nitrogen nutrition and increase phosphorus-potassium, reduce watering. In some cases, it is necessary to resort to the use of special techniques: constriction of branches, ringing, etc. Stone fruits are especially prone to protracted growth and overgrowth with excess nitrogen nutrition: cherry and plum. Their winter hardiness in this case is greatly reduced, and the trees often freeze slightly.
Fertilization and irrigation of trees, shrubs and plants. For growing tall and large fruit crops fruit trees need to be fertilized annually. Fertilizers are applied to the annular near-stem grooves. They are dug at the periphery of the crown, 25-40 cm closer to the trunk. Fertilization is combined with irrigation.
Main fertilizer applied in autumn, usually in the second half of October. A ditch is dug to a depth of 25-35 cm. 0.9 - 1 kg is placed on its bottom (depending on the length). full mineral fertilizer, 15-30 kg are placed on top. manure or humus (for peaches 30-40 kg. manure), and on top - leaves, tops of vegetable plants, which are covered with a layer of earth 8 - 10 cm, keeping the groove deepening.
Fall - best time for the use of fertilizers: feces, chicken droppings and composts. Feces are applied in 2-3 kg., Manure - in 8-10 kg., Compost - in 20-30 kg. on the tree.
Fertilizing trees with humus.
How to properly fertilize trees with humus?
Apple trees, grafted on dwarf and semi-dwarf rootstocks, when densely planted, require more nutrients than those grafted on seedlings. This is due to the nature of the root system - in low-growing rootstocks, it is fibrous and shallow, while in strong-growing rootstocks, the roots are branched and go deeper. Therefore, trees on dwarf and semi-dwarf rootstocks must be planted with watering.
A great influence on the productivity of fruit trees is exerted by
humus fertilizers, which not only meet the needs of plants for nutrients, including trace elements, but also help to improve physical properties soil. With prolonged application of only one mineral fertilizers, the acidity and density of the soil may increase, and the composition of the root microflora may deteriorate.
Once every two to three years, manure can be used as organic matter (two to three kilograms per square meter) - best of all in the fall for plowing or digging. You can replace it with compost made from various plant waste. Poultry manure can also be used as organic fertilizers: 200-400 g per sq. m.
It is better to make them into the ring grooves, they can be made one or two around the tree, depending on its age, 20-25 cm deep and at a distance from the trunk of 30-40 cm.Phosphorus fertilizers are first poured into the bottom of the grooves, then potash fertilizers, sprinkling each of them with a layer soil 3-4 cm.
These fertilizers are applied in the fall. Nitrogen fertilizers are given in the spring for irrigation. The number of those and others directly depends on the age of the trees. So, for example, under a tree for two years, it was possible to add 10-15 kg of manure or compost, 80 g of granular superphosphate and 30 g of potassium salt I, and in the spring - 36 g of amselitra or 26 g of urea.
The tree is 3-4 years old already requires 15-20 kg of manure or compost, 60 g of amselitra, 128 g of granular super-1 phosphate and 50 g of potassium salt. Under a tree 5-6 years old, the diameter of the trunk circle of which is three meters, it is recommended to apply in the fall 20-30 kg of manure or compost, 179 g of granular superphosphate, 70 g of potassium salt, and in the spring - 84 g of amselitra or 60 g of urea.
The tree is 7 years old 30-40 kg of manure or compost, 114 g of amselitra, 246 g of granular superphosphate, 95 g of potassium salt are required. Under a tree of 9-10 years old, the diameter of the trunk circle of which is 4 meters, it was necessary to add 40-50 kg of manure or compost, 318 g of granular superphosphate and 125 g of potassium salt in the fall, and in the spring either 150 g of ammonium nitrate or 109 g of urea ...
Along with the main fertilizer, carried out in the fall in the garden, foliar dressing is used in spring and summer. First spraying aerial parts of trees are carried out in late May - early June, the second - two to three weeks after the first.
Foliar dressing can be done with a 0.5% urea solution (50 g per 10 l of water). And you can take 200 g of single superphosphate, 50 g of amselitra, or 40 g of urea, 50 g of potassium if, 1 g boric acid and 2 g of zinc sulfate and manganese.
Watering trees.
Watering the tree is done in the groove deepening in three steps: the first time 5-6 buckets, after 7-8 days 8-10 buckets, and then after 8-10 days 10-15 buckets of water. The amount of water for irrigation depends on the size of the trees. After the last watering, the soil is slightly mulched with dry soil or a film, keeping a depression for precipitation in autumn.
In summer, root and foliar feeding carried out from the end of June to the end of July. The near-trunk grooves are dug to a depth of 20-25 cm, 0.3-0.5 kg of mineral fertilizer and 8-10 kg of manure, humus or compost are placed on the bottom. Watering is carried out in two doses of 5-10 buckets of water with an interval of 2-3 days. The tree-trunk grooves are covered with plywood, cardboard, and 1-2 days after the second watering, the grooves are leveled. The second feeding of late varieties is carried out in late summer (August) - early September.
With dry spring apricots, cherries, sweet cherries are watered in the second half of May, the rest of the trees - in the first half of June. If during the summer there is little rainfall, apple trees, pears, quince, plums are watered 2-3 times (except for fertilizing irrigation). In gardens where there is no running water, to save watering around the tree, it is necessary to bury old drainpipes or asbestos pipes (4-6 pcs) at a distance of 80-120 cm from the trunk to a depth of 30-40 cm and irrigate through them.
Adults not fruiting trees at good development do not fertilize and stop watering. Under such conditions, the development of growth shoots is weakened, fruit buds are laid, and the final growth buds on twigs and ringlets eventually turn into fruit buds.
Trees in some growing seasons especially need to replenish their reserves of nutrients. For this purpose, foliar feeding is carried out by introducing nutrients into the plants by spraying trees.
Foliar feeding of trees.
Foliar dressing is especially effectiveif for some reason the main fertilizer was not applied in the fall. Foliar dressing increases the yield and quality of fruits, increases the amount of nutrients located in plant tissues.
During the growing season of trees, 2-3 foliar dressings are carried out: the first - before or after flowering, the second - in June after the excess ovary has fallen off (at the time of laying fruit buds), the third - in September.
Especially foliar feeding is important urea solution (500-700 g per 10 liters of water) before leaf fall, it increases the nitrogen content in the buds of trees and plants, destroys fungal diseases on leaves and shoots.
For foliar dressing, macroelements (phosphorus, potassium, nitrogen) and trace elements (zinc, cobalt, manganese, boron) are introduced. Sulfur, copper, iron partially get on plants when trees are sprayed against diseases and pests.
For spraying apple trees a solution is used, which includes 20-30 g of saltpeter, for pears 10-20 g, for all fruit species 150-200 g of superphosphate and 40-50 g of potassium chloride, 2 g of zinc sulfate, 2 g of manganese sulfate, 2 g of cobalt sulfate, 2 g of boric acid or borax per 10 liters. water. All these elements are mixed with a solution of pesticides when spraying against pests and diseases (the toxicity of pesticides does not decrease). If the dosage of elements is incorrect, there may be cases of leaf burn.
Most trees grow in one place for many years, gradually drawing nutrients from the soil. Over time, they begin to be scarce, the plants fall ill, wither, and give meager yields. Top dressing of fruit trees in the fall is designed to solve this problem.
Why do you need autumn tree feeding
A rich harvest depletes the supply of substances that fruit trees need for further growth and development. The missing microelements are replenished with the help of feeding during the preparation of plants for winter, when sap flow stops. Fertilizing helps trees to survive the harsh season and prepare for the next growing season.
After the middle of summer, nitrogen compounds are not introduced into the soil
To strengthen the immune system of trees, they are provided with nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus. True, it is dangerous to add nitrogen before wintering: the trees will "think" that spring has come, many young shoots will appear, before the onset of cold weather they will not have time to become covered with wood and die.
It is especially important to feed trees such as:
- apricot;
- cherry;
- pear;
- peach;
- plum;
- cherries;
- apple tree.
Experienced gardeners feed plums, cherry and apricot trees with superphosphate and potassium monophosphate: 15 g of top dressing per 10-liter bucket of water is enough to fertilize 1 sq. m of soil. With the dry method of embedding in the ground, 30 g of granules per 1 sq. m.
There are specialized fertilizers for fruit trees, for berry crops, for the whole garden marked "autumn"
In heavy clay soil make sawdust (preferably rotted, but you can also fresh). So the soil becomes lighter, more breathable.
Some novice gardeners bury fallen leaves under the trees. However, they do not know that insect pests, larvae, microorganisms enter the soil along with it.
It is better to bury overripe healthy zucchini near the roots - you get a small compost pit.
How to feed garden crops depending on their age
Many gardeners successfully replace potash-phosphorus mineral fertilizers with ash
Small ditches are made around the fruit trees 3-4 weeks before the coming frosts. For 1 sq. m of the root spread area is introduced:
- potassium salt (1.5 matchbox);
- superphosphate (1/4 tbsp.);
- humus (5 kg).
It is especially useful to feed seedlings with wood ash in autumn. For fruit trees not older than 8 years, 3.5 buckets of humus with a volume of 10 liters are brought in, under older ones - 6 such buckets with a slide. Fertilizer is embedded to a depth while digging the earth.
During autumn transplant fertilizers other than spring fertilizers are applied to the soil. Since it is undesirable to use nitrogen, it is better to concentrate on other nutrients. So, fresh manure is poured to the bottom of the pit and separated from the roots of the seedling by an interlayer of earth. But rotted is preferable. Used 5 buckets per pit. The manure is mixed with peat or old compost, sand, and original soil.
Norm double superphosphate for 1 landing pit - 100-200 g; potassium sulfate - 150-300 g. Once every 3-4 years, you can use phosphate rock - a long-acting autumn feeding.
5 most popular fertilizing for fruit trees in the fall
Organic dressings increase yields, improve soil composition. Mineral support root system... It is best to combine both: this way the soil will be saturated with all the important trace elements necessary for wintering. The stores sell special mixtures for autumn feeding.
Wood ash
In autumn, it is important to improve the structure of the land by garden plot... The earth is acidified with wood ash: 1/4 kg per 1 sq. m. In the composition of feeding there is no nitrogen, but there is easily digestible potassium, phosphorus and calcium. The ash contains a little boron, zinc, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese. These substances improve plant immunity.
Ash is considered natural source phosphorus and potassium, the concentration of which varies from the original burnt material
Before the September top dressing, generous watering of the soil is required. A lot of water is required: from 200 liters to 250 liters for each tree. The volume of liquid depends on the age of the plant and the size of its crown. For better moisture absorption, the earth is dug up near the trunk. Then ash fertilizer (200 g per 1 sq. M) is applied, watered and mulched to reduce evaporation and heating the roots.
Ash is obtained by burning leaves, branches, unnecessary bark and stored in a place protected from moisture. The percentage of nutrients in organic feeding depends on the raw materials:
- Ash left after incineration vines, potato tops and sunflowers, is rich in potassium (40%).
- Birch, ash, oak ash contains about 30% calcium.
- The fertilizer obtained from conifers and shrubs contains a lot of phosphorus.
Modern gardeners in recent times more and more often they replace manure with green manure (green fertilizers). Their nutritional value is the same, but they are much cheaper. And it's easier to use them.
Plant residues contain a full range of nutrients: nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus
Plants grown as autumn fertilizer are cut from the garden and placed under fruit trees in a layer of 15–20 cm. They are dug up with the soil and watered abundantly. For faster decay, mulch with straw.
Convenient when green fertilizers grow directly under the trees. Then, for the winter, green manure plants are not cut off - they themselves will die from frost, and by spring they will be partially decomposed by soil microorganisms.
Thanks to green manure and other organic fertilizing, the thickness of the fertile layer increases.Fertilizers enter the soil, where they become food for soil bacteria and earthworms. With rainwater, nutrient residues reach the lower layers. There - after food - microorganisms penetrate and leave the products of their vital activity there.
Potassium sulfate
Potassium sulfate (potassium sulfate) - feeding in the form of granules, which includes not only potassium (50%), but also sulfur (18%), oxygen, magnesium, calcium.
Potassium is necessary for the growth and development of garden plantings, for good fruiting... This trace element improves the immune defense and metabolism of plants by cellular level, removes excess moisture, and the juice becomes thicker. During the autumn planting of seedlings, 150-200 g of potassium sulfate are required per planting pit.
Pre-winter water charging will preserve the root system of the tree in severe frosts, eliminate the possibility of sunburn of branches and bark
It is best to apply fertilizer while loosening the soil around the trunk: 30 g per 1 sq. m. It is desirable to close up the granules to the depth where most of the root system is located. Through it, trees absorb nutrients better. The heavier the soil, the deeper the depth will be.
Superphosphate
Superphosphate is a mineral supplement. Usually applied together with potash fertilizers. This tandem is more effective than when the elements are applied separately. Phosphorus supports and strengthens the root system, helps cell sap to store proteins and sugars. Thanks to this, the trees survive the cold more easily.
Apples and pears require 300 g of superphosphate and 200 g of potassium sulfate. Sometimes they are buried in the ground together with humus. But do not forget that phosphorus granules scattered on the ground will not get to the roots by themselves. Plums and cherries are generously watered with a solution: 3 tbsp. l. superphosphate and 2 tbsp. l. potassium sulfate per 10 liters of water. Each tree takes 4–5 buckets.
inkstone
For foliar feeding with a shortage of iron in the soil, use inkstone... In addition, it destroys fungal spores, moss and lichens on the bark. Wear protective clothing and goggles when handling poisonous substances.
In addition to fertilizing, it is also important to treat the garden from pests in the fall.
Iron deficiency is calculated from the chlorosis of young leaves (a disease in which leaves turn pale yellow), while old leaves do not change color. To compensate for the lack of this element, 50 g of ferrous sulfate is diluted in 10 liters of water.
Video: autumn care for fruit trees
Fertilizing fruit trees before the onset of cold weather is extremely important. Saturation of the soil with useful substances helps garden crops to survive the winter. Each gardener chooses those fertilizers with which it is more convenient for him to work.
For high productivity of your garden, it is necessary to feed fruit trees and shrubs in the spring. The plantings are fed with fertilizers. The main components in the development of trees are nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. When using these types of fertilizers, the plantings are saturated with oxygen and nutrients necessary to activate vegetative processes. Especially feeding fruit trees and shrubs is necessary in the spring, when they wake up and need protection and help.
Fertilizers for fruit trees and shrubs in the spring: their types
Many summer residents and gardeners ask themselves the question: How to fertilize trees in spring? To do this, you need to know what kind of fertilizers they need. The need for fruit trees and shrubs for certain elements necessary for nutrition and development changes, depending on the vegetation processes. In the spring, plantings are needed. Phosphorus and nitrogen are essential for fruit formation.
The feeding process itself is carried out with organic or mineral substances. We list them below:
- Organic fertilizers are humus (compost, dung, manure, peat), when used, the soil is enriched with vitamins.
- - are divided into simple ones, when they include one component, and complex ones, which, in turn, contain several. They are based on phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen.
Organic - natural fertilizers for plantings. Their main function is to improve the composition of the soil. Do not harm. Tree feeding is a fairly popular method. They contain trace elements necessary for growth - copper, manganese, cobalt and others. Compost, as one of the types of fertilizers, is a fairly versatile tool. It can be: 1. humus and - as independent components; 2. and a mixture of tops, leaves, and fermented organic debris with the ground.
It is important to observe dosage, proportions and safety precautions. You must carefully read the instructions for use, so as not to harm yourself or the plant.
Potassium fertilizers , be sure to use diluted (diluted with iron, zinc). The most commonly used remedy is potassium sulfate. Correct dosage will enrich a tree or shrub with the necessary elements, which will provide them with good fruits. By mixing potash and phosphate fertilizers, the best effect is achieved.
Phosphoric ,
help with the adaptation of plantings to factors environmentwhich makes them strong and frost resistant. They must be introduced into the ground deeper in the spring, so that the roots absorb the agent as much as possible. This is necessary for the root system, as a result - good quality and quantity of fruits.
Correctly selected and used fertilizer for fruit trees and shrubs in the spring will not only enrich them with components and substances necessary for nutrition, but also improve the properties of the soil, which will ensure a good harvest.
Top dressing of fruit trees and shrubs in spring
Spring feeding fruit trees and shrubs begins with the introduction of nitrogen-containing elements into the soil. In order to saturate the plant with vitamins and trace elements, you can use either ammonium nitrate. The root feeding process will take place in stages and gradually. Trace elements and vitamins introduced into the soil, with precipitation, will sink to the roots and absorb them.
Each planting has its own system of the so-called feeding with the necessary substances. Thanks to this, you can find out how to feed fruit trees and shrubs in the spring.
Spring care for an apple tree begins in April. When the first leaves are visible, you can start the feeding process using nitrogen-containing mixtures - humus, urea or ammonium nitrate. They are brought into the tree trunk circles. These substances activate vegetative processes. Fertilizers are applied to the soil by digging or loosening it. In this case, the tree root is fed.
The pear also needs vitamins and minerals in the spring. It is fertilized with ammonium nitrate, urea, and chicken droppings.
It is necessary to introduce chicken manure in small quantities, otherwise there is a risk of burning the trunk and roots of the tree.
When mixing saltpeter with water, it is important to observe the ratio of 1: 0.5. Every year in the spring, the amount of fertilizer used should be increased as the tree itself grows and grows.
Before the cherry begins to bloom, you need to feed it. Since there are still few leaves on the tree at the beginning of spring, it is during this period that fertilizers must be applied in liquid form. This will enrich the tree, even before flowering, with all the substances necessary for nutrition.
It is advisable to apply liquid fertilizers periodically if a small amount of precipitation has fallen. Chicken manure, nitrogen, and organic blends are also good options.
Experienced gardeners and summer residents know that for shrubs, such as - gooseberries, currants, raspberries, blackberries, it is also important and needs feeding in the spring. They should be fertilized like this:
- potassium nitrate;
- a mixture of ash with urea;
- eco-friendly;
- a mixture of several types of fertilizers.
Fertilizing in the spring under fruit trees and shrubs is important factor during the formation of fruits and their normal development. Digging and loosening the soil, annually, leads to weathering of the earth. Therefore, not only plantations, but also the soil need feeding. Mineral and organic fertilizers nourish and enrich the soil and trees with the necessary substances. This is necessary not only for the growth and fertility of plants, but also for improving the composition of the soil.
Top dressing of fruit trees and shrubs begins in the spring, before the flowering process. During this period, the plantings are weakened and need initial care. The root system requires recharge. This is achieved by applying fertilizers to the soil. The very process of feeding fruit trees and shrubs is the first step to a good harvest.
Fertilization rules for fruit trees - video
The main purpose of fertilization is to make fruiting regular and abundant from year to year. Indeed, after the harvest period there is a lull, trees and shrubs do not give as much fruit as gardeners would like. In addition, nutritional and taste qualities fruits. This is due to soil depletion. The duration of lean or lean periods is 2 - 3 years. For farms, this is quite a lot. Therefore, it is recommended to use various fertilizing for fruit trees.
Types of fertilizers for feeding fruit trees
The type of fertilizer and its amount depends on the type of plant, soil composition, season. There are special agronomic tables for professional plant care in certain regions. From them, you can calculate the dosage for each variety of fruit trees.
For amateur gardeners, the basic rules for the use of fertilizers will be enough: when to apply, how much and what kind of fertilizing.
The most important and necessary elements for plants are potassium, nitrogen, phosphorus, vitamins... Fertilizers are divided into mineral and organic, organic-mineral, bacterial, micronutrient fertilizers. The most commonly used are mineral and organic. Both those and others are necessary for fruit-bearing trees and shrubs at certain times of the year.
Organic
Organic fertilizers are considered the most environmentally friendly. If it is possible to regularly use poultry manure, cattle manure, compost, peat, then you must definitely use it. Top dressing with organic fertilizers is carried out 3-4 times during the fruiting season.
Organics also contain trace elements such as nitrogen, calcium and potassium. But their number is not enough for full growth and fruiting. Therefore, organic fertilizers are often mixed with mineral fertilizers.
The advantage of organic additives is that they contain bacteria that positively affect the composition of the soil.
Mineral
Mineral fertilizers are:
- potassium;
- nitrogen;
- phosphorus.
Nitrogen contributes to the formation of leaves and new shoots, therefore there will be more oxygen in the wood tissues, which will have a positive effect on the fruiting of trees.
Phosphorus increases disease resistance, makes fruit plants more resistant to climate and weather conditions, as well as to pests. A kind of immunomodulator for trees.
Potassium forms a powerful root system, participates in the synthesis of chemical elements in fruits. In other words, the taste of fruit is directly dependent on the presence of potassium in the soil.
Top dressing of fruit trees and shrubs works according to the principle - it is better to underfeed a little than to overfeed. This is especially true for young seedlings.
Fertilizers for fruit and berry plants need to be applied under the root and on the foliage, that is, to produce root and foliar feeding.
As for organic matter, you need to bring it in during the warm season. Better in autumn or in the spring. The poorer the soil, the more often top dressing is required - at least once a year. For young plants, a gradual increase in substances is desirable. For example - do not feed in the first year, the second - 1/3 the required amount, the third - do not feed, the fourth - 1/2 dosage. Etc.
Potassium is necessary for fruit and berry plants, depending on the period of development. At the stage of the formation of the root system, the introduction of potash fertilizers is mandatory.
At the stage of formation and ripening of fruits, nitrogen fertilization should not be applied, since they promote the growth of branches and leaves, which means that there will be insufficient nutrients for the fruits.
Nitrogen is best used in a mixture with other trace elements such as potassium. The ratio of substances is such that it does not interfere with the ripening of the fruit, but at the same time strengthens the plant. And potassium performs the function of feeding trees and shrubs.
Where to apply top dressing
Top dressing of fruit trees is carried out in the area of \u200b\u200bthe trunk circle. To do this, a groove is dug along the width of the crown and the prepared mixture is poured into it. For mature trees, 2 - 3 grooves should be dug, for young seedlings with a crown radius of 1 - 2 m, 1. Potash fertilizers must be diluted with water.
Organic fertilizers are applied as follows: dig trunk circle at a distance of 50 cm from the trunk, along the perimeter of the crown. The depth is 40 cm. A ready-made mixture of mineral or organic fertilizers diluted with water is added. For an adult plant, liquid with nutrients is diluted in containers of water. Approximately 3-4 buckets of mixture are consumed under each tree.
Mineral fertilization rules
- on sandy soils in spring or summer during flowering, because the substance is quickly washed out into the lower layers of the soil;
- on clayey - in the fall after harvest.
Nitrogen fertilizers are more effective when combined with potassium and phosphorus. Signs of a lack of nitrogen in the soil are slow growth of young branches and impaired chlorophyll production. Leaves on trees in the garden will be pale or yellow-green.
It is better to apply phosphorus fertilizers to the soil in autumn, since phosphorus is poorly soluble in water and it takes a long time before it is absorbed by plants. It is necessary to apply to the depth of the roots with the obligatory embedding with a layer of soil.
On clay soil, fertilizer is applied once a year in autumn or spring. Better - once every three years. If applied together with manure, then the dosage should be reduced so as not to damage the root system.
Lack of phosphorus can be determined by the color of the foliage - it turns red or purple.
The most commonly used potash fertilizers are potassium chloride and potassium sulfate. The choice depends on the type of soil. If the reaction is acidic, potassium chloride is added. Sulfate is more applicable in greenhouses.
Potash fertilizers are not used on gray soils, or they are applied in minimal doses
Potash substances are used in autumn and spring to ensure the frost resistance of trees and shrubs. It should be remembered that not all shrubs grow well in chloride soils. Therefore, it is necessary to observe the dosage of potash fertilizers.
Foliar dressing
Produced by spraying the leaves. Foliar dressing of garden trees and shrubs in summer nourishes plants faster and more efficiently, so all nutrient mixtures must be diluted with water. It is best to use ready-made compositions for these purposes.
Both organic and inorganic fertilizers are used for the foliar method:
- zinc;
- manganese;
- urea;
- copper sulfate;
- phosphorus;
- potash fertilizers.
Video: how to get big harvest apples with foliar feeding
Foliar feeding of trees in autumn protects the plant from pests, increases the survival rate in winter period... Fertilizers for fruit trees with the foliar method should have a weaker composition so as not to damage the foliage.
Schedule and organization of plant nutrition
You can start adding additives to the soil in spring, immediately after the snow melts. Spring top dressing is more necessary for plants, and autumn dressing is needed to improve the composition of the soil.
For the first application, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium chloride are suitable.
Top dressing of fruit trees in summer is done with potassium sulfate, nitrogen and organic fertilizers. The foliar method is also used.
In autumn, potassium and phosphorus are most important. At the same time, the trees are being prepared for winter and fertilizer is laid for the soil.
Fertilizer calculation
When using ready-made solutions in combination with organic mixtures, the dosage is halved
General rules:
- the concentration of fertilizers for young seedlings should be reduced;
- using ash, it is not necessary to apply micronutrient fertilizers;
- periodically it is necessary to reduce the acidity of the soil with slaked lime;
- if fruit trees and shrubs were pruned, then the dosages are increased for rapid growth of shoots.
Calculation and time of feeding on the example of an apple tree
In the spring, before flowering, nitrogenous fertilizers are introduced into the digging under the tree. This can be manure, compost, or dung. You can use ammonium nitrate or urea.
The next stage is flowering. Potassium, phosphorus and organic - dung or manure. Total about 35 buckets per tree.
Fruit ovary - potassium. During this period, spraying with ash or urea helps.
Ripening of fruits and berries - potash fertilizers.
After harvesting - phosphorus, humus.
Typical feeding of fruit and berry plants
For use in the garden, you can take one-component additives and dilute them according to the instructions. At the same time, add those substances that are most relevant for a given period. It is easier to deal with ready-made mixtures that only need to be diluted with water, since the percentage in them has already been observed by the manufacturer.
For stone fruits
When growing fruit plants in the garden - cherries, cherries, plums, apricots - you should stock up on manure. You need to take rotted manure, otherwise its effect will be delayed and the tree will not receive nutrients at the right time.
Organic supplements are poor in minerals, while stone fruits require very large amounts of potassium and calcium. Therefore, before the start of fruiting, you should treat the soil well and add all the necessary substances to it. They are introduced into the trunk circle to a depth of 10 cm.
If there is ash in stock, then less mineral fertilizers can be used. Ash contains lime, which reduces the acidity of the soil and has a good effect on the yield.
For young stone fruit plants, more nitrogenous nutrition is required than potassium.
For pome fruits
Apples and pears require more fertilizers than stone fruits. At the same time, it is not recommended to fertilize trees in the first year of life. Only from the second - and then a little. Phosphorus-potassium in autumn, nitrogenous in spring.
Pome plants must be sprayed with micronutrient fertilizers, copper sulfate is especially important... This protects trees from fungal diseases. The lack of phosphorus in the soil is compensated by spraying. In dry summers, the garden may be in need of manganese, boron, zinc.
